BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

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[Link] DEPARTEMENT OF COMPUTERS ,USHODAYA DEGREE COLLEGE,CHODAVARAM
 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

UNIT-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF OBJECT – ORIENTED PROGRAMMING :Introduction, Object Oriented

paradigm, Basic Concepts of OOP, Benefits of OOP, Applications of OOP, Java features: OVERVIEW OF
JAVA LANGUAGE: Introduction, Simple Java program structure, Java tokens, Java Statements,
Implementing a Java Program, Java Virtual Machine, Command line arguments. CONSTANTS,
VARIABLES & DATA TYPES: Introduction, Constants, Variables, Data Types, Declaration of Variables,
Giving Value to Variables, Scope of variables, Symbolic Constants, Type casting, Getting Value of Variables,
Standard Default values; OPERATORS & EXPRESSIONS.

UNIT-II
DECISION MAKING & BRANCHING: Introduction, Decision making with if statement, Simple if
statement, if. Else statement, Nesting of if. else statements, the else if ladder, the switch statement, the
conditional operator. LOOPING: Introduction, The While statement, the do-while statement, the for
statement, Jumps in loops.
CLASSES, OBJECTS & METHODS: Introduction, Defining a class, Adding variables, Adding
methods, Creating objects, Accessing class members, Constructors, Method overloading, Static
members, Nesting of methods;
UNIT-III
INHERITANCE: Extending a class, Overloading methods, Final variables and methods, Final classes,
Abstract methods and classes;

ARRAYS, STRINGS AND VECTORS: Arrays, One-dimensional arrays, Creating an array, Two –
dimensional arrays, Strings, Vectors, Wrapper classes;

INTERFACES: MULTIPLE INHERITANCE: Introduction, Defining interfaces, Extending interfaces,

Implementing interfaces, Assessing interface variables;

UNIT-IV
MULTITHREADED PROGRAMMING: Introduction, Creating Threads, Extending the Threads, Stopping
and Blocking a Thread, Lifecycle of a Thread, Using Thread Methods, Thread Exceptions, Thread Priority,
Synchronization, Implementing the ‘Runnable’ Interface.

MANAGING ERRORS AND EXCEPTIONS: Types of errors : Compile-time errors, Run-time errors,
Exceptions, Exception handling, Multiple Catch Statements, Using finally statement ,

UNIT-V
APPLET PROGRAMMING: local and remote applets, Applets and Applications, Building Applet
code, Applet Life cycle: Initialization state, Running state, Idle or stopped state, Dead state, Display stat

PACKAGES: Introduction, Java API Packages, Using System Packages, Naming conventions, Creating
Packages, Accessing a Package, using a Package.

MANAGING INPUT/OUTPUT FILES IN JAVA: Introduction, Concept of Streams, Stream classes,

Byte Stream Classes, Input Stream Classes, Output Stream Classes, Character Stream classes: Reader
stream classes, Writer Stream classes, Using Streams, Reading and writing files.

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OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch,
etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:
o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example a chair,
pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.
An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object
contains an address and takes up some space in memory.
Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each
other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of
message accepted and the type of response returned by the
objects.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual
object. Class doesn't consume any space.
Polymorphism
If one task is performed by different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example:
to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle,
rectangle, etc.
In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.
Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog
barks woof, etc.

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Inheritance
Inheritance is one such concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It
helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes.

As we can see in the image, a child inherits the properties from his father. Similarly, in Java, there
are two classes:
1. Parent class ( Super or Base class)
2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class )
A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are
inherited is known as Parent class.
Inheritance is further classified into 4 types:

So let’s begin with the first type of inheritance i.e. Single Inheritance:

1. Single Inheritance:
In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of
another.
Here, Class A is your parent class and Class B is your child
class which inherits the properties and behavior of the
parent class.

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Let’s see the syntax for single inheritance:

1 Class A
2 {
3 ---
4 }
5 Class B extends A {
---
6
}
7

2. Multilevel Inheritance:
A class having more than one parent class but at different levels, such type

of inheritance is called Multilevel Inheritance.

If we talk about the flowchart, class B inherits the properties and behavior of

class A and class C inherits the properties of class B. Here A is the parent

class for B and class B is the parent class for C.

Let’s see the syntax for multilevel inheritance in Java:

1
Class A{
2
---
3 }
4 Class B extends A{
5 ---
6 }
7 Class C extends B{
---
8 }

3. Hierarchical Inheritance:
When a class has more than one child classes (sub classes) or
in other words, more than one child classes have the same
parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known
as hierarchical.
If we talk about the flowchart, Class B and C are the child
classes which are inheriting from the parent class i.e Class A.
Let’s see the syntax for hierarchical inheritance in Java:

1
2 Class A{
---
3 }
Class B extends A{
4 ---
}
5 Class C extends A{
---
6 }

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4. Hybrid Inheritance:
Hybrid inheritance is a combination of multiple inheritance
and multilevelinheritance.
If we talk about the flowchart, class A is a parent class for
class B and C, whereas Class B and C are the parent
class of D which is the only child class of B and C.

Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a wrapping up of data and
code together as a single unit. It also means to
hide your data in order to make it safe from any
modification .
Example : medical capsule,
where the drug is always safe inside the
capsule.

Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example
phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Benefits of OOPS
There are several benefits of OOP to both program designer and the user. Object orientation solves
many problems which are associated with the development and quality of software products. New
technology gives greater programmer productivity, good quality of software and low maintanance
cost. The main advantages are:

 We can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing classes.
 Programs can be build from the standard working modules that communicate with one
another and to start writing the code from scratch. This shows to saving of development time and
higher productivity.
 The data hiding rules helps the programmer to make secure programs that cannot be
invaded by code in other parts of the program.
 It has multiple objects to coexist without any interference.
 It has map objects in the problem domain to those objects in the program.
 partition of work is easy in a project based on objects.
 The data-centered design approach capture more details of a model in an implementable
form.
 Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
 It is possible to easily manage software complexity.

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History of Java
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive
television, but it was too advanced technology for the digital cable television industry
at the time. The history of java starts with Green Team. Java team members (also
known as Green Team), initiated this project to
develop a language for digital devices such as set-top
boxes, televisions, etc. However, it was suited for
internet programming. Later, Java technology was
incorporated by Netscape.

The principles for creating Java programming were

"Simple, Robust, Portable, Platform-independent,
Secured, High Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture
Neutral, Object-Oriented, Interpreted and Dynamic".

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions, etc. There are given the significant points that describe the history of Java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Why Java named "Oak"?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many
countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.

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Features of Java

Simple:
The Java language is easy to learn. Java code is easy to read
and write.

