ITNET 01

MODULE 1

1.1 Network Types

1.1.2 Everything is online
“Hey Shad, are you online?” “Of course, I am!” How many of us still
think about whether or not we are “online”? We expect our devices,
cell phones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers to always be
connected to the global internet. We use this network to interact
with our friends, shop, share pictures and experiences, and learn.
The internet has become such a part of everyday life that we almost
take it for granted.

Normally, when people use the term internet, they are not referring
to the physical connections in the real world. Rather, they tend to
think of it as a formless collection of connections. It is the “place”
people go to find or share information

1.1.3 Who owns “The Internet”?

The internet is not owned by any individual or group. The internet
is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks (internetwork
or internet for short), cooperating with each other to exchange
information using common standards. Through telephone wires,
fiber-optic cables, wireless transmissions, and satellite links,
internet users can exchange information in a variety of forms, as
shown in the figure.

Everything that you access online is located somewhere on the

global internet. Social media sites, multiplayer games, messaging
centers that provide email, online courses — all of these internet
destinations are connected to local networks that send and receive
information through the internet.

Think about all of the interactions that you have during the day
which require you to be online.

1.1.4 Local Networks

Local networks come in all sizes. They can range from simple
networks consisting of two computers, to networks connecting
hundreds of thousands of devices. Networks installed in small
offices, or homes and home offices, are referred to as small
office/home office (SOHO) networks. SOHO networks let you share
resources such as printers, documents, pictures, and music,
between a few local users.

In business, large networks can be used to advertise and sell

products, order supplies, and communicate with customers.
Communication over a network is usually more efficient and less
expensive than traditional forms of communication, such as regular
mail or long distance phone calls. Networks allow for rapid
communication such as email and instant messaging, and provide
consolidation and access to information stored on network servers.

Business and SOHO networks usually provide a shared connection

to the internet. The internet is considered a "network of networks"
because it is literally made up of thousands of local networks that
are connected to each other.

 Small home networks connect a few computers to each other

and to the internet.
 Small Office and Home Office Networks
o The SOHO network allows computers in a home office or a
remote office to connect to a corporate network, or access
centralized, shared resources.
 Medium to Large Networks
o Medium to large networks, such as those used by
corporations and schools, can have many locations with
hundreds or thousands of interconnected hosts.
 World Wide Networks
o The internet is a network of networks that connects
hundreds of millions of computers world-wide.

1.1.5 Mobile Devices

The internet connects more computing devices than just desktop

and laptop computers. There are devices all around that you may
interact with on a daily basis that are also connected to the
internet. These include mobile devices, home devices, and a variety
of other connected devices.

 Smartphone
 Smartphones are able to connect to the internet from
almost anywhere. Smartphones combine the functions
of many different products together, such as a
 telephone, camera, GPS receiver, media player, and
touch screen computer.
 Tablet
o Tablets, like smartphones, also have the functionality of
multiple devices. With the additional screen size, they
are ideal for watching videos and reading magazines or
books. With on-screen keyboards, users are able to do
many of the things they used to do on their laptop
computer, such as composing emails or browsing the
web.

 Smartwatch
o A smartwatch can connect to a smartphone to provide
the user with alerts and messages. Additional functions,
such as heart rate monitoring and counting steps, like a
pedometer, can help people who are wearing the device
to track their health.
 Smart Glasses
o A wearable computer in the form of glasses, such as
Google Glass, contains a tiny screen that displays
information to the wearer in a similar fashion to the
Head-Up Display (HUD) of a fighter pilot. A small touch
pad on the side allows the user to navigate menus while
still being able to see through the smart glasses.

1.1.6 Connected Home Devices

Many of the things in your home can also be connected to the

internet so that they can be monitored and configured remotely.

Security System

 Many of the items in a home, such as security systems,

lighting, and climate controls, can be monitored and
configured remotely using a mobile device.

Appliances

 Household appliances such as refrigerators, ovens, and

dishwashers can be connected to the internet. This allows the
homeowner to power them on or off, monitor the status of the
appliance, and also be alerted to preset conditions, such as
 when the temperature in the refrigerator rises above an
acceptable level.

Smart TV

 A smart TV can be connected to the internet to access

content without the need for TV service provider equipment.
Also, a smart TV can allow a user to browse the web,
compose email, or display video, audio, or photos stored on a
computer.

