Mục Lục

UNIT 1:.........................................................................................................................................................2
TENSES.........................................................................................................................................................2
UNIT 2:.......................................................................................................................................................20
COMPOUND SENTENCE.............................................................................................................................20
UNIT 3:.......................................................................................................................................................33
COMPARISON............................................................................................................................................33
Unit 4:........................................................................................................................................................51
HOW TO EXPRESS CAUSE. PURPOSE, RESULT & CONTRAST......................................................................51
Unit 5:........................................................................................................................................................64
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.........................................................................................................................64
UNIT 6:.......................................................................................................................................................78
PASSIVE SENTENCES..................................................................................................................................78
UNIT 7:.......................................................................................................................................................91
HOW TO EXPRESS PURPOSE, SUFFICIENCY & EMPHASIS...........................................................................91
UNIT 8:.....................................................................................................................................................101
COMPOUND- COMPLEX SENTENCES; VERB PATTERNS REVISION...........................................................101
UNIT 9:.....................................................................................................................................................115
GERUND..................................................................................................................................................115

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 UNIT 1:
TENSES
I. Present tenses
 Present simple:

Forming the Present Simple Tense:

a. Affirmative Form:

 For most verbs:

I/You/We/They + V-inf.

 Example: I walk to school. / They play soccer.

He/She/It + Vs/es.

Example: He walks to school. / She plays soccer.

 Verbs ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z: Add -es.

Example: He watches TV. / She fixes the car.

 Verbs ending in a consonant + y: Change y to i and add -es.

Example: He studies English. / She cries a lot.

b. Negative Form:

 I/You/We/They + do not (don't) + V-inf.

Example: I do not (don't) like coffee. / They do not (don't) go to the gym.

 He/She/It + does not (doesn't) + V-inf.

Example: He does not (doesn't) eat meat. / She does not (doesn't) watch TV.

c. Question Form:

 Do + I/You/We/They + V-inf?

Example: Do you like pizza? / Do they live in London?

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 Does + He/She/It + V-inf?

Example: Does he play tennis? / Does she work here?

How to use the present simple tense:

a. Habits and Routines:

Example: I brush my teeth every morning. / She goes to the gym twice a week.

b. General Truths:

Example: The sun rises in the east. / Water boils at 100°C.

c. Fixed Arrangements:

Example: The train leaves at 9 pm. / My class starts at 8 am.

d. Feelings and Emotions:

Example: I love chocolate. / He hates spiders.

Adverbs of Frequency:
Adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never,…) are
commonly used with the Present Simple tense to show how often something happens.

Example: I always get up early.

 Present Perfect:
Structure of the Present Perfect Tense:
a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + have/has + V-pp

Example: I have finished my homework. / She has visited Paris.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S + have/has not (haven't/hasn't) + V-pp

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 Example: I have not (haven't) finished my homework.

c. Questions:

 Have/Has + S + V-pp

Example: Have you finished your homework?

Uses of the Present Perfect Tense:

 To describe actions that happened in the past but their results are still relevant to
the present:

Example: I have lost my keys. (I still don't have them now.)

 To describe experiences or events that happened at an unspecified time in the

past:

Example: She has traveled to many countries.

 To describe actions that started in the past and continue to the present:

Example: They have lived in this city for ten years.

II. Past tenses:

 Simple past:

Structure of the Simple Past Tense:

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + V2/ed + O

Example: I visited my grandparents yesterday.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S + did not (didn't) + V-inf

Example: I did not (didn't) visit my grandparents yesterday.

c. Questions:

 Did + S + V-inf?

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 Example: Did you visit your grandparents yesterday?

How to use the Simple Past tense:

 To describe actions that happened and finished in the past:

Example: She finished her homework last night.

 To describe habits in the past:

Example: When I was a child, I played with my friends every day.

 Past continuous tense:

Structure of the Past Continuous Tense:

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + was/were + V-ing.

Example: I was reading a book when he called.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S + was/were not (wasn't/weren't) + V-ing

Example: I was not (wasn't) reading a book when he called.

c. Questions:

 Was/Were + S + V-ing?

Example: Was she reading a book when he called?

How to use the past continuous tense:

 To describe actions that were happening at a specific time in the past:

Example: I was cooking dinner at 6 pm yesterday.

 To describe two actions that were happening simultaneously in the past:

Example: While I was studying, my brother was watching TV.

 To describe an action that was happening in the past when another action
started.

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 Example: when I was watching TV at 8 pm yesterday, my phone rang.

 Simple past:

Structure of the Simple Past Tense:

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + V2/ed + O

Example: I visited my grandparents yesterday.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S + did not (didn't) + V-inf

Example: I did not (didn't) visit my grandparents yesterday.

c. Questions:

 Did + S + V-inf?

Example: Did you visit your grandparents yesterday?

How to use the Simple Past tense:

 To describe actions that happened and finished in the past:

Example: She finished her homework last night.

 To describe habits in the past:

Example: When I was a child, I played with my friends every day.

 Past continuous tense:

Structure of the Past Continuous Tense:

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + was/were + V-ing.

Example: I was reading a book when he called.

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b. Negative Sentences:

 S + was/were not (wasn't/weren't) + V-ing

Example: I was not (wasn't) reading a book when he called.

c. Questions:

 Was/Were + S + V-ing?

Example: Was she reading a book when he called?

How to use the past continuous tense:

 To describe actions that were happening at a specific time in the past:

Example: I was cooking dinner at 6 pm yesterday.

 To describe two actions that were happening simultaneously in the past:

Example: While I was studying, my brother was watching TV.

 To describe an action that was happening in the past when another action
started.

Example: when I was watching TV at 8 pm yesterday, my phone rang.

III. Future tense:

 Simple future tense:

Structure of the Simple Future Tense

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + will/shall + V-inf.

Example: I will go to the store. / She will call you tomorrow.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S+ will not (won't) + V-inf.

Example: I will not (won't) go to the store. / She will not (won't) call you tomorrow.

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c. Questions:

 Will/Shall + S + V-inf?

Example: Will you go to the store? / Will she call you tomorrow?

Uses of the Simple Future Tense

a. Predictions:

Example: I think it will rain tomorrow.

b. Decisions made at the moment of speaking:

Example: I’m hungry. I will make a sandwich.

c. Promises, threats, requests, or offers:

Example: I will help you with your homework. / If you don’t stop, I will tell the
teacher.

d. Certain future events or actions:

Example: The sun will rise at 6 am tomorrow.

 Future Tense: "Be going to"

Structure of "Be going to"

a. Affirmative Sentences:

 S + am/is/are + going to + V-inf.

Example:
 I am going to visit my grandparents this weekend.
 She is going to study abroad next year.

b. Negative Sentences:

 S + am/is/are + not + going to + V-inf.

Example:
 I am not going to visit my grandparents this weekend.
 She is not going to study abroad next year.

c. Questions:

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  Am/Is/Are + S + going to + V-inf?
Example:
 Are you going to visit your grandparents this weekend?
 Is she going to study abroad next year?

Uses of "Be going to"

a. Predictions (based on evidence):

Example:

 Look at those clouds! It is going to rain soon.

 He is coughing a lot; he is going to get sick if he doesn’t rest.

b. Plans or intentions:
Example:

 I am going to start a new course next month.

 They are going to travel to Japan this summer.

c. Events that seem certain or inevitable:

Example:

 The car is going to run out of fuel if we don’t stop at the next station.
 The train is going to arrive at 8 pm.

IV. Practice: Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks

with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1. She (commute) __________ to work by train every day.
2. We (attend) __________ yoga classes twice a week.
3. The sun (set) __________ behind the mountains.
4. We (reside) __________ in this neighborhood for five years.
5. She (work) __________ at the company since 2010.
6. I (encounter) __________ him before.
7. They (journey) __________ to France last summer.
8. We (dine) __________ at a fine restaurant 2 days ago.
9. He (complete) __________ homework last night.
10. We (play) __________ soccer when it started to rain.
11. We (have) __________ lunch at 1 PM yesterday.

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12. They (have) __________ a meeting when I entered the room.
13. She (visit) __________ her grandparents next weekend.
14. They (move) __________ to a new house next month.
15. I (plan) __________ a trip to Nha Trang next summer.
16. As soon as she (complete) __________ her studies, she plans to move to a new
city.
17. Despite the fact that he has worked tirelessly, he (not/meet) __________ the
deadline.
18. While I was preparing dinner, my sister (finish) __________ her homework.
19. After the storm passes, the town (begin) __________ to rebuild.
20. Once he realizes his mistake, he (apologize) __________ to everyone affected.
21. She plans her vacation meticulously before she (set) __________ off on her
journey.
22. The moment the concert starts, the audience (cheer) __________ loudly.
23. Since they have invested heavily in technology, their productivity (increase)
__________ significantly.
24. He attends the seminar every year since he (join) __________ the company.
25. As the project progresses, the team (face) __________ numerous challenges.
26. Although she does not like the movie, she (appreciate) __________ the actors'
performances.
27. After he recovers from his illness, he (decide) __________ to adopt a healthier
lifestyle.
28. They completed the report just before the boss (ask) __________ for an update.
29. While she was researching her thesis, she (discover) __________ many
interesting facts.
30. Once the software updates, it (run) __________ much more efficiently.
31. As soon as he received the news, he (call) __________ his family to share it.
32. By the time we arrive at the venue, the event (already/start) __________.
33. Even though they did not win the competition, they (gain) __________ valuable
experience.

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 UNIT 1:
EDUCATION
V. Sentence building

1. Attend classes (tham gia các lớp 6. Timeliness (sự đúng hạn)
họp) 7. Teacher (giáo viên)
2. Online platforms (các nền tảng 8. Administrator (nhà quản lý)
online) 9. Scholarships (học bổng)
3. Assignments (bài tập) 10. An informative documentary
4. Semester (học kỳ) (phim tài liệu)
5. Professor (giáo sư)

1. Việc tham gia lớp học thường xuyên, bao gồm các cuộc thảo luận và hoạt
động hữu ích, sẽ cải thiện thành tích học tập của học sinh.
- Grammar: S + adv + which + V + Nounphrase + will + V +O + at school.
- Attending classes, include, useful discussions and activities, the student’s
performance.
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2. Các trường học cung cấp tài nguyên học tập, bao gồm thư viện, phòng thí
nghiệm, và các nền tảng trực tuyến, đồng thời cũng cung cấp các dịch vụ
hỗ trợ như tư vấn và gia sư.
- Grammar: S + V + O, V-ing + Nouns, and + V + O + like + Nouns
- provide/ offer, resources for learning, labs, support services, counseling, tutoring.
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3. Nhiều học sinh đã hoàn thành bài tập đúng hạn, cho thấy sự cống hiến của
họ đối với thành công học tập, và sự đúng hạn này thường dẫn đến điểm
số tốt hơn.

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 - Grammar: S + have + V-pp + O + on time, V-ing + noun, and + S + adv + V +
Nouns.
- their assignments, their dedication to school success, this timeliness, leads to.

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4. Các trường học đã bổ sung công nghệ mới để cải thiện việc học, như bảng
thông minh và ứng dụng giáo dục, điều này đã làm tăng sự hứng thú của
học sinh rất nhiều.
- Grammar: S + have + V-pp + O + to V + Noun, such as + Nouns, which + have +
adv + V-pp + O.
- new technology, smart boards, educational apps, significanly, student interest.
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5. Giáo sư đã giải thích các lý thuyết khó trong buổi giảng, điều này đã mở
rộng tầm nhìn của học sinh và tăng cường khả năng tư duy logic của họ.
- Grammar: S + V + O + during + Noun, which + V + sb + V + NP + in lessons.
- The professors, difficult theories, the lecture, broadened, students’ horizon,
logical thinking.
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6. Học sinh đã học tập chăm chỉ cho kỳ thi cuối kỳ học kỳ trước, và sự chăm
chỉ của họ đã thể hiện qua kết quả tuyệt vời.
- Grammar: S + V + adv + for sth + last semester, and + S + be + V-pp + Nouns.
- Students, final exams, hard work, showed, their great results.
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7. Giáo viên đã làm việc trên các kế hoạch bài học đến khuya, nhưng họ vẫn
giữ được năng lượng cao trong lớp học.

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 - Grammar: S + be + V-ing + on sth + late into the night, but + S + still + V + O + in
the classroom.
- Teacher, lessons plans, high energy.
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8. Các nhà quản lý đã sửa chữa tòa nhà trường học trong suốt mùa hè, và
những nâng cấp này đã được hoàn thành đúng hạn.
- Grammar: S + be + V-ing + O + over the summer, and + S +be + V-pp + on time
- Administrators, fixing up, the school building, these upgrades.
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9. Học sinh sẽ tốt nghiệp trung học vào năm sau và sẽ sẵn sàng tham gia các
khóa học đại học hoặc bắt đầu làm việc.
- Grammar: S + will + V + from sth + next year, and + will + be + adj + to V +
Nouns + or + to V.
- Graduate, high school, take part in, college courses.
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10. Các trường học sẽ trao học bổng cho những học sinh xứng đáng để hỗ trợ
thành công học tập và cơ hội bình đẳng, và họ sẽ sử dụng các học bổng
này theo nhiều cách khác nhau.
- Grammar: S + will + V + O + to sb + to V + Nounphrases, and + S + will + V + O
+ in sth.
- scholarships, deserving students, academic success, equal opportunities, utilize.
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11. Cô ấy học tiếng Anh chăm chỉ mỗi ngày, và cô ấy cũng tham gia thực hành
nói với bạn bè của mình
- Grammar: S + V + O + adv, and + S + adv +V + NP + with sb.

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 - diligently, engages in, speaking practice, her peers.
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12. Anh ấy đã du lịch đến Nhật Bản năm ngoái, nơi anh ấy đã thăm nhiều địa
điểm lịch sử quan trọng.
- Grammar: S + V + to a place + last year, where + S + V + O.
- Traveled, numerous historical sites of significance.
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13. Họ đang xem một bộ phim tài liệu thì mất điện.
- Grammar: S + be + + V-ing + O + when + S + V.
- an informative documentary, the power, went out.
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14. Cô ấy đã hoàn thành bài tập về nhà, vì vậy bây giờ cô ấy có thể ra ngoài
với bạn bè.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + O, so + S + can + adv + V + with sb.
- Finished, homework, go out.
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15. Chúng ta sẽ bắt đầu cuộc họp lúc 10 giờ sáng, sau đó chúng ta sẽ thảo
luận về kế hoạch dự án mới.
- Grammar: S + V + O + at time, and then + S + will + V + O.
- Commence (=start), discuss, the new project plan.

