58 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: WAVES AND PHASORS

Chapter 1 Summary
Concepts
• Electromagnetics is the study of electric and magnetic • Electromagnetics consists of three branches:
phenomena and their engineering applications.
(1) electrostatics, which pertains to stationary charg-
• The International System of Units consists of the six
es,
fundamental dimensions listed in Table 1-1. The units
of all other physical quantities can be expressed in (2) magnetostatics, which pertains to dc currents, and
terms of the six fundamental units.
(3) electrodynamics, which pertains to time-varying
• The four fundamental forces of nature are nuclear,
currents.
weak-interaction, electromagnetic, and gravitational
forces. • A traveling wave is characterized by a spatial wave-
• The source of the electric field quantities E and D length λ , a time period T , and a phase velocity
is the electric charge q. In a material, E and D up = λ /T .
are related by D = ε E, where ε is the elec- • An electromagnetic (EM) wave consists of oscillating
trical permittivity of the material. In free space, electric and magnetic field intensities and
√ travels in free
ε = ε0 ≈ (1/36π ) × 10−9 (F/m). space at the velocity of light: c = 1/ ε0 µ0 . The EM
• The source of the magnetic field quantities B and H is spectrum encompasses gamma rays, X-rays, visible
the electric current I. In a material, B and H are related light, infrared waves, and radio waves.
by B = µ H, where µ is the magnetic permeability of • Phasor analysis is a useful mathematical tool for solv-
the medium. In free space, µ = µ0 = 4π × 10−7 (H/m). ing problems involving time-periodic sources.

Mathematical and Physical Models

Electric field due to charge q in free space Complex numbers
q
E = R̂ • Euler’s identity
4πε0 R2
e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ
Magnetic field due to current I in free space • Rectangular-polar relations
µ0 I
B = φ̂φ x = |z| cos θ , y = |z| sin θ ,
2π r p+ 2
|z| = x + y , 2 θ = tan−1 (y/x)
Plane wave y(x,t) = Ae−α x cos(ω t − β x + φ0)
• α = 0 in lossless medium
ω Phasor-domain equivalents
• phase velocity up = f λ = β
• ω = 2π f ; β = 2π /λ See Table 1-5
• φ0 = phase reference

PROBLEMS (a) p(x,t) versus x at t = 0,

Section 1-4: Traveling Waves (b) p(x,t) versus t at x = 0.
Be sure to use appropriate scales for x and t so that each of
∗ 1.1 A harmonic wave traveling along a string is generated your plots covers at least two cycles.
by an oscillator that completes 360 vibrations per minute. If it
is observed that a given crest, or maximum, travels 300 cm in ∗ 1.3 A 2 kHz sound wave traveling in the x direction in air
10 s, what is the wavelength? was observed to have a differential pressure p(x,t) = 30 N/m2
1.2 For the pressure wave described in Example 1-1, plot at x = 0 and t = 25 µ s. If the reference phase of p(x,t) is 36◦ ,
find a complete expression for p(x,t). The velocity of sound in
∗ Answer(s) available in Appendix E. air is 330 m/s.
 PROBLEMS 59

Important Terms Provide definitions or explain the meaning of the following terms:
angular velocity ω EM spectrum phase
attenuation constant α Euler’s identity phase constant (wave number) β
attenuation factor forcing function phase lag and lead
Biot–Savart law fundamental dimensions phase velocity (propagation
complex conjugate instantaneous function velocity) up
complex number law of conservation of electric charge phasor
conductivity σ LCD plane wave
constitutive parameters liquid crystal principle of linear superposition
continuous periodic wave lossless or lossy medium reference phase φ0
Coulomb’s law magnetic field intensity H relative permittivity or
dielectric constant magnetic flux density B dielectric constant εr
dynamic magnetic force SI system of units
electric dipole magnetic permeability µ static
electric field intensity E magnetostatics transient wave
electric flux density D microwave band velocity of light c
electric polarization monochromatic wave amplitude
electrical force nonmagnetic materials wave frequency f
electrical permittivity ε perfect conductor wave period T
electrodynamics perfect dielectric waveform
electrostatics periodic wavelength λ