Gaming Console

 Gaming consoles can connect to the internet to download

games and play with friends online.

1.1.7 Other Connected Devices

There are also many connected devices found in the world outside
your home that provide convenience and useful, or even vital,
information.

Smart Cars

 Many modern cars can connect to the internet to access

maps, audio and video content, or information about a
destination. They can even send a text message or email if
there is an attempted theft or call for assistance in case of an
accident. These cars can also connect to smartphones and
tablets to display information about the different engine
systems, provide maintenance alerts, or display the status of
the security system.

RFID Tags

 Radio frequency identification (RFIDs) tags can be placed in

or on objects to track them or monitor sensors for many
conditions.

Sensors and Actuators

 Connected sensors can provide temperature, humidity, wind

speed, barometric pressure, and soil moisture data. Actuators
can then be automatically triggered based on current
conditions. For example, a smart sensor can periodically send
soil moisture data to a monitoring station. The monitoring
 station can then send a signal to an actuator to begin
watering. The sensor will continue to send soil moisture data
allowing the monitoring station to determine when to
deactivate the actuator.

Medical Devices

 Medical devices such as pacemakers, insulin pumps, and

hospital monitors provide users or medical professionals with
direct feedback or alerts when vital signs are at specific
levels.

1.2 Data Transmission

1.2.2 The Bit

Did you know that computers and networks only work with binary
digits, zeros and ones? It can be difficult to imagine that all of our
data is stored and transmitted as a series of bits. Each bit can only
have one of two possible values, 0 or 1. The term bit is an
abbreviation of “binary digit” and represents the smallest piece of
data. Humans interpret words and pictures, computers interpret
only patterns of bits.

A bit is stored and transmitted as one of two possible discrete

states. This can include two directions of magnetization, two
distinct voltage or current levels, two distinct levels of light
intensity, or any other physical system of two discrete states. For
example, a light switch can be either On or Off; in binary
representation, these states would correspond to 1 and 0
respectively.

Every input device (mouse, keyboard, voice-activated receiver) will

translate human interaction into binary code for the CPU to
process and store. Every output device (printer, speakers, monitors,
etc.) will take binary data and translate it back into human
recognizable form. Within the computer itself, all data is processed
and stored as binary.

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters,

numbers and special characters with bits. A commonly used code is
 the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).
With ASCII, each character is represented by eight bits. For
example:

Capital letter: A = 01000001

Number: 9 = 00111001

Special character: # = 00100011

Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of letters and

numbers, is known as a byte.

Codes can be used to represent almost any type of information

digitally including computer data, graphics, photos, voice, video,
and music.

1.2.3 Common Methods of Data Transmission

After the data is transformed into a series of bits, it must be

converted into signals that can be sent across the network media to
its destination. Media refers to the physical medium on which the
signals are transmitted. Examples of media are copper wire, fiber-
optic cable, and electromagnetic waves through the air. A signal
consists of electrical or optical patterns that are transmitted from
one connected device to another. These patterns represent the
digital bits (i.e. the data) and travel across the media from source
to destination as either a series of pulses of electricity, pulses of
light, or radio waves. Signals may be converted many times before
ultimately reaching the destination, as corresponding media
changes between source and destination.

There are three common methods of signal transmission used in

networks:

 Electrical signals - Transmission is achieved by representing data

as electrical pulses on copper wire.

 Optical signals - Transmission is achieved by converting the

electrical signals into light pulses.

 Wireless signals - Transmission is achieved by using infrared,

microwave, or radio waves through the air.
 Click Play in the figure to see an animation of the three types of
signal transmissions.

In most homes and small businesses, network signals are

transmitted across copper wires (cables) or Wi-Fi enabled wireless
connections. Larger networks employ fiber-optic cables in order to
reliably carry signals for longer distances.