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VI. Paraphrasing
Exercise 1: The chart below shows the number of men and women in further education
in Britain in three periods and whether they were studying fulltime or part-time.
Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ thanh minh họa số lượng nam và nữ học trong các chương trình
giáo dục toàn thời gian và bán thời gian vào các năm sau: 1970 đến 1971,
1980 đến 1981 và 1990 đến 1991.
 Grammar: S + V + how many + S + V + in sth + in time.
 The bar chart, illustrates, males and females, have studied, full-time and part-
time education, the following years, 1970 to 1971, 1980 to 1981, 1990 to 1991.
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 2. Biểu đồ thanh hiển thị số lượng nam và nữ đăng ký học toàn thời gian và
bán thời gian trong các giai đoạn 1970-1971, 1980-1981, và 1990-1991.
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Exercise 2: The chart below shows the number of girls per 100 boys enrolled in
different levels of school education.
Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ cho thấy số lượng nữ sinh trên 100 nam sinh trong giáo dục tiểu
học, trung học và đại học.
 Grammar: S + V + O
 the number of, female students, per 100 male students, in primary, secondary,
and tertiary education
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 2. Biểu đồ cho thấy tỷ lệ học sinh nữ so với học sinh nam ở cấp tiểu học,
trung học và đại học.
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Exercise 3: The chart gives information on the percentage of women going into higher
education in five countries for the years 1980 and 2015.
Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ thanh hiển thị tỷ lệ phần trăm nữ giới tham gia giáo dục bậc đại
học ở Vương quốc Anh, Hoa Kỳ, Úc, Hàn Quốc và Pháp vào các năm
1980 và 2015.
 Grammar: S + V + O + who + V + NP + in places + in time.
 The bar chart, describes, the percentage of females, entered, higher
education, the UK, USA, Australia, South Korea, and France, 1980 and 2015.
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2. Biểu đồ thanh mô tả tỷ lệ phụ nữ theo học các cơ sở giáo dục đại học tại
Anh, Mỹ, Úc, Hàn Quốc và Pháp vào các năm 1980 và 2015.
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___________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4: The chart shows the percentage of male and female teachers in six
different types of educational setting in the UK in 2010.
Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ thanh so sánh số liệu về nam và nữ giảng dạy ở sáu cấp độ giáo
dục, tại Vương quốc Anh, vào năm 2009.
- Grammar: S + V + O + who + V + at sth + in place + in time
- The bar graph, compares, the figures for men and women, teach, six educational
levels, the UK, 2009

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2. Biểu đồ thanh so sánh số lượng giáo viên nam và nữ ở sáu cấp độ giáo dục
khác nhau tại Anh vào năm 2009.
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Exercise 5: The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in
2000, 2005, and 2010. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ so sánh tỷ lệ phần trăm của người trẻ ở 4 quốc gia đã vào học đại
học tại các năm 2000, 2005, và 2010.
- Grammar: S + V + O + who + V + NP + in the years + time.
- The chart, compares, the percentage of young people, in 4 different countries,
entered, higher education, 2000, 2005, and 2010.
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2. Biểu đồ minh họa tỷ lệ phần trăm thanh niên theo học giáo dục đại học ở
bốn quốc gia trong các năm 2000, 2005 và 2010.
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 UNIT 2:
COMPOUND SENTENCE
I. Structure:
1. Introduction about FANBOYS:
FANBOYS là viết tắt của các từ nối (coordinating conjunctions) sau:
For - And - Nor - But - Or - Yet - So
Các từ này dùng để nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) tạo thành một câu
ghép (compound sentence).

2. The structure of compound sentences using coordinating

conjunctions (FANBOYS):
Independent clause + , + FANBOYS + independent clause
Ví dụ: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
She studied hard, so she passed the exam.

3. How to use the coordinating conjunctions:

o For (vì): Diễn tả lý do hoặc nguyên nhân.

Example: He was tired, for he had worked all day.

o And (và): Diễn tả sự bổ sung thông tin.

Example: She likes reading, and she also enjoys painting.

o Nor (cũng không): Dùng trong câu phủ định để diễn tả hai lựa chọn phủ định.

Example: He doesn’t drink coffee, nor does he drink tea.

o But (nhưng): Diễn tả sự đối lập.

Example: I wanted to go swimming, but the pool was closed.

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 o Or (hoặc): Diễn tả sự lựa chọn.

Example: We can go to the beach, or we can stay home.

o Yet (nhưng vẫn): Diễn tả sự đối lập, tương tự như "but".

Example: She is very young, yet she is very responsible.

o So (vì vậy): Diễn tả kết quả.

Example: It was raining, so we stayed indoors.

II. PRACTICE:
o Revision exercises:

1. When he goes to the market, he often _________ (compare) prices to get the
best deals.
2. She studied diligently for the exam, but despite her efforts, she _________ (not
pass).
3. I have finished my report, so now I can _________ (focus) on the next project.
4. They _________ (travel) to Japan next month, and they plan to visit Kyoto and
Tokyo.
5. While I _________ (cook) dinner, my brother called to inform me about the
change in plans.
6. He loves playing soccer, and he_________ (train) with his team every
weekend.
7. We went to the beach last summer, and we _________ (explore) the nearby
islands.
8. She has read that book, and she _________ (recommend) it to all her friends.
9. They _________ (finish) the project, and then they plan to take a short vacation.
10. While she _________ (clean) the house, her children played outside in the
garden.

21
11. He works in a multinational corporation, and he _________ (handle)
international clients.
12. I visited my grandparents last weekend, and we _________ (share) many fond
memories.
13. She has completed her assignment, so she _________ (take) a well-deserved
break now.
14. They _________ (attend) the conference next week, and they look forward to
networking with industry experts.
15. While I was reading a book, my sister _________ (prepare) a delicious dinner.
16. He always _________ (wake up) early, and he meditates for 30 minutes each
morning.
17. We went to the museum yesterday, and we _________ (admire) the impressive
art collections.
18. She _________ (be) to Paris, and she has visited many iconic landmarks.
19. They _________ (start) the new course next week, and they expect to gain a lot
of knowledge.
20. While I _________ (work) on the project, my colleague assisted me with the
technical details.

o Coordinating conjunctions exercises:

1. She wanted to attend the conference, _______ she had a prior commitment.
2. He studies diligently every day, _______he aims to secure a scholarship.
3. They enjoy hiking, _______they often explore new trails on weekends.
4. She doesn't like coffee, _______ does she appreciate tea.
5. We can visit the cinema, _______ we can stay home and watch a movie.
6. The weather was terrible, _______they went hiking anyway.
7. She completed her project early, _______ she assisted her colleagues with their
tasks.
8. He is talented, _______he doesn't put in enough effort.
9. She has traveled to many countries, _______she speaks several languages
fluently.

22
10. He didn't understand the instructions, _______ did he ask for clarification.
11. You can take the bus, _______you can ride your bike to work.
12. The team worked late into the night, _______ the deadline was imminent.
13. She is a vegetarian, _______ she prepares meat dishes for her family.
14. The project was challenging, _______ they had to collaborate closely.
15. He enjoys playing the piano, _______he rarely practices.
16. She has a hectic schedule, _______ she manages her time effectively.
17. He didn't attend the meeting, _______ did he inform anyone of his absence.
18. We could visit the museum, _______ we could go to the art gallery.
19. The company faced financial difficulties, _______ they managed to expand.
20. She finished her homework quickly, _______ she could join her friends at the
park.
21. He likes science, _______he decided to pursue literature.
22. They left early, _______ they wanted to avoid the traffic.
23. She loves painting, _______ she frequently exhibits her work in galleries.
24. He didn't prepare for the exam, _______ did he seem concerned about it.
25. You can cook dinner, _______ you can order takeout.
26. The seminar was informative, _______ it was somewhat lengthy.
27. She saved a substantial amount of money, _______she could buy a new car.
28. He is very punctual, _______he occasionally forgets important meetings.
29. She volunteers at the shelter, _______ she regularly donates to charity.
30. He didn't enjoy the movie, _______ did he appreciate the book it was based on.

23
 UNIT 2:
FOOD
III. Sentence building
1. Nhiều người nghĩ thức ăn nhanh rất dễ ăn, nhưng nó thường thiếu các chất
dinh dưỡng cần thiết cho một chế độ ăn uống lành mạnh.
- Grammar: S + be + adj + to V, but S + often + V + O.
- easy, eat, lack, the good nutrients needed, for a healthy diet.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Sự phổ biến của thực phẩm hữu cơ đã tăng lên rất nhiều, nhưng một số
người nói rằng giá cao của chúng là quá đắt đối với nhiều gia đình.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp, but S + V + O + be + too much + for many families.
- The popularity of organic foods, grown, high price.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Chính phủ nên có các quy định nghiêm ngặt hơn về nhãn thực phẩm, để mọi
người có thể biết nhiều hơn về những gì họ đang ăn.
- Grammar: S + should + V + O + on food labels, so + S + can + V + more about
what S + be + V-ing.
- Governments, stricter rules, know, eat.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Trong khi thực phẩm chế biến sẵn rẻ hơn và để được lâu hơn, chúng thường
chứa nhiều chất béo và đường có hại.
- Grammar: while + S + be + adj, S + be + usually + adj + in fats and sugars.
- Processed foods, cheaper and last longer, high.
___________________________________________________________________

24
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Các nhà hàng thức ăn nhanh cung cấp bữa ăn nhanh cho những người bận
rộn, nhưng chúng góp phần làm tăng tỷ lệ béo phì.
- Grammar: S + V + O + for busy people, yet + S + V + to sth.
- Fast food restaurants, give, quick meals, add, the increasing rates of obesity.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Ăn chế độ ăn uống đầy đủ trái cây và rau quả có thể làm bạn khỏe mạnh hơn,
và nó cũng có thể giảm nguy cơ mắc các bệnh mãn tính.
- Grammar: S + can + V + O + adj, and + S + can + also + V + O.
- Eating a diet full of fruits and vegetables, healthier, lower, the risk of long-term
diseases.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Nhiều người thích hương vị của đồ ăn ngọt, nhưng ăn quá nhiều có thể gây
ra các vấn đề sức khỏe nghiêm trọng như tiểu đường.
- Grammar: S + V + O, but + S + can + V + O.
- the taste of sweet snacks, eat, cause, serious health issues, like diabetes.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Chợ thực phẩm địa phương bán rau quả tươi theo mùa, trong khi siêu thị
thường có hàng nhập khẩu đi xa.
- Grammar: S + V + O, whereas + S + often + have + V-pp + O.
- Local food markets, sell, fresh and seasonal produce, supermarkets, imported,
goods.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

25
___________________________________________________________________

9. Mặc dù bữa ăn tự nấu có nhiều lợi ích, nhưng nhiều người dựa vào các bữa
ăn sẵn vì cuộc sống bận rộn của họ.
- Grammar: Despite + Noun, S + V + O + because of + Noun.
- home- cooked meals, rely on, ready-made meals, their busy lives.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Các chiến dịch nâng cao nhận thức về ăn uống lành mạnh có thể giúp mọi
người lựa chọn thực phẩm tốt hơn, nhưng chúng cần được kết hợp với các
lựa chọn dễ dàng cho mọi người.
- Grammar: S + can + V + O + V + noun, yet + S + V + Noun.
- Public awareness campaigns, healthy eating, make, better food choices, be
combined with, easy options.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11. Khi nhiều người hiểu về tác động môi trường của việc ăn thịt, họ đang
chuyển sang chế độ ăn uống dựa trên thực vật.
- Grammar: As + S + V + O, S + be + V-ing + O.
- the environmental impact of eating meat, switching to, plant-based diets.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12. Chính phủ nên hỗ trợ tài chính cho thực phẩm lành mạnh, vì điều này sẽ làm
cho các lựa chọn tốt rẻ hơn đối với các gia đình thu nhập thấp.
- Grammar: S + should + V + O, for + S + would + V + O.
- Governments, support, healthy foods with money, good options cheaper, for
low-income families.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

26
___________________________________________________________________

13. Các món ăn truyền thống thường thể hiện văn hóa và lịch sử của một khu
vực, nhưng toàn cầu hóa đang làm giảm đi những truyền thống ẩm thực đặc
biệt này.
- Grammar: S + often + V + O, but + S + be + V-ing + O + in sth.
- Traditional foods, a region’s culture and history, globalization, a drop, special
culinary traditions.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14. Trong khi một số người nói rằng thực phẩm biến đổi gen có thể giải quyết
nạn đói trên thế giới, nhưng người khác lo ngại về tác động sức khỏe lâu dài
của chúng.
- Grammar: While + S + V + O + can + V + Noun, S + V + O.
- Some individuals, genetically modified foods, world hunger, worry about, long-
term health effects.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Dạy trẻ em về dinh dưỡng tốt từ khi còn nhỏ có thể tạo ra thói quen ăn uống
lành mạnh, để khi lớn lên, chúng có khả năng lựa chọn thực phẩm tốt hơn.
- Grammar: S + can + V + O, so + S + be + more likely + to V + O…….
- Teach, good nutrition, from a young age, create, healthy eating habits, better
food choices, grow up.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. paraphrasing

27
 1. The given graph shows the consumption of fast food in UK (per week) from
1970 to 1990.

Introduction:
a. Biểu đồ minh họa mức tiêu thụ thực phẩm nhanh hàng tuần ở Vương quốc
Anh trong khoảng thời gian từ năm 1970 đến năm 1990.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in a place + over the period + from time to time.
- The graph, illustrates, the weekly consumption of fast food, the UK, 1970, 1990
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Biểu đồ cung cấp thông tin về các xu hướng tiêu thụ thực phẩm nhanh
hàng tuần ở Vương quốc Anh giữa các năm 1970 và 1990.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in a place + between time and time.
- The provided graph, depicts, the trends in, weekly fast food consumption, the
UK, 1970, 1990.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

28
 2. The pie charts show the average consumption of food in the world in 2008
compared to two countries, China and India.

