Basic features of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486
80186: (Rofquzaman-187)
1. Fabricated using HMOS technology.
2. 16 bit data bus.
3. It has 68 pins
4. It operates in 3 different frequencies 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12.5 MHz.
5. 80C86 is the low power version of 80186.
6. 20 bit physical address.
7. 80186 contains 8086 processor and several additional functional chips:
– clock generator
– 2 independent DMA channels
– Programmable interrupt controller
– 3 programmable 16-bit timers
– A chip select unit
8. Includes 10 more instruction beyond 8086
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9. 8086 does not have the 8086’s MN/MX pin. It has enough pins to generate the
minimum mode type pins.
10. more a microcontroller than a microprocessor
11. used mostly in industrial control applications
80286: (Rofquzaman-187)
1. High performance microprocessor with on chip memory management and
protection capabilities.
2. Primarily designed for multiuser and multitasking system.
3. 24 bit physical address (224=16MB).
4. It operates with several different frequencies such as 8, 10, 12.5, 16.67, 20 MHz.
5. Has two mode of operations: real address mode and protected virtual address
mode.
6. It’s performance is 6 times faster than the standard 5-MHz 8086.
7. It has 68 pins.
80386: (Rofquzaman-187&501)
1. It is 16 and 32 bit data bus accomodated microprocessor.
2. It runs at 25 to 50 MHz.
3. Contains 275000 transistors.
4. It can directly address 4GB memory.
5. Provides multi tasking, memory management, pipelined architecture, address
translation caches and a high speed bus interface in a single chip.
6. Contains eight 32 bit general purpose registers.
7. Can handle 8, 16 and 32 bit data types.
8. It has 132 pins.
80846: (Rofquzaman-501)
1. Contains on chip cache.
2. 32 bit microprocessor
3. Address bus 32 bit
4. Data bus 8, 16 and 32 bit.
5. 1.2 million transistors
6. It can directly address 4GB memory.
7. Operates with 25 to 66 MHz. it has 168 pins.
8. Address and data buses are not multiplexed.
Internal architecture of 80286. (Rofquzaman-187)
Internal architecture of 80386. (Rofquzaman-187)
Co-processor (5-6, 32-34, 610-611 )
A microprocessor chip that is distinct from the main processor, operates side-by-side
with the main processor and supplements the capabilities of the main processor.
Co-processor helps the CPU to perform special operations that the central processing
unit cannot perform or cannot perform as well and as quickly, such as high-speed
arithmetic/math operations, encryption, and computer graphics that displaying graphics
on the screen. The coprocessor thereby takes some of the work load off the main
processor. They are much faster than the main processor in computer. The
coprocessor, also known as a math coprocessor, numeric coprocessor, or floating-
point unit ( FPU ),
Math coprocessors, for example, are specialized for performing calculations on
numbers and floating point operations. So if you have a program that does many math
calculations, such as a spreadsheet or a CAD program, then adding a math coprocessor
to your system can sometimes remarkably improve your computing speed.
There are video coprocessors that are used to speed up the display of graphics on your
screen. Again, if you use any graphics-based application, including Windows, then
adding a video coprocessor to your system on an add-in board can speed up your
system even more than buying a faster computer.
A coprocessor is installed to reduce the burden on a computer's CPU and thus free it for
more general duties such as transferring data and handling multiple tasks. So allowing
main processor to work at optimum speed.
In the early years of personal computing, the coprocessor was physically separate from
the main microprocessor. Starting with the Intel Pentium and Motorola 68000 series,
became a physical part of the microprocessor chip. Some coprocessors are still
available as separate chips or circuit cards.
A coprocessor may be designed to work just with a particular type of CPU, in which
case its instructions can be included in the main program and are passed on to the
coprocessor by the CPU as it encounters them. In other cases, the coprocessor may
require its own separate program and program memory, and communicates with the
CPU by interrupts or message passing via a shared memory region.
Coprocessor concept is widely used in Motorola 68020 and Intel 8036.
Pipeline processor
In early microprocessors such as the 8085, the CPU could either fetch or execute at a
given time. In other words, the CPU had to fetch an instruction from memory, then
execute it and then fetch the next instruction, execute it and so on.
The idea of pipelining in it’s simplest form is to allow the CPU to fetch and execute at
the same time as shown in figure.
In pipelining the process of execution of instruction is split into small steps that are all
executed in parallel. In this way the execution of many instructions is overlapped.
We can use pipeline to speed up execution of instructions.
One limitation of pipelining is that the speed of execution is limited to the slowest
stage of the pipeline.
Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven integrated electronic circuit
that has on chip external peripherals such as RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc. (Ramesh-4)
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessor contains no RAM, no ROM, no Microcontroller contains RAM, ROM, I/O ports
I/O ports on the chief itself. External RAM, and a timer on the chief itself. Many
ROM, I/O ports etc must be added to that microcontroller manufacturers have
microprocessor to make them function. intergrated an ADC and other peripherals into
the microcontroller. External RAM, ROM, I/O
ports, timers etc need not be added to this to
make them functional.
Microprocessors are bulkier and expensive. Microntrollers are light and inexpensive.
Need large space. Need small space. So suitable for few
applications where space is critical issue.
Versatile Not Versatile
Enable the designer to decide on the amount Does not enable the desiner to decide on the
of RAM, ROM. I/O ports needed to fit the task amount of RAM, ROM. I/O ports needed to fit
at hand. the task at hand.
A microprocessor can perform a variety of A microcontroller can perform a single specific
task at a time. task at a time for which it is programmed.
A microprocessor can perform word For example the microcontroller inside a
processing, video playing, Internet browsing mouse perform only one task of finding the
etc at a time. mouse position and send it to the PC.
Difference between RISC and CISC Architecture
Characteristic CISC RISC
Full form Complex instruction set Reduced instruction set
computer computer
Instruction Large set of instruction with Small set of instruction with
variable format (16-64 bits/ fixed format (32
inst-ruction) bits/instruction)
Complexity of software Complexity of software in Complexity of software in
CISC is very high because it RISC is very LOW because it
has large instruction set. has small instruction set.
Complexity of processor Complexity of processor in Complexity of processor in
CISC is very low because it RISC is very high because it
uses less general purpose uses more general purpose
registers. registers.
Addressing mode CISC have 12-24 addressing RISC have 3-5 addressing
modes modes
General purpose register CISC have 8-24 General RISC have 32-192 General
purpose registers purpose registers
Cache design Unified cache used for Split cache used for
instruction and data instruction and data
Code Size Small Code Sizes. Large Code Sizes.
Clock rate CISC have 33-55MHZ clock RISC have 50-150MHZ clock
rate, Instruction execute in rate, Instruction execute in
multi-clock cycle single clock cycle
Pipelining No pipelining used by CISC Pipelining is used by RISC
processors processor.
CPU control Most micro coded using Most hardwired without
control memory (ROM), but control memory
modern CISC also uses
hardwired control.
Cost More expensive Less expensive
Examples Intel 8085,80×86, VAX 8600 Atmel AVR, MICHROCHIP 16F
Processor, Motorola680040 XX Series, I860 Processor,
Processor. CY7C601 Processor.