1.3 Bandwidth and Throughput

1.3.1 Bandwidth
Streaming a movie or playing a multiplayer game requires reliable,
fast connections. To support these “high bandwidth” applications,
networks have to be capable of transmitting and receiving bits at a
very high rate.
Different physical media support the transfer of bits at different
speeds. The rate of data transfer is usually discussed in terms of
bandwidth and throughput.
Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital
bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one
place to another in a given amount of time. 1.3 Bandwidth and
Throughput Scroll to begin 100 security Bandwidth is typically
measured in the number of bits that (theoretically) can be sent
across the media in a second. Common bandwidth measurements
are as follows:
Thousands of bits per second (Kbps)
Millions of bits per second (Mbps)
Billions of bits per second (Gbps)

Physical media properties, current technologies, and the laws of

physics all play a role in determining available bandwidth. The
table shows the commonly used units of measure for bandwidth.
1.3.2 Throughput

Like bandwidth, throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits

across the media over a given period of time. However, due to a
number of factors, throughput does not usually match the specified
bandwidth. Many factors influence throughput including:

 The amount of data being sent and received over the connection

 The types of data being transmitted

 The latency created by the number of network devices

encountered between source and destination

Latency refers to the amount of time, including delays, for data to

travel from one given point to another.

Throughput measurements do not take into account the validity or

usefulness of the bits being transmitted and received. Many messages
received through the network are not destined for specific user
applications. An example would be network control messages that
regulate traffic and correct errors.

In an internetwork or network with multiple segments, throughput

cannot be faster than the slowest link of the path from sending device
to the receiving device. Even if all or most of the segments have high
bandwidth, it will only take one segment in the path with lower
bandwidth to create a slowdown of the throughput of the entire
network.

There are many online speed tests that can reveal the throughput of
an internet connection.

1.4 Communications in a Connected World Summary

Network Types - The internet is not owned by any individual or group.
The internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks
(internetwork or internet for short), cooperating with each other to
exchange information using common standards. Through telephone
wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless transmissions, and satellite links,
internet users can exchange information in a variety of forms.

Small home networks connect a few computers to each other and to the
internet. The SOHO network allows computers in a home office or a
remote office to connect to a corporate network, or access centralized,
shared resources. Medium to large networks, such as those used by
corporations and schools, can have many locations with hundreds or
thousands of interconnected hosts. The internet is a network of networks
that connects hundreds of millions of computers world-wide.

There are devices all around that you may interact with on a daily basis
that are also connected to the internet. These include mobile devices
such as smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and smart glasses. Things
in your home can be connected to the internet such as a security system,
appliances, your smart TV, and your gaming console. Outside your home
there are smart cars, RFID tags, sensors and actuators, and even medical
devices which can be connected.

Data Transmission

The following categories are used to classify types of personal data:

 Volunteered data - This is created and explicitly shared by

individuals, such as social network profiles. This type of data might
include video files, pictures, text, or audio files.

 Observed data - This is captured by recording the actions of

individuals, such as location data when using cell phones.

 Inferred data - This is data such as a credit score, which is based

on analysis of volunteered or observed data.

The term bit is an abbreviation of “binary digit” and represents the

smallest piece of data. Each bit can only have one of two possible values,
0 or 1.

There are three common methods of signal transmission used in

networks:

 Electrical signals - Transmission is achieved by representing data

as electrical pulses on copper wire.
  Optical signals - Transmission is achieved by converting the
electrical signals into light pulses.

 Wireless signals - Transmission is achieved by using infrared,

microwave, or radio waves through the air.

Bandwidth and Throughput

Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital bandwidth

measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a
given amount of time. Bandwidth is typically measured in the number of
bits that (theoretically) can be sent across the media in a second.
Common bandwidth measurements are as follows:

Thousands of bits per second (Kbps)

Millions of bits per second (Mbps)

Billions of bits per second (Gbps)

Throughput does not usually match the specified bandwidth. Many

factors influence throughput including:

The amount of data being sent and received over the connection

The latency created by the number of network devices encountered

between source and destination

Latency refers to the amount of time, including delays, for data to travel
from one given point to another.

MODULE 2

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Clients and Servers

2.1.2 Client and Server Roles

All computers connected to a network that participate directly in

network communication are classified as hosts. Hosts can send and
receive messages on the network. In modern networks, computer
hosts can act as a client, a server, or both, as shown in the figure.
The software installed on the computer determines which role the
computer plays.
Servers are hosts that have software installed which enable them
to provide information, like email or web pages, to other hosts on
the network. Each service requires separate server software. For
example, a host requires web server software in order to provide
web services to the network. Every destination that you visit online
is provided to you by a server located somewhere on a network that
is connected to the global internet. Clients are computer hosts that
have software installed that enables the hosts to request and
display the information obtained from the server. An example of
client software is a web browser, such as Internet Explorer, Safari,
Mozilla Firefox, or Chrome.
2.1.3 Peer-to-Peer Networks

Client and server software usually run on separate computers, but

it is also possible for one computer to run both client and server
software at the same time. In small businesses and homes, many
computers function as the servers and clients on the network. This
type of network is called a peer-to-peer (P2P) network.