Introduction:
a. Các biểu đồ tròn so sánh mức tiêu thụ thực phẩm trung bình trên toàn thế
giới năm 2008 với hai quốc gia cụ thể, Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in time + with that of + two specific countries, Noun and
Noun.
- The pie charts, compare, the average food consumption, globally, 2008, China,
India.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Các biểu đồ tròn trình bày phân tích mức tiêu thụ thực phẩm trung bình
trên thế giới năm 2008, cùng với sự so sánh các mô hình tiêu thụ ở Trung
Quốc và Ấn Độ.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in the world + in time, alongside a comparison with +
Nouns.
- The pie charts, present, an analysis of, the average food consumption, 2008,
the consumption patterns in China and India.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

29
 3. The table below presents the food consumption per person weekly in a
European country in 1992, 2002 and 2012.

Introduction:
a.Bảng dưới đây cung cấp dữ liệu về mức tiêu thụ thực phẩm hàng tuần trên
mỗi người ở một quốc gia châu Âu vào các năm 1992, 2002 và 2012.
- Grammar: S + V + O + per person + in a place + for the years…
- The table below, provides, data on, the weekly consumption, a European
country, 1992, 2002 and 2012.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Bảng trình bày sự thay đổi trong mức tiêu thụ thực phẩm hàng tuần trên
mỗi người ở một quốc gia châu Âu qua các năm 1992, 2002 và 2012.
- Grammar: S + V + O + per person + in a place + across the years…
- The table, showcases, the changes in, weekly consumption, a European
country.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. The bar chart provides information about how often people in the USA
spent ate fast food from 2003 to 2013.

30
Introduction:
a. Biểu đồ cột trình bày dữ liệu về tần suất tiêu thụ thức ăn nhanh của người
dân ở Mỹ từ năm 2003 đến năm 2013.
- Grammar: S + V + O + among people + in a place + from time to time.
- The bar chart, presents, data on, the frequency of, fast food consumption, the
USA, 2003, 2013.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Biểu đồ cột minh họa tần suất tiêu thụ thức ăn nhanh của người dân ở Mỹ
trong giai đoạn từ năm 2003 đến năm 2013.
- Grammar: S + V + how often + S + V + O + over the period + between time and
time.
- The bar chart, illustrates, individuals in the USA, consumed, fast food, 2003,
2013.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

31
 5. The graph below shows the average daily sales of selected food items at
the Brisk café by season.

Introduction:
a. Biểu đồ dưới đây minh họa doanh số bán hàng trung bình hàng ngày của
các món ăn được chọn tại Brisk Café theo từng mùa.
- Grammar: S + V + O + at a place + across…
- The graph below, illustrates, the average daily sales of, selected items, Brisk
Café, different seasons.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Biểu đồ cung cấp thông tin về sự thay đổi theo mùa trong doanh số bán
hàng trung bình hàng ngày của các món ăn khác nhau tại Brisk Café.
- Grammar: S + V + O + at a place.
- The graph, provides, information on, the seasonal variations in, average daily
sales of, various items, Brisk Café.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

32
 UNIT 3:
COMPARISON
I. Comparison lesson:

1. Basic Comparison Structures

A. Comparative Adjectives

To compare two things, we use comparative adjectives. For most one-syllable

adjectives, we add "-er" to the end of the adjective.

Examples:

 Big → Bigger: "This house is bigger than that one."

 Small → Smaller: "The cat is smaller than the dog."

For adjectives with two or more syllables, we use "more" before the adjective.

Examples:

 Beautiful → More beautiful: "This painting is more beautiful than the other one."
 Expensive → More expensive: "A car is more expensive than a bicycle."

B. Superlative Adjectives

When comparing more than two things, we use the superlative form. For most one-
syllable adjectives, we add "-est" to the end.

Examples:

 Big → Biggest: "This is the biggest building in the city."

 Small → Smallest: "She has the smallest hands in her family."

For adjectives with two or more syllables, we use "the most" before the adjective.

Examples:

 Beautiful → The most beautiful: "She is the most beautiful person I've ever seen."
 Expensive → The most expensive: "That is the most expensive item in the shop."

C. Irregular Adjectives (tính từ bất quy tắc)

Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

33
Examples:

 Good → Better → Best: "He is a good player, but she is better, and their coach is
the best."
 Bad → Worse → Worst: "His handwriting is bad, her handwriting is worse, but
mine is the worst."

2. Comparative and Superlative Adverbs

Adverbs can also be used to make comparisons.

A. Comparative Adverbs

 "Quickly" → "More quickly": "She finished the race more quickly than he did."
 "Slowly" → "More slowly": "He speaks more slowly than his brother."

B. Superlative Adverbs

 "Quickly" → "The most quickly": "She finished the race the most quickly."
 "Slowly" → "The most slowly": "He speaks the most slowly in the class."

3. Using "as...as" for Equal Comparisons:

To show that two things are equal in some way, use the structure "as + adjective/adverb
+ as."

Examples:

 "She is as tall as her brother."

 "He runs as fast as a cheetah."

4. Common Mistakes to Avoid (các lỗi sai chung cần phải tránh):
 Do not use double comparatives or superlatives (e.g., "more bigger," "the most
tallest").
 Be careful with irregular forms, as they don't follow the usual patterns.

34
5. Some irregular adjectives in comparison:
Adjective (Tính Comparative Superlative Câu ví dụ
từ) (So sánh hơn) (So sánh nhất)
good better best Mary is the best singer in my
heart.
bad worse worst This is the worst movie that I
have ever seen.
late later latest This t-shirt is the latest one.
many more most Matthew is one of the most
generous people in my company.

much more most I want much more than this.

little (chỉ kích cỡ) littler littlest It is the littlest shirt in our store.

little (chỉ số less least That was the least important of

lượng, mức độ) her reasons.

old older oldest My grandmother is the oldest

person in this town.

far farther/further farthest/furthest Trang’s house is farther than

mine.

35
II. PRACTICE:
1 This exercise is (easy) __________ than the previous one, which means it will
likely take less time to complete.
2 Her explanation was (clear) __________ than the teacher’s, making it easier for
the students to understand.
3 The new smartphone is (advanced) __________ than the old one, leading to a
higher price and better features.
4 This cake is (delicious) __________ than the one I made last week, which is
why everyone enjoyed it so much.
5 He worked (hard) __________ than anyone else on the project, resulting in the
most impressive outcome.
6 This is the (challenging) __________ problem we’ve faced this year, and it will
require a lot of effort to solve.
7 She sings (beautiful) __________ than her sister, which is why she often gets
the lead roles in performances.
8 The weather today is (cold) __________ than it was yesterday, making it
necessary to dress more warmly.
9 This restaurant is (popular) __________ than the one we visited last week,
attracting more customers every day.
10 The lecture was (informative) __________ than we expected, which provided us
with a deeper understanding of the topic.
11 The mountain is (high) __________ than the hill, offering a better view of the
surrounding landscape.
12 Her new book is (interesting) __________ than the previous one, capturing
more readers’ attention and praise.
13 The new laptop is (expensive) __________ than the old one, but it offers
significantly better performance and features.
14 This route is (short) __________ than the one we usually take, which helps us
reach our destination faster.
15 This is the (exciting) __________ movie I have ever seen, and it left a lasting
impression on me.

36
16 She is (young) __________ than most of her colleagues, which gives her a fresh
perspective on the projects.
17 The old software was (simple) __________ to use than the new one, though it
lacked many of the advanced features.
18 The weather this month has been (bad) __________ than last month, causing
more cancellations of outdoor events.
19 His job is (stressful) __________ than mine, which is why he often looks more
exhausted at the end of the day.
20 The new software is the (efficient) __________ we have used so far,
streamlining our workflow and increasing productivity.

21 She wanted to attend the conference, (but/ so) __________ she couldn’t get a
ticket in time.
22 The weather forecast predicted rain, (so/ and) __________ we decided to bring
our umbrellas.
23 He finished his homework early, (and/but) __________ then he went out to meet
his friends.
24 I have a lot of work to do today, (for/ yet) __________ I still plan to go to the gym
this evening.
25 They were very tired from their trip, (for/ and) __________ they had traveled
non-stop for hours.
26 We can go to the museum, (so/ or) __________ we could visit the new café
downtown instead.
27 She does not like seafood, (nor/ and) __________ does she enjoy eating spicy
food.
28 The movie was entertaining, (so/ but) __________ it was a bit too long for my
liking.
29 I need to finish reading this book by tomorrow, (but/ so) __________ I will stay
up late tonight.
30 He enjoys hiking on weekends, (and/ yet) __________ he rarely has time to go
on long trails.

37
31 She is an excellent cook, (but/ and) __________ she often prepares meals for
her entire family.
32 They are planning to buy a new car, (or/ so) __________ they might choose to
lease one instead.
33 I didn’t go to the party last night, (for/ and) __________ I was feeling too ill to
attend.
34 The children were excited about the trip, (but/ so) __________ they had to wait
for their parents to finish work.
35 The test was challenging, (yet/ and) __________ I managed to complete it
within the given time.

36 She usually (go) __________ to the gym in the evenings, but today she is
staying home because she is sick.
37 When you arrived, I (finish) __________ all my homework and was ready to go
out.
38 When I was a child, I (play) __________ outside every day after school, but now
I stay indoors more often.
39 They (have) __________dinner at 7 PM yesterday when the phone rang.
40 I (call) __________you later when I finish my meeting.
41 She (be) __________ very busy last week because she was working on a big
project.
42 By the end of this year, he will have completed his training and (be) ______
ready for promotion.
43 We (not see) __________each other for years before we met at the conference
last month.
44 They (travel) __________to Europe next summer, and they will visit several
countries while they are there.
45 At 10 PM last night, I was studying for my exams, and my roommate (sleep)
__________in the next room.

38
 46 She had already finished her homework by the time I (arrive) __________ at her
house.
47 He did not like the movie that we (watch) __________ last weekend, but he
enjoyed the book.
48 I (not understand) __________ the instructions yesterday, so I asked my
teacher for help.
49 She (start) __________ a new job next month, and she will work in a different
department.
50 By next year, they will have finished building the new bridge, which (be)
__________ a great improvement for the city.

UNIT 3:
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
III. Sentence building
1. Số lượng khách du lịch đến Paris vào tháng Bảy cao hơn so với tháng
Giêng, điều này cho thấy mùa hè là mùa cao điểm của thành phố.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + than + noun, which + V + that S + be + O.

- The number of tourists, indicates, summer, a peak season for the city.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Chi phí cho một phòng khách sạn ở Tokyo đắt hơn đáng kể so với ở
Bangkok, làm cho Tokyo trở thành một điểm đến ít thân thiện với ngân
sách hơn.

- Grammar: S + be + adv + adj + than + noun, making + noun + noun.

39
 - The cost of hotel room in Tokyo, significantly, a less budget-friendly desination.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Trong khi các thành phố châu Âu thường thu hút nhiều khách du lịch hơn
vào mùa hè, nhiều điểm đến ở châu Á lại có số lượng khách cao hơn vào
mùa đông.

- Grammar: While + S + V + O, S + V + O.
- European cities, more tourists, many Asian destinations, higher visitor
numbers, the winter months.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Thời gian lưu trú trung bình của khách du lịch ở New York lâu hơn so với ở
Los Angeles, phản ánh sự đa dạng hơn về các điểm tham quan ở New
York.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + ………, reflecting + noun.

- The average length, tourists, longer, compared to, the greater variety of
attractions in New York.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Những chiếc tàu du lịch đến Biển Địa Trung Hải thường lớn hơn và sang
trọng hơn so với ở Caribbean.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + than + noun.

- Cruise ships visiting Mediterranean Sea, larger and more luxurious, those in the
Caribbean.

40
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Chi tiêu của khách du lịch cho quà lưu niệm ở London cao hơn so với ở
Madrid, điều này có thể là do giá cả cao hơn ở các khu mua sắm của
London.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + than +…….., which could be due to + noun phrase.

- Tourist spending on souvenirs in London, higher, higher prices in London’s
shopping districts.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Số lượng khách du lịch nội địa ở Nhật Bản vượt qua số lượng khách quốc
tế, cho thấy sự ưu tiên cho việc du lịch trong nước.

- Grammar; S + V + noun, showing + Noun +…….

- The number of domestic travelers in Japan, exceeds, that of international
visitors, a preference for local travel.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Gói du lịch đến các điểm đến nhiệt đới thường rẻ hơn trong mùa thấp
điểm, khác với các gói du lịch đến khu nghỉ dưỡng trượt tuyết, thường đắt
hơn vào mùa đông.

- Grammar: S + be + Adj +……., unlike + S, which + be + adj + in winter.

- Travel packages to tropical destinations, cheaper, the off-peak season,
packages to ski resort, more expensive.

___________________________________________________________________

41
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9. Khí hậu ở Sydney thường ôn hòa hơn so với ở Melbourne, điều này có thể
ảnh hưởng đến số lượng khách du lịch đến các thành phố này trong suốt
năm.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + than + ………, which + can + V + O.

- The climate in Sydney, milder, influence, the number of tourists visiting these
cities, during the years.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Số lượng khách du lịch quốc tế đến các di tích lịch sử ở Rome cao hơn so
với ở Athens, có thể là do Rome có nhiều địa danh được bảo tồn tốt hơn.

- Grammar: S + be + adj ………. + due to + noun phrase (cụm danh từ).

- The number of annual visitors, historical sites, greater, compared to, Athens,
Rome’s wider range of well-preserved landmarks.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11. Các khách sạn ở Dubai thường sang trọng hơn so với ở Cairo.

- Grammar: S + be + adv + adj + than + noun.

- Hotels in Dubai, typically, more luxurious, those in Cairo.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

42
 12. Chi phí ăn uống ngoài trời ở Paris cao hơn so với ở Berlin, điều này có thể
ảnh hưởng đến tổng chi tiêu của khách du lịch trong thời gian lưu trú.

- Grammar: S + be + adj +………., which + can + V + O.

- The cost of dining out in Paris, higher, compared to Berlin, affect, tourist’s
overall spending, during their stay.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

13. Du lịch ở Iceland đạt đỉnh vào mùa hè, trong khi ở Na Uy, mùa đông thu hút
nhiều khách du lịch hơn do hiện tượng Bắc Cực Quang.

- Grammar: S + V + O, whereas in Norway, S + V + O + due to + noun.

