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List any 10 aspects covered under demographic
survey for housing and household.
A demographic survey is conducted to understand the social,
economic, and housing characteristics of a population for
planning housing schemes.
1. Family Size and Composition
Number of family members.
Nuclear or joint family.
Number of children, adults, and elderly persons.
2. Age Structure
Distribution of population by age groups.
Helps in planning schools, parks, healthcare, and elderly
housing.
3. Sex Ratio
Ratio of males to females.
Used in social infrastructure planning.
4. Marital Status
Married, unmarried, widowed, divorced.
Influences housing demand and unit sizes.
5. Occupation
Type of employment such as government, private,
business, labor, etc.
Determines income level and housing affordability.
6. Income Level
Monthly and annual income.
Helps classify EWS, LIG, MIG, and HIG housing categories.
7. Educational Status
Literacy level and educational qualifications.
Indicates social and economic status.
8. Migration Pattern
Rural to urban migration.
Seasonal or permanent migration.
9. Existing Housing Conditions
Ownership or rented accommodation.
Type of house and amenities available.
10. Housing Needs and Preferences
Number of rooms required.
Future expansion needs.
Preference for apartment, row house, or independent
house.
Q2 (a) Physical / Structural Quality
Physical quality refers to the structural stability and durability
of a house.
Important Indicators
1. Strength of foundation.
2. Quality of walls and roof.
3. Resistance to earthquakes and wind.
4. Safety against fire.
5. Durability of construction materials.
6. Damp-proofing and waterproofing.
7. Maintenance requirements.
8. Resistance to weathering.
Importance:
Ensures safety of occupants.
Increases lifespan of buildings.
Reduces maintenance costs.
Q2 (b) Space and Layout
Space and layout determine the efficiency and comfort of a
house.
Main Components
1. Adequate room sizes.
2. Functional zoning:
o Living zone
o Sleeping zone
o Service zone
3. Proper circulation.
4. Privacy between spaces.
5. Adequate natural lighting.
6. Cross ventilation.
7. Flexibility for future expansion.
Characteristics of Good Layout
Minimum circulation area.
Maximum usable area.
Clear separation of public and private spaces.
Q2 (c) Location
Location is one of the most important housing quality
indicators.
Factors
1. Proximity to workplaces.
2. Accessibility to roads and public transport.
3. Schools and hospitals nearby.
4. Availability of water supply.
5. Electricity and drainage.
6. Pollution-free environment.
7. Disaster safety.
8. Social infrastructure.
Importance
Reduces travel time.
Improves quality of life.
Enhances property value.
Q2 (d) Social Aspects
Social aspects determine the quality of community life.
Important Elements
1. Social interaction spaces.
2. Community halls.
3. Parks and playgrounds.
4. Safety and security.
5. Inclusiveness.
6. Cultural identity.
7. Community participation.
Benefits
Social harmony.
Better community living.
Increased sense of belonging.
Q3 Causes for Inadequate Housing in India
(a) Income and Affordability
Low household income.
Rising land prices.
Increase in construction costs.
Limited access to housing finance.
High interest rates.
Result: Large housing shortage among EWS and LIG groups.
(b) Rental Market
Lack of affordable rental housing.
High rents in cities.
Unorganized rental sector.
Poor maintenance of rented houses.
Lack of tenant security.
(c) Inadequate Infrastructure
Insufficient water supply.
Poor roads.
Inadequate sewerage.
Lack of drainage.
Poor public transportation.
(d) Slow Pace of Construction
Delays in approvals.
Land acquisition issues.
Financial constraints.
Labor shortages.
Delays in utility connections.
Q4 Why Housing is an Engine of Economic Growth?
Housing contributes significantly to economic development.
1. Employment Generation
Creates jobs for:
Architects
Engineers
Contractors
Masons
Electricians
Plumbers
2. Growth of Construction Industry
Housing increases demand for:
Cement
Steel
Bricks
Tiles
Paints
Glass
3. Capital Formation
Housing is a long-term asset and contributes to wealth
creation.
4. Infrastructure Development
Promotes development of:
Roads
Water supply
Sewerage
Electricity
5. Contribution to GDP
Construction and housing contribute substantially to national
income.
6. Improves Quality of Life
Provides:
Safety
Health
Comfort
Social stability
Q5 Positive and Negative Impacts of Migration
Positive Impacts
1. Supply of labor force.
2. Economic growth.
3. Increase in industrial production.
4. Cultural diversity.
5. Skill development.
6. Better employment opportunities.
7. Improved living standards.
8. Urban growth.
9. Remittances to rural areas.
10. Technological advancement.
Negative Impacts
1. Growth of slums.
2. Housing shortage.
3. Traffic congestion.
4. Pressure on infrastructure.
5. Unemployment.
6. Pollution.
7. Increased land prices.
8. Social conflicts.
9. Water scarcity.
10. Environmental degradation.
Q6 Different Categories of Slums
1. Notified Slums
Declared by government under Slum Acts.
2. Recognized Slums
Recognized by local authorities.
3. Identified Slums
Areas identified by surveys.
4. Squatter Settlements
Illegal occupation of land.
5. Pavement Slums
Temporary shelters along roads.
6. Resettlement Colonies
Government relocated settlements.
Reasons for Growth of Slums
1. Rural to urban migration.
2. Poverty.
3. Housing shortage.
4. High land prices.
5. Unemployment.
6. Low income.
7. Lack of affordable housing.
8. Population growth.
9. Weak urban planning.
10. Inadequate infrastructure.
Q7 Problems Faced by Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
Problems
1. Lack of finance.
2. Poor leadership.
3. Low literacy.
4. Inadequate training.
5. Poor record keeping.
6. Marketing difficulties.
7. Social barriers.
8. Lack of technical support.
9. Internal conflicts.
10. Limited access to banks.
Features of SHGs
1. Voluntary groups.
2. Usually 10–20 members.
3. Regular savings.
4. Internal lending.
5. Democratic functioning.
6. Women empowerment.
7. Financial inclusion.
8. Skill development.
9. Income generation.
10. Community participation.
Q8 Why ULCRA was Not Successful?
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (ULCRA)
aimed to prevent concentration of urban land.
Reasons for Failure
1. Excessive exemptions.
2. Legal disputes.
3. Slow acquisition process.
4. Administrative delays.
5. Corruption.
6. Benami transactions.
7. Very little land acquired.
8. Reduced housing supply.
9. Increased land prices.
10. Discouraged private investment.
Conclusion
The Act failed to achieve equitable distribution of urban land
and was repealed in most states.
Q9 Key Features of Housing under the First Five-Year
Plans in India
First Five-Year Plan (1951–56)
Housing for refugees.
Low-cost housing.
Slum improvement.
Village housing programs.
Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61)
Industrial workers housing.
Expansion of urban housing.
Housing Boards established.
Third Five-Year Plan (1961–66)
Emphasis on economically weaker sections.
Development of housing finance.
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–74)
Slum clearance.
Site and services schemes.
Urban housing improvement.
Major Achievements
Creation of Housing Boards.
Development of public housing.
Promotion of low-cost housing.
Expansion of urban infrastructure.
Foundation for future housing policies.