* Familiar:
Java is similar to C/C++ but it removes the drawbacks and
complexities of C/C++ like pointers and multiple inheritances.
So if you have background in C/C++, you will find Java
familiar and easy to learn.

* Object-Oriented:
Unlike C++ which is semi object-oriented, Java is a fully
object-oriented programming language. It has all OOP
features such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java is robust because:

o It uses strong memory management.

o There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
o There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All
these points make Java robust.
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Secured
Java is best known for its security. With
Java, we can develop virus-free
systems. Java is secured because:

o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a
virtual machine sandbox

Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates
you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It doesn't require any implementation.

Architecture-neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features, for
example, the size of primitive types is fixed.

In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture and 4
bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32
and 64-bit architectures in Java.

* Platform Independence:
Java code is compiled into intermediate format
(bytecode), which can be executed on any systems
for which Java virtual machine is ported. That means
you can write a Java program once and run it on
Windows, Mac, Linux or Solaris without re-compiling.
Thus the slogan “Write once, run anywhere” of Java.

Dynamic
Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes
are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and
C++.

Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory management (garbage

collection).

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Simple Java program structure

The requirement for Java Hello World Example
For executing any java program, you need to

o Install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
o Set path of the jdk/bin directory
o Create the java program
o Compile and run the java program

Creating Hello World Example

Let's create the hello java program:

1. class Simple
2. {
3. public static void main(String args[])
4. {
5. [Link]("Hello Java");
6. }
7. }
save this file as [Link]

To compile: javac [Link]

To execute: java Simple

Output:Hello Java

Compilation Flow:

When we compile Java program using javac tool, java compiler converts the source
code into byte code.

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Parameters used in First Java Program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
[Link]().

o class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

o public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility. It means it is
visible to all.
o static is a keyword. If we declare any method as static, it is known as the static
method. The core advantage of the static method is that there is no need to
create an object to invoke the static method. The main method is executed by
the JVM, so it doesn't require to create an object to invoke the main method. So
it saves memory.
o void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value.
o main represents the starting point of the program.
o String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
o [Link]() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class, out is
the object of PrintStream class, println() is the method of PrintStream class. We
will learn about the internal working of [Link] statement later.

Java Tokens
Java Tokens are the smallest individual building block or smallest unit of a Java
program; the Java compiler uses it for constructing expressions and statements. Java
program is a collection of different types of tokens, comments, and white spaces.

When we write a program, we need different important things. We require language

tokens, white spaces, and formats.

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There are various tokens used in Java:

 Reserved Keywords
 Identifiers
 Literals
 Operators
 Separators

White space is also considered as a token.

Implementing Java Program

Implementation of a Java application program involves a series of steps. They include :

 Creating the program

 Compiling the program
 Running the program
Creating the program
We can create a program using any text editor. Assume that we have entered the following program
:

class first
{

public static void main(String[] args)

{
[Link]("USHODAYA");
}
}

We must save this program in a file called [Link]

This file is called the source file. Note that all Java source files will have the
extension .java

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Compiling the program

To compile the program, we must run the Java Compiler javac, with the name of the
source file on the command line as shown below :

If everything is OK, the javac compiler creates a file called [Link]

Running the program
To run the program, we must run the Java interpreter java, with the name of the class
file on the command line as shown below :

Now, the interpreter looks for the main method in the program and begins execution

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Java Virtual Machine

The Java Virtual Machine is called JVM, is an abstract computing machine or virtual
machine interface that drives the java code.

 JVM, i.e., Java Virtual Machine.

 JVM is the engine that drives the Java code.
 Mostly in other Programming Languages, compiler produce code for a particular
system but Java compiler produce Bytecode for a Java Virtual Machine.
 When we compile a Java program, then bytecode is generated. Bytecode is the
source code that can be used to run on any platform.
 Bytecode is an intermediary language between Java source and the host system.
 It is the medium which compiles Java code to bytecode which gets interpreted on a
different machine and hence it makes it Platform/Operating system independent.

JVM's work can be explained in the following manner

 Reading Bytecode.
 Verifying bytecode.
 Linking the code with the library.

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Java Command Line Arguments

The java command-line argument is an argument i.e. passed at the time of running
the java program.
The arguments passed from the console can be received in the java program and it can
be used as an input.
. You can pass N (1,2,3 and so on) numbers of arguments from the command prompt.

Simple example of command-line argument in java

In this example, we are receiving only one argument and printing it. To run this java program, yo
argument from the command prompt.
class CommandLineExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Your first argument is: "+args[0]);
}
}

compile by > javac [Link]

run by > java CommandLineExample ushodaya

Output: Your first argument is: ushodaya

Example of command-line argument that prints all the values

In this example, we are printing all the arguments passed from the command-line. For this purpose,
we have traversed the array using for loop.
class A{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)
[Link](args[i]);
}
}
1. compile by > javac [Link]
2. run by > java A ushodaya degree 1 3 abc
Output: ushodaya
degree
1
3
abc

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

CONSTANTS, VARIABLES & DATA TYPES

What is a Variable?
A variable can be thought of as a container which holds value for you, during the life of a Java
program. Every variable is assigned a data type which designates the type and quantity of value it
can hold.

In order to use a variable in a program you to need to perform 2 steps

1. Variable Declaration
2. ariable Initialization

Variable Declaration:
To declare a variable, you must specify the data type & give the variable a unique name.

Examples of other Valid Declarations are

int a,b,c;

float pi;

double d;

char a;

Variable Initialization:
To initialize a variable, you must assign it a valid value.

Example of other Valid Initializations are

pi =3.14f;

do =20.22d;

a=’v’;

You can combine variable declaration and

initialization.

Example :

int a=2,b=4,c=6;

float pi=3.14f;

double do=20.22d;

char a=’v’;

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Types of variables

In Java, there are three types of variables:

1. Local Variables
2. Instance Variables
3. Static Variables

1) Local Variables

Local Variables are a variable that are declared inside the body of a method.

2) Instance Variables

Instance variables are defined without the STATIC keyword .They are defined Outside a method
declaration. They are Object specific and are known as instance variables.

3) Static Variables

Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the program execution. These variables
should be initialized first, before the initialization of any instance variables.

Example: Types of Variables in Java

class ush {
int data = 99; //instance variable
static int a = 1; //static variable
void method() {
int b = 90; //local variable
}
}

Data Types in Java

Data types classify the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:

1. Primitive Data Types

2. Non-primitive Data
Types

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Primitive Data Types

Primitive Data Types are predefined and available within the Java language. Primitive values do not
share state with other primitive values.

