EXPERIMENT NO.

01
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To evaluate the dynamic response of a structure component or material subjected to
controlled vibration by a unidirectional vibration shaker apparatus.
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the effect of unidirectional vibration on a test specimen.
2. To determine the resonance frequency of the system.
3. To analyze damping characteristics.
4. To compare theoretical and experimental vibration response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Unidirectional vibration shaker machine
2. Function generator (to control excitation frequency)
3. Accelerometer (to measure vibration response)
4. Data Acquisition System (DAQ)
5. Test specimen (metal beam/plate)
6. Oscilloscope and vibration analyzer
THEORY
 A unidirectional vibration shaker test experiment evaluates a structure or component
response to vibration motion in a single direction, typically along the X, Y, or Z axis.
The theory behind this test is based on forced vibration principles, where a shaker
system generates sinusoidal or random vibrations at controlled frequencies and
amplitudes.
 The test specimen is securely mounted on the shaker table, and accelerometers
measure its response. By analyzing parameters such as resonance frequencies,
damping, and structural integrity, engineers can assess durability, fatigue resistance,
and dynamic behaviour.
 This method is widely used in aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries for
quality assurance and qualification (reliability) testing.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Setup and Calibration
 Mount the test specimen securely on the vibration table.
 Attach the accelerometer to the specimen to record vibrations.
  Connect the function generator to the vibration shaker.
 Ensure all connections to the DAQ system are properly configured.
2. Conducting the Experiment
 Set the initial frequency at a low value (e.g., 5 Hz).
 Gradually increase the frequency in small increments.
 Observe and record the vibration amplitude at each frequency.
 Identify the resonance frequency where the amplitude peaks.
 Continue the test beyond resonance to study damping effects.
3. Data Collection and Analysis
 Record the displacement, velocity, and acceleration response.
 Plot a frequency vs amplitude response curve.
 Compare with theoretical resonance predictions.
 Analyze damping factors and phase lag.
4. Observations and Results
 Graph of frequency vs amplitude: shows the peak at the resonance frequency.
 Damping analysis: reduction in amplitude after resonance.
 Phase relationship: phase shift between input excitation and response.

CONCLUSION
The experiment demonstrated the behaviour of a structure under unidirectional vibration.
The resonance frequency was determined, and the damping characteristics were analyzed.
The results aligned with theoretical expectations, confirming the accuracy of vibration
response models.
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study the dynamic response of a one storey building frame subjected to external force
such as harmonic excitation or impulse loading and to determine its natural frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. One storey building frame model (Aluminum /Steel)
2. Vibration shaker or base excitation system
3. Accelerometer and Data Acquisition system
4. Computer with analysis software (MATLAB / RT Pro PHOTON)
THEORY
A one storey building frame can be model as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system,
where its dynamic behavior is governed by principles of structural dynamics, when subjected
to external forces such as free vibration, impulse loading etc. The frame exhibits oscillatory
motion that depends on its mass, stiffness and damping.
Equation of motion:-
The dynamic behavior of the structure is described by the equation of motion for an SDOF
system.
m ẍ + c ẋ + k x = F(t) (Forced damped vibration)
m ẍ + c ẋ + k x = 0 (Damped free vibration)
Where,
m= mass of the frame
c = Damping coefficient
k = Stiffness of the frame
x = Displacement of the structure

F(t) = External force applied to the structure

 Natural frequency and period of vibration:-

The natural frequency (ω n ¿ of the system, which represents the frequency at which it
oscillates in free vibration,
 ωn =
√ k
m
2π
The corresponding time period (T n ¿ = ω
n

A higher stiffness (k) leads to a higher natural frequency (ω n), whereas a higher mass (m)
results in a lower natural frequency.

PROCEDURE
Assembly procedure for one storey building:-
1. Frame Moulding:-
 The one storey frame model was secured onto a rigid base or shake table using
bolts.
 Proper alignment was ensured and external constraints that could affect motion
were eliminated.
 Proper measurement should be taken.
2. Sensor Placement:-
Accelerometer were attached at different points :-
 One at the roof level to measure the response of the structure.
 One at the base to capture input motion.
3. Excitation Setup:-
 For free vibration, a small lateral displacement was applied by the hammer.
4. System calibration:-
 Sensor outputs were checked to ensure accurate readings before starting the
experiment.
 A trial run was performed by applying small vibration and verifying the data on the
oscilloscope or RT PRO PHOTON software.
 Sensor sensitivity and sampling rate were adjusted as needed.
5. After completing all experimental setup, the natural frequency should be measured
through this software.