1.4 A wave traveling along a string is given by the wall, a reflected wave y2 (x,t) is generated. Hence, at any
location on the string, the vertical displacement ys is the sum
y(x,t) = 2 sin(4π t + 10π x) (cm), of the incident and reflected waves:
where x is the distance along the string in meters and y is
the vertical displacement. Determine: (a) the direction of wave ys (x,t) = y1 (x,t) + y2(x,t).
travel, (b) the reference phase φ0 , (c) the frequency, (d) the
wavelength, and (e) the phase velocity. (a) Write an expression for y2 (x,t), keeping in mind its
1.5 Two waves, y1 (t) and y2 (t), have identical amplitudes direction of travel and the fact that the end of the string
and oscillate at the same frequency, but y2 (t) leads y1 (t) by cannot move.
a phase angle of 60◦ . If (b) Generate plots of y1 (x,t), y2 (x,t) and ys (x,t) versus x over
the range −2λ ≤ x ≤ 0 at ω t = π /4 and at ω t = π /2.
y1 (t) = 4 cos(2π × 103t),
write the expression appropriate for y2 (t) and plot both func-
tions over the time span from 0 to 2 ms. y
∗ 1.6 The height of an ocean wave is described by the function Incident wave

y(x,t) = 1.5 sin(0.5t − 0.6x) (m). x

Determine the phase velocity and the wavelength, and then
sketch y(x,t) at t = 2 s over the range from x = 0 to x = 2λ .
x=0
1.7 A wave traveling along a string in the +x-direction is
given by Figure P1.7 Wave on a string tied to a wall at x = 0
y1 (x,t) = A cos(ω t − β x), (Problem 1.7).
where x = 0 is the end of the string, which is tied rigidly to
a wall, as shown in Fig. P1.7. When wave y1 (x,t) arrives at
 60 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: WAVES AND PHASORS

1.8 Two waves on a string are given by the following func- (a) Find the frequency, wavelength, and phase velocity of the
tions: wave.
(b) At z = 4 m, the amplitude of the wave was measured to
y1 (x,t) = 4 cos(20t − 30x) (cm)
be 2 V. Find α .
y2 (x,t) = −4 cos(20t + 30x) (cm) ∗ 1.14 A certain electromagnetic wave traveling in seawater
where x is in centimeters. The waves are said to interfere was observed to have an amplitude of 98.02 (V/m) at a depth
constructively when their superposition |ys | = |y1 + y2 | is a of 10 m, and an amplitude of 81.87 (V/m) at a depth of 100 m.
maximum, and they interfere destructively when |ys | is a What is the attenuation constant of seawater?
minimum. 1.15 A laser beam traveling through fog was observed to
∗ (a) What are the directions of propagation of waves y (x,t)
1 have an intensity of 1 (µ W/m2 ) at a distance of 2 m from
and y2 (x,t)? the laser gun and an intensity of 0.2 (µ W/m2 ) at a distance
(b) At t = (π /50) s, at what location x do the two waves of 3 m. Given that the intensity of an electromagnetic wave is
interfere constructively, and what is the corresponding proportional to the square of its electric-field amplitude, find
value of |ys |? the attenuation constant α of fog.
(c) At t = (π /50) s, at what location x do the two waves
interfere destructively, and what is the corresponding Section 1-5: Complex Numbers
value of |ys |?
1.9 Give expressions for y(x,t) for a sinusoidal wave trav- 1.16 Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by
eling along a string in the negative x-direction, given that
z1 = 3 − j2
ymax = 40 cm, λ = 30 cm, f = 10 Hz, and
(a) y(x, 0) = 0 at x = 0, z2 = −4 + j3
(b) y(x, 0) = 0 at x = 3.75 cm.
(a) Express z1 and z2 in polar form.
∗ 1.10 Given two waves characterized by
(b) Find |z1 | by first applying Eq. (1.41) and then by applying
Eq. (1.43).
y1 (t) = 3 cos ω t
∗ (c) Determine the product z z in polar form.
y2 (t) = 3 sin(ω t + 60◦), 1 2
(b) Determine the ratio z1 /z2 in polar form.
does y2 (t) lead or lag y1 (t) and by what phase angle? (c) Determine z31 in polar form.
1.11 The vertical displacement of a string is given by the 1.17 Evaluate each of the following complex numbers and
harmonic function: express the result in rectangular form:
y(x,t) = 4 cos(16π t − 20π x) (m), (a) z1 = 8e jπ /3
∗ (b) z = √3 e j3π /4
2
where x is the horizontal distance along the string in meters.
Suppose a tiny particle were attached to the string at x = 5 cm. (c) z3 = 2e− jπ /2
Obtain an expression for the vertical velocity of the particle as (d) z4 = j3
a function of time. (e) z5 = j−4
∗ 1.12 An oscillator that generates a sinusoidal wave on a
(f) z6 = (1 − j)3
string completes 40 vibrations in 50 s. The wave peak is
(g) z7 = (1 − j)1/2
observed to travel a distance of 1.4 m along the string in 5 s.
What is the wavelength? 1.18 Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by
1.13 The voltage of an electromagnetic wave traveling on a
transmission line is given by z1 = −3 + j2
z2 = 1 − j2
υ (z,t) = 5e−α z sin(4π × 109t − 20π z) (V),
Determine (a) z1 z2 , (b) z1 /z∗2 , (c) z21 , and (d) z1 z∗1 , all in polar
where z is the distance in meters from the generator.
form.
 PROBLEMS 61