There are 8 primitive types: byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, and boolean Integer data
types

byte (1 byte)
short (2 bytes)
int (4 bytes)
long (8 bytes)

Floating Data Type

float (4 bytes)

double (8 bytes)
Textual Data Type
char (2 bytes)
Logical
boolean (1 byte) (true/false)

Java Data Types

Data Type Default size
byte 1 byte
short 2 bytes
int 4 bytes
long 8 bytes
float 4 bytes
double 8 bytes
boolean 1 bit
char 2 bytes

Points to Remember:

 All numeric data types are signed(+/-).

 The size of data types remain the same on all platforms (standardized)
 char data type in Java is 2 bytes because it uses UNICODE character set. By virtue of it, Java
supports internationalization. UNICODE is a character set which covers all known scripts and
language in the world

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Java Variable Type Conversion & Type Casting

A variable of one type can receive the value of another type. Here there are 2 cases -

Case 1) Variable of smaller capacity is be assigned to another variable of bigger capacity.

This process is Automatic, and non-explicit is known as Conversion

Case 2) Variable of larger capacity is be assigned to another variable of smaller capacity

In such cases, you have to explicitly specify the type cast operator. This process is known as Type
Casting.

In case, you do not specify a type cast operator; the compiler gives an error. Since this rule is
enforced by the compiler, it makes the programmer aware that the conversion he is about to do may
cause some loss in data and prevents accidental losses.

Example: To Understand Type Casting

Step 1) Copy the following code into an editor.

class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte x;
int a = 270;
double b = 128.128;
[Link]("int converted to byte");
x = (byte) a;
[Link]("a and x " + a + " " + x);
[Link]("double converted to int");

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

a = (int) b;
[Link]("b and a " + b + " " + a);
[Link]("\ndouble converted to byte");
x = (byte)b;
[Link]("b and x " + b + " " + x);
}
}

Step 2) Save, Compile & Run the code.

Output:

int converted to byte

a and x 270 14
double converted to int
b and a 128.128 128

double converted to byte

b and x 128.128 -128

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

operators
An operator is a character that represents an action, for example + is an arithmetic operator that represents
addition.
Types of Operator in Java
1) Basic Arithmetic Operators
2) Assignment Operators
3) Auto-increment and Auto-decrement Operators
4) Logical Operators
5) Comparison (relational) operators
6) Bitwise Operators
7) Ternary Operator
1) Basic Arithmetic Operators
Basic arithmetic operators are: +, -, *, /, %
+ is for addition.
– is for subtraction.
* is for multiplication.
/ is for division.
% is for modulo.
Note: Modulo operator returns remainder, for example 10 % 5 would return 0
2) Assignment Operators

Assignments operators in java are: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

num2 = num1 would assign value of variable num1 to the variable.

num2 + = num1 is equal to num2 = num2+num1
num2 - =num1 is equal to num2 = num2-num1
num2 * =num1 is equal to num2 = num2*num1
num2 / =num1 is equal to num2 = num2/num1
num2 % =num1 is equal to num2 = num2%num1

3) Auto-increment and Auto-decrement Operators

++ and —

num++ is equivalent to num=num+1;

num–- is equivalent to num=num-1;

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4) Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used with binary variables. They are mainly used in conditional statements
and loops for evaluating a condition.

Logical operators in java are: && , || , !

Let’s say we have two boolean variables b1 and b2.

b1&&b2 will return true if both b1 and b2 are true else it would return false.
b1||b2 will return false if both b1 and b2 are false else it would return true.
!b1 would return the opposite of b1, that means it would be true if b1 is false and it would

return false if b1 is true.

5) Comparison(Relational) operators
We have six relational operators in Java: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

== returns true if both the left side and right side are equal
!= returns true if left side is not equal to the right side of operator.
> returns true if left side is greater than right.
< returns true if left side is less than right side.
>= returns true if left side is greater than or equal to right side.
<= returns true if left side is less than or equal to right side.
6) Bitwise Operators
There are six bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
num1 = 11; /* equal to 00001011*/
num2 = 22; /* equal to 00010110 */
7) Ternary Operator
This operator evaluates a boolean expression and assign the value based
on the result.
Syntax:

variable num1 = (expression) ? value if true : value if false

If the expression results true then the first value before the colon (:) is
assigned to the variable num1 else the second value is assigned to the
num1.

,
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UNIT – I (QUESTIONS)

1) Object Oriented paradigm

2) Basic Concepts of OOP,
3) Benefits of OOP,
4) Applications of OOP,
5) Java features:
6) Simple Java program structure,
7) Java tokens, Java Statements,
8) Implementing a Java Program,
9) Java Virtual Machine,
10) Command line arguments.
11) Constants, Variables, Data Types, Declaration
12) Type casting, Getting Value of Variables
13) OPERATORS & EXPRESSIONS.

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UNIT-II
Control flow statements/Conditions
When we need to execute a set of statements based on a condition then we need to use control flow
statements.

a) if statement
b) nested if statement
c) if-else statement
d) if-else-if statement

Java if Statement
The Java if statement tests the condition. It executes
the if block if condition is true.

Syntax:

if(condition){
//code to be executed
}

Example:

//Java Program to demonstate the use of if statement.

public class IfExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//defining an 'age' variable
int age=20;
//checking the age
if(age>18)
{
[Link]("Age is greater than 18");
}
}
}

Output:
Age is greater than 18

Java if-else Statement

The Java if-else statement also tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true
otherwise else block is executed.

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Syntax:

if(condition){
//code if condition is true
}else{
//code if condition is false
}

Example:

//A Java Program to demonstrate the use of if-

else statement.

//It is a program of odd and even number.

public class IfElseExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//defining a variable
int number=13;
//Check if the number is divisible by 2 or not
if(number%2==0){
[Link]("even number");
}else{
[Link]("odd number");
}
}
}
Output:
odd number
Java if-else-if ladder Statement
The if-else-if ladder statement executes one
condition from multiple statements.

Syntax:

if(condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}else if(condition2){
//code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else if(condition3){
//code to be executed if condition3 is true
}
...
else{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

Example:

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of If else-if ladder.

//It is a program of grading system for fail, D grade, C grade, B grade, A grade and A+.
public class IfElseIfExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int marks=65;

if(marks<50){
[Link]("fail");
}
else if(marks>=50 && marks<60){
[Link]("D grade");
}
else if(marks>=60 && marks<70){
[Link]("C grade");
}
else if(marks>=70 && marks<80){
[Link]("B grade");
}
else if(marks>=80 && marks<90){
[Link]("A grade");
}else if(marks>=90 && marks<100){
[Link]("A+ grade");
}else{
[Link]("Invalid!");
}
}
}
Output:

C grade

Java Switch Statement

The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like
if-else-if ladder statement. The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long,
enum types, String and some wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long. In other
words, the switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.