PROCEDURE THROUGH RT PRO PHOTON SOFTWARE:-

 Open RT PRO PHOTON Software, then
Click model data Acquisition, then
 Click Signals => Auto channel signals

Time captures & power spectra

 Cross channel signals => Power spectra & Excitation => Close
 Click Frequency = 800 & Lines = 800
 Click Channel → ID → (write the name serial-wise)
 Click Calibrate → Start calibration

(A table will popup) which is transducer calibration result

Accept → Apply → OK
 Click on Trigger → slope: positive

Pre/Post trigger time: -20.02 ms

Automatically pre/post points: -41

Ok

 Click on Average → (Avg frame no = 5 )

ok

 Click on Initiate (green)

 Right click → 2nd frequency table

Select contents
Axis settings:
Y-axis → Log mag
X-axis → Linear
Click → OK → Start
RESULT (MANUAL CALCULATION):

Given:
L=36 cm=0.360 m
B=3 6 cm=0.3 60 m
Thickness = 2 cm=0.02 m

Mass:
ρV 7750×(0.360 × 0.3 60 ×0.02)
m= ¿ =2.047 kg
g 9.81

Stiffness:
12 EI bd
3
k= 3 I= k =32861.55 N /m
h 12

ω=
√ √
k
m
=
32861.55
0.2047
ω 4 12.64
=412.64 rad /s f n= =
2π 2π
=6 5.67 Hz From software:

f n=66.0 8 Hz TABLE:

Description Natural Frequency (Hz)

Theoretical Calculation 65.67Hz
RT PRO PHOTON (Software) 66.08 Hz
CONCLUSION:
The natural frequency of the frame was found to be:
64.40 Hz (theoretical)
66.01 Hz (software)

PRECAUTIONS:
Sensors calibrated before data collection
Excess displacement avoided
Connections secured to avoid errors
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:–
To study the dynamic response of a multi storey building frame subjected to external force such as
Harmonic excitation or impulse loading and to determine its Natural frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
i. Multi storey building frame model (Aluminum / Steel)
ii. Vibration shaker or base excitation system
iii. Accelerometer and data Acquisition system
iv. Computer with Analysis software (RT PRO PHOTON)

THEORY:–
The dynamic Response of multi storey building frames subjected to external force like
harmonic excitation or impulse loading , engineers Analyze how the structure vibrates and deforms over
time the Response depends on the building mass , stiffness and damping characteristics , which influence
how energy is Absorbed and dissipated Harmonic excitation helps identify steady state Responses at various
frequencies , while impulse loading Reveals transient behaviour and can excite multiple natural modes . By
conducting experiments using Accelerometers and vibration generators and analyzing the resulting motion,
the Natural frequencies correspond to the Rates at which the structure Naturally tends to vibrate When
disturbed & are critical for ensuring the building Avoids Resonance and maintains structural integrity under
dynamic loading.

PROCEDURE: –
Assembly procedure for multi storey building: -

FRAME MOULDING: -

 The Multi storey frame model was secured into a rigid base or shake table using bolts.
 Proper Alignment was ensured and external constraints that could affect motion were eliminated.
 Proper measurement should be taken.
1. SENSOR PLACEMENT: -
 Accelerometers were attached at different points.
 One at the roof level to measure the response of the structure.
  One at the base to capture input motion

2. EXCITATION SETUP: -
 For free vibration, a small lateral displacement was applied by the hammer.

3. SYSTEM CALIBRATION: -

 Sensor outputs were checked to ensure accurate readings before starting the experiment.
 A trial Run was performed by applying small vibration and verifying the data on the
oscilloscope or RT PRO PHOTON software.
 Sensor sensitivity and sampling rate were adjusted as needed.
4. After completing all experimental setup, the natural frequency should be measured through this
software.

PROCEDURE THROUGH RT PRO PHOTON SOFTWARE: -

 Open ‘RT PRO PHOTON’ software, then click model data acquisition, then click signals
→ Auto channel signals
 Time capture & power spectra
 Cross channel signals → power spectra & Excitation

Close

 Click frequency =800 & lines = 800

 Click channel → I.D →( write the name serial wise)
 Click channel → I.D → Hammer senser
 Click calibrate → start calibration
 (A table will pop up) which is transducer calibration result

Accept

Apply → ok

 Click on trigger→ slope : positive

 ↓

Pre / post trigger time: = - 20.02 MS

Automatically pre / post points = - 41

ok

 Click on trigger → (avg. frame no :5) → ok

 Click on initiate (green )

