Unit 1: Electrostatics FormulaSymbolsApplicationQ =+ N ¿ Q=¿ Charge, N=¿ Number of

Q2 Q1
Charge particle Quantization of charges F=k 2 Q1, Q2 are point charges, F=¿ Force To
r
find force between tow point charges F=QE E=¿ Electric field Relation between F and E
Q 1
E=k 2 k = , r= distance, ϵ 0=¿ Absolute permittivity Electric field due to a point charge.
r 4 π ϵ0
ϕ E∮ ⋅ ⃗ds=E ∮ ds cos θ ds=¿ small area To find electric flux ϕ E= Q ϕ=¿ Electric Flux Gauss
⃗
E ϵ0
W
Theorem Δ V =V A −V B = AB △ V =¿ potential difference, ⃗ V A =¿ Electric potentail at A, V B=¿
Q
Electric potentail at B, q=¿ charge To find the potential difference using Work done from a
q 1
point A to a point B V =k k = , r =¿ distance Electric potential due to a point charge
r 4 π ϵ0
pcosθ −dV
V =k 2 p=¿ dipole moment Electric potential due dipole E= dV/dr potential gradient
r dr
q1q2
Relation between electric field and potential U =W =k U =¿ Potential Energy, W =¿ Work
r 12
λ
done Potential energy of a system of two point Charges E= λ=¿ linear charge density
2 π ϵ0
Filed intensity due to infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire a) outside the shell:
q q
E=k , on the shell: E=k 2 , q=4 π R 2 σ , E=σ /ϵ 0 , inside the shell: E=0 r =¿ radius of
r2 R
Gaussian surface (outside the shell), R=¿ radius of shell, σ =¿ surface charge permittivity
σ
E= E=¿ Electric field, ϵ 0=¿ electric permittivity Field intensity due to thin infinite plane
2 ϵα
sheet of charge C=4 π ϵ 0 r c=¿ capacitance, r =¿ radius of conductor Capacity of isolated
ϵ A
spherical conductor C= 0 A=¿ area of plates, d=¿ distance between the plates Capacitance
d
1 1 1 1
of a parallel plate capacitor Grouped capacitors: a) In series: = + + b) In parallel:
C s C 1 C2 C 3
C P =C1 +C 2+C 3 C s=¿ equivalent capacitance in series, C p=¿ equivalent capacitance in parallel
2
1Q 1 2 1
To calculate equivalent capacitance of a circuit U = = C V = QV U =¿ Electrostatic
2 C 2 2
1 2 C 1 V 1 +C 1 V 1
energy stored in capacitor Energy stored in a capacitor U = ϵ 0 E , V = E=¿
2 C1 +C 2
electric field strength, v=¿ Common potential Energy density of a parallel plate capacitor, To
find Common potential due to sharing of charge E1−E 2=C 1 C 2 ¿ ¿ E1−E 2 Loss fo energy Loss of
energy due sharing charges K=1+ χ K=¿ dielectric constant, x=¿ electric susceptibility
C0
C=
Relation between dielectric constant & electric susceptibility t t=¿ thickness of slab,
(1− )
d
d=¿ distance between the plates, C 0=¿ capacitance Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with
 E0 A
C=
conducting slab in between 1 K=¿ dielectric constant Capacitance of parallel
d−t (1− )
κ
plate capacitor with dielectric slab in between
Q ne
Unit 2: Current Electricity FormulaSymbolsApplication = =I I =¿ current, Q=¿ charged,
t t
t=time, e=¿ charge of electron To find the current in a current carrying wire. V =IR (Ohms law)
V =¿ Potential difference, R=¿ resistance Relation between V and I I =neA V d (n=¿ number
density of free electron) V d =¿ Drift Velocity, A=¿ area of cross section Relation between
ρI mI
current and drift velocity R= = 2 R=¿ Resistance, ρ=¿ Resistivity, r =¿ relaxation time,
A n e τA
RA m
m=¿ mass of electron Relation between (i) R and ρ(ii) R and relaxation time = 2 =ρ
l ne τ
1
e=¿ charge of electron, ρ=¿ conductance, Relation for resistivity and relaxation time C= and
