What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reaction? Glue, examples.

butt

todglua muinimum

Ans(a) Exothermic reaction - chemical reactions narin Which energy is evolved (or given out)
are known as exothermic reaction.

104

dj (g)

Exo-

c(s) + O2(g)

(02(g) + 393.7

KJ

(6) Endothermic reaction:- Reactions in which energy are is absorbed duosing the process. 29
called endothermic reactions) (iii)

Exo- ((s) +25(s) (s₂(1)-92KJ.

What happens when zinc granules react with hydrochloric acid & write the word equation.

28.

Zinc + Hydrochloric acid zinc chloride + Hydrogen gas.

word equation - Zinc + Hydrochloric acid → zine chloride + Hydrogen

What are indicators? Give two examples.

Indicators are substances that Show acidic or basic nature by colour change.

Example &
Litmus, Turmeric

29.

why should curd and Sour Substances not be Kept in brass or copper vessels?

→ Berause adds react with metals (like brass or Copper) and corrode them, forming salts and
hydrogen gas.

30.

What is a auta neutralisation reaction? Give one example

Neutralisation is a reaction between an add and a base to form Salt and water.

Example HCI + NaOH → Nacı + H₂O.

What happens when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

Acid + Metal carbonate Salt + Water + carbon dioxide

Example:- HCI + CaCO3 → CaCl2+H2O + CO2.

32. Define the term "PH Scale" what is its range.

PH Scale is a Scale that measures hydrogen ion concentration.

its range is O to 14.

33. Why is the pH of stomach acid important?

pH of stomach acid is important for digation of "food and killing harmful microbes.

34. What are olfactory indicators ? Give an example.

→ Olfactory Indicators are substances whose smell changes in acidic or basic medium.

Example
onion, vanillasit the abbo

35. How does the pH of the soil affect plant growth?

be different PH of Soil affects plant growth because plants require specific pH range for proper
absorption of nutrients.

How is common salt obtained from Seawater?

Common Salt is obtained from Sea water by evaporation of water, I water, leaving behind Salt
Crystals

37. State two uses of sodium bicarbonate

Two uses of Sodium bicarbonate

Used in baking as baking powder

Used in antadds to neutralize excess Stomach acid

38. What happens when plaster of Paris is mixed with water?

Plaster of Paris + water→ Solid mass) Gypsum(hard

CaSo4.H2O+ 1 + H₂O CaSO4.2H₂C

39 Name two acids used in industry and their uses.

Two acids and their uses.

Hydrochloric acid: Used in cleaning Metals

Sulphuric acid: used in car batteries.

Explain the reaction of an arld with a base with an example

When an acid reacts with a base, it forms Salt and water. This is called neutralisation.

Example

HCL + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

This reaction is important in our daily life, like using Antacids to neutralise excess Stomach aad

41. What is the chemical name, formula, and one use of baking Soda?

Baking Soda o chemical Name - Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Formula NaHCO3.

one

use - It is used in baking powder to make cakes soft and fluffy because it releases CO2 gas
when heated.

why are acid-base reactions called neutralization reaction Give one example.

Acid + base reactions are called neutralisation reactions te because the acidic nature (Htions)
and basic nature (Orions) cancel each other to form neutral products - Salt and water.

Example

H₂ Soy + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

43.

Differentiate between strong and Weak acids with examples

Ans

Stronge acids (HCI, H₂SO₄) produa more Ht ions in solution, while weak acids (acetic acid, citric
acid) produce fewer ions. oto
44.

Explain the importance of pH in everyday life with two example.

Ans

PH is very important in daily life.

Exal

Toothpaste has basic pH to neutralise acids in the mouth.

Exa2

Farmers test soil pH to check if it is Suitable for crops. Thus, pH plays a Vital ole in health,
agriculture and and environment.

write two point of Differences between Arteries and veins.

Artery

Vein

1.

It carries blood 14 It carries Blood from organs from the neart to the neart. to Different organspa

2. The Glood flows 2.7 The blood flow at low at high pressure pressure

032

How much work is done in moving a change. of 2c across two point having a potential
Difference 12V.

The work done in moving a charge of ec across a potential Difference of 12v is 24 Joules.

0=20
V= 12V

W= OxV

[W=2×12=24

work = charge X Voltage.

write down the characteristics of field lines

axound abar magnet

→→→

The magnetic field line: core imaginary line uses to repeterent magntic field.

outside the magnetic field line emerge from the North pole and enter the south. pole

No two magnetic field line intersect, each other.