- Tourism in Iceland, peaks, the summer months, the winter months, more
tourists, the Northern Lights.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14. Sự đa dạng các lễ hội văn hóa ở Barcelona phong phú hơn so với ở
Lisbon.

- Grammar: S + be + adj + than + noun.

- The variety of cultural festivals in Barcelona, more extensive, in Lisbon.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Số lượng khách du lịch quốc tế ở Sydney nhiều hơn so với ở Brisbane do
Sydney có nhiều điểm tham quan và sự kiện nổi tiếng hơn.

- Grammar: S + be + Adj + than + noun + because of + noun.

43
 - The number of international tourists in Sydney, greater, Sydney’s more famous
landmarks and events.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. Paraphrasing
Exercise 1: The line graph below shows the percentage of tourists to England
who visited four different attractions in Brighton.

Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ đường mô tả tỷ lệ du khách đến Anh đã khám phá các điểm tham quan
cụ thể ở Brighton từ năm 1980 đến năm 2010.

- Grammar: S + V + O + who + V + noun + from 1980 to 2010.

- the line graph, illustrates, the proportion of visitors to England, explored, specific
attractions.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

44
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ đường hiển thị tỷ lệ phần trăm du khách đến Anh đã thăm các điểm
tham quan khác nhau ở Brighton trong khoảng thời gian từ năm 1980 đến năm
2010.

- Grammar: S + V + O + who + V + noun + between 1980 and 2010.

- The line graph, displays, the percentage of tourists to England, visited, various
Brighton attractions, over the period.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2: The table details the international tourist arrivals in millions in 9

countries in 2009 and 2010 and the changes (in percentages).

45
Introduction:

1. Bảng số liệu cho thấy sự thay đổi trong số lượng khách du lịch đến tại chín
quốc gia vào các năm 2009 và 2010.

- Grammar: S + V + how + S + V + in 2009 and 2010.

- the table, shows, the number of tourist arrivals, varied, across, nine countries.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Bảng số liệu trình bày sự biến động trong số lượng khách du lịch đến ở chín
quốc gia khác nhau trong các năm 2009 và 2010.

- Grammar: S + V + O + during the years 2009 and 2010.

- the table, presents, the fluctuations in tourist arrivals, in nine different countries

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

46
Exercise 3: The graph below gives information about international tourist arrivals
in five countries.

Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ đường mô tả số lượng khách du lịch quốc tế đến năm quốc gia khác
nhau từ năm 1995 đến năm 2010.

- Grammar: S + V + O + from 1995 to 2010

- the line graph, depicts, the number of international visitors, arriving in, five different
countries.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

47
2. Biểu đồ đường minh họa các xu hướng về số lượng khách du lịch quốc tế đến
năm quốc gia trong khoảng thời gian từ năm 1995 đến năm 2010.

- Grammar: S + V + O + between 1995 and 2010.

- the line graph, illustrates, the trends in, foreign tourist arrivals, across, five countries,
over the period.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4: The chart shows the average number of hours each day that Chinese,
American, Turkish and Brazilian tourists spent doing leisure activities
while on holiday in Greece in August 2019.

Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ cho thấy số giờ trung bình mỗi ngày mà du khách từ Trung Quốc, Mỹ,
Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ và Brazil dành cho các hoạt động giải trí ở Hy Lạp vào tháng 8 năm
2019.

- Grammar: S + V + O + in Greece in August 2019.

48
- The chart, shows, the average daily hours, spent on leisure activities, by, Chinese,
American, Turkish, and Brazilian tourists.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ chi tiết thời gian trung bình mỗi ngày mà du khách từ Trung Quốc, Mỹ,
Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ và Brazil dành cho các hoạt động giải trí ở Hy Lạp trong tháng 8
năm 2019.

- Grammar: S + V + O + in Greece during August 2019.

- The chart, details, the average time, spent on leisure activities, each day, by, tourists
from China, the US, Turkey, and Brazil

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5: The chart below shows the number of jobs in tourism-related

industries in one UK city between 1989 and 2009.

49
Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ cột cho thấy sự thay đổi trong số lượng công việc liên quan đến
ngành du lịch tại một thành phố ở Vương quốc Anh từ năm 1989 đến năm
2009.

- Grammar: S + V + O + between 1989 and 2009.

- The bar chart, shows, the variations, in the number of jobs, in tourism-related sectors,
within, a UK city.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ cột mô tả sự thay đổi trong việc làm tại các ngành liên quan đến du
lịch ở một thành phố của Vương quốc Anh trong khoảng thời gian từ năm 1989
đến năm 2009.

- Grammar: S + V + O + from 1989 to 2009.

- The bar chart, displays, the changes in employment, within, tourism-related industries,
in a city, in the UK, over the period.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

50
 Unit 4:
HOW TO EXPRESS CAUSE. PURPOSE, RESULT
& CONTRAST

I. Grammatical lesson:
1. Because/Since/As + Clause (S + V).
These conjunctions introduce a reason or cause for something.
Example: "I stayed home because I was sick."
"We canceled the picnic since it was raining."
"I didn’t call you as I was busy."

2. So That/So + Clause (S + V).

These conjunctions express purpose (so that) or result (so).
Example: "She studied hard so that she could pass the exam."
"It was late, so we decided to go home."

3. Because of/Due to + Noun or V-ing.

These prepositions are used to introduce a reason. They are followed by a noun or
noun phrase.
Example: "The game was postponed because of the rain."
“The cancellation was due to technical difficulties."

4. Therefore/As a Result + Clause (S + V).

These adverbs are used to express a result or consequence.
Example: "The experiment was successful; therefore, we can proceed with the project."
"He didn’t study; as a result, he failed the test."

51
5. Although/Though/Even though + Clause (S + V).
These conjunctions introduce a contrast or unexpected result.
Example: "Although it was raining, they went for a walk."
"I’m not hungry, though I’ll have some dessert."
"Even though he was tired, he continued working."

6. In Spite of/Despite + Noun or V-ing.

These prepositions introduce a contrast and are followed by a noun or gerund.
Example: "She went out in spite of the heavy rain."
"He won the race despite his injury."

II. PRACTICE:

a. Exercise 1: Fill in the blank with because/ since/ as or because of/ due to.

1. The football match was canceled _______ the heavy rain that started in the
afternoon.
2. She didn’t attend work _______ she was feeling very unwell and needed to rest.
3. They decided to relocate to the countryside _______ they were seeking a more
peaceful and quiet life.
4. The flight was significantly delayed _______ severe weather conditions in the
area.
5. _______ it was a national holiday, all the stores and offices were closed for the
day.
6. I chose to stay home _______ the terrible traffic jam that made traveling
impossible.
7. He arrived late _______ the bus broke down unexpectedly during the morning
rush hour.

52
 8. We decided to go to bed earlier than usual _______ we were feeling extremely
tired after a long day.
b. Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with although/ though/ even though or in spite of/
despite.

1. _______ the heavy rain that was pouring down, they kept playing football on the
wet field.
2. _______ she was feeling extremely tired, she managed to finish the report
before the deadline.
3. They decided to go out for dinner _______ the severe storm warnings that had
been issued earlier.
4. He surprisingly passed the difficult test _______ the fact that he hadn’t studied
much for it.
5. _______ his painful injury, he bravely completed the race without giving up.
6. _______ being quite expensive, the hotel was fully booked by the time we
arrived.
7. _______ the constant noise outside, I was still able to concentrate and study
effectively.
8. _______ it was raining heavily, they chose to go for a walk in the park.

c. Exercise 3: Using comparative grammatical points to fill in the blank

1. The project turned out to be (complex) __________ than we initially expected, so

we had to extend the deadline.
2. This is the (beautiful) __________ painting in the entire gallery, and it attracted
the most visitors during the exhibition.
3. She is (good) __________ than her classmates, which is why she often finishes
her assignments quickly.
4. This is the (great) __________ book that I have ever read, and I couldn’t put it
down until I finished it.
5. The new smartphone is (durable) __________ than the previous model, making
it a better choice for active users.

53
 6. She gave the (convincing) __________ argument in the debate, which earned
her the highest score from the judges.
7. His speech was (inspiring) __________ than I thought it would be, so it motivated
the entire team.
8. She is the (fast)__________ runner on the team, so she always finishes the race
ahead of everyone else.
9. The test was (difficult) __________ than the last one, but she still managed to
score higher.
10. He is the (reliable) __________ person on our team, so we always trust him with
the most important tasks.

UNIT 4:
CRIME

III. Sentence building

1. Do việc thiếu trường học ở một số khu vực, người trẻ có thể bị cuốn vào tội
phạm.
- Grammar: Due to + nouns, S + might + V + Adj.
- The lack of schools, areas, young people, get involved in, crime.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Kể từ khi các luật về súng nghiêm ngặt hơn được áp dụng, số vụ tội phạm
bạo lực đã giảm.
- Grammar: Since + S + V, there + has + been + Nouns + in sth.
- Stricter gun laws, implemented, a decrease, in violent crimes.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

54
3. Mặc dù có nhiều chương trình phục hồi, một số người vẫn tiếp tục phạm tội
vì thiếu sự hỗ trợ.
- Grammar: Although + S + V, S + V.
- many rehabilitation programs, commit crimes again, lack of support.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Mặc dù công nghệ đã tiến bộ, các tội phạm mạng vẫn tìm ra cách mới để thực
hiện tội phạm.
- Grammar: Despite + noun, S + still + V + O.
- Advancements in technology, cybercriminals, new ways, to commit, crimes.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Chính phủ đã bắt đầu các biện pháp mới để người dân có thể cảm thấy an
toàn hơn trong cộng đồng của họ.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + O + so that + S + V.
- The government, new measures, safer, communities.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Vì tỷ lệ tội phạm đang tăng cao ở các thành phố, nhiều nơi đang tuyển thêm
cảnh sát.
- Grammar: Because + S + V, S + V
- Crime rates, rising, in cities, places, hire, more police officers.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

7. Mặc dù có nhiều camera an ninh, chúng không phải lúc nào cũng ngăn chặn
được các hoạt động tội phạm.
- Grammar: Even though + S + V, S + always + V.
- There, many security cameras, prevent, crimes, from happening.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

55
8. Vì những người nghèo thường có ít cơ hội hơn, họ có thể dễ bị lôi kéo vào
tội phạm.
- Grammar: As + S + V, S + may + V.
- The poor, fewer opportunities, more likely to, get involved in, crime.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

9. Mặc dù có nhiều cảnh sát hơn ở một số khu vực, bạo lực băng nhóm vẫn là
một vấn đề nghiêm trọng.
- Grammar: In spite of + noun, S + be + noun.
- More police in numerous areas, gang violence, a serious problem.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Do tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao, nhiều người chuyển sang tội phạm để kiếm sống.
- Grammar: Due to + noun, S + V.
- High unemployment rates, the large number of people, turn to crime, to make a
living.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

11. Các quốc gia đã đưa ra hình phạt nghiêm khắc hơn cho những kẻ tái phạm;
do đó, các vấn đề tái phạm đã giảm đi đáng kể.
- Grammar: S + V; therefore, S + V.
- Countries, introduce, stricter penalties, for repeat offenders, recurring crime
issues, significantly.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12. Việc nhiều người sử dụng ma túy đã dẫn đến sự gia tăng các tội phạm liên
quan đến tài sản; do đó, cảnh sát đang tập trung vào việc ngăn chặn ma túy.
- Grammar: S + V + O; as a result, S + V + O.
- The increase in, drug use, has led, property crimes, police, focus on, drug
abuse.

__________________________________________________________________

56
 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

13. Dù một số người phản đối án tử hình, người khác vẫn nghĩ rằng nó cần thiết
để ngăn chặn các tội phạm nghiêm trọng nhất.
- Grammar: Though + S + V + O, S + V + clause.
- individuals, oppose, the death penalty, necessary, prevent, the most serious
crimes.

__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14. Nhiều thành phố hiện đang sử dụng hệ thống camera an ninh tiên tiến, để
cảnh sát có thể phản ứng nhanh nhất có thể.
- Grammar: S + now + V + O, so + S + V.
- utilizing, advanced security cameras systems, police, respond, quickly, possible.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Vì tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao, một số người chuyển sang hoạt động bất hợp pháp
để kiếm sống.
- Grammar: Because of + noun, S + V + noun.
- High unemployment, turn to, illegal activities, to survive.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. Paraphrasing

57
Exercise 1:

Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ đường minh họa xu hướng cướp giật, trộm xe và đột nhập vào nhà
tại trung tâm thành phố New Port trong giai đoạn từ năm 2003 đến 2012.

- Grammar: S + V + O between 2003 and 2012.

- The line graph, illustrates, the trends in, robberies, car thefts, and burglaries, in
New Port city center.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ cho thấy số vụ cướp giật, trộm xe và đột nhập vào nhà được ghi
nhận tại trung tâm thành phố New Port từ năm 2003 đến 2012.

- Grammar: S + V + O + from 2003 to 2012.

- The chart, shows, the number of robberies, car thefts, and burglaries, recorded
in, New Port city center.

___________________________________________________________________

58
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2: The chart below shows the percentage change in total crime arrests
for persons under 18 by locality

Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ cho thấy sự thay đổi về số lượng tội phạm do thanh thiếu niên gây ra
ở ba khu vực khác nhau từ năm 1995 đến 1998.

- Grammar: S + V + O + from 1995 to 1998.

- The graph, demonstrates, the shifts in, the number of crimes, committed by
teenagers, across three distinct areas.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

59
2. Biểu đồ mô tả sự biến động của tỷ lệ tội phạm trong giới trẻ ở ba khu vực
khác nhau trong giai đoạn từ năm 1995 đến 1998.

- Grammar: S + V + O + between 1995 and 1998.

- The chart, depicts, the variations in, crime rates, teenagers, three different
regions, over the period.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3: The table below describes victims by age group and offence category in
Venezuela, in 1999.

Introduction:

1. Bảng trình bày dữ liệu về những người thuộc năm nhóm tuổi khác nhau là
nạn nhân của các loại tội phạm ở Venezuela vào năm 1999.

- Grammar: S + V + O + in Venezuela in 1999.

- The table, presents, data on individuals, from five different age groups, who, fell
victim, various crimes.

60
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ cung cấp số liệu thống kê về số người thuộc năm nhóm tuổi đã trở
thành nạn nhân của các loại tội phạm khác nhau ở Venezuela trong năm
1999.

- Grammar: S + V + O + in Venezuela + during 1999.