Syntax:

switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:

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//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not ma
tched;
}

public class SwitchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring a variable for switch expressi
on
int number=20;
//Switch expression
switch(number){
//Case statements
case 10: [Link]("10");
break;
case 20: [Link]("20");
break;
case 30: [Link]("30");
break;
//Default case statement
default:[Link]("Not in 10, 20 or 30");
}
}
}

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Loops in Java
In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions repeatedly
when some conditions become true. There are three types of loops in java.
o for loop
o while loop
o do-while loop

Java For Loop vs While Loop vs Do While Loop

Compa for loop while loop do while loop
rison

Defi The Java for loop is a control The Java while loop is The Java do while
nitio flow statement that iterates a a control flow loop is a control flow
n part of the programs multiple statement that statement that
times. executes a part of the executes a part of
programs repeatedly the programs at
on the basis of given least once and the
boolean condition. further execution
depends upon the
given boolean
condition.

Syntax for(init;condition;incr/decr) while(condition) Do

{ { {
// code to be executed //code to be /code to be executed
} executed }while(condition)
} ;

Exampl //for loop //while loop //do-while loop

e for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ int i=1; int i=1;

[Link](i); while(i<=10){ do{
} [Link]( [Link]
i); n(i);
i++; i++;
} }while(i<=10);

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Java For Loop

The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.

Syntax:

for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
//statement or code to be executed
}
Example

public class ForExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//Code of Java for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
[Link](i);
}
}
}

Java While Loop

The Java while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.

Syntax:

while(condition){

//code to be executed
}
Example

public class WhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
while(i<=10){
[Link](i);
i++;
}
}
}

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Java do-while Loop

The Java do-while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is not fixed and you must have to execute the loop at least once, it is recommended to
use do-while loop.

The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after loop body.

Syntax:

do{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);
Example

public class DoWhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
do{
[Link](i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}
}

Java Break Statement

When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and
the program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.

The Java break is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of the
program atspecified condition. In case of inner loop, it breaks only inner loop.

We can use Java break statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-while
loop.

Syntax:

jump-statement;
break;

1. public class BreakExample {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //using for loop
4. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
5. if(i==5){
6. //breaking the loop
7. break;
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8. }
9. [Link](i);
10. }
11. }
12. }

Java Continue Statement

The continue statement is used in loop control structure when you need to jump to the next
iteration of the loop immediately. It can be used with for loop or while loop.

The Java continue statement is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of the
program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition. In case of an inner loop, it
continues the inner loop only.

We can use Java continue statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-
while loop.

Syntax:

1. jump-statement;
2. continue;
example

1. public class ContinueExample {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //for loop
4. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
5. if(i==5){
6. //using continue statement
7. continue;//it will skip the rest statement
8. }
9. [Link](i);
10. }
11. }
12. }

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Methods in Java
Method describe behavior of an object. A method is a collection of statements that are group
together to perform an operation.
Syntax :
return-type methodName(parameter-list)
{
//body of method
}

Example of a Method
public String getName(String st)
{
String name="StudyTonight";
name=name+st;
return name;
}

Modifier : Modifier are access type of method. We will discuss it in detail later.
Return Type : A method may return value. Data type of value return by a method is declare in
method heading.
Method name : Actual name of the method.
Parameter : Value passed to a method.
Method body : collection of statement that defines what method does.

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Parameter Vs. Argument

While talking about method, it is important to know the difference between two
terms parameter and argument.
Parameter is variable defined by a method that receives value when the method is called.
Parameter are always local to the method they dont have scope outside the method.
While argument is a value that is passed to a method when it is called.

call-by-value and call-by-reference

There are two ways to pass an argument to a method

1. call-by-value : In this approach copy of an argument value is pass to a method. Changes

made to the argument value inside the method will have no effect on the arguments.
2. call-by-reference : In this reference of an argument is pass to a method. Any changes
made inside the method will affect the agrument value.

NOTE :There is only call by value in java, not call by reference.

Example of call-by-value
public class Test
{
public void callByValue(int x)
{
x=100;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x=50;

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Test t = new Test();

[Link](x); //function call
[Link](x);
}

50

Method overloading
If two or more method in a class have same name but different parameters, it is known as
method overloading. Overloading always occur in the same class(unlike method overriding).
Method overloading is one of the ways through which java supports polymorphism. Method
overloading can be done by changing number of arguments or by changing the data type of
arguments. If two or more method have same name and same parameter list but differs in
return type are not said to be overloaded method
Note: Overloaded method can have different access modifiers.
Different ways of Method overloading
There are two different ways of method overloading
Method overloading by changing data type of Arguments
Example :
class Calculate
{
void sum (int a, int b)
{
[Link]("sum is"+(a+b)) ;
}
void sum (float a, float b)
{
[Link]("sum is"+(a+b));
}
Public static void main (String[] args)
{
Calculate cal = new Calculate();
[Link] (8,5); //sum(int a, int b) is method is called.
[Link] (4.6f, 3.8f); //sum(float a, float b) is called.
}
}

Sum is 13
Sum is 8.4

You can see that sum() method is overloaded two times. The first takes two integer arguments,
the second takes two float arguments.

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Method overloading by changing no. of argument.

Example :
class Area
{
void find(int l, int b)
{
[Link]("Area is"+(l*b)) ;
}
void find(int l, int b,int h)
{
[Link]("Area is"+(l*b*h));
}
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Area ar = new Area();
[Link](8,5); //find(int l, int b) is method is called.
[Link](4,6,2); //find(int l, int b,int h) is called.
}
}

Area is 40

Area is 48

Method Overriding
When a method in a sub class has same name, same number of arguments and same type
signature as a method in its super class, then the method is known as overridden method.
Method overriding is also referred to as runtime polymorphism. The key benefit of overriding is
the abitility to define method that's specific to a particular subclass type.
Example of Method Overriding
class Animal
{
public void eat()
{
[Link]("Generic Animal eating");
}
}

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

class Dog extends Animal

{
public void eat() //eat() method overriden by Dog class.
{
[Link]("Dog eat meat");
}
}
As you can see here Dog class gives it own implementation of eat() method. Method must
have same name and same type signature.

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

Constructors in Java
In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an instance
of the object is created, and memory is allocated for the object.
It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
When is a constructor called
Every time an object is created using new() keyword, at least one constructor is called. It
calls a default constructor.
Note: It is called constructor because it constructs the values at the time of object creation.
It is not necessary to write a constructor for a class. It is because java compiler creates a
default constructor if your class doesn't have any.
Rules for creating Java constructor
There are two rules defined for the constructor.
1. Constructor name must be the same as its class name
2. A Constructor must have no return type
3. A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

Note: We can use access modifiers while declaring a constructor. It controls the object creation. In
other words, we can have private, protected, public or default constructor in Java.