Inside the magnetic they love from the South pole to North pole."

The closer the field, the stronger the... magnetic.

034

Difference Between Biotic and Abiotic factors.

Blotic factors.

Abiotic factors

I. All living organisms. of an ecosystem are included In the biotic factors.

14 All NON-living organisms of an ecosystem are included in the add abiotic factors.

2.

All producer, consumer, Decomposers are biotic factors.

a) Define magnetia field and magnetic field. lines.

(b) Draw the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

→(a

) The region around a magnet ara current Carrying conductor in which ites magnetic, force can
be felt is called a magnetic field.

) List the properties of Magnetic field lines.

(6) when does an electric short circuit occurs.

Ans(a) Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines uses to orepresent the magnetic field.

They form closed and continuos curves. outside a magnetic, field liner emerge from the North
pole and enter the south pole.

Inside the magnetic field lines interrsect each other.

No two magnetic field lines intersect each other

Inside the magnet, they move from south pole to North pole.

The closer the field lines, the stronger is the magnetic.

(6)

. An electric short circuit occurs when. the live (phase) wire and neutral wire touch each other
directly.

Explain internal structure of heart with the help. of neat and labelled diagram

→ⅰ)

Right Atrium (RA)

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through vena cava.

(ii) Right Ventricle (PA)

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery

Giⅲ

) Left Atrium (LA)

Receives oxygenated blood from Lungs through pulmonary veins.

(iv) Left ventricle (LV).

pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body.. through aortasuner

Has the thickest wall.

what do you meant by almospherto vefraction.

Atmosphenia oufraction is the bending of light rrays when they pass through different layous of
the Earth's atmosphere due to change in als density.

Twinkling of start.

advance Sunrise and debyeol Sunset.

59

Explain with experiement.

Megnetic field due to a current through a conductor

magnetic field from current curriting conductor involves placing a compass Hear" a wise connect
to battery, the compass needle deflants, proving electricity creates magnetism, a phenomenon
observed. by Deesed with field farming concentric drcle around wire, changing direction with
arcuit and weakening with distance Visualized using iron fillings.

what are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and hotenotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic nutrition

Hetretrophila nutrition

(i)

It is seen in groen plants and some bacteria.

(i) It is seen in animals and fungi

ii) Food is Synthesis by using inorganic substance Co2 and H2O.

iⅱ) Food is obtained from other organic.

(iii

) photo syrithesis is the essential process in this. mode of nutrition.

iii) Digestion of food is the essential process in this mode of nutrition.

paper 2

50.

write names of different parts of human female reproductive System and explain any of its four
Differont parts.

parts of human female reproductive System are:

(1) Ovary

ⅱ) Ovidoct

ii) Uterus

iv) Cervix

v) Vagina.

Different between Soap and detergent

Soap
detergent

(i) They are Sodium Fatty acids. salts of long chain

(i) These are Sodium or acid of hydrocarbons. pottasium salt of Sulphonic

(ii) soap cannot be used with hard water

(ii) They work well with both hard & Soft water.

(iii) They are Fully biodegradable. bemuse they contain lineam

(iii) They core non-biodeg biodegradable, because they contain cross.

(iv) They take time to dissolve in Water

(iv) They dissolve Faster in water.

((v) Detergents do not from Scum.

47(a)

tropnaton bag gen nowed thawita is nutrition? write the typer of nutrition. What is nutrition?

Nutrition: A process to transfer a source of energy food outside the body of the organism to the
inside is called nutrition.

Types of Nutrition

Autotrophic Nutrition

Heterotrophic Nutrition..

b) Explain the nutrition in Amoeba.

→. In camoeba food is taken in by the entire Surface

Amoeba uses finger lithe extension which fuse over the particle forming food vacuole.
Inside the food vacuole complex substances aто broken down in to Simpler ones which then
diffuse in to the cytoplasm.

The remaining undigested food is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.

54. Explain the formation of ozone layer, uses af ozone layer and now to protect ozone layer.
Also one or three points:

→ Formation of the ozone layer

from the sun split oxygen (i) ultraviolet (ur) rays of molecules (O2) into individual oxygen atoms.

(ii) These free oxygen atoms combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone (03)

(iii) This process/occurs mainly in the stratosphere forming the ozone layer.

