Chemical Bonding:
Module-3
Chapter 9
Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding.
Group 𝑒 − configuration # of valence 𝑒 −
1A 𝑛𝑠1 1
2A 𝑛𝑠 2 2
3A 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1 3
4A 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝2 4
5A 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝3 5
6A 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝4 6
7A 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝5 7 2
Lewis Dot Symbol
It is the chemical symbol of the element surrounded by
valence electrons represented by dots.
Example: Lewis dot symbol of the elements for some of the
elements in periodic table
3
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases
4
Octet Rule:
Atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons until they
are surrounded by eight electrons.
Atoms attempt to obtain a noble gas configuration by
either gaining electrons from other atoms or by losing
electrons to other atoms or by sharing between two
atoms. In this situation, both atoms would attain stability
by octet rule and noble gas configuration.
5
The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -
1𝑠 2 2𝑠1 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝5 1𝑠 2 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6
[He] [Ne]
Li Li+ + e- (Loss of e- oxidation)
e- + F- F (Gain of e- reduction)
Li+ + F - Li+ F - (Overall reaction)
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The Covalent Bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
Why should two atoms share electrons?
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs
single covalent bond
lone pairs F F lone pairs
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The Covalent Bond (1)
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e- 8e- 2e-
Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons
O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons
N N or N N
8e-8e- 8
triple bond
The Electronegativities of Common Elements
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to
attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical
bond.
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Polar Covalent Bonds
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms, the difference of electronegativity is form
0.1 to 2
e- poor e- rich
electron poor electron rich
region region
H F
d+ d-
2.1 ─ 4 = 1.9
Non-polar covalent or non-polar bond is also covalent bond
with equal electron density between the two bonded atoms.
The difference of electronegativity is zero
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• If difference of electronegativity is:
• ZERO the bond is non-polar covalent or just non-polar bond
• Between 0.1 to 2 the bond is polar covalent or just polar bond
• More than 2 the bond is Ionic
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Example 9.2
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or
covalent:
(a) the bond in HCl
(b) The bond in KF
(c) the CC bond in H3 CCH3
Practice Exercise Which of the following bonds is covalent,
which is polar covalent, and which is ionic?
(a) the bond in CsCl
(b) the bond in H S
2
(c) The NN bond in H NNH .
2 2
Writing Lewis Structures
1. Count total number of valence 𝑒 − . Add 1 for each
negative charge. Subtract 1 for each positive charge.
2. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing what
atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
3. Connect atoms with single bonds.
4. Complete an octet for all atoms except hydrogen.
5. If not enough electrons to complete the octet on central
atom, form double or triple bonds on central atom as
needed.
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Example 9.3
Write the Lewis structure for nitrogen trifluoride NF3 in which
all three F atoms are bonded to the N atom.
NF3 is a colorless, odorless,
unreactive gas.
Practice Exercise
Write the Lewis structure for carbon disulfide (CS ). 2
Example 9.4
Write the Lewis structure for nitric acid HNO3 in which the
three O atoms are bonded to the central N atom and the
ionizable H atom is bonded to one of the O atoms.
𝐻𝑁𝑂3 is a strong electrolyte.
Practice Exercise Write the Lewis structure for formic acid (HCOOH).
Example 9.5
Write the Lewis structure for the carbonate ion CO2−
3 .
Practice Exercise Write the Lewis structure for the nitrite
ion (NO2-) .
Example 9.11
Draw a Lewis structure for the sulfate ion SO2−
4 in which all
four O atoms are bonded to the central S atom.
Practice Exercise Draw reasonable Lewis structures of
sulfuric acid (H SO ).
2 4