Types of Java constructors

There are two types of constructors in Java:
1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
2. Parameterized constructor

Java Default Constructor

A constructor is called "Default Constructor" when it doesn't have any parameter.

Syntax of default constructor:

1. <class_name>(){}

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Example of default constructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at the
time of object creation.
1. //Java Program to create and call a default constructor
2. class Bike1{
3. //creating a default constructor
4. Bike1(){[Link]("Bike is created");}
5. //main method
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. //calling a default constructor
8. Bike1 b=new Bike1();
9. }
10. }

Output:

Bike is created

Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a default constructor.

Q) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The default constructor is used to provide the default values to the object like 0, null, etc.,
depending on the type.

Example of default constructor that displays the default values

1. /Let us see another example of default constructor

2. //which displays the default values

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3. class Student3{
4. int id;
5. String name;
6. //method to display the value of id and name
7. void display(){[Link](id+" "+name);}
8.
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10. //creating objects
11. Student3 s1=new Student3();
12. Student3 s2=new Student3();
13. //displaying values of the object
14. [Link]();
15. [Link]();
16. }
17. }

Output:

0 null
0 null

Explanation:In the above class,you are not creating any constructor so compiler provides you
a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default constructor.

Java Parameterized Constructor

A constructor which has a specific number of parameters is called a parameterized constructor.

Why use the parameterized constructor?

The parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the distinct objects.
However, you can provide the same values also.

Example of parameterized constructor

In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters.
We can have any number of parameters in the constructor.

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the use of parameterized constructor

2. class Student4{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //creating a parameterized constructor
6. Student4(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
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9. }
10. //method to display the values
11. void display(){[Link](id+" "+name);}
12.
13. public static void main(String args[]){
14. //creating objects and passing values
15. Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan");
16. Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan");
17. //calling method to display the values of object
18. [Link]();
19. [Link]();
20. }
21. }

Output:

111 Karan
222 Aryan

Constructor Overloading in Java

In Java, a constructor is just like a method but without return type. It can also be overloaded
like Java methods.

Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with
different parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different
task.

Example of Constructor Overloading

1. //Java program to overload constructors in java
2. class Student5{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. int age;
6. //creating two arg constructor
7. Student5(int i,String n){
8. id = i;
9. name = n;
10. }
11. //creating three arg constructor
12. Student5(int i,String n,int a){
13. id = i;
14. name = n;
15. age=a;

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16. }
17. void display(){[Link](id+" "+name+" "+age);}
18.
19. public static void main(String args[]){
20. Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
21. Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
22. [Link]();
23. [Link]();
24. }
25. }

Output:

111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25

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Java Copy Constructor

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to
another like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

o By constructor
o By assigning the values of one object into another
o By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java
constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another

2. class Student6{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //constructor to initialize integer and string
6. Student6(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
9. }
10. //constructor to initialize another object
11. Student6(Student6 s){
12. id = [Link];
13. name =[Link];
14. }
15. void display(){[Link](id+" "+name);}
16.
17. public static void main(String args[]){
18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
20. [Link]();
21. [Link]();
22. }
23. }

Output:

111 Karan
111 Karan

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 BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE JAVA SEMESTER-III

Java static keyword

The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static
keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the
class than an instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. Variable (also known as a class variable)

2. Method (also known as a class method)
3. Block
4. Nested class

1) Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known as a static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects (which is
not unique for each object), for example, the company name of employees, college
name of students, etc.
o The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading.

Advantages of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e., it saves memory).

Understanding the problem without static variable

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String college="ITS";
5. }

Suppose there are 500 students in my college, now all instance data members will get memory
each time when the object is created. All students have its unique rollno and name, so instance
data member is good in such case. Here, "college" refers to the common property of all objects.
If we make it static, this field will get the memory only once.

Example of static variable

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the use of static variable
2. class Student{
3. int rollno;//instance variable
4. String name;
5. static String college ="ITS";//static variable

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6. //constructor
7. Student(int r, String n){
8. rollno = r;
9. name = n;
10. }
11. //method to display the values
12. void display (){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
13. }
14. //Test class to show the values of objects
15. public class TestStaticVariable1{
16. public static void main(String args[]){
17. Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
18. Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
19. //we can change the college of all objects by the single line of code
20. //[Link]="BBDIT";
21. [Link]();
22. [Link]();
23. }
24. }
Test it Now

Output:

111 Karan ITS

222 Aryan ITS

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this keyword in java

There can be a lot of usage of java this keyword. In java, this is a reference variable that
refers to the current object.

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

1) this: to refer current class instance variable

Th this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable. If there is ambiguity
between the instance variables and parameters, this keyword resolves the problem of
ambiguity.

Understanding the problem without this keyword

Let's understand the problem if we don't use this keyword by the example given below:

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. float fee;
5. Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
6. rollno=rollno;
7. name=name;
8. fee=fee;
9. }
10. void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
11. }
12. class TestThis1{
13. public static void main(String args[]){
14. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);

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15. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);

16. [Link]();
17. [Link]();
18. }}
Test it Now

Output:

0 null 0.0
0 null 0.0

In the above example, parameters (formal arguments) and instance variables are same. So, we
are using this keyword to distinguish local variable and instance variable.

Solution of the above problem by this keyword

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. float fee;
5. Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
6. [Link]=rollno;
7. [Link]=name;
8. [Link]=fee;
9. }
10. void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
11. }
12.
13. class TestThis2{
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
16. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);
17. [Link]();
18. [Link]();
19. }}
Test it Now

Output:

111 ankit 5000

112 sumit 6000

If local variables(formal arguments) and instance variables are different, there is no need to
use this keyword like in the following program:

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Program where this keyword is not required

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. float fee;
5. Student(int r,String n,float f){
6. rollno=r;
7. name=n;
8. fee=f;
9. }
10. void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
11. }
12.
13. class TestThis3{
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
16. Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);
17. [Link]();
18. [Link]();
19. }}
Test it Now

Output:

111 ankit 5000

112 sumit 6000
]12\\

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UNIT-III

Inheritance in Java
Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented programming
system).

The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon
existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of
the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also.

Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-

child relationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
o For Code Reusability.

Terms used in Inheritance

o Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or
blueprint from which objects are created.
o Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is also
called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
o Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits the
features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
o Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates you to
reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You can
use the same fields and methods already defined in the previous class.

The syntax of Java Inheritance

1. class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
2. {
3. //methods and fields
4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing
class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

In the terminology of Java, a class which is inherited is called a parent or superclass, and the
new class is called child or subclass.

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Java Inheritance Example

As displayed in the above figure, Programmer is the subclass and Employee is the superclass.
The relationship between the two classes is Programmer IS-A Employee. It means that
Programmer is a type of Employee.