R
1 l I
σ= = C=¿ conducatine, σ =¿ conductivity To find C and σ J= =ne V d , j=σ E j=¿
ρ RA A
V eτ
current density, σ =¿ conductivity Relation between j with V d and j with E μ= d = ,
E m
R2−R1
ρ=ρ0 [1+ α (T −T 0 )], α = , R s=R1 + R2 + R3 +.... ., 1/ R p=1/R 1+1 /R 2+1 /R 3+ .,
R1¿ ¿
P=VI =I R=V / R, E=V + Ir=I (R+ r) , (I) V =E−Ir , (ii) V =E + Ir μ=¿ mobility of electron,
2 2

α =¿ temperature coefficient of resistance, T 1−T 2 =¿ temperature difference, R s=¿ equivalent

resistance in series combination, R D=¿ equivalent resistance in series combination, P=¿
electrical power, E=¿ emf of cell, r =¿ internal resistance, V =¿ Potential difference To find μ
from V d , Variation of P with temperature, Formula for α , Series combination, Parallel
combination, Relation for P with V, I and R, Relation for E and V, (1) Current is drawn (ii) cell
l1
is being charged r =( −1)R r =¿ internal resistance, R=¿ External resistance To find internal
l2
nE
resistance by potentiometer I = n=¿ number of cells in series, R=¿ External resistance
(R+ nr)
mE
Current drawn when n cells are connected in series I = m=¿ number of cells in parallel
(mR +r )
mnE
Current drawn when n cells are connected in parallel I = m=¿ number of rows, n=¿
(mR +n r )
number of cells in each row. For max. current the external resistance must be equal to the total
internal resistance Σ I =0 (loop rule), ΣΔV =0 (junction rule) algebraic sum of charge, EV
P R
algebraic sum of potential difference Kirchhoff' s law = P, Q, R, S are resistences in four
Q S
100−l
arms of Wheatstone Bridge Balanced condition of Wheatstone Bridge S=( ) R S=¿
l
Unknown resistance, R=¿ Known resistance Working condition for Wheatstone Bridge V =KL
 E1 l 1
V =¿ Potential drop a wire, L=¿ Balancing length Principle of Potentiometer Cell. = E,
E2 l 2
and E2, emf of two cells, I, and I 2 balancing length Comparison of emf's of two cell. Unit 3:
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism FormulaSymbolsApplicationsBiot - Savart Law:
μ0 I dl sinθ
dB= × 2 dB=¿ magnetic field at a point at distance r due to a current element, μ0=¿
4π r
permeability of free space, I =¿ current through wire, θ=¿ angle between current element Idl
and position vector r. To find magnetic field at a point due to current element. To find magnetic
2
μ0 ∋a B=μ ∋ ¿ ¿ ⃗ ⃗
field due to a straight conductor. B=
2¿¿
, 0
2 π r , Ampere's circuital law ∮ B ⋅ dl=μ0 I
B=¿ magnetic field due to a circular coilof N turns at distance X from its center, a=¿ Radius of
coil, B=¿ magnetic field, r =¿ perpendicular distance from wire to point of observation, B. di =
¿
Line integral of magnetic field in a closed path. Magnetic field at centre, x=0 , B=μ0 ∋ 2 a ¿ ,
magnetic field due to a straight conductor of infinite length, magnetic field due to a solenoid
B=μ0 ∋¿ ⃗ F =q ( ⃗ ∨× ⃗B ), F=B q v sin θ F=¿ Force, V =¿ velocity of charge particle, q=¿ charge
of the particle Force acting on a charge particle in magnetic field. ⃗ F =q [ ⃗ ⃗ ×⃗
E +( ∨ B)] ,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
F =I ( L × B ), F=BI Lsin θ F=¿ Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor of length I,
B=¿ magnetic field. Force on charged particle in simultaneous Electric and magnetic fields,
Lorentz force, To find force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