Click right button on 2nd frequency table

Contents

Y axis format: - log mag

X axis format: - linear

Ok

Start

RESULT:-(MANUAL CALCULATION)
Thickness of plate=0.4cm

Area of bar=2×2cm2

Length of bar=92.4cm

ρv 7750×(0.359 × 0.356 ×0.04)

Mass(m)= =
g 9.81 ×10

=0.4038

3
0.359 ×0.356
12 EI 12× 2.1× 105 ×( )
Stiffness(k) = 3 = 12 = 4311.69
h 3
0.924

K= [−k2 k −kk ]
M= [ m0 m0 ]
k-mʎ =0

|2 k−k−mʎ −k
k−mʎ
=0 |
=>2 k 2-3mʎ+m2 ʎ 2 -k 2 =0

=>m2 ʎ 2 -3mʎ +k 2 =0

3 km± √ 9 k 2 m2−4 k 2 m2
=> =0
2m2

k k
=>0.385√ or 2.615√
m m

Here k= 4311.69, m=0.4038

k =0.385 =0.385 4311.69 =

w 1=0.385√ √ 39.78
m 0.4038

k = 4311.69
w 2=2.615√ 2.615√ =270.21
m 0.4038

CONCLUSION
The Natural frequency of the multi degree freedom system frame was found to be 39.78 and 270.21 Hz
respectively.

PRECAUTIONS
  Sensors were calibrated before data collection.
 Excessive displacement that should be damage the frame should avoided.
 All connection were secured to prevent measurement errors.

EXPERIMENT NO. 04
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study the Dynamic Response of different size plates and cells subjected to external force such as
harmonic excitation or impulse loading and determine its natural frequency and damping factor.

THEORY
The Dynamic Response at place and cells of varying sizes subjected to external forces such as harmonic
excitation or impulse loading, both experimental and theoretical approaches are utilized. The experiment
involves exciting the specimen using controlled external forces and majoring its response through sensors
like accelerometers or laser vibrometers.

The natural frequency is determined by identifying the peak response in the frequency domain. Typically
using fast fourier transform on the major time signals.

The damping factor is estimated by analyzing the rate of decay in free vibration or using half power band
width methods in forced vibration test. The modal analysis and finite element methods are employed to
predict the dynamic behaviour based geometry, material properties and boundary conditions. By comparing
experimental data with theoretical results, insight into the influence of size on vibration characteristics can
be obtained, enhancing the understanding of structural dynamic in plates and cellular components.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
i. Different size of plates and cells
ii. Measuring instrument like tape
iii. Accelerometer and Data acquisition system
iv. Computer with analysis software (RT PRO PHOTON)

PROCEDURE
Assembly procedure for plate and cell: -

I. Fixing the plate and cell: -

The plate and cell were fixed in a loading Jack system, with one end of the plate securely clamped
while the other end was free, forming a cantilever configuration.
II. Sensor Placement: -
Accelerometer were attached at different points of the plate and cell.
III. Excitation Setup: -
For free vibration, a small lateral displacement, was applied by the hammer.
IV. System Calibration: -
 Sensors output were checked to ensure accurate readings before starting the experiment.
 A trial Run was performed by applying small vibration and verifying the data on the
Oscilloscope or RT PRO PHOTON software.
 Sensors sensitivity and sampling rate were adjusted as needed.
 After completing all experimental setup, the natural frequency should be measured through
the software.

RESULT

For Plate-1: -

Length (l) =65 cm-10.61cm=54.39cm

Thickness (t)=6 mm (0.6 cm)

Height (h)=4 cm

Weight (w)=1143 kg

Here Ꞷ₂=128.71

Ꞷ₁=256.05

x₂
δ¿ ln ( )
x₁

256.05
δ =ln ( )= 0.68
128.71

πζ
δ=
√(1−ζ ²)
δ (1−ζ 2) = πζ

⇒δ² (1−ζ 2) = π ² ζ ²

⇒ δ ²−δ ² ζ 2 ¿ = π ² ζ ²

⇒ δ² ¿ ζ ² (π 2+ δ ²)

ζ=
√ 2
δ²
π +δ ²
=
√ (0.68) ²
(3.141)2+(0.68)²
=0.211

Damping Factor ¿) of plate 1 is 0.211

For Plate-2: -

Length (l) =99.8cm-10.61cm=89.2cm

Thickness (t)=5 mm (0.5 cm)

Height (h)=2.4cm

Weight (w)=984 gm

Here Ꞷ₂=297.76

Ꞷ₁=507.04

x₂
δ¿ ln ( )
x₁

507.04
δ =ln ( )= 0.53
297.76

πζ
δ=
√(1−ζ ²)