1. class Employee{
2. float salary=40000;
3. }
4. class Programmer extends Employee{
5. int bonus=10000;
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Programmer p=new Programmer();
8. [Link]("Programmer salary is:"+[Link]);
9. [Link]("Bonus of Programmer is:"+[Link]);
10. }
11. }
Test it Now

Programmer salary is:40000.0

Bonus of programmer is:10000

In the above example, Programmer object can access the field of own class as well as of
Employee class i.e. code reusability.

Types of inheritance in java

On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance in java: single, multilevel and
hierarchical.

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In java programming, multiple and hybrid inheritance is supported through interface only. We
will learn about interfaces later.

Single Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){[Link]("eating...");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. void bark(){[Link]("barking...");}
6. }
7. class TestInheritance{
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8. public static void main(String args[]){

9. Dog d=new Dog();
10. [Link]();
11. [Link]();
12. }}

Output:

barking...
eating...

Multilevel Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){[Link]("eating...");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. void bark(){[Link]("barking...");}
6. }
7. class BabyDog extends Dog{
8. void weep(){[Link]("weeping...");}
9. }
10. class TestInheritance2{
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
13. [Link]();
14. [Link]();
15. [Link]();
16. }}

Output:

weeping...
barking...
eating...

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Final Keyword In Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in
many context. Final can be:

1. variable
2. method
3. class

1) Java final variable

If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be
constant).

Example of final variable

There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the value of this variable, but It
can't be changed because final variable once assigned a value can never be changed.

1. class Bike9{
2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
3. void run(){
4. speedlimit=400;
5. }
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
8. [Link]();
9. }
10. }//end of class
Test it Now

Output:Compile Time Error

2) Java final method
If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
Example of final method
class Bike{
final void run(){[Link]("running");}
}

class Honda extends Bike{

void run(){[Link]("running safely with 100kmph");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Honda honda= new Honda();
[Link]();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error

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3) Java final class

If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.

Example of final class

1. final class Bike{}
2.
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{
4. void run(){[Link]("running safely with 100kmph");}
5.
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
8. [Link]();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now

Output:Compile Time Error

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Abstract class in Java

A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an abstract class in Java. It can
have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with the body).
Before learning the Java abstract class, let's understand the abstraction in Java first.

Abstraction in Java
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to
the user.
Another way, it shows only essential things to the user and hides the internal details, for
example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the
internal processing about the message delivery.
Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

Abstract class in Java

A class which is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It can have abstract and
non-abstract methods. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be
instantiated.
Points to Remember
o An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
o It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
o It cannot be instantiated.
o It can have constructors and static methods also.
o It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the
method.
Example of abstract class
1. abstract class A{}

Abstract Method in Java

A method which is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as an
abstract method.

Example of abstract method

1. abstract void printStatus();//no method body and abstract
Example of Abstract class that has an abstract method
In this example, Bike is an abstract class that contains only one abstract method run. Its
implementation is provided by the Honda class.
1. abstract class Bike{
2. abstract void run();
3. }
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{
5. void run(){[Link]("running safely");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. [Link]();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now

running safely

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Java Array
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements that have a contiguous memory
location.
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. It is a data structure
where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
Array in java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0 index.

Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

o Single Dimensional Array

o Multidimensional Array

Single Dimensional Array in Java

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

1. dataType[] arr; (or)

2. dataType []arr; (or)
3. dataType arr[];
Instantiation of an Array in Java

1. arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Example of Java Array
Let's see the simple example of java array, where we are going to declare, instantiate, initialize
and traverse an array.

1. class Testarray{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
4. a[0]=10;//initialization
5. a[1]=20;
6. a[2]=70;
7. a[3]=40;
8. a[4]=50;
9. //traversing array
10. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)//length is the property of array
11. [Link](a[i]);
12. }}
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Test it Now

Output:
10
20
70
40
50

Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array

We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together by:

1. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization

Let's see the simple example to print this array.

1. class Testarray1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
4. //printing array
5. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)//length is the property of array
6. [Link](a[i]);
7. }}
Test it Now

Output:

33
3
4
5

Passing Array to Method in Java

We can pass the java array to method so that we can reuse the same logic on any array.

Let's see the simple example to get the minimum number of an array using a method.

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the way of passing an array

2. //to method.
3. class Testarray2{
4. //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
5. static void min(int arr[]){
6. int min=arr[0];
7. for(int i=1;i<[Link];i++)
8. if(min>arr[i])

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9. min=arr[i];
10.
11. [Link](min);
12. }
13.
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
16. min(a);//passing array to method
17. }}

Output:3

Multidimensional Array in Java

In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix form).

Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java

1. dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)

2. dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3. dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4. dataType []arrayRefVar[];
Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java

1. int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column

Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in Java

1. arr[0][0]=1;
2. arr[0][1]=2;
3. arr[0][2]=3;
4. arr[1][0]=4;
5. arr[1][1]=5;
6. arr[1][2]=6;
7. arr[2][0]=7;
8. arr[2][1]=8;
9. arr[2][2]=9;

Example of Multidimensional Java Array

Let's see the simple example to declare, instantiate, initialize and print the 2Dimensional array.

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1. //Java Program to illustrate the use of multidimensional array

2. class Testarray3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //declaring and initializing 2D array
5. int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
6. //printing 2D array
7. for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
8. for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
9. [Link](arr[i][j]+" ");
10. }
11. [Link]();
12. }
13. }}
Test it Now

Output:

1 2 3
2 4 5
4 4 5

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Interface in Java
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.
The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction.
.
Why use Java interface?
There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.
o It is used to achieve abstraction.
o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
o It can be used to achieve loose coupling.
How to declare an interface?
An interface is declared by using the interface keyword. It provides total abstraction; means all
the methods in an interface are declared with the empty body, and all the fields are public,
static and final by default. A class that implements an interface must implement all the
methods declared in the interface.
Syntax:
1. interface <interface_name>{
2.
3. // declare constant fields
4. // declare methods that abstract
5. // by default.
6. }

Java Interface Example

In this example, the Printable interface has only one method, and its implementation is
provided in the A6 class.
1. interface printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. class A6 implements printable{
5. public void print(){[Link]("Hello");}
6.
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. A6 obj = new A6();
9. [Link]();
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:
Hello

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Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends multiple interfaces, it is known
as multiple inheritance.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. interface Showable{
5. void show();
6. }
7. class A7 implements Printable,Showable{
8. public void print(){[Link]("Hello");}
9. public void show(){[Link]("Welcome");}
10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. A7 obj = new A7();
13. [Link]();
14. [Link]();
15. }
16. }
Test it Now

Output:Hello
Welcome

Q) Multiple inheritance is not supported through class in java, but it

is possible by an interface, why?
As we have explained in the inheritance chapter, multiple inheritance is not supported in the
case of class because of ambiguity. However, it is supported in case of an interface because
there is no ambiguity. It is because its implementation is provided by the implementation class.
For example:

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();

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3. }
4. interface Showable{
5. void print();
6. }
7.
8. class TestInterface3 implements Printable, Showable{
9. public void print(){[Link]("Hello");}
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. TestInterface3 obj = new TestInterface3();
12. [Link]();
13. }
14. }
Test it Now

Output:

Hello

As you can see in the above example, Printable and Showable interface have same methods but
its implementation is provided by class TestTnterface1, so there is no ambiguity.