- The chart, provides, statistics, the number of people, five age categories, who,
were, victims, different crimes.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4: Figures (in thousand) for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and
1980.

Introduction:

61
 1. Biểu đồ cột minh họa số người bị giam giữ ở năm quốc gia—Anh, Úc, New
Zealand, Mỹ và Canada—trong giai đoạn từ năm 1930 đến 1980.

- Grammar: S + V + O + over the period from 1930 to 1980.

- The bar chart, illustrates, the number of people imprisoned, five countries,
Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the US, and Canada.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ hiển thị số liệu về việc giam giữ ở năm quốc gia—Anh, Úc, New
Zealand, Mỹ và Canada—từ năm 1930 đến 1980.

- Grammar: S + V + between 1930 and 1980.

- The graph, displays, imprisonment figures, five nations, the UK, Australia, New
Zealand, the US, and Canada.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5: The graph below shows the amount of crime rate occurred in England
& wales from 1970 to 2005.

62
Introduction:

1. Biểu đồ minh họa tỷ lệ tội phạm về trộm xe, đột nhập nhà ở, và cướp giật
trên đường phố ở Anh và Wales trong giai đoạn từ năm 1970 đến 2005.

- Grammar: S + V + O + between 1970 and 2005.

- The graph, illustrates, the crime rates, car theft, house burglary, and street
robbery, England and Wales.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ mô tả số lượng các vụ tội phạm, bao gồm trộm xe, đột nhập nhà ở,
và cướp giật trên đường phố, xảy ra ở Anh và Wales từ năm 1970 đến 2005.

- Grammar: S + V + O + from 1970 to 2005.

- The chart, depicts, the number of crimes, car theft, house burglary, and street
robbery, that, occurred, England and Wales.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

63
 Unit 5:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
I. Lesson:

 Types of Conditional Sentences

There are four main types of conditional sentences in English:

1. Zero Conditional (điều kiện loại không):

 Structure: If + present simple, S + V (present simple)
 Use: Used for general truths or scientific facts.
 Example: If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.

2. First Conditional (điều kiện loại I):

 Structure: If + present simple, S + will + base verb
 Use: Used for real or possible situations in the future.
 Example: If the weather forecast is accurate and it rains tomorrow, I will
definitely opt to stay indoors and enjoy a cozy day at home.

3. Second Conditional (điều kiện loại II):

 Structure: If + past simple, S + would + base verb
 Use: Used for hypothetical or unreal situations in the present or future.
 Example: If I were fortunate enough to win the lottery, I would travel the
world.

4. Third Conditional (điều kiện loại III):

 Structure: If + past perfect, S + would have + past participle
 Use: Used for hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen.
 Example: If she had spent more time and effort on her studies, she would
almost certainly have passed the exam with flying colors.

5. Structure of Mixed Conditionals:

o Past Condition + Present Result:

 Structure: If + past perfect (had + past participle), S + would + base

verb

64
  Use: This form is used when a past action (or inaction) has a present
consequence.
 Example: If they had arrived on time, they would have caught the train. (Nếu
họ đến đúng giờ thì họ đã bắt kịp được chuyến tàu rồi)

o Present Condition + Past Result:

 Structure: If + past simple, S + would/ could/ might + have + past

participle
 Use: This form is used when a present condition or situation is the result of
something that happened in the past.
 Example: If she knew you were allergic to peanuts, she would have made a
different dish. (Nếu cô ấy biết bạn dị ứng với lạc, cô ấy đã làm một món ăn
khác)

II. PRACTICE:
1 Nếu bạn bỏ đường vào nước, nó tan ngay lập tức. (type 0)
 _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2 Nếu trời mưa, đất trở nên ướt. (type 0)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3 Nếu bạn đun sôi nước, nó bốc hơi. (type 0)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4 Nếu bạn ăn quá nhiều, bạn có thể bị đau bụng. (type 0)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

65
___________________________________________________________________

5 Nếu tôi có thể tìm được thời gian, tôi chắc chắn sẽ đi một chuyến du lịch
thú vị vào cuối tuần này để thư giãn và khám phá những nơi mới. (type I)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6 Nếu bạn chăm chỉ học tập, bạn rất có thể sẽ làm tốt bài thi với điểm cao.
(type I)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7 Nếu trời nắng vào ngày mai, chúng ta chắc chắn sẽ có một ngày tuyệt vời
tại bãi biển, tận hưởng ánh nắng và biển cả. (type I)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8 Nếu anh ấy mua một chiếc xe mới, anh ấy sẽ tận dụng mọi cơ hội để đi du
lịch khắp nơi, khám phá các vùng khác nhau của đất nước. (type I)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9 Nếu tôi giàu có và có nhiều tiền, tôi sẽ mua một ngôi nhà lớn, thoải mái.
(type II)

_________________________________________________________________

66
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10 Nếu anh ấy biết nói và hiểu tiếng Anh tốt, anh ấy sẽ xin một công việc tốt
tại một công ty quốc tế. (type II)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11 Nếu cô ấy không quá sợ độ cao, cô ấy sẽ đủ can đảm để thử nhảy dù. (type
II)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12 Nếu họ sống gần hơn với nơi tôi ở, chúng tôi sẽ có thể gặp nhau thường
xuyên hơn và dành nhiều thời gian hơn cùng nhau. (type II)

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

13 Nếu tôi đã biết trước về cuộc họp quan trọng, tôi đã tham gia vào các cuộc
thảo luận. (type III)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14 Nếu anh ấy không quên khóa cửa trước khi rời đi, ngôi nhà đã không bị đột
nhập và cướp bởi những tên trộm. (type III)
_________________________________________________________________

67
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15 Nếu chúng tôi rời nhà sớm hơn một chút, chúng tôi đã đến sân bay đúng
giờ và không bị lỡ chuyến bay. (type III)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

16 Nếu cô ấy học chăm chỉ hơn và chuẩn bị tốt, cô ấy đã dễ dàng vượt qua kỳ
thi với điểm số tốt. (type III)
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Unit 5:
MEDIA
III. Sentence building
1. Sự phát triển của mạng xã hội đã thay đổi mạnh mẽ cách mọi người tiếp nhận
tin tức và thông tin.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + O.
- The rise of media, dramatically, change, how, consume, news and
information.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Nhiều người cho rằng truyền thông đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc định
hình dư luận, đặc biệt là trong các cuộc bầu cử.

68
 - Grammar: Many argue that + S + V + O.
- The media, plays, a crucial role, in shaping public opinion, especially, during,
elections.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Tin giả đã trở thành một mối lo ngại lớn trong thời đại kỹ thuật số ngày nay,
dẫn đến việc lan truyền thông tin sai lệch.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + noun + V-ing + noun
- Fake news, become, a significant concern, in today’s digital age, lead to,
widespread misinformation.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Trong khi báo in truyền thống đang mất dần sự phổ biến, các nền tảng tin tức
trực tuyến lại đang phát triển mạnh mẽ.
- Grammar: While + S + be + V-ing, S + be + V-ing.
- Traditional newspapers, decline, in popularity, online news platforms, thrive.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Ảnh hưởng của truyền thông đối với thanh thiếu niên có thể mang lại cả hiệu
ứng tích cực lẫn tiêu cực, tùy thuộc vào nội dung mà họ tiếp cận.
- Grammar: S + can + V-inf + nouns, V-ing + clause.
- The influence of media, teenagers, both positive and negative effects,
depending on, the content, expose.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

69
6. Một số người tin rằng truyền thông cần phải chịu trách nhiệm về việc lan
truyền thông tin sai lệch, nhưng người khác lại cho rằng cần bảo vệ quyền tự
do ngôn luận.
- Grammar: Many people believe that + S + should + be + V-pp + adj + for sth,
but + S + V + noun.
- The media, hold, accountable, spreading false information, argue, freedom of
speech.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Việc tiếp xúc thường xuyên với nội dung bạo lực trong truyền thông đã làm
dấy lên lo ngại về tác động của nó đối với tâm trí trẻ em.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + O.
- The constant exposure, violent content, in the media, raise, concerns about,
its impact on young minds.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Mạng xã hội đã làm cho việc chia sẻ ý kiến của mọi người trở nên dễ dàng
hơn, nhưng nó cũng góp phần vào việc lan truyền thông tin sai lệch.
- Grammar: S + has made + sth + adj + for sb + to V, yet S + has + V-pp + O.
- Social media, easier, share their opinions, contribute to, the spread of
misinformation.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9. Vai trò của các nhà báo là cung cấp tin tức chính xác và không thiên vị,
nhưng thực tế cho thấy sự thiên lệch trong truyền thông thường ảnh hưởng
đến cách đưa tin.
- Grammar: S + be + to V + noun, but + noun, S + V + O.

70
 - The role of journalists, provide, accurate and unbiased news, in reality, media
bias, influence, reporting.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Nhiều người tin tưởng truyền thông để cập nhật thông tin cho họ, mặc dù sự
hoài nghi về độ tin cậy của truyền thông đang ngày càng gia tăng.
- Grammar: S + V + O + to V, although S + be + V-ing.
- the media, keep them informed, skepticism about media reliability, grow.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11. Sự giật gân trong việc đưa tin của truyền thông thường làm xao nhãng sự
chú ý khỏi những vấn đề quan trọng hơn cần được quan tâm.
- Grammar: S + V + O.
- The sensationalism in, media coverage, distract from, more important issues,
attention.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12. Hình ảnh phụ nữ trong truyền thông đã thay đổi qua các năm, nhưng những
định kiến về giới vẫn còn tồn tại.
- Grammar: S +has + V-pp + over the years, yet + S + V.
- The portrayal of women, in the media, evolved, gender stereotypes, persist.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

71
13. Niềm tin của công chúng vào truyền thông đã giảm sút do nhận thức rằng
các cơ quan báo chí quan tâm đến lợi nhuận hơn là sự thật.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + due to + noun + that + S + V.
- Public trust, in the media, decline, the perception, news outlets, be interested
in, profits than truth.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14. Việc quản lý nội dung truyền thông là cần thiết để ngăn chặn việc lan truyền
thông tin có hại và sai lệch.
- Grammar: S + be + adj + to V + nouns.
- The regulation of, media content, necessary, prevent, the spread of, harmful
and misleading information.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Việc đưa tin của truyền thông về các sự kiện toàn cầu có thể nâng cao nhận
thức, nhưng nó cũng có thể tạo ra cái nhìn thành kiến về thế giới.
- Grammar: S + can + V + O, but + S + can + V + noun.
- Media coverage of, global events, raise, awareness, create, a biased view of
the world.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. Paraphrasing:
Exercise 1:
The pie charts below show favorite social media channels from 2011 to 2013.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,

and make comparisons where relevant.

72
Introduction:
1. Các biểu đồ tròn minh họa sở thích của người dùng đối với các kênh mạng xã
hội trong khoảng thời gian ba năm từ 2011 đến 2013.
 Grammar: S + V + O + from 2011 to 2013.
 The pie charts, illustrate, users’ preferences for, different social media channels,
over the three-year span.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Các biểu đồ tròn mô tả cách lựa chọn các nền tảng mạng xã hội của người
dùng đã thay đổi từ năm 2011 đến năm 2013.
 Grammar: S + V + how + S + V-past tense + between 2011 and 2013.
 The pie charts, depict, users’ choices, of social media platforms, evolve.
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

73
Exercise 2: The bar graph indicates how people belonging to different age groups got
daily news in 2001.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ cột cho thấy các phương pháp mà các nhóm tuổi khác nhau sử dụng
để nhận tin tức hàng ngày trong năm 2001.
 Grammar: S + V + O + in 2001.
 The bar graph, show, the methods, used by, individuals, in various age groups,
to receive, daily news.
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ cột mô tả cách mà những người thuộc các nhóm tuổi khác nhau đã
tiếp cận tin tức hàng ngày vào năm 2001.
 Grammar: S + V + how S + V + O + in the year 2001.
 The bar chart, demonstrate, people from different age brackets, accessed, their
daily news.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3:
The chart below gives information about the number of social networking
sites people used in Canada in 2014 and 2015.

74
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ cột minh họa số lượng các trang mạng xã hội được người dùng
internet ở Canada truy cập trong cả năm 2014 và 2015.
 Grammar: S + V + O + in both 2014 and 2015.
 The bar chart, illustrate, the number of social networking sites, accessed by,
internet users, in Canada.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ trình bày số lượng các trang mạng xã hội mà người dùng ở Canada đã
truy cập trong năm 2014 và 2015.
 Grammar: S + V + O + in 2014 and 2015.
 The graph, outline, the quantity of social networking sites, accessed by, users in
Canada.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

75
Exercise 4: The chart below gives the percentage of social media users by age in
Jamestown in 2018. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features. Write at least 150 words.

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ tròn cung cấp thông tin về tỷ lệ phần trăm người sử dụng mạng kỹ
thuật số theo nhóm tuổi ở Jamestown trong năm 2018.
 Grammar: S + V + O + for the year 2018.
 The provided pie chart, illustrate, the percentage of, individuals using digital
networks, by age group, in Jamestown.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ tròn cho thấy sự phân bố người dùng mạng kỹ thuật số theo các nhóm
tuổi khác nhau ở Jamestown trong năm 2018.
 Grammar: S + V + O + during 2018.
 The pie chart, show, the distribution of, digital networking users, across different
age groups, in Jamestown.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

76
 Exercise 5: The graph below shows average time spent on social media from
2016 to 2020

Introduction:
1. Biểu đồ minh họa thời lượng trung bình dành cho mạng xã hội từ năm 2016
đến năm 2020.
 Grammar: S + V + O + between 2016 and 2020.
 The graph, illustrate, the average duration, spent on, social media.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Biểu đồ mô tả lượng thời gian trung bình mà mọi người dành cho mạng xã hội
từ năm 2016 đến năm 2020.
 Grammar: S + V + O + from 2016 to 2020.
 The chart, depict, the typical amount of time, people spent on, social media.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

77
 UNIT 6:
PASSIVE SENTENCES
I. Lesson:
1. Passive Sentences
 Passive sentences are used when the focus is on the action or the result of the
action, rather than who or what is performing the action.
Structure:
 Formula: S + be + V3 (past participle) + (by + O)
o S (Subject): The thing or person receiving the action.
o be: The verb "to be" (am, is, are, was, were, been, being) is conjugated
according to the tense.
o V3: The past participle form of the main verb.
o by + O (optional): The agent (the performer of the action) can be included
or omitted.
Example:
 Active: The chef prepares the meal.
 Passive: The meal is prepared (by the chef).

