Far Eastern University Institute of Technology
Civil Engineering Department
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Benjamin Flores, RCE, RMP, ME-1, Msci., [Link]
BENJAMIN FLORES, 29
ABOUT ME
SENIOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEER (BRIDGES) – Full time
Civil Engineering faculty – Part time
BS Civil Engineering – URS, 2017
Registered Civil Engineer, 2017
Registered Master Plumber, 2019
Registered Materials Engineer I, 2019
MS Civil Engineering (Structures) – Mapua, 2024
Member – International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE)
ORIENTATION
-maximum of 20% (3 meetings)
ATTENDANCE
-excused absences are counted
-special exam will ONLY be given if excuse
EXAMS/QUIZZES letter/med cert is provided within the week.
-incentives are given to students
participating in extracurricular ACADEMIC
activities (quiz bee, conventions, seminars,
etc.). Sports and recreational activities are
NOT counted
ORIENTATION
-NO CELLPHONES or other devices during
class. Use your pen and notebook to take
CLASS BEHAVIOR down notes
-being late 10 mins after scheduled class is
considered ABSENT
-noisy students will be forced to vacate the
classroom
-students must sign the Student Appeal
STUDENT APPEAL and Monitoring sheet after quizzes or
exams
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN
The process of assigning the
right material properties,
dimension/sizes,
arrangements, and
quantities to meet minimum
safety standards.
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1. Topology Design
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2. Shape Design
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
3. Section Design
We will focus on
this type of design
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
CONCRETE
A mixture of aggregates
(sand and gravel), emulsifier
(water), and a binding agent
(cement)
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
ADVANTAGES
-Very strong in compression
-Fire resistant
-Can be molded into
whatever shape
-Availability and low
maintenance of materials
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DISADVANTAGES
-Very weak in tension
-Long curing time
-Cost of formworks
-Time-dependent properties
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
SOLUTION
Inserting steel on concrete
STRONG COMPRESSION IS
RESISTED BY CONCRETE
STRONG TENSION IS
RESISTED BY STEEL
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
“REINFORCED” CONCRETE
NON- PRESTRESSED PRESTRESSED
Reinforcement is passive. Reinforcement is active.
Combination of plain concrete and Combination of plain concrete,
reinforcing bar (“rebar”). reinforcing bar (“rebar”), and
prestressing (PT) bar/steel/wire.
NON- PRESTRESSED PRESTRESSED
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. Compressive strength
Usually denoted as f’c (specified
compressive strength obtained using
concrete cylinder test).
100% strength is achieved around 28-
days of curing period.
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Type of cement (Type I, II, III,
IV, IS, IP, etc.)
1. Material characteristics Size, grading, shape, and
and proportion mineralogy of aggregates
Quality of water (low ph
level)
Water-cement ratio
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
2. Curing Time and
Conditions
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Moisture content
3. Test specimen Length-to-diameter ratio
parameters
Size of concrete cylinders
Cores taken from existing
structures
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
2. Modulus of Elasticity
Defines the ratio of concrete
compressive stress over compressive
strain
Can be found in ACI 318M-19 section
19.2.2
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
3. Modulus of Rupture
Tensile strength of concrete in flexure
Can be found in ACI 318M-19 section
19.2.2
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
4. Poisson’s ratio
Defines the Poisson effect (expansion or
contraction of a material in directions
perpendicular to the direction of load
For lightweight concrete up to 70MPa
and normal weight concrete up to
100MPa, Poisson’s ratio may be
assumed as 0.2
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
5. Creep
The gradual increase in strain over a
period of time.
Micro-crack in the interfacial transition
zone of aggregates that accumulates
over time
Can be found in ACI 209R Appendix A
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
6. Shrinkage
Combined effects of cooling
(temperature shrinkage) and
moisture loss (drying
shrinkage)
Can be found in ACI 209R Appendix A
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
7. Shear strength
Shear is resisted by concrete
cross section and shear
reinforcement if there’s any
DESIGN CODES AND REFERENCES
MODEL CODE (Design of new LOCAL CODE (Design of new
buildings/vertical structures) buildings/vertical structures)
DESIGN CODES AND REFERENCES
N/A
MODEL CODE (Evaluation of LOCAL CODE (Evaluation of
old buildings/vertical new buildings/vertical
structures) structures)
DESIGN CODES AND REFERENCES
DESIGN CODES ONLY PROVIDE UPPER AND LOWER BOUND LIMITS (MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM
CRITERIA).
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
1. Appropriateness
-must comply
with the building
function
(architectural
design
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
2. Structural adequacy
-must be strong
to perform
intended purpose
-must NEVER
COLLAPSE whatever
the reason
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
3. Maintainability
-must be
designed in such
a way that
periodic
maintenance is
possible
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
4. Economy
-must be
designed within
the budget
PROCESS OF DESIGN
GLOBAL DESIGN Client and allied professional (Arch,
(TOPOLOGY/SHAPE DESIGN) EE, MP, ME, etc. meetings
GLOBAL ANALYSIS
(CALCULATION OF Application of Theory of structures
INTERNAL FORCES)
INITIAL MEMBER DESIGN Assumption of sizes and materials
(SECTION DESIGN)
Continue
DESIGN OF ASSUMPTION OF
REINFORCEMENTS REINFORCEMENTS
Optional
Optional
OPTIMIZE CHECK CODE LIMITS
YES NO YES NO
Satisfied? Passed?
DONE
LIMIT STATE
1. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
-a structure must be designed to remain functional
under normal or routine conditions
Design must satisfy:
• Deflection criteria
• Crack control criteria
• Vibration limits (slab and other members
2. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (LRFD)
-a structure must be designed to resist ultimate
loads without collapse (gravity, wind, earthquake,
blast, tsunami, etc.)
-LRFD (Load and Resistance factor Design). Also
called probabilistic or reliability-based design
LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS
RESISTANCE (REDUCTION) FACTORS
-are used to account for
the uncertainties (onsite -to reflect available ductility
material and size defects, and required reliability
human error, etc.)
-to reflect the importance -to account for
of a member in the inaccuracies in the
structure empirical equations
DESIGN METHOD
PRESCRIPTVE PERFORMANCE-
BASED
Minimum provisions of the
building code Alternative design based on peer-
reviewed resources
Advanced type of design
TYPES OF DESIGN
1. Under-reinforced What we want to do
Design
This tells us the max
2. Balanced Design reinforcement
3. Over-reinforced Must be avoided
Design