1.19 If z = −2 + j4, determine the following quantities in (c) I˜ = j (A)

polar form: (e) I˜ = 2e jπ /6 (A)
(a) 1/z,
1.27 Find the phasors of the following time functions:
(b) z3 ,
(a) υ (t) = 6 cos(ω t − π /6) (V)
∗ (c) |z|2 ,
(b) υ (t) = 12 sin(ω t − π /4) (V)
(d) Im{z}, (c) i(x,t) = 5e−2x sin(ω t + π /6) (A)
(e) Im{z∗ }. ∗ (d) i(t) = −2 cos(ω t − 3π /4) (A)
1.20 Find complex numbers t = z1 + z2 and s = z1 − z2 , both (e) i(t) = 4 sin(ω t + π /3) + 7 cos(ω t − π /6) (A)
in polar form, for each of the following pairs:
1.28 A series RLC circuit is connected to a generator with a
(a) z1 = 2 + j3 and z2 = 1 − j2,
voltage υs (t) = V0 cos(ω t + π /3) (V).
(b) z1 = 3 and z2 = j3,
◦
(a) Write the voltage loop equation in terms of the current
(c) z1 = 3∠ 30◦ and z2 = 3∠−30 , i(t), R, L, C, and vs (t).
∗ (d) z = 3∠ 30◦ and z = 3∠−150◦ .
1 2 (b) Obtain the corresponding phasor-domain equation.
1.21 Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by (c) Solve the equation to obtain an expression for the phasor
e
current I.
◦
z1 = 5∠−60
1.29 The voltage source of the circuit shown in Fig. P1.29 is
z2 = 4∠45◦ . given by

(a) Determine the product z1 z2 in polar form. vs (t) = 25 cos(4 × 104t − 45◦) (V).
(b) Determine the product z1 z∗2 in polar form. Obtain an expression for iL (t), the current flowing through the
(c) Determine the ratio z1 /z2 in polar form. inductor.
(d) Determine the ratio z∗1 /z∗2 in polar form.
√
(e) Determine z1 in polar form.
∗ 1.22 If z = 3 + j5, find the value of ln(z). R1 i A
iR2 iL
1.23 If z = 3e jπ /6 , find the value of ez . +
1.24 If z = 3 − j4, find the value of ez . υs(t) R2 L
−
Section 1-6: Phasors
∗ 1.25 A voltage source given by R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 30 Ω, L = 0.4 mH

υs (t) = 25 cos(2π × 103t − 30◦) (V) Figure P1.29 Circuit for Problem 1.29.

is connected to a series RC load as shown in Fig. 1-20. If

R = 1 MΩ and C = 200 pF, obtain an expression for υc (t),
the voltage across the capacitor.
1.26 Find the instantaneous time sinusoidal functions corre-
sponding to the following phasors:
(a) Ve = −5e jπ /3 (V)
(b) Ve = j6e− jπ /4 (V)
(c) Ie = (6 + j8) (A)
∗ (d) I˜ = −3 + j2 (A)
CONCEPTS 135