F μ0 I 1 I 2 F =¿
= Force per unit length between two parallel current carrying 1, and I 2 r =¿
l 2 πr l
distance between the conductors. Force per unit length between two parallel current carrying
conductors. τ =¿ BINA Sin θ τ =¿ torque experienced by a current loop of area A in magnetic
field B, N=¿ Number of turns of coil, I =¿ current magnetic field due to a straight conductor of
lg
infinite length S=( )G S=¿ shunt required, G=¿ Galvanometer Resistance, i g =¿ maximum
l−l g
current through galvanometer, (0−i)=¿ range of ammeter Conversion fo Galvanometer into
Ammeter. R=(V /i g )−G R=¿ high resistance in series Conversion fo Galvanometer into
mv qB
Voltmeter. r = , υ= r =¿ radius of circular path in magnetic field, v=¿ Cyclotron
Bq 2 πm
frequency To find the radius of circular path of charged particle moving perpendicular to the
magnetic field. To find the frequency of cyclotron. Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and
dΦ
Alternating Current FormulaSymbolsApplicationϵ= ϵ=¿ induced emf. Faraday's law of
dt
electromagnetic induction ϵ=−BIv B=¿ magnetic field, v=¿ velocity, I =¿ metal rod of length
1 2
Motional emf V = B ω I , ϕ=LI , ϵ=−Ldl /dt , ϵ 1=−M 12 d l 2 /dt V =¿ emf developed between
2
the ends of the rod, ω=¿ angular velocity, I =¿ length of the rod, ϕ=¿ Magnetic flux, L=¿ Self-
inductance of the coil, M 12 Coefficient of mutual inductance, d l 2 /dt=¿ Rate of charge of current
in th secondary coil To find emf developed between the end of the rod rotating in the magnetic
field, Relation between and L, To find self-induced emf in a coil, Self-induced of a solenoid
L=μ r μ 0 n A l μr =¿ Realtive permeability, μ0=¿ permeability of free space, n=¿ no of turns of
2

the solenoid, A=¿ area of the solenoid, L=¿ length of the solenoid Equation of a.c generator
ϵ=nBAwsinwt (ω=2 πv) n=¿ no of turns of the solenoid, B=¿ magnetic field, A=¿ area of the
1 2
solenoid, v=¿ frequency of AC Equation of a. c generator U = L I U =¿ Energy stored in
2
inductor To find energy stored in the inductor in its magnetic field. Unit 5: Electromagnetic
Waves Laws at a glance: ∮ E ⋅dA=ρ /s 0 (Gauss's Law for electricity) ∮ B−dA=0 (Gauss's Law
−dd d 0 dϕ
for magnetism) ∮ E ⋅dl= (Faraday's Law) ∮ B−d l=μ0 1c + μ0 s 0 k (Ampere - Maxwell
dt dt
1
Law) FormulaSymbolsApplicationc= c is the speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum,
√ μ0 ϵ 0
permeability constant and is the permittivity constant To find speed of e.m. wave in vacuum
1
ν= v is the speed of electromagnetic wave in material medium To find speed of
√ μϵ
electromagnetic wave in material medium Unit 6: Ray Optics & Wave Optics
1 1 1
FormulaSymbolsApplications + = object distance u−¿, v - image distance, f −¿ focal
v u f
−v
length of the mirror To find focal length of mirror m= m=¿ magnification, m is negative for
u
A + Dm
sin( )
n2 2
real images and +ve for virtual images To find magnification n21= = A=¿ Angle
n1 A
sin
2
n
of prism, 2 =¿ n
refractive index of prism, 1 =¿ refractive index of medium, m =¿ of minimum
D
n n n −n
deviation. To find refractive index 2 − 1 = 2 1 R=¿ Radius of curvature, v=¿ image
v u R
1 n2−n 1 1 1
distance, u=¿ object distance To find Rad. of curvature of lens =( )( − ) R1 R2=¿
f n1 R 1 R2
Radius of curvature, f =¿ length of the lens, n1, n2 =¿ Refractive index of medium 1 and