* uses of ozone layers.

(i) It absorbs harmful ultraviolet (wv) radiation. from the sun

(ii) It protects humans from skin cancer, eye damage, and weak immune systems.

* protection of the ozone layer.

(i) use eco-friendly and ozone-safe products and technologies..

(ii) properly service and dispose of refrigerators and air conditioner..

54. Mention three food wet and show trophic level explain food chain.

Three food web..

(i) Grassland food web grass deer lion-grass rabbit fox → lion

(ii)

Pond food web-algae smallfish big fish bird

Giil forest food web-trees insects birds Snake eagle.

* Trophic level.g

(1) First trophic level- producers (green plants, algae).

(ii) Second trophic level-primary consumers. ) (nerbivorer)

(ii) Third trophic level- Secondary consumato (carnivores).

(iv) fourth trophic level - tertiary consumers. (Top carnivores).

54 what is trophis level.

→ Trophic level are the tops Steps or positions in a food chain that Show energy flows from one
organismto another.

(i) Trophic levels are the feeding level In a food .chginal

(ii) producers from the first trophic level

(iiil Herbivores and carnivores occupy Higher trophic level..

54. Explain flows of an evergy man ecosystem.

→(1)

sun producers: plants capture solar energy and make food.

(2) producers

primary consumers:- Herbivore get penergy by eating plants.

3) primary secondary consumers: cam

carnivores get energy by eating herbivoren.

(3) Balanced chemical Equations. alanced chemical fet ban

lie

(15

(il A chemical equation in which number of atoms of each element is equal on bath Gidestin
torna tot

buolio

((i) It follows Law of conservation of mass.

(4). preparation and uses of washing Soda

washing soda is chemically called sodium carbonate.

* pereparation.

002-lumna?

i) It is prepared from baking soda. ii) Baking soda is neated to form ⅱ) Sodium carbonate.

(HOLD) K004 +000

(iii) The product is Dissolved in water and Grystals of washing soda are obtained.

pridsom stidw

* Uses

(i) used in washing clothes.

(ii) used in manufacture of glass and Soap.

(iii) used to Remove perrmanent hardness of water

(iv) used in cleaning agent.

54)(a) Information about ptt Scale...

→PH Scale.

(1) PH Scale measures acidity of a solution. 00 basinity

(2). It range from Oto 14

(3) pH less than 7 → Acidic Solution.

(4) Lower PH mean stronger acid

(6) Importance of pH.....

1. In stomach: excess acid causes indigention. and acidity.

2. In agriculture :- Soil ptt is important for good crop production.

3. Acid raing- It damager plant and buildings!!!.

6.) preparation and uses of Bleaching powder

Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chiosine, gas over dory slated, lime,"

11

preparation : 14 of

1. Chlorine reacts with slaked lime

2. Bleaching powderct is formed as amit white powder

(c

* uses
1. Used in Bleaching cotton and elinen.s anit

2. used in swimming pools.

mo troig opamnn t rogomon to onion bioA 3. used for disin disinfecting drinking water.

(7) Note on Baking Soda.

Baking Soda is chemically known as Sodium nyarogen carbonate

*preparationis

1. It is preparad from common salt

2. It is obtained during manufactura of washing Soda.

* uses

1. Used in Baking powder to make cakes Soft.

2. Used as antacid to voduce acidity.

(8) prevention of corrosioni. "

NA

1. painting

the metal surface

2. oiling and greasing

Alloying..

(10) what is an alloy !

→

An alloy is a mixture of two or more Metals vor a metals and NON-Metal.

(i) Alloys are made to improve strength and Gresistance to corrusion.

11) Homologous series

A Homologus Series is a group of organic compounds having

(i) Same functional group.

(iⅱ). Similar neminal properties.

(iii) Difference of - CH₂ group between Successive members.

(12)

what is @Lymptt?

→ Lymph is a colour less fluid Similar to blood plasma.

= * functions &

1. Carrier digestad fats from intestine.

2. Transport oxygen and nutrients

3. Helps in fightings infections.

(13) Human Digestive system.

til The digestive system Breaks down food into small soluble forms.

(ii) In small intestine, food is completely Digested and absorbed.

(iii) Large intestine absorbs waters and waste is Gromoved as faeces.

(14) what is control and coordination.

→1) control and coordination is the process. by which organisms (respond to changes. in
environment

2). In humans, nervos system and hormone control body activities.