2. When to Use Passive Sentences in IELTS

IELTS Writing Task 1:
 Describing Processes: When explaining a process or procedure, the passive
voice is often used to focus on the actions rather than the people performing
them.
Example:
Active: Workers pour the concrete into the mold.
Passive: The concrete is poured into the mold.
 Describing Graphs/Charts: Sometimes, passive sentences are used to
emphasize changes or trends without focusing on who or what caused them.
Example:
Active: The company increased the prices in 2023.
Passive: The prices were increased in 2023.

78
IELTS Writing Task 2:
 Academic Tone: The passive voice is often used to achieve a more formal and
academic tone in essays, particularly when the actor is unknown or irrelevant.
Example:
Active: People believe that education is the key to success.
Passive: It is believed that education is the key to success.

3. Forming Passive Sentences in Different Tenses

Present Simple:
 Active: The government enforces the law.
 Passive: The law is enforced (by the government).
Past Simple:
 Active: They built the bridge in 1990.
 Passive: The bridge was built in 1990.
Present Perfect:
 Active: Researchers have discovered a new planet.
 Passive: A new planet has been discovered.
Future Simple:
 Active: The company will launch a new product next year.
 Passive: A new product will be launched next year.
Modal Verbs:
 Active: You should complete the application form.
 Passive: The application form should be completed.

II. PRACTICE:
1. The letters (deliver)__________ to the office by the postal service every
morning, ensuring timely arrival of important documents.
2. The car (wash) __________ by professional cleaners once a week to maintain
its shiny appearance.

79
3. The cake (bake) __________ by my mother yesterday and decorated with fresh
strawberries and whipped cream.
4. The project (complete) __________ last week after months of hard work,
earning praise for the team’s dedication.
5. The book (publish) __________ recently and quickly became a bestseller,
receiving rave reviews.
6. The documents (sign) __________ by the director and will be forwarded to the
legal department.
7. The new product (launch) __________ next month with a grand event
showcasing its features.
8. The contract (sign) __________ tomorrow by both parties, marking the start of a
promising partnership.
9. The rules must (follow) __________ by everyone to maintain order and ensure
safety.
10. The application form should (fill out) __________ by the candidates, ensuring
accuracy before submission.
11. The equipment can (use) __________ properly to avoid accidents and ensure
safety.
12. The new policy (introduce) __________ by the government to improve
environmental protection lately.
13. The project (complete) __________next year, following a strict timeline.
14. The meeting (hold) __________ in the conference room every Monday morning
to discuss progress and plan tasks.
15. The pictures (paint) __________ by the artist in 1995, capturing vibrant colors
and intricate details of this vast mountainous area.

80
 UNIT 6:
TECHNOLOGY
III. Sentence building
1. Công nghệ đã cải thiện đáng kể cách chúng ta nói chuyện với nhau, cho phép
mọi người kết nối nhanh chóng từ bất cứ đâu.
- Grammar: S + has + adv + V-pp + how + clause, letting + clause.
- Technology, greatly, improved, connect, quickly, from anywhere.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Mặc dù internet cung cấp nhiều thông tin, nhưng nó cũng có thể lan truyền tin
tức sai và tạo ra vấn đề về quyền riêng tư.
- Grammar: While S + V + O, S + can + V + O.
- The internet, give, a lot of information, spread, false news, create, privacy
problems.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Khi công nghệ ngày càng tiến bộ, các khóa học trực tuyến đang trở nên phổ
biến hơn trong giáo dục.
- Grammar: As + S + V, S + be + V-ing + adj + in something.
- Technology, get better, online courses, become, more common, education.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Một lợi thế lớn của trí tuệ nhân tạo là nó có thể thực hiện các nhiệm vụ khó
khăn nhanh hơn và chính xác hơn so với con người.
- Grammar: S + Be + that + S + V + O + adv.
- A big advantage of, artificial intelligence, difficult tasks, faster and more
accurately, than people can.

81
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Mặc dù các thiết bị kỹ thuật số rất hữu ích, nhưng chúng cũng có thể khiến
mọi người dành ít thời gian nói chuyện trực tiếp hơn.
- Grammar: Even though S + be + adj, S + can + make sb do sthing.
- Digital devices, helpful, spend, less time, talking face-to-face.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Các nền tảng học trực tuyến làm cho việc tiếp cận giáo dục trở nên dễ dàng
hơn, nhưng chúng có thể không mang lại trải nghiệm cá nhân như lớp học
truyền thống.
- Grammar: S + make sth + adj + to V, but + S + might not + V + O.
- Online learning platforms, reach, offer, the same personal experience, traditional
classrooms.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Vì điện thoại thông minh rất tiện lợi, nhiều người sử dụng chúng cho hầu hết
mọi việc trong cuộc sống hàng ngày, từ nói chuyện đến mua sắm.
- Grammar: Since S + be + adj, S + V + for sth.
- Smartphones, handy, individuals, daily lives, from talking to shopping.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Với sự phát triển của mạng xã hội, quyền riêng tư trở thành một mối lo lớn
của người dùng mạng.
- Grammar: With + Noun, S + be + noun + for someone.
- The rise of social media, privacy, a big worry, internet users.

___________________________________________________________________

82
 ___________________________________________________________________

9. Mặc dù xe tự lái an toàn hơn, nhưng chúng cũng có thể khiến người lao động
trong ngành giao thông mất việc làm.
- Grammar: Although S + be + adj, S + might + cause sb to do sth.
- Self-driving cars, safer, lose jobs, in the transport industry.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. Điện toán đám mây đã thay đổi cách chúng ta lưu trữ dữ liệu, cho phép các
doanh nghiệp lưu giữ nhiều thông tin an toàn.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + how S + V + O, V-ing sb to do sth.
- Cloud computing, store, data, businesses, keep, securely.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11. Khi nhiều công việc trở nên tự động hóa, người lao động cần học thêm kỹ
năng mới để giữ được việc làm.
- Grammar: As + S + V + adj, S + V + O.
- More jobs, become, automated, workers, new skills, keep their jobs,

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12. Mua sắm trực tuyến đã thay đổi cách chúng ta mua sắm, làm cho việc mua
hàng thuận tiện hơn.
- Grammar: S + has + V-pp + O, Making sth + adj.
- Online shopping, alter, the way, buy, things, more convenient.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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13. Kể từ khi công nghệ 5G được giới thiệu, tốc độ internet đã cải thiện rất nhiều,
làm cho việc sử dụng trở nên dễ dàng hơn.
- Grammar: Since S + was + V-pp, S + has + V-pp + adv, making sth + adj.
- 5G technology, introduce, internet speed, improve, easier, use.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

14. Mặc dù các thiết bị đeo có thể giúp chúng ta theo dõi sức khỏe, nhưng chúng
ta sẽ có thể phụ thuộc quá nhiều vào các chúng.
- Grammar: While + S + can + V + noun, S + are likely to + V-inf.
- Wearable gadgets, help, track, our health, depend.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Vì công nghệ thay đổi nhanh chóng, các công ty cần theo kịp các công cụ mới
để duy trì kinh doanh.
- Grammar: Because + S + V + adv, S + V + noun + to do sth.
- Technology, change, companies, keep up with, new tools, stay in business.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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IV. Paraphrasing:
Exercise 1:

1. Các sơ đồ minh họa các giai đoạn và thiết bị để sản xuất xi măng cũng như
cách xi măng được sử dụng trong xây dựng.
- Grammar: S + V + O and how + S + be + V-pp + O.
- The diagrams, illustrate, the phases and apparatus, make cement, cement,
utilized, in the production of concrete, for construction.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Đá vôi và đất sét được nghiền nát và bột thu được sau đó được trộn đều.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp and S + be + then + V-pp.
- Limestone and clay, crush, the resulting powder, mix.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

85
 ________________________________________________________________

3. Xi măng được đóng gói và vận chuyển đến công trường xây dựng.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + to + place.
- The cement, pack and transport, a building site.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2:

1. Sơ đồ minh họa quy trình tạo ra điện bằng cách sử dụng năng lượng
nước.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in which + S + be + V-pp.
- The diagram, illustrate, the process, electricity, generate, using water power.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Nước được bơm trở lại hồ chứa từ tua-bin để sử dụng sau này.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + back to place + from sthing.
- The water, pump, the reservoir, the turbine, latter usage.

86
 ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. Điện được truyền đến các địa điểm khác nhau trong thành phố.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + to place.
- The electricity, send, different destinations, in the city.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3:

1. Sơ đồ minh họa các giai đoạn khác nhau trong quy trình xuất bản một cuốn
sách.
- Grammar: S + V + O.
- The diagram, demonstrate, the different stages, involved in, the process of,
publish a book.

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 ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Sách được viết bởi các tác giả nổi tiếng trước khi được chuyển đến nhà
xuất bản
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + someone + before + sth.
- Authors, send, publishing houses.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Bản thảo của cuốn sách được biên tập viên chỉnh sửa cẩn thận trước khi
xuất bản.
- Grammar: S + be + adv + V-pp + by someone.
- The manuscript of the book, carefully, edit, the editor, being published.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Cuốn sách đã được in và đóng gói cẩn thận để giao đến các hiệu sách.
- Grammar: S + has + been + V-pp + adv + to be + V-pp + to places.
- The book, print and package, cautiously, deliver, bookstores.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. Sau khi cuốn sách được phát hành, nó đã được quảng bá rộng rãi trên các
phương tiện truyền thông.
- Grammar: After S + be + V-pp, S + be + adv + V-pp.
- The book, release, widely, promote, the media.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4:

88
 1. Sơ đồ minh họa quy trình sản xuất chuyển đổi từ cây mía sang đường.
- Grammar: S + V + O.
- The diagram, illustrate, the production process of, convert sugar canes to sugar.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Cây mía được trồng và phát triển trong vòng 12-18 tháng trước khi sẵn
sàng để thu hoạch.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + for time + before + S + V + for noun.
- Sugar canes, plant and grow, 12-18 months, it, ready, harvesting.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Các bó mía thường được thu hoạch bởi những nông dân địa phương.
- Grammar: S + be + adv + V-pp + by someone.
- Sugar cane batches, typically, harvest, local farmers.

89
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Nước mía được đưa vào bộ lọc đá vôi để tinh chế chất lỏng.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + noun + to do sthing.
- The juice, put into, a limestone filter, purify, the substance.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5:

1. Hình ảnh được cho thấy minh họa cách chai nhựa được tái sử dụng trong quá
trình sản xuất quần áo.
- Grammar: S + V + how + S + be + V-pp.
- The given picture, describe, plastic bottles, reuse, the manufacturing of clothing.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Các chai được đưa qua các dây chuyền phân loại vào máy nghiền.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + through sth into sth.
- Bottles, feed, sorting lines, shredders.

90
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Sau các quy trình xử lý ban đầu, các vật liệu đã được làm khô được đun nóng
trong một nồi hơi hình trụ.
- Grammar: After + noun, S + be + V-pp + in sth.
- Initial treatments, dried materials, heat, a cylindrical boiler.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

UNIT 7:
HOW TO EXPRESS PURPOSE, SUFFICIENCY &
EMPHASIS

I. Grammar:

1. So that
Structure: Subject + verb + so that + subject + modal verb + verb
Purpose: This structure is used to express the purpose or intention behind an action.

Examples:

 I saved money so that I could buy a new car.

 She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.

2. In order to
Structure: Subject + verb + in order to + verb
Purpose: This structure is used to express the purpose of an action, typically followed
by a verb.

Examples:

 He studied all night in order to finish his project.

 She exercised regularly in order to stay healthy.

91
3. Enough to
Structure: Subject + be + Adjective/adverb + enough + to + verb
Purpose: This structure is used to indicate that something is sufficient or adequate.

Examples:

 She is old enough to vote.

 He runs fast enough to win the race.

4. Such ... that

Structure: Subject + verb + Such + (a/an) + adjective + noun + that + subject + verb
Purpose: This structure is used to emphasize a characteristic that causes a particular
result.

Examples:

 It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go to the beach.

 They were such good friends that they shared everything.

5. So ... that
Structure: Subject + be + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb
Purpose: This structure is used to describe a high degree of something that leads to a
particular result.

Examples:

 The soup was so hot that I couldn't eat it.

 She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.

II. PRACTICE:

1. I woke up early (so that / in order to) finish my homework before school started,
and I still had time for breakfast.
2. She was (so / such) excited that she couldn’t stop smiling, and her joy was
contagious to everyone around her.
3. He studied hard every night for weeks (so that / in order to) pass the final exam
with high marks and get into a good university.

92
4. The bag was light (enough to / so that) carry it easily up the hill, even though I was
already tired from walking all day.
5. It was (so / such) a beautiful painting that everyone admired it when they saw it in
the gallery, and some even offered to buy it.
6. We booked our tickets in advance (in order to / so that) we wouldn’t miss the
show, and we also got better seats because of it.
7. The box was (so / such) heavy that I needed help to lift it, and even with two
people, it was still difficult to move.
8. He trained every day for several months (so that / in order to) become a better
runner and compete in the national marathon.
9. The weather was warm (enough to / so that) go for a swim in the lake, and we
spent the entire afternoon enjoying the water.
10. She had (so / such) a busy schedule that she couldn’t attend the party, even
though she had really wanted to see her friends.
11. They worked overtime every weekend for a month (in order to / so that) meet the
deadline and complete the project ahead of schedule.
12. The book was (so / such) interesting that I couldn’t put it down, and I ended up
finishing it in just one sitting, despite its length.
13. He saved money for over a year (so that / in order to) they can purchase a new
laptop for his studies, which would help him with his online classes.
14. The water was cold (enough to / so that) freeze in a few hours, and by the next
morning, the entire pond had turned to ice.
15. It was (so / such) a long journey that we were all exhausted by the end, and we
immediately fell asleep when we reached our destination.
16. She left early from work (so that / in order to) avoid the traffic jam, and she was
able to get home in half the usual time.
17. The project was (so / such) complicated that it took months to complete, and even
then, we had to review it multiple times for errors.
18. He spoke loudly and clearly (so that / in order to) everyone could hear him clearly,
especially those sitting at the back of the room.