1 1 1 1 L D
respectively Lens makers formula, To find focal length of lens = + + , m= X f =¿
f f1 f 2 f3 fo fe
effective focal legnth of combination, f 1 f 2 j f 3=¿ focal length of each lens in contact, m:
magnifying power of a compound microscope, focal length of objective f 0=¿, f e =¿ focal length
of eyepiece, L=¿ Distance between objective lens and eye lens To find effective focal length of
β fo
combination of lenses, To find magnifying power of a compound m= = m: magnifying
α fe
power of a telescope, f 0=¿ focal length of objective, f e =¿ focal length of eyepiece, β=¿ angle
subtended at the eye by the image, α =¿ angle subtended at the eye by the object To find
magnifying power of a telescope μ=tan i p μ=¿ relative refractive index of the denser medium,
i p=¿ polarizing angle. To find refractive index of the material I =I 0 co s 2 θ I 0=¿ intensity of light
passing through the polarizer, θ=¿ angle between polarizer and analyzer. To find intensity of
λD
light β= β=¿ fringe width, λ=¿ wavelength of light, D=¿ distance between the slits and
α
the screen, d=¿ distance between the lists To find fringe width for interference fringes
 (2 λ D)
W= λ=¿ wavelength of light used, D=¿ distance between the slits and the screen, w=¿
a
width of central maxima in diffraction To find width of central maxima for diffraction fringes
Imax
=¿ ¿ Imax= Max. intensity, Imin Min. intensity, a, b=¿ respective amplitudes To find ratio
Imin
of max. and min. intensity Unit 7: Dual Nature of Matter FormulaSymbolsApplications
c
E=h v=h E=¿ energy of photon, h=¿ Plank's constant, v=¿ frequency To find the energy of
λ
photon W 0 =h v 0 =hc / λ0 W 0 =¿ work function, v 0=¿ threshold frequency, λ 0=¿ threshold
1 2
wavelength Relation between work function and V 0, λ 0 K max = m v max =hv−W D =h(v−v o)
2
K max =¿¿ Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons, V max =¿ maximum velocity Einstein's
1 2
photoelectric equation. K max = m v max =e V 0 e=¿ charge of electron, V 0=¿ stopping potential
2
h h
Relation between maximum kinetic energy and stopping potential. λ= , λ= ,
p mv
h h
λ= = λ=¿ wave length of matter wave, h=¿ Plank's constant , E=¿ kinetic
√2 mE √2 mqV
energy , V =¿ accelerating potential De Broglie wavelength for matter wave. , Relation between
h 12.27 0
and E, V λ= , λ= A V =¿ accelerating potential De Broglie wavelegth for
√2 meV √V
2
k 4 Ze k= 1
electron Unit 8: Atoms and Nuclei FormulaSymbolsApplicationsr 0 = z=¿
mv
2 4 π ϵ0
Atomic number of element. m=¿ mass of electron, v=¿ velocity of electron. To find the distance
2
kZ e cotθ/2/1 2
of closest approach r 0 . b= m v b=¿ impact parameter, θ=¿ scattering angle To
2
2 2
n h
find the impact parameter r n = 2 r =¿ Radius of nth orbit Bohr's radius (Z =1, n =1)
2 n
4 π mkZ e
2
c
r 0 =¿ 0 .53 A 0 V = 2 πkz e v=¿ speed of an electron in nth orbit , c=¿ speed of light
nh 137 n
2
−2 π mk Z e
2 2 4
−13.6
En = 2 2
En =¿ Total energy of electron in nth orbit. Total energy of En= 2
n h n
−kZ e P . E=2 E k = 1
2 2
kZ e K . E=−E
electron in nth orbit for hydrogen. K . E= , n, P . E= , n
2r r 4 π ϵ0
, Z=¿ Atomic number of element, n E =¿ Total Energy Kinetic energy of electron, Relation
between K. E. and total energy, Potential energy of electron, Relation between P.E. and total
1 1 1 1
