Tutorial - Vector calculus
ILO1 – Apply basic Electromagnetic principles to identify the related effects
Part A – Transformation of coordinate systems
The three coordinate systems i.e. Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical are selected depending on the
type of application. For example, for cables, cylindrical coordinates are better.
1. A. Convert point given as P(1,2,3) in Cartesian coordinates into cylindrical and spherical
coordinates
B. Convert point given as X (1,45,1) in Cylindrical coordinates into Cartesian and spherical
coordinates
C. Convert point given as A (5,45,30) in spherical coordinates into Cartesian and cylindrical
coordinates
2. Magnetic flux density B is given by different coordinate systems as given below.
2 2 2
A. Transform into cylindrical coordinates at (5, 90,2) of B=x A x + y A y + z A z
2
B. Transform into spherical coordinates at (1,45,45) of B=ρ A ρ +cos φ A φ + z A z
C. Transform into Cartesians coordinates at (1,1,1) of
3
B=r Ar + cosφcosθ A φ + sinθsinφ Aθ
Part B - Vector addition, deduction, multifaction and products
The effect of electric field due to charges can be analysed by vectors of Electric field intensity (E),
Electric flux density (D). Similarly the effect of magnetic field due to currents can be analysed by
vectors of Magnetic field intensity (H), Magnetic flux density (B).
1. For sets of three charges, the electric field intensities in the Cartesian coordinate system is
given as E1 = 8i+5j-3k, E2=4i+6j+8k, and E3=-2i-4j-5k.
(a) Resultant electric field given by E=E1+E2+E3,
(b) Magnitude of the resultant electric field E
(c) Angle of E wrt xy plane,
(d) Angle of E wrt z axis
(e) Unit vector of E
(f) EA and EB given by EA=5E1-3E2-4E3 and EB=-2E1-4E2+E3
(g) Unit vectors of EA and EB
(h) Angle between EA and EB vectors
2. Three magnetic fields are represented by H1=2i-k, H2=2i-j+2k and H3=2i-3j+k. Find
(a) (H1+ H2) . (H1- H2)
(b) (H1+ H2) x (H1- H2)
(c) H1 . (H1 x H1)
(d) H1 . (H2 x H3)
(e) H1 x (H2 x H3)
Part C Line Integral, Surface integral and Volume integral
1. Potential difference of two points in an electric field can be calculated by the work done by
moving a unit charge in an electric field (by line integral of dot product of electric field
B
intensity and displacement vectors as V =−∫ E .dr ¿ ¿ . The electric field intensity E is given
A
3 3 3
by E=x i+ y j+ z k in Cartesians coordinates system. Find the potential difference
between the points A (1,1,1) and B (2,2,2) if the unit charge is moved in the line of x=y=z.
2. Magnetic force due to current carrying conductor in a magnetic field can be obtained by line
integral of cross product of magnetic field and conductor direction vectors as
F=∫ I d r x B .
A 1m long conductor directed in z direction (dr = dz k) carries 2A of current is placed under a
constant magnetic field of B = 4i + 4j. Find magnetic force.
3. Total electric flux can be obtained by surface integral of dot product of electric flux density
and area vectors as ∅ =∬ D . dS . Electric flux density of a charge in spherical coordinates
is given by D= r2Ar . The surface segment in spherical coordinates is given by dS= r2sindd
Ar Calculate the total flux coming out of the sphere as a function of r and for a 1 m radius
sphere calculate the total flux.
4. The total charge of a distributed charges can be obtained by volume integral of the volume
charge density as Q=∭ ρdV . The volume charge density of a point in spherical
coordinates is given by r where r is the radial distance. The volume segment in the
spherical coordinate system is given by dV= r2sindddr. Calculate the total charge of
sphere of radius of 10 cm.
Part D Grad, Div and Curl operators
1. Electric field intensity E of a charged system can be obtained by the gradient operator of
electric potential as E=-V. Given that the electric potential as V= x2sin(x) y2sin(y) z2sin(z).
Calculate the electric field intensity at (1,1,1).
2. The volume charge density of an electric field can be obtained by taking the divergence of
electric flux density as = .D. The electric flux density in spherical coordinates is given by
D=r3Ar + rsinA + rcosA. Calculate the charge density at (1, 0, 0).
3. The current density J can be obtained by taking the Curl of the Magnetic field intensity H. of
a given magnetic field as J=xH. Magnetic field intensity in cylindrical coordinates is given by
H=A + sinA + zAz. Calculate the current density at (1, 0, 1).
Part E Divergence theorem, Stroke’s theorem and Laplace
theorem
1. The electric flux density D variation in a charged body can be correlated by surface and
volume integral by applying divergence theorem given by ∬ D .dS=∭ ∇ . DdV . In
spherical coordinates the electric flux density at a point (r, , ) is given by D= r2Ar. Prove the
divergence theorem by using surface and volume integrals of the sphere of radius r.
2. The magnetic field intensity H variation in current carrying conductors can be correlated by
line and surface integral by applying stokes theorem given by ∫ H . dl=∬ ( ∇ x H ) . dS In
cylindrical coordinates the magnetic flux density at a point (,, z) is given by H =2A. Prove
Stokes theorem by line integral of a circle of radius =R located at Z=1 and surface integral of
a cylinder forming by =R, 0<Z<1 and 0<<R, Z=1.
3. The electric potential in Cartesian coordinates is given by V= x2y2z2 sin(2x) sin(2y) sin(2z).
Calculate the Laplacian operator given by 2V.