The simplest P2P network consists of two directly connected

computers using either a wired or wireless connection. Both
computers are then able to use this simple network to exchange
data and services with each other, acting as either a client or a
server as necessary.

Multiple PCs can also be connected to create a larger P2P network,

but this requires a network device, such as a switch, to
interconnect the computers.

The main disadvantage of a P2P environment is that the

performance of a host can be slowed down if it is acting as both a
client and a server at the same time. The figure lists some of the
advantages and disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks.

In larger businesses, because of the potential for high amounts of

network traffic, it is often necessary to have dedicated servers to
support the number of service requests.

The advantages and disadvantages of P2P networking are

summarized in the figure.
The advantages of peer-to-peer networking:

 Easy to set up

 Less complex

 Lower cost because network devices and dedicated servers may

not be required

 Can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and

sharing printers

The disadvantages of peer-to-peer networking:

 No centralized administration

 Not as secure

 Not scalable

 All devices may act as both clients and servers which can slow
their performance

2.1.4 Peer-to-Peer Applications

A P2P application allows a device to act as both a client and a

server within the same communication, as shown in the figure. In
this model, every client is a server and every server is a client. P2P
applications require that each end device provide a user interface
and run a background service.

Some P2P applications use a hybrid system where resource sharing

is decentralized, but the indexes that point to resource locations
are stored in a centralized directory. In a hybrid system, each peer
 accesses an index server to get the location of a resource stored on
another peer.

Both clients can simultaneously send and receive messages.

2.1.5 Multiple Roles in the Network

A computer with server software can provide services

simultaneously to one or many clients, as shown in the figure.

Additionally, a single computer can run multiple types of server

software. In a home or small business, it may be necessary for one
computer to act as a file server, a web server, and an email server.

A single computer can also run multiple types of client software.

There must be client software for every service required. With
multiple clients installed, a host can connect to multiple servers at
the same time. For example, a user can check email and view a web
page while instant messaging and listening to internet radio.
2.2 Network Components

2.2.2 Network Infrastructure

The path that a message takes from its source to destination can be as
simple as a single cable connecting one computer to another, or as
complex as a network that literally spans the globe. This network
infrastructure is the platform that supports the network. It provides
the stable and reliable channel over which our communications can
occur.

The network infrastructure contains three categories of hardware

components, as shown in the figure:

 End devices

 Intermediate devices

 Network media

Devices and media are the physical elements, or hardware, of the

network. Hardware is often the visible components of the network
platform such as a laptop, PC, switch, router, wireless access point, or
the cabling used to connect the devices. Occasionally, some
components may not be so visible. In the case of wireless media,
messages are transmitted through the air using invisible radio
frequencies or infrared waves.

Make a list of the network infrastructure components installed in your

home network. Include the cables or wireless access points that
provide your network connections.

2.2.3 End Devices

The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end
devices, or hosts. These devices form the interface between users and
the underlying communication network.

Some examples of end devices are as follows:

 Computers (workstations, laptops, file servers, web servers)

 Network printers

 Telephones and teleconferencing equipment

 Security cameras

 Mobile devices (such as smart phones, tablets, PDAs, and wireless

debit/credit card readers and barcode scanners)

An end device (or host) is either the source or destination of a

message transmitted over the network, as shown in the animation. In
order to uniquely identify hosts, addresses are used. When a host
initiates communication, it uses the address of the destination host to
specify where the message should be sent.

2.3 ISP Connectivity Options

2.3.1 ISP Services

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides the link between the home
network and the internet. An ISP can be the local cable provider, a
landline telephone service provider, the cellular network that provides
your smartphone service, or an independent provider who leases
bandwidth on the physical network infrastructure of another company.

Many ISPs also offer additional services to their contract subscribers,

as shown in the figure. These services can include email accounts,
network storage, and website hosting and automated backup or
security services.

ISPs are critical to communications across the global internet. Each

ISP connects to other ISPs to form a network of links that interconnect
users all over the world. ISPs are connected in a hierarchical manner
that ensures that internet traffic generally takes the shortest path
from the source to the destination.