energy λ =R [ 2 − 2 ] λ=¿ Wavelength of emitted radiation, R=¿ Rydberg's constant =¿
n1 n2 λ
Wave number, Lyman series: n1=1, n2 =2 ,3 , 4 .., Balmer series: n1=2, n2 =3 , 4 , 5.. R=R 0 A 1/ 3
m
−15 ρ=
R0 =1.2× 10 m Relation between Radius of nucleus and mass number 4 ρ=¿
π R 03
3
Nuclear density, m=¿ average mass of a nucleon. Relation between binding energy and mass
defect. E B= Δ mc 2 E B=¿ Binding Energy, Δ m=¿ mass defect, 1 a.m.u. 931.5 Mev Relation
dN dN
between binding energy and mass defect. =−λN =¿ Rate of dacay of radio active
dt dt x
substances, λ=¿ decay constant Relation active decay law N=N 0 e−λt N 0=¿ Number of
0.693
radioactive nuclei present initially, N=¿ Number of active nuclei left after time t. T 1/ 2=
λ
T 1/ 2=¿ half life of a radioctive substance To find half life period N=N 0 ¿ NO=¿ Number of
radioactive nuclei present initially Number of radioactive nuclei left in a sample after n half -
1
lives. R=λ N R=¿ activity of a radioactive sample Relation between R and λ τ = , τ =1.44 T 1/ 2
λ
τ =¿ Mean life. Unit 9: Electronic Devices FormulaSymbolsApplications e h e=¿ free n =n n
electron density Intrinsic semiconductors n e <n h n h=¿ hole density p-type semiconductors n e >n r
n - type semiconductors {n_{e}.n_{h={n_{i}}^{2} ni =¿ density of Intrinsic carriers Relation
between charge carriers I =I e + I h, I =n e eA V d +nb eA V b I e =¿ current through electrons, I n=¿
current though holes, V d =¿ Derift velocity of electrons, V h=¿ Drift velocity of holes Current
through a semiconductor I e =I b + I c L D=¿ emitter current, I b=¿ Base current, I c =¿ Collector
current Relation between currents through the transistor V ce =V cc −I c R L V ce =¿ Output Voltage,
V C c=¿ Collector voltage, I c R1=¿ Potential drp through load resistance Output voltage through
ΔI
transistor amplifier α =( )V , V Constant ¿=¿ Emitter current, lb=¿ Base current, Ic=¿
Δ I e ce cs
Δ Ic
Collector current Current gain of a CB transistor β=( )V , V Constant Current gain of a CE
Δ I b ce ¿
α
transistor β= α =CB current gain, β=¿ CE current gain Relation between a and β
1−α
Rl R
A v =βX Ri=¿ Load resistance (Output), Ri=¿ input resistance AC Voltage Gain PV =β 2 X l
Ri Ri
Δ V bc
AC Power Gain r t =( ) , V ∞ Constant V ba=¿ Base emitter Voltage Input Resistance r 0 =¿, I b
Δ Ib
Constant v ce =¿ Collector Emitter voltage Output Resistance Unit 10: Communication Systems
Am A max− A min
FormulaSymbolsApplications μ= , μ= × 100 %, m(t)=A m sin ωm t μ=¿
Ac A max + Amin
Modulation factor, Am =¿ Amplitude of modulating signal, Ac =¿ Amplitude of carrier wave,
Amax =¿ Maximum amplitude, A'min =¿ Minimum amplitude, m(t)=¿ modulating signal To find
modulation index, Equation of modulating signal c (t )=A c sin ωc t C (t)=¿ carrier signal
μ
Equation of carrier signal C m (t)= A {1+μsin ω t ¿ sin ω c t ¿= Acsinwticos(WeWm) t+ AC cos (ω c −ωm )t
m
2
C (t) = AM wave Equation of AM wave USB=F c + f m, LSB=f c −f m US B=¿ Upper side band,
LSB=¿ Lower side band To find upper and lower side frequencies β=(fc+ fm)−(fc−fm)=2 fr
λ c
β=¿ band width To find band width L= = Length of dipole antenna To measure the
2 2v
lengthh of dipole antenna d= √ 2 hR d=¿ The range of TV transmission, R=¿ Radius of earth To
find range of antenna d M =d T + d R =√ 2 R hT + √ 2 R h R d m =¿ Maximum line of LOS distance To
find maximum line of LOS distance