Interface inheritance
A class implements an interface, but one interface extends another interface.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. interface Showable extends Printable{
5. void show();
6. }
7. class TestInterface4 implements Showable{
8. public void print(){[Link]("Hello");}
9. public void show(){[Link]("Welcome");}
10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
13. [Link]();
14. [Link]();
15. }
16. }
Test it Now

Output:
Hello
Welcome

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UNIT-IV

Exception Handling in Java

The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime
errors so that normal flow of the application can be maintained.

What is Exception in Java

Dictionary Meaning: Exception is an abnormal condition.

In Java, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object
which is thrown at runtime.

What is Exception Handling

Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFoundException,
IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc.

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

The [Link] class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by
two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:

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Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered
as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error

Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions

1) Checked Exception

The classes which directly inherit Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are
known as checked exceptions e.g. IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes which inherit RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g.
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked
exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.

3) Error

Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.

Java Exception Keywords

There are 5 keywords which are used in handling exceptions in Java.

Keyword Description
try The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place exception code. The
try block must be followed by either catch or finally. It means, we can't use try block
alone.
catch The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be preceded by try block
which means we can't use catch block alone. It can be followed by finally block later.
finally The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed
whether an exception is handled or not.
throw The "throw" keyword is used to throw an exception.

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Java Exception Handling Example

Let's see an example of Java Exception Handling where we using a try-catch statement to handle the
exception.

1. public class JavaExceptionExample{

2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. //code that may raise exception
5. int data=100/0;
6. }catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}
7. //rest code of the program
8. [Link]("rest of the code...");
9. }
10. }

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero

rest of the code...

In the above example, 100/0 raises an ArithmeticException which is handled by a try-catch block

Java try-catch block

Java try block
Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the
method.

If an exception occurs at the particular statement of try block, the rest of the block code will not execute.
So, it is recommended not to keeping the code in try block that will not throw an exception.

Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of Java try-catch

1. try{
2. //code that may throw an exception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}

Syntax of try-finally block

1. try{
2. //code that may throw an exception
3. }finally{}

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Java catch block

Java catch block is used to handle the Exception by declaring the type of exception within the parameter.
The declared exception must be the parent class exception ( i.e., Exception) or the generated exception
type. However, the good approach is to declare the generated type of exception.

The catch block must be used after the try block only. You can use multiple catch block with a single try
block.

Example 4
Here, we handle the exception using the parent class exception.

1. public class TryCatchExample4 {

2.
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. try
5. {
6. int data=50/0; //may throw exception
7. }
8. // handling the exception by using Exception class
9. catch(Exception e)
10. {
11. [Link](e);
12. }
13. [Link]("rest of the code");
14. }
15.
16. }
Test it Now

Output:

[Link]: / by zero
rest of the code

Java Multi-catch block

A try block can be followed by one or more catch blocks. Each catch block must contain a different
exception handler. So, if you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different exceptions, use
java multi-catch block.

Points to remember
o At a time only one exception occurs and at a time only one catch block is executed.
o All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general, i.e. catch for
ArithmeticException must come before catch for Exception.

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Example 1
Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

1. public class MultipleCatchBlock1 {

2.
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4.
5. try{
6. int a[]=new int[5];
7. a[5]=30/0;
8. }
9. catch(ArithmeticException e)
10. {
11. [Link]("Arithmetic Exception occurs");
12. }
13. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
14. {
15. [Link]("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception occurs");
16. }
17. catch(Exception e)
18. {
19. [Link]("Parent Exception occurs");
20. }
21. [Link]("rest of the code");
22. }
23. }
Test it Now

Output:

Arithmetic Exception occurs

rest of the code

finally clause
A finally keyword is used to create a block of code that follows a try block. A finally block of code is always
executed whether an exception has occurred or not. Using a finally block, it lets you run any cleanup type
statements that you want to execute, no matter what happens in the protected code. A finally block appears at
the end of catch block.

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Example demonstrating finally Clause

Class ExceptionTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a[]= new int[2];
[Link]("out of try");
try
{
[Link]("Access invalid element"+ a[3]);
/* the above statement will throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException */
}
finally
{
[Link]("finally is always executed.");
}
}
}

Out of try

finally is always executed.

Exception in thread main java. Lang. exception array Index out of bound exception.

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Threads
What is Thread in java
A thread is a lightweight subprocess, the smallest unit of processing. It is a separate path of execution.

Threads are independent. If there occurs exception in one thread, it doesn't affect other threads. It uses a
shared memory area.

As shown in the above figure, a thread is executed inside the process. There is context-
switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS, and one process
can have multiple threads.

Multithreading in Java
Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.
A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and
multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.
Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation, etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform multiple operations
at the same time.
2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception occurs in a single thread.

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Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the
CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:

o Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

o Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

1. Life cycle of a thread
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread life cycle in
java new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.

But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.

The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:

1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated

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1) New
The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before the invocation of start() method.
2) Runnable
The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread scheduler has not
selected it to be the running thread.

3) Running
The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.

4) Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not eligible to run.

5) Terminated
A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method exits.

How to create thread

There are two ways to create a thread:
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a [Link] class
extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

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Runnable interface:
The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be executed b
Runnable interface have only one method named run().

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

Starting a thread
start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following
tasks:
o A new thread starts(with new callstack).
o The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.
o When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.

1) Java Thread Example by extending Thread class

1. class Multi extends Thread{
2. public void run(){
3. [Link]("thread is running...");
4. }
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Multi t1=new Multi();
7. [Link]();
8. }
9. }
Output:thread is running...

2) Java Thread Example by implementing Runnable interface

1. class Multi3 implements Runnable{
2. public void run(){
3. [Link]("thread is running...");
4. }
5.
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
8. Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
9. [Link]();
10. }
11. }
Output:thread is running...

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The join() method

The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop
executing until the thread it joins with completes its task.