ζ=
√ 2
δ²
π +δ ²
=
√ (0.53) ²
(3.141)2+(0.53)²
=0.166

Damping Factor ¿) of plate 2 is 0.166

For Cell: -

Length (l) =106.5 cm-10.61cm=95.9cm

Thickness (t)=2.5 cm

Height (h)=5.4 cm

Weight (w)=532 gm

Here Ꞷ₂=150.25

Ꞷ₁=696.16

x₂
δ¿ ln ( )
x₁

696.16
δ =ln ( )= 1.53
150.25

πζ
δ=
√(1−ζ ²)
ζ=
√ 2
δ²
π +δ ²
=
√ (1.53) ²
(3.141)2+(1.53)²
=0.437

Damping Factor ¿) of cell is 0.437

CONCLUSION
From the above experiment we conducted different plates and cells damping factor and its natural frequency
which is in the limit.

EXPERIMENT NO. 05
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To determine the natural frequency of M40 grade concrete cube and prism specimens using
analytical method and RT PRO PHOTON software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Concrete Cube (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm)

2. Concrete Prism Beam (150 mm × 150 mm × 700 mm)
3. Impact hammer
4. Accelerometer
5. Data Acquisition System
6. RT PRO PHOTON Software
7. Computer system

THEORY

Concrete specimens can be modelled as vibrating systems:

 Cube → Approximate Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system
 Prism Beam → Flexural vibrating
beam system
The natural frequency depends on:
Mass (m)
Stiffness (k)
Natural Frequency

f n=
1
2π √ k
m
Where:
 f n= Natural frequency (Hz)

 k = Stiffness (N/m)

 m = Mass (kg)

PROCEDURE
1. Specimen Setup

 Concrete specimens were placed on a rigid surface.

 Proper alignment ensured to avoid damping effects.

2. Sensor Placement

 Accelerometer attached at top surface

 Hammer used for impulse excitation

3. Excitation

 Light hammer impact applied

 Free vibration recorded

4. Calibration

 Sensors calibrated before testing

 Trial reading verified

PROCEDURE THROUGH RT PRO PHOTON SOFTWARE:-

 Open RT PRO PHOTON Software, then

 Click model data Acquisition, then
Click Signals => Auto channel signals

Time captures & power spectra

 Cross channel signals => Power spectra & Excitation => Close
 Click Frequency = 800 & Lines = 800
 Click Channel → ID → (write the name serial-wise)
 Click Calibrate → Start calibration

(A table will popup) which is transducer calibration result

Accept → Apply → OK
 Click on Trigger → slope: positive

Pre/Post trigger time: -20.02 ms

Automatically pre/post points: -41

Ok

 Click on Average → (Avg frame no = 5 )

ok
 Click on Initiate (green)

 Right click → 2nd frequency table

Select contents

Axis settings:

Y-axis → Log mag

X-axis → Linear

Click → OK → Start
CALCULATION

(MANUAL CALCULATION):

Cube
Size = 150 × 150 × 150 mm
Volume = 0.153 =0.003375 m3
Prism
Size = 150 × 150 × 700 mm
Volume = 0.15 × 0.15× 0.7=0.01575 m3
FOR M40 CONCRETE
Density (ρ) ≈ 2400 kg/m³
Modulus of Elasticity:
E=5000 √ f ck =5000 √ 40≈ 31600 MPa

1. Mass Calculation
Cube:
m=2400 × 0.003375=8.1 kgPrism:
m=2400 × 0.01575=37.8 kg
2. Stiffness Calculation
Cube
9
AE 0.0225× 31.6 ×10
k= A=0.15 ×0.15=0.0225 m
2
k =
9
≈ 4.74 × 10 N /m
L 0.15
Prism:
9 −5
48 EI bd
3
48 ×31.6 ×10 × 4.21875 ×10
k= k = k ≈ 1.86 ×10 N /m3. Natural
8
3 I= =0.15 ׿ ¿
L 12 ( 0.7 ¿3
Frequency
Cube:
f n ≈ 121 Hz

Prism:

f n ≈ 35 Hz

From software:

Cube:
f n ≈ 123 Hz
 Prism:

f n ≈ 38 Hz

RESULT:

The natural frequency of the CUBE was found to be:

121 Hz (theoretical)

123 Hz (software)

The natural frequency of the PRISM was found to be:

35 Hz (theoretical)

38 Hz (software)

CONCLUSION:

 Natural frequency depends on stiffness and mass

 Cube has higher frequency due to higher stiffness

 Prism shows lower frequency due to bending behavior

 Software results closely match analytical values

PRECAUTIONS:

Sensors calibrated before data collection

Excess displacement avoided

Connections secured to avoid errors