The

internet backbone is like an information super highway that provides

high-speed data links to connect the various service provider networks
in major metropolitan areas around the world. The primary medium
that connects the internet backbone is fiber-optic cable. This cable is
typically installed underground to connect cities within continents.
Fiber-optic cables also run under the sea to connect continents,
countries, and cities.
2.3.2 ISP Connections

The interconnection of ISPs that forms the backbone of the internet is

a complex web of fiber-optic cables with expensive networking
switches and routers that direct the flow of information between
source and destination hosts. Average home users are not aware of
the infrastructure outside of their network. For a home user,
connecting to the ISP is a fairly uncomplicated process.

The top portion of the figure displays the simplest ISP connection
option. It consists of a modem that provides a direct connection
between a computer and the ISP. This option should not be used
though, because your computer is not protected on the internet.

As shown in the bottom portion of the figure, a router is required to

securely connect a computer to an ISP. This is the most common
connection option. It consists of using a wireless integrated router to
connect to the ISP. The router includes a switch to connect wired
hosts and a wireless AP to connect wireless hosts. The router also
provides client IP addressing information and security for inside hosts.

2.3.3 Cable and DSL Connections

Most home network users do not connect to their service providers

with fiber-optic cables. The figure illustrates common connection
options for small office and home users. The two most common
methods are as follows:

 Cable - Typically offered by cable television service providers, the

internet data signal is carried on the same coaxial cable that
delivers cable television. It provides a high bandwidth, always on,
connection to the internet. A special cable modem separates the
internet data signal from the other signals carried on the cable and
provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.

 DSL - Digital Subscriber Line provides a high bandwidth, always

on, connection to the internet. It requires a special high-speed
modem that separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal
and provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
DSL runs over a telephone line, with the line split into three
channels. One channel is used for voice telephone calls. This
channel allows an individual to receive phone calls without
disconnecting from the internet. A second channel is a faster
download channel, used to receive information from the internet.
The third channel is used for sending or uploading information.
This channel is usually slightly slower than the download channel.
The quality and speed of the DSL connection depends mainly on
the quality of the phone line and the distance from the central
office of your phone company The farther you are from the central
office, the slower the connection.
2.3.4 Additional Connectivity Options

Other ISP connection options for home users include the following:

Cellular internet access uses a cell phone network to connect.

Wherever you can get a cellular signal, you can get cellular internet
access. Performance will be limited by the capabilities of the phone
and the cell tower to which it is connected. The availability of cellular
internet access is a real benefit for people in areas that would
otherwise have no internet connectivity at all, or for people who are
constantly on the move. The downside of cellular connectivity is that
the carrier usually meters the bandwidth usage of the connection and
may charge extra for bandwidth that exceeds the contract data plan.

Satellite service is a good option for homes or offices that do not have
access to DSL or cable. Satellite dishes (see figure) require a clear
line of sight to the satellite and so might be difficult in heavily wooded
areas or places with other overhead obstructions. Speeds will vary
depending on the contract, though they are generally good.
Equipment and installation costs can be high (although check the
provider for special deals), with a moderate monthly fee thereafter.
Like cellular access, the availability of satellite internet access is a
real benefit in areas that would otherwise have no internet
connectivity at all.

Dial-up Telephone - An inexpensive option that uses any phone line

and a modem. To connect to the ISP, a user calls the ISP access phone
number. The low bandwidth provided by a dial-up modem connection
is usually not sufficient for large data transfer, although it is useful for
mobile access while traveling. A modem dial-up connection should
only be considered when higher speed connection options are not
available.

In metropolitan areas, many apartments and small offices are being

connected directly with fiber-optic cables. This enables an internet
service provider to provide higher bandwidth speeds and support
more services such as internet, phone, and TV.

Module 3

3.1 Wireless Networks

3.1.3 Other Wireless Networks

In addition to the GSM and 4G/5G transmitters and receivers,

smartphones make connections in a variety of ways.

Global Positioning System

The GPS uses satellites to transmit signals that cover the globe. The
smartphone can receive these signals and calculate the phone’s
location to an accuracy of within 10 meters.