Syntax:
public void join()throws InterruptedException

public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException

Example of join() method

1. class TestJoinMethod1 extends Thread{

2. public void run(){
3. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
4. try{
5. [Link](500);
6. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}
7. [Link](i);
8. }
9. }
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. TestJoinMethod1 t1=new TestJoinMethod1();
12. TestJoinMethod1 t2=new TestJoinMethod1();
13. TestJoinMethod1 t3=new TestJoinMethod1();
14. [Link]();
15. try{
16. [Link]();
17. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}
18.
19. [Link]();
20. [Link]();
21. }
22. }
Test it Now

Output:1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5

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Synchronization in Java
Synchronization in java is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared
resource.
Java Synchronization is better option where we want to allow only one thread to access the
shared resource.

Why use Synchronization

The synchronization is mainly used to
1. To prevent thread interference.
2. To prevent consistency problem.

Types of Synchronization
There are two types of synchronization
1. Process Synchronization
2. Thread Synchronization
Here, we will discuss only thread synchronization.
Java synchronized method
If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.
Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that object and
releases it when the thread completes its task.
1. //example of java synchronized method
2. class Table{
3. synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized method
4. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
5. [Link](n*i);
6. try{
7. [Link](400);
8. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}
9. }
10.
11. }
12. }
13.
14. class MyThread1 extends Thread{
15. Table t;
16. MyThread1(Table t){
17. this.t=t;
18. }
19. public void run(){
20. [Link](5);
21. }
22.
23. }
24. class MyThread2 extends Thread{
25. Table t;
26. MyThread2(Table t){
27. this.t=t;
28. }
29. public void run(){
30. [Link](100);
31. }
32. }
33.
34. public class TestSynchronization2{
35. public static void main(String args[]){
36. Table obj = new Table();//only one object

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37. MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);

38. MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
39. [Link]();
40. [Link]();
41. }
42. }
Output: 5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500

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UNIT-V

Java Applet
Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic content. It
runs inside the browser and works at client side.
Advantage of Applet
There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:
o It works at client side so less response time.
o Secured
o It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os
etc.
Drawback of Applet
o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.
Hierarchy of Applet

Lifecycle of Java Applet

1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The [Link] class 4 life cycle methods and
[Link] class provides 1 life cycle
methods for an applet.

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[Link] class
For creating any applet [Link] class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle methods of
applet.

1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used to start
the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or browser is
minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.

[Link] class
The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.

1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class object that
can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

How to run an Applet?

There are two ways to run an applet

1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).

Simple example of Applet by html file:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file and place
the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.

1. //[Link]
2. import [Link];
3. import [Link];
4. public class First extends Applet{
5.
6. public void paint(Graphics g){
7. [Link]("welcome",150,150);
8. }
9.
10. }

[Link]
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
4. </applet>
5. </body>
6. </html>

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Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment and
compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer [Link]. Now Html file is not required but it is for testing
purpose only.

1. //[Link]
2. import [Link];
3. import [Link];
4. public class First extends Applet{
5.
6. public void paint(Graphics g){
7. [Link]("welcome to applet",150,150);
8. }
9.
10. }
11. /*
12. <applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
13. </applet>
14. */

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:

c:\>javac [Link]
c:\>appletviewer [Link]

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Java Package
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package.
There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.
Here, we will have the detailed learning of creating and using user-defined packages.
Advantage of Java Package
1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained.
2) Java package provides access protection.
3) Java package removes naming collision.

Simple example of java package

The package keyword is used to create a package in java.

//save as [Link]

1. package mypack;
2. public class Simple{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. [Link]("Welcome to package");
5. }
6. }

How to access package from another package?

There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.

1. import package.*;
2. import [Link];
3. fully qualified name.

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1) Using packagename.*
If you use package.* then all the classes and interfaces of this package will be accessible but not
subpackages.

The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of another package accessible to the
current package.

Example of package that import the packagename.*

1. //save by [Link]
2. package pack;
3. public class A{
4. public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");}
5. }
1. //save by [Link]
2. package mypack;
3. import pack.*;
4.
5. class B{
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. A obj = new A();
8. [Link]();
9. }
10. }
Output:Hello

2) Using [Link]
If you import [Link] then only declared class of this package will be accessible.

Example of package by import [Link]

1. //save by [Link]
2.
3. package pack;
4. public class A{
5. public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");}
6. }
1. //save by [Link]
2. package mypack;
3. import pack.A;
4.
5. class B{
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. A obj = new A();
8. [Link]();
9. }
10. }
Output:Hello
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How to send the class file to another directory or drive?

There is a scenario, I want to put the class file of [Link] source file in classes folder of c: drive. For
example:

1. /save as [Link]
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. [Link]("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }

To Compile:

e:\sources> javac -d c:\classes [Link]

To Run:
To run this program from e:\source directory, you need to set classpath of the directory where the class file resides.

e:\sources> set classpath=c:\classes;.;

e:\sources> java [Link]

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Another way to run this program by -classpath switch of java:

The -classpath switch can be used with javac and java tool.

To run this program from e:\source directory, you can use -classpath switch of java that tells where to
look for class file. For example:

e:\sources> java -classpath c:\classes [Link]

Output:Welcome to package

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Java I/O Tutorial

Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process the input and produce the output.

Java uses the concept of a stream to make I/O operation fast. The [Link] package contains all the classes
required for input and output operations.

We can perform file handling in Java by Java I/O API.

Stream
A stream is a sequence of data. In Java, a stream is composed of bytes. It's called a stream because it is
like a stream of water that continues to flow.

In Java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are attached with the console.

1) [Link]: standard output stream

2) [Link]: standard input stream

3) [Link]: standard error stream

Let's see the code to print output and an error message to the console.

1. [Link]("simple message");
2. [Link]("error message");

Let's see the code to get input from console.

1. int i=[Link]();//returns ASCII code of 1st character

2. [Link]((char)i);//will print the character

OutputStream vs InputStream
The explanation of OutputStream and InputStream classes are given below:

OutputStream
Java application uses an output stream to write data to a destination; it may be a file, an array, peripheral
device or socket.

InputStream
Java application uses an input stream to read data from a source; it may be a file, an array, peripheral
device or socket.

Let's understand the working of Java OutputStream and InputStream by the figure given below.

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OutputStream class
OutputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an
output stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes and sends them to some sink.

Useful methods of OutputStream

Method Description

1) public void write(int)throws IOException is used to write a byte to the current output
stream.

2) public void write(byte[])throws IOException is used to write an array of byte to the

current output stream.

3) public void flush()throws IOException flushes the current output stream.

4) public void close()throws IOException is used to close the current output stream

OutputStream Hierarchy

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InputStream class
InputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an input
stream of bytes.

Useful methods of InputStream

Method Description

1) public abstract int read()throws reads the next byte of data from the input
IOException stream. It returns -1 at the end of the file.

2) public int available()throws returns an estimate of the number of bytes that

IOException can be read from the current input stream.

3) public void close()throws IOException is used to close the current input stream.

InputStream Hierarchy

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