93
19. The dress was elegant (so that / enough to) wear to the formal event, and she
received many compliments throughout the evening.
20. It was (so / such) a tough exam that many students struggled with it, even though
they had prepared thoroughly for weeks in advance.

UNIT 7:
HISTORY
III. Sentence building

1. ancient civilization (nền văn minh cổ 9. historical document (tài liệu lịch sử)
đại) 10. renaissance era (thời kỳ phục hưng)
2. historical significance (tầm quan 11. industrial revolution (cách mạng công
trọng lịch sử) nghiệp)
3. cultural heritage (di sản văn hóa) 12. historical figure (nhân vật lịch sử)
4. historical monument (di tích lịch sử) 13. historical event (sự kiện lịch sử)
5. archaeological site (khu khảo cổ) 14. world war ii (chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai)
6. colonial period (thời kỳ thuộc địa) 15. historical narrative (câu chuyện lịch sử)
7. historical artifact (hiện vật lịch sử)
8. medieval times (thời trung cổ)

1. Nền văn minh cổ đại của Ai Cập đã xây dựng những kim tự tháp nổi tiếng, và
đến nay, chúng vẫn được mọi người từ khắp nơi trên thế giới đến thăm.
- Grammar: S + V + O, which + be + V-pp + by someone.
- Egypt, the famous pyramids, visit, all over the world.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

94
___________________________________________________________________

2. Tầm quan trọng lịch sử của Chiến tranh Thế giới thứ hai rất quan trọng vì nó
đã định hình thế giới hiện đại và thay đổi nhiều quốc gia.
- Grammar: S + be + adj + because + S + V + O and V + O.
- World War II, important, shape, the modern world, countries.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Di sản văn hóa của Nhật Bản bao gồm các nghi lễ trà truyền thống, mà đến
nay vẫn được nhiều người thực hành và coi trọng.
- Grammar: S + V + O, which + be + still + V-pp and V-pp + by someone.
- Japan, traditional tea ceremonies, practice, value.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Tháp Eiffel không chỉ là một di tích lịch sử mà còn là biểu tượng của nước
Pháp, thu hút hàng triệu du khách mỗi năm.
- Grammar: S + be + not only + noun + but also + noun + that + V + O.
- The Eiffel Tower, a symbol of France, attract, millions of tourists.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Di sản văn hóa của Mexico bao gồm các lễ hội đầy màu sắc, ẩm thực truyền
thống và âm nhạc sôi động, tất cả đều được yêu thích bởi mọi người trên toàn
thế giới.
- Grammar: S + V + O, all of which + be + V-pp + by someone.
- The cultural heritage of Mexico, colorful festivals, traditional foods, vibrant
music, enjoy.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

95
6. Pompeii là một địa điểm khảo cổ nổi tiếng bị chôn vùi bởi một vụ phun trào
núi lửa, bảo tồn nhiều khía cạnh của cuộc sống La Mã cổ đại.
- Grammar: S + be + noun + that + be + V-pp + by sthing, V-ing + nouns.
- Famous, bury, a volcanic eruption, preserve, aspects of ancient Roman life.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Trong thời kỳ thuộc địa, nhiều quốc gia ở châu Phi và châu Á đã bị các
cường quốc châu Âu kiểm soát, điều này đã có tác động lâu dài đến văn hóa
và lịch sử của họ.
- Grammar: During + noun, S + be + V-pp + by sthing, which + V + O.
- Africa and Asia, control, European powers, a lasting impact, cultures and
histories.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Bảo tàng tự hào trưng bày các hiện vật lịch sử từ thời trung cổ, bao gồm các
vũ khí cổ đại, áo giáp và bản thảo.
- Grammar: S + adv + V + O, V-ing + nouns.
- The museum, proudly, display, medieval times, ancient weapons, armor,
manuscripts.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9. Hiến pháp là một tài liệu lịch sử quan trọng trong lịch sử Hoa Kỳ vì nó đề ra
các nguyên tắc của chính phủ và quyền lợi của công dân.
- Grammar: S + be + noun + because + S + V + O.
- The constitution, American history, outlines, the principles of government and
citizens’ rights.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
96
10. Thời kỳ Phục hưng đã mang đến những ý tưởng mới trong nghệ thuật và
khoa học, dẫn đến nhiều khám phá và kiệt tác quan trọng mà chúng ta vẫn
còn ngưỡng mộ cho đến ngày nay.
- Grammar: S + V + O, V-ing + nouns + that + S + still + V.
- Bring, new ideas, art and science, lead to, important discoveries and
masterpieces, admire.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11. Các máy móc trong nhà máy được thiết kế sao cho công nhân có thể sản
xuất hàng hóa nhanh hơn trong thời kỳ Cách mạng Công nghiệp.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + so that + S + V + O.
- The machines in factories, design, workers, produce, goods, fast.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12. Cách mạng Công nghiệp là một thời kỳ quan trọng đến mức nó đã hoàn toàn
thay đổi cách các ngành công nghiệp hoạt động.
- Grammar: S + be + such + noun + that + S + adv + V + O.
- An important time, completely, change, how, operate.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

13. Abraham Lincoln đã quyết tâm đủ để giữ cho Hoa Kỳ thống nhất trong cuộc
Nội chiến.
- Grammar: S + be + V-pp + enough + to V + O + V-pp.
- Abraham Lincoln, determine, keep, the United States, unite, Civil War.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

97
14. Những thử thách của việc lãnh đạo đất nước trong cuộc Nội chiến quá phức
tạp để một người không có kỹ năng lãnh đạo như Lincoln có thể đảm nhận.
- Grammar: S + be + too + adj + to + be V-pp + by someone.
- The challenges of leading the country, Civil War, harsh, handle, Lincoln’s
leadership skills.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. Cuộc đổ bộ lên mặt trăng là một sự kiện lịch sử lớn, đạt được nhằm chứng
minh rằng con người có thể khám phá không gian ngoài Trái đất.
- Grammar: S + be + noun, which + be + V + in order to + V + that + S + could +
V + O.
- The moon landing, achieve, show, humans, explore, space.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. Paraphrasing

1. medieval (thời trung cổ) 9. document history (ghi lại lịch

2. archaeology (khảo cổ học) sử)
3. ancient civilization (nền văn 10. historical significance (ý nghĩa
minh cổ đại) lịch sử)
4. monarch (quốc vương) 11. influential era (thời kỳ có ảnh
5. treaty (hiệp ước) hưởng)
6. political matters (các vấn đề 12. rich history (lịch sử phong phú)
chính trị) 13. trace back (truy vết)
7. human society (xã hội loài 14. the declaration of the
người) independence (tuyên ngôn độc
8. modern tradition (truyền thống lập)
hiện đại)

98
Rephrasing these sentences using the required grammar points:

1. Historians work hard to record history so that future generations can learn
from past events.

- Grammar: S + V + O + so that S + V + O.
- Tirelessly, document history.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. The importance of the Declaration of Independence is very great because it

marked the beginning of a new nation.

- Grammar: S + be + so + adj + that + S + V + O.

- The birth of, a new nation

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. The Renaissance was an important time in Europe that developed art,

science, and politics for many years.

- Grammar: S + be + noun + in order to + V + nouns + across Europe.

- Promote, advances.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Italy has a long history for tourists to visit.

- Grammar: S + V + such + noun + that + S + V + O.

- A rich history, attract, millions of visitors.

99
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Many modern traditions can be traced back to ancient civilizations, helping

us understand early human societies.

- Grammar: S + can + be + V-pp + in order that + S + V + O.

- Fully, comprehend, the roots of, today’s cultures

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. The Medieval period was known for feudalism, wars, and the rise of strong
kingdoms across Europe.
- Grammar: S + be + such + noun + that + S + V + O + across Europe.
- A turbulent time, lead, constant wars, the rise of powerful kingdoms.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Archaeology has discovered many interesting objects that show us how

ancient cultures lived.
- Grammar: S + V + O + so that + S + better + V + how + S + V.
- Uncover, ancient artifacts, better, understand, past civilizations, live.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. The Roman civilization was famous for its advanced buildings, legal
systems, and strong army.
- Grammar: S + be + so + V-pp + that + S + can + be + V-pp + O.
- Advanced, its influence, see, modern architecture and law.

100
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9. The monarch was an important figure in most Medieval societies, often

controlling both religious and political matters.
- Grammar: S + V + O + in order to + V + adj.
- Hold, significant religious and political power, maintain, control, over the
kingdom.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. After many years of fighting, both nations finally signed a treaty to create
peace and set clear borders.
- Grammar: After many years of fighting, S + V + O + so that + S + could + V +
O + and + V + O.
- Finally, establish, peace, define, their borders.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

UNIT 8:
COMPOUND- COMPLEX SENTENCES; VERB
PATTERNS REVISION
I. Compound- complex sentence
1. The definition of compound-complex sentence:
 Definition: A compound-complex sentence combines elements of both
compound sentences and complex sentences. It contains at least two
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
 Structure:

101
 o Independent Clause 1 + FANBOYS + Independent Clause 2 +
Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause
o Dependent Clause + Independent Clause 1 + FANBOYS + Independent
Clause 2

Key Components:

1. Independent Clauses: These are complete thoughts that can stand alone.
2. Dependent Clauses: These are incomplete thoughts that cannot stand alone
and begin with subordinating conjunctions such as "because," "although,"
"since," "when," "if," etc.
3. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (used
to join independent clauses).

Examples:

 "I went to the park because the weather was nice, and I took my dog with me."
o Independent Clause 1: "I went to the park"
o Independent Clause 2: "I took my dog with me"
o Dependent Clause: "because the weather was nice"
 "Although she was tired, she finished her homework, and she watched TV."
o Dependent Clause: "Although she was tired"
o Independent Clause 1: "she finished her homework"
o Independent Clause 2: "she watched TV"

2. Understanding compound-complex sentence:

A compound-complex sentence allows the writer to express more detailed and
nuanced ideas by combining both types of clauses. It’s useful for showing relationships
between events or ideas.

 Example for cause and effect: "Since it was raining, I stayed home, and I
watched a movie."
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  Example for contrast: "Although the team was losing, they played hard, but
they didn’t win the game."

Practice 1 : Write a compound-complex sentence with these clauses.

While - and - if – yet – when – although – so – but – even though –

because – because of – since.

1. It was raining; we decided to go for a hike; we packed our rain coats just in case.

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2. She enjoys painting; she hasn’t had much time to practice, she started her new
job.

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3. He was nervous about the presentation; he delivered it confidently; he had

prepared thoroughly.

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4. I wanted to finish my book; I stayed up late; I had an early meeting the next day.

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5. They love traveling to new places; they have not been able to take a vacation this
year; their busy schedules.

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6. The concert started; the audience cheered loudly; they sang along to their
favorite songs.

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7. She decided to bake cookies for the party; she wasn’t feeling well; she asked her
friend to help.

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8. He planned to study for the exam; he got distracted by his favorite TV show; he
started watching.

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9. I will go for a run tomorrow; it’s not too hot; I will stay indoors; the weather is bad.

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10. She was cooking dinner; her husband set the table; they enjoyed their meal
together.

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II. Verb patterns revision

1. Structure: Verb + to + infinitive

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 Verb definition
Agree To have the same opinion or to consent to do
something.
Aim To intend or plan to achieve something.
Appear To seem or come into view, indicating how something
seems or looks.
Arrange To plan or organize something in advance.
Attempt To try to do something, especially something difficult.
Be able To have the power, skill, or means to do something.
Be likely To be probable or expected to happen.
Claim To state that something is true, usually without
evidence.
Decide To make a choice or come to a conclusion about something.
Deserve To be worthy of something, often a reward or
punishment.
Fail To not succeed in doing something.

Hope To want something to happen or to be true.

Learn To gain knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, or being taught.
Manage To succeed in doing something, often in difficult
circumstances.
Offer To present something to someone as a choice or
opportunity.

Plan To think about and arrange the details of something

in advance.

Seem To give the impression of being something.

Tend To be inclined to do something regularly or habitually.

Try To make an effort to do something.

Want
To have a desire for something.
Promise To assure someone that you will or will not do
something.
Refuse To indicate unwillingness to do something.
Dare To have enough courage to do something risky or

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 challenging.
Choose To pick or decide on a course of action.

Example:

1. He deserves to win the award for his hard work.

2. I failed to find my keys this morning.
3. He managed to fix the car without any help.
4. They offer to carry the bags for us.
5. He tends to forget things when he’s in a hurry.

2. Structure: Verb + O + to V-inf

Verb definition
Advise To give someone recommendations or
suggestions about what to do.
Allow To give permission for someone to do
something.
Encourage To give someone support, confidence, or hope
to do something.
Force To make someone do something against their
will.
Get To persuade or cause someone to do
something.
Persuade To convince someone to do something by
reasoning or argument.
Remind To help someone remember to do something.
Teach To instruct someone how to do something.
Tell To give someone instructions or information
about something they should do.
warn To inform someone of possible danger or
problems so they can take action.

Example:
1. The storm forced them to cancel the outdoor event.

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 2. The lifeguard warned the children not to swim too far from shore.
3. He taught his students to solve complex math problems.

3. Structure: Verb (+ prep) + V-ing

Verb definition
Avoid To stay away from or prevent doing
something.
Approve of To have a positive opinion about
something or someone.
Carry on To continue doing something.
Can’t stand To strongly dislike something or find it
unbearable.
Enjoy To take pleasure in doing something.
Consider To think carefully about something before
making a decision.
Finish To complete or end something.
Imagine To form a mental picture of something or
think about it happening.
Involve To include or have something as a
necessary part of an action or situation.
Think of/ about To consider or have thoughts about
something or someone.
Put off To delay or postpone doing something.

Example:
1. She avoids eating junk food to stay healthy.
2. they carried on talking even after the meeting ended.
3. Can you imagine living in a place without electricity?