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi transmitters and receivers located within the smartphone enable

the phone to connect to local networks and the internet. In order to
receive and send data on a Wi-Fi network, the phone needs to be
within the range of the signal from a wireless network access point.
Wi-Fi networks are usually privately owned but often provide guest or
public access hotspots. A hotspot is an area where Wi-Fi signals are
available. Wi-Fi network connections on the phone are similar to the
network connections on a laptop computer.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a low-power, shorter range wireless technology that is

intended to replace wired connectivity for accessories such as
speakers, headphones, and microphones. Bluetooth can also be used
to connect a smartwatch to a smartphone. Because Bluetooth
technology can be used to transmit both data and voice, it can be used
to create small local networks. Bluetooth is wireless technology that
allows devices to communicate over short distances. Multiple devices
can be connected at the same time with Bluetooth.
 The figure shows a smartphone with the Cisco logo connecting to a
smart watch via Bluetooth.

NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless communication

technology that enables data to be exchanged by devices that are in
very close proximity to each other, usually less than a few centimeters.
For example, NFC can be used to connect a smartphone and a
payment system. NFC uses electromagnetic fields to transmit data.

3.2 Mobile Device Connectivity

3.2.1 Mobile Devices and Wi-Fi

Mobile devices give us the freedom to work, learn, play, and

communicate wherever we want. People using mobile devices do not
need to be tied to a physical location to send and receive voice, video,
and data communications. In addition, wireless facilities, such as
internet cafes, are available in many countries. College campuses use
wireless networks to allow students to sign up for classes, watch
lectures, and submit assignments in areas where physical connections
to the network are unavailable. With mobile devices becoming more
powerful, many tasks that needed to be performed on large computers
connected to physical networks can now be completed using mobile
devices on wireless networks.

Almost all mobile devices are capable of connecting to Wi-Fi networks.

It is advisable to connect to Wi-Fi networks when possible because
data used over Wi-Fi does not count against the cellular data plan.
Also, because Wi-Fi radios use less power than cellular radios,
connecting to Wi-Fi networks conserves battery power. Like other Wi-
Fi-enabled devices, it is important to use security when connecting to
Wi-Fi networks. These precautions should be taken to protect Wi-Fi
communications on mobile devices:

 Never send login or password information using unencrypted text

(plaintext).

 Use a VPN connection when possible if you are sending sensitive

data.

 Enable security on home networks.

 Use WPA2 or higher encryption for security.

3.2.2 Wi-Fi Settings

Two of the most popular operating systems for mobile devices are
Android and Apple iOS. Each operating system has settings that enable
you to configure your device to connect to wireless networks.

To connect an Android or iOS device when it is within the coverage range

of a Wi-Fi network, turn on Wi-Fi and the device then searches for all
available Wi-Fi networks and displays them in a list. Touch a Wi-Fi
network in the list to connect. Enter a password if needed.

When a mobile device is out of the range of the Wi-Fi network, it

attempts to connect to another Wi-Fi network in range. If no Wi-Fi
networks are in range, the mobile device connects to the cellular data
network. When Wi-Fi is on, it will automatically connect to any Wi-Fi
network that it has connected to previously. If the network is new, the
mobile device either displays a list of available networks that can be used
or asks if it should connect to it.

3.2.3 Configure Mobile Wi-Fi Connectivity

If your mobile device does not prompt to connect to a Wi-Fi network, the
network SSID broadcast may be turned off, or the device may not be set
to connect automatically. Manually configure the Wi-Fi settings on the
mobile device. Remember that SSIDs and passphrases must be typed
exactly as entered on the wireless router setup or the device will not
connect properly, as shown in the figure. SSID is the name assigned to a
wireless network. Passphrase is what we normally use as the “wireless
password”.
To connect to a Wi-Fi network manually on an Android device, follow
these steps:
Step 1. Select Settings > Add network.
Step 2. Enter the network SSID.
Step 3. Touch Security and select a security type.
Step 4. Touch Password and enter the password.
Step 5. Touch Save.

Operating systems for mobile devices are updated frequently and may
be customized by the device manufacturer. The commands listed
above may not be exactly the same on your device. There are online
manuals for every type of device which are usually accessible from the
website of the manufacturer.

To connect to a Wi-Fi network manually on an iOS device, follow these

steps:
Step 1. Select Settings > Wi-Fi > Other.
Step 2. Enter the network SSID.
Step 3. Touch Security and select a security type.
Step 4. Touch Other Network.
Step 5. Touch Password and enter the password.
Step 6. Touch Join.

3.2.4 Configure Cellular Data Settings

Cellular data plans are offered by most cell phone carriers, but the
bandwidth limitations and charges for usage vary widely by carrier,
and by plan within carriers. As a result, many mobile device users only
use their cellular data plans when Wi-Fi service is not available.

Android Cellular Data

To turn on or off cellular data on an Android device, as shown in the

figure, use the following path:

Settings > touch More under Wireless and Networks

> touch Mobile Networks > touch Data enabled

OS Cellular Data

To turn on or off cellular data on an iOS device, as shown in the figure,

use the following path:

Settings > Cellular Data > turn cellular data on or off

Mobile devices are preprogrammed to use a Wi-Fi network for

internet if one is available and the device can connect to the access
 point and receive an IP address. If no Wi-Fi network is available, the
device uses the cellular data capability if it is configured. Most of the
time, transitions from one network to another are not obvious to the
user. For example, as a mobile device moves from an area of 4G
coverage to 3G coverage, the 4G radio shuts off and turns on the 3G
radio. Connections are not lost during this transition.

3.2.6 Simple Connectivity with Bluetooth

Mobile devices connect using many different methods. Cellular and Wi-Fi
can be difficult to configure, and require extra equipment such as towers
and access points. Cable connections are not always practical when
connecting headsets or speakers. Bluetooth technology provides a simple
way for mobile devices to connect to each other and to wireless
accessories. Bluetooth is wireless, automatic, and uses very little power,
which helps conserve battery life. Up to eight Bluetooth devices can be
connected together at any one time.

These are some examples of how devices use Bluetooth:

 Hands-free headset - A small earpiece with a microphone can be

used for making and receiving calls.

 Keyboard or mouse - A keyboard or mouse can be connected to a

mobile device to make input easier.

 Stereo control - A mobile device can connect to a home or car

stereo to play music.

 Car speakerphone - A device that contains a speaker and a

microphone can be used for making and receiving calls.

 Tethering - A mobile device can connect to another mobile device

or computer to share a network connection. Tethering can also be
performed with a Wi-Fi connection or a cable connection such as
USB.

 Mobile speaker - Portable speakers can connect to mobile devices

to provide high-quality audio without a stereo system.

3.2.7 Bluetooth Pairing

Bluetooth pairing occurs when two Bluetooth devices establish a

connection to share resources. In order for the devices to pair, the
Bluetooth radios are turned on, and one device begins searching for
other devices. Other devices must be set to discoverable mode, also
called visible, so that they can be detected. When a Bluetooth device is in
discoverable mode, it transmits the following information when another
Bluetooth device requests it:

 Name

 Bluetooth class

 Services that the device can use

 Technical information, such as the features or the Bluetooth

specification that it supports

During the pairing process, a personal identification number (PIN) may

be requested to authenticate the pairing process. The PIN is often a
number, but can also be a numeric code or passkey. The PIN is stored
using pairing services, so it does not have to be entered the next time the
device tries to connect. This is convenient when using a headset with a
smart phone, because they are paired automatically when the headset is
turned on and within range.

To pair a Bluetooth device with an Android device, follow these steps:

Step 1. Follow the instructions for your device to place it in discoverable

mode.

Step 2. Check the instructions for your device to find the connection
PIN.

Step 3. Select Settings > Wireless and networks.

Step 4. Touch Bluetooth to turn it on.

Step 5. Touch the Bluetooth tab.

Step 6. Touch Scan for devices.

Step 7. Touch the discovered device to select it.

Step 8. Type the PIN.

Step 9. Touch the device name again to connect to it.

To pair a Bluetooth device with an iOS device, follow these steps:

Step 1. Follow the instructions for your device to place it in discoverable

mode.

Step 2. Check the instructions for your device to find the connection
PIN.

Step 3. Select Settings > Bluetooth.

Step 4. Touch Bluetooth to turn it on.

Step 5. Touch the discovered device to select it.

Step 6. Type the PIN.

Remember that mobile device operating systems are updated frequently.

Always refer to the documentation of the manufacturer for your specific
model device for the latest command reference.

3.2.8 Explore Your Network Settings on Your Mobile Device

Now that you have reviewed the steps to configure and verify your Wi-Fi,
cellular, and Bluetooth access, explore these settings on your own phone.
If you have access to a Bluetooth device, like headphones or a speaker,
connect it to your phone. Notice that you can be using all three of these
wireless services simultaneously, each serving a different role. You could
be listening to music (Bluetooth), researching on the internet (Wi-Fi), and
receiving text messages (cellular).