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Practice 2:
1. She hopes __________ (travel) to Europe for her postgraduate studies to
enhance her career.
2. They decided __________ (move) to a larger city for better job opportunities.
3. The manager advised all employees __________ (submit) their reports by the
end of the day.
4. My teacher encouraged us __________ (join) extracurricular activities to
enhance our skills.
5. I enjoy __________ (read) complex novels in my free time to expand my
understanding.
6. She avoids __________ (eat) fast food, believing a healthy diet is essential.
7. She told her brother __________ (be) more responsible with his finances.
8. They persuaded their friend __________ (apply) for the internship for valuable
experience.
9. The coach reminded the players __________ (practice) daily to improve their
performance.
10. I plan __________ (study) late into the night to prepare for my exams.
11. He promised __________ (help) his friends with their projects after realizing his
lack of support.
12. We need __________ (talk) about our strategy before the important meeting.
13. He can’t stand __________ (listen) to negative comments about his work.
14. They are thinking of __________ (go) on a road trip this summer for new
experiences.
15. We decided to put off __________ (discuss) the issue until next week for more
information.
16. She plans __________ (attend) the conference next month to gain new insights
into her field.
17. He hopes __________ (secure) a promotion by demonstrating his leadership
skills.

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 18. They decided __________ (launch) a new marketing campaign to attract more
customers.
19. I promised __________ (finish) the project by Friday, despite the tight deadline.
20. We need __________ (review) our budget before making any major purchases.
21. I avoid __________ (make) hasty decisions without considering the
consequences.
22. She enjoys __________ (explore) new places whenever she travels.
23. He can’t stand __________ (wait) in long queues at the grocery store.
24. They are considering __________ (start) a podcast to share their knowledge.
25. We put off __________ (plan) the event until we had more information about the
venue.
26. The doctor advised him __________ (exercise) regularly to improve his health.
27. She encouraged her colleagues __________ (participate) in the upcoming
charity event.
28. He told his team __________ (focus) on their goals during the meeting.
29. They convinced her __________ (take) the opportunity to study abroad.
30. The teacher reminded the students __________ (complete) their assignments on
time.

UNIT 8:
WATER AND OCEANS
III. Sentence building:
write a compound-complex sentence
1. Oceans/ cover / over 70% of the Earth's surface/ many people/ do not/ realize/
importance/ they/ often/ neglect/ the need for conservation.

- Using: although, and.

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2. The Great Barrier Reef/ one of the most famous coral reefs/ it face/ serious
threats/ climate change and pollution/ make/ its protection/ essential.

- Using: but, which.

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3. many communities/ rely on/ fishing/ their income/ overfishing has/ lead to/ a
decline/ fish populations/ it is/ crucial/ adopt sustainable practices.

- Using: while, so.

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4. Scientists/ continue/ explore/ the deep ocean/ they/ believe/ it/ hold/ valuable
resources/ much of it/ remain/ unexplored and full of mysteries.

- Using: because, yet.

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5. Coral reefs/home/ a diverse range of marine species/ they/ protect/ coastlines/

erosion/ they/ being destroyed/ an alarming rate.

- Using: and, yet.

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6. climate change/ cause/ sea levels/ rise/ coastal cities/ are/ become/ more
vulnerable/ why/ some governments/ are/ invest/ better defenses.

- Using: As; which.

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7. Marine pollution/ affect/ both wildlife and human health/ environmental

organizations/ are /work/ diligently/ raise/ awareness/ promote/ cleaner
practices.

- Using: so, and.

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8. ocean currents/ help/ regulate/ global temperatures/ changes in these

currents/ can/ lead to/ extreme weather events/ scientists/ are /closely/
observe.

- Using: while, which.

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9. Many tourists/ visit/ coastal areas/ their natural beauty/ the impact of tourism/
can/ harm/ local ecosystems/ make/ conservation efforts/ increasingly
necessary.

- Using: but, which.

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10. Ocean acidification/ threaten/ shellfish populations/ we/ do not/ reduce carbon
emissions/ the consequences/ could/ severe/ marine biodiversity.

- Using: and, if.

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IV. Paraphrasing
1. Many scientists study the effects of climate change on ocean currents to predict
future environmental impacts.

- Grammar: Think of + V-ing

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2. To protect marine life, conservationists use methods that do not involve harmful
chemicals that can pollute the oceans.

- Grammar: Avoid + V-ing.

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3. We must remember to reduce plastic usage to help combat ocean pollution.

- Grammar: Remind + O + to V-inf.

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4. Governments around the world implement stronger regulations to protect

endangered marine species.

- Grammar: promise + to V-inf

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5. Researchers explore the deep ocean to discover new species that could contribute
to medicine.

- Grammar: consider + V-ing.

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6. Activists raise awareness about the importance of coral reefs and their role in marine
ecosystems.

- Grammar: hope + to V-inf.

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7. If we do not act now, we will not preserve the biodiversity that our oceans depend
on.

- Grammar: fail + to V-inf

- Additional vocabs: might.

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8. Many communities ignore issues like overfishing, thinking they won’t affect them
immediately.

- Grammar: put off + V-ing.

- Additional vocabs: address.

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9. Despite the challenges, scientists continue to study the effects of pollution on marine
life to find solutions.

- Grammar: Carry on + V-ing.

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10. Environmental groups inform us about the consequences of climate change on

ocean health and coastal communities.

- Grammar: warn + O + to V-inf.

- Additional Vocabs: aware

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UNIT 9:
GERUND
I. Grammar:

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1. Gerund as the Subject
A gerund can act as the subject of a sentence, performing the action.

Examples:
 Studying abroad broadens one’s perspective on different cultures.
 Learning English is essential for global communication.

2. Gerund after Prepositions

Gerunds frequently follow prepositions, forming prepositional phrases.

Examples:
 Many students are interested in studying online because it offers flexibility.
 She is worried about not passing the IELTS exam.

3. Gerund after certain Verbs

Some verbs are followed directly by a gerund. Here are some common ones:
enjoy, avoid, finish, suggest, keep, consider.

Examples:
 I enjoy traveling because it helps me experience new cultures.
 They suggested starting the project early to avoid any last-minute problems.

4. Gerund after phrasal verbs

phrasal verbs are often tested in the IELTS Speaking section. Using a gerund
after phrasal verbs adds natural fluency to your speech.

Examples:
 I gave up trying to understand that difficult concept.
 She looks forward to meeting new people at the conference.

5. Gerund vs infinitive
Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (the "to" form of a
verb), but the meaning changes depending on which form is used.

Verb Gerund meaning Infinitive meaning

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 Stop Cease an activity Pause one action to do another
Remember Recalling something after it’s done Recalling to do something in the
future
Forget Failing to recall a past action Failing to do something in the
future
Try Experimenting with a method Attempting something difficult
Go on Continuing the same activity Moving to a new activity or topic
Regret Feeling sorry for a past action Feeling sorry to announce
something
Mean Involving or requiring something Intending to do something
Need Something needs to be done Necessity of an action
(passive)
Continue Carrying on with the same action Same as gerund, often
interchangeable
Like Enjoying an activity in general Preferring to do something in a
specific situation

Example:
a) He stopped smoking last year. (He no longer smokes.)
He stopped to smoke. (He stopped what he was doing in order to smoke.)
b) I remembered locking the door. (I locked the door, then I remembered it.)
Remember to lock the door. (Make sure to lock the door in the future.)
c) I’ll never forget meeting you for the first time. (This memory stays with me.)
Don’t forget to call your mother. (Make sure to call her in the future.)
d) I tried calling her, but there was no answer. (I experimented with this method.)
I tried to call her, but I couldn’t get through. (I attempted to do this, but failed.)
e) He went on talking for hours. (He continued talking.)
After discussing health care, he went on to talk about education. (He moved on
to another topic.)
f) I regret saying that. (I am sorry for what I said.)
I regret to tell you that the project has been canceledGive. (I am sorry to
announce this.)
g) Being a doctor means working long hours. (It involves this.)

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 I meant to call you yesterday. (I intended to call you.)
h) The car needs washing. (The car needs to be washed by someone.)
I need to wash the car. (I have to do it.)
i) He continued talking despite the interruption.
He continued to talk even after being asked to stop.
j) I like swimming. (I enjoy the activity of swimming.)
I like to swim in the morning. (I prefer to do this regularly.)

II. PRACTICE:

1. __________ (engage) in exercise every day is crucial for maintaining both

physical and mental health.
2. I absolutely love __________ (read) books about historical events and notable
figures.
3. __________ (explore) new countries and cultures is one of my favorite
pastimes.
4. He suggested __________ (go) to the cinema this weekend to catch the latest
movie.
5. My friend has a fear of __________ (fly) on airplanes, especially during long
flights.
6. They tactfully avoided __________ (discuss) the controversial topic during the
meeting to maintain peace.
7. __________ (Watch) movies in English regularly is an excellent way to enhance
listening skills.
8. She kept __________ (work) tirelessly on the project until she felt it was
absolutely flawless.
9. I’m genuinely interested in __________ (learn) more about the rich culture and
traditions of Japan.
10. They are incredibly excited about __________ (start) their new business venture
next month.
11. He is utterly tired of __________ (wait) for the bus every single morning.

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12. She’s exceptionally good at __________ (paint) landscapes, especially when
working with watercolors.
13. We had a long discussion about __________ (visit) our grandparents next
summer during the holiday break.
14. He sincerely apologized for __________ (be) late to the meeting due to
unforeseen traffic.
15. I’m not accustomed to __________ (get) up so early, especially on weekends.
16. The teacher firmly insisted on __________ (give) the students additional
homework to prepare for the exam.
17. She prefers__________ (eat) fresh vegetables for dinner rather than processed
foods.
18. They are planning __________ (move) to a new city next year in search of better
opportunities.
19. I consciously avoided __________ (answer) his intrusive questions to maintain
my privacy.
20. I clearly remembered __________ (turn off) all the lights before leaving the
house.
21. He ultimately decided __________ (study) medicine at university to pursue a
career as a doctor.
22. She continued __________ (talk) enthusiastically even after the formal
presentation had ended.
23. I deeply regret __________ (not tell) the truth sooner when I had the chance.
24. Don’t forget __________ (bring) your ID card, as it’s essential for entry.
25. She enjoys __________ (play) the piano during her free time, especially
classical pieces.
26. We had an in-depth discussion about __________ (move) to a larger office
space next year.
27. He carefully avoided __________ (talk) to his boss about the ongoing issue to
prevent conflict.
28. I successfully finished __________ (write) my essay just minutes before the
submission deadline.

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 29. They suggested __________ (have) lunch at a trendy new restaurant nearby
that everyone’s been raving about.
30. I don’t mind __________ (work) late hours, as long as I’m compensated fairly for
the extra time.
31. She kept __________ (ask) insightful questions throughout the presentation,
showing her genuine interest.
32. He eventually admitted to __________ (make) a serious mistake on the project,
taking full responsibility.

UNIT 9:
BUSINESS
III. Sentence building

Match column A with B, using these words to build sentences below.

A B
Enjoy go
avoid talk
Suggest read
Finish live
Imagine write
spend start
Miss spend
Postpone discuss
Admit to lie

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1. Tôi rất thích đọc những cuốn sách gợi suy nghĩ sâu sắc, giúp mở rộng quan điểm
của tôi về nhiều chủ đề khác nhau.
- Vocabs: thoroughly, thought- provoking books, expand, perspective,
various topics.

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2. Cô ấy đã khéo léo tránh nói về sai lầm đáng xấu hổ mà cô đã mắc phải trong cuộc
họp quan trọng vào tuần trước.
- Vocabs: skillfully, the embarrassing mistake, make, the important meeting.

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3. Họ đã nhiệt tình đề nghị đi bộ thư giãn sau bữa tối để giải tỏa đầu óc và thư giãn.
- Vocabs: enthusiastically, peaceful walk, dinner, unwind, clear, minds.

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4. Anh ấy cuối cùng đã hoàn thành việc viết báo cáo dài chỉ vài phút trước thời hạn
chặt chẽ, cảm thấy nhẹ nhõm.
- Vocabs: the lengthy report, the strict deadline, feel, sense of relief.

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5. Tôi không thể tưởng tượng được việc sống ở một thành phố nhộn nhịp mà không có
sự tiện lợi của hệ thống giao thông công cộng hiệu quả.

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 - Vocabs: a bustling city, the convenience, an efficient public transportation
system.

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6. Chúng tôi đã dành hàng giờ để thảo luận về việc đi du lịch đến Ý vào mùa hè tới,
lên kế hoạch cho từng chi tiết của kỳ nghỉ mơ ước.
- Vocabs: traveling, Italy, plan, detail of our dream vacation.

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7. Họ thật sự nhớ khoảng thời gian chất lượng bên nhau, hồi tưởng về những ngày
xưa cũ.
- Vocabs: genuinely, quality time, together, reminisce, how, things, used to.

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8. Anh ấy đã miễn cưỡng hoãn lại việc bắt đầu dự án mới đầy thách thức cho đến
tháng tới vì những sự chậm trễ không mong muốn.
- Vocabs: reluctantly, the challenging new project, due to, unexpected delays.

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9. Cô ấy cuối cùng đã thừa nhận việc nói dối về lý do thực sự khiến cô ấy đến muộn,
cảm thấy tội lỗi sau đó.
- Vocabs: finally, the true reason, be late, feel, a sense of guilt.

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IV. Paraphrasing
Monitor
Adapt
Transform
1. Entrepreneurs are
Resort to
starting new businesses every
Modify
day, hoping to meet market
Struggle to
needs and do well in a
Develop
competitive world.
Concentrate
- Vocabs: Be essential for new companies,
market Invest demands,
succeed. launch

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2. Many companies are spending more money on technology to improve how they
work and stay ahead of other businesses.

- Vocabs: more resources, into, enhance, rivals.

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 3. Networking events are important for making new connections with clients and
business partners.

- Vocabs: build, business associates.

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4. Businesses are focusing on sustainability and reducing their environmental

impact to attract customers who care about the planet.

- Vocabs: lower, appeal to, eco-friendly customers.

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5. Marketing teams are coming up with new ways to interest customers and grow
their brand.

- Vocabs: creative ways, engage, expand.

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 6. Small businesses are having trouble competing with larger companies because
they don’t have enough money or resources.

- Vocabs: Small companies, bigger businesses, lack, funds.

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7. Business leaders are changing their plans to adapt to changes in the global
market and keep making a profit.

- Vocabs: adjust, remain, profitable.

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8. Many companies are turning to outsourcing to save money and focus on their
main work.

- Vocabs: reduce cost, core activities.

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9. E-commerce is changing traditional stores, making them innovate to stay in

business.

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 - Vocabs: traditional shops, force, innovate to survive.

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10. Successful businesses are watching market trends and changing their strategies
to remain competitive.

- Vocabs: market changes, stay competitive.

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