Chapter 2 Summary
Concepts
• A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a by the load. The sum of the two waves generates a
generator to a load. EM waves traveling on the line may standing-wave pattern with a period of λ /2. The volt-
experience ohmic power losses, dispersive effects, and age standing-wave ratio S, which is equal to the ratio
reflections at the generator and load ends of the line. of the maximum to minimum voltage magnitude on the
These transmission-line effects may be ignored if the line, varies between 1 for a matched load (ZL = Z0 ) to ∞
line length is much shorter than λ . for a line terminated in an open circuit, a short circuit,
• TEM transmission lines consist of two conductors that or a purely reactive load.
can support the propagation of transverse electromag- • The input impedance of a line terminated in a short cir-
netic waves characterized by electric and magnetic cuit or open circuit is purely reactive. This property can
fields that are transverse to the direction of propagation. be used to design equivalent inductors and capacitors.
TEM lines may be represented by a lumped-element • The fraction of the incident power delivered to the load
model consisting of four line parameters (R′ , L′ , G′ , by a lossless line is equal to (1 − |Γ|2).
and C ′ ) whose values are specified by the specific line • The Smith chart is a useful graphical tool for ana-
geometry, the constitutive parameters of the conductors lyzing transmission-line problems and for designing
and of the insulating material between them, and the impedance-matching networks.
angular frequency ω . • Matching networks are placed between the load and
• Wave propagation on a transmission line, which is the feed transmission line for the purpose of elimi-
represented by the phasor voltage Ve (z) and associated nating reflections toward the generator. A matching
e
current I(z), is governed by the propagation constant network may consist of lumped elements in the form
of the line, γ = α + jβ , and its characteristic impe- of capacitors and/or inductors, or it may consist of
dance Z0 . Both γ and Z0 are specified by ω and the four sections of transmission lines with appropriate lengths
line parameters. and terminations.
• If R′ = G′ = 0, the line becomes lossless (α = 0). A • Transient analysis of pulses on transmission lines can
lossless line is generally nondispersive, meaning that be performed using a bounce-diagram graphical tech-
the phase velocity of a wave is independent of the nique that tracks reflections at both the load and gener-
frequency. ator ends of the transmission line.
• In general, a line supports two waves, an incident wave
supplied by the generator and another wave reflected
136 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

Mathematical and Physical Models

TEM Transmission Lines Lossless Line
L′C ′ = µε α =0
′ √
G σ β = ω L′C ′
= r
C′ ε
L′
p  Z0 =
C′
α = Re(γ ) = Re (R′ + jω L′ )(G′ + jω C ′ ) (Np/m)
p  1
up = √ (m/s)
β = Im(γ ) = Im (R′ + jω L′ )(G′ + jω C ′ ) (rad/m) µε
s
R′ + jω L′ R′ + jω L′ up c 1 λ0
Z0 = = (Ω) λ= = √ =√
γ G′ + j ω C ′ f f εr εr

zL − 1 θr λ nλ
Γ= dmax = +
zL + 1 4π 2

Step Function Transient Response θr λ (2n + 1)λ

dmin = +
4π 4
Vg Z0
V1+ =
Rg + Z0 1 + |Γ|
S=
Vg RL 1 − |Γ|
V∞ =
Rg + RL
|V0+ |2
Rg − Z0 Pav = [1 − |Γ|2]
Γg = 2Z0
Rg + Z0
RL − Z0
ΓL =
RL + Z0
PROBLEMS 137

Important Terms Provide definitions or explain the meaning of the following terms:
admittance Y matched transmission line standing wave
air line matching network standing-wave pattern
attenuation constant α microstrip line surface resistance Rs
bounce diagram normalized impedance susceptance B
characteristic impedance Z0 normalized load reactance xL SWR circle
coaxial line normalized load resistance rL telegrapher’s equations
complex propagation constant γ open-circuited line TEM transmission lines
conductance G optical fiber time-average power Pav
current maxima and minima parallel-plate line transient response
dispersive transmission line perfect conductor transmission-line parameters
distortionless line perfect dielectric two-wire line
effective relative permittivity εeff phase constant β unit circle
guide wavelength λ phase opposition voltage maxima and minima
higher-order transmission lines phase-shifted reflection voltage reflection coefficient Γ
impedance matching coefficient Γd voltage standing-wave ratio
in-phase quarter-wave transformer (VSWR or SWR) S
input impedance Zin short-circuited line wave equations
load impedance ZL single-stub matching wave impedance Z(d)
lossless line slotted line waveguide
lumped-element model Smith chart WTG and WTL

PROBLEMS
R' ∆z L' ∆z R' ∆z L' ∆z
Sections 2-1 to 2-4: Transmission-Line Model i(z, t) 2 2 2 2 i(z + ∆z, t)
+ +
2.1 A two-wire copper transmission line is embedded in a
dielectric material with εr = 2.6 and σ = 2 × 10−6 S/m. Its
wires are separated by 3 cm and their radii are 1 mm each. υ(z, t) G' ∆z C' ∆z υ(z + ∆z, t)
(a) Calculate the line parameters R′ , L′ , G′ , and C′ at 2 GHz.
(b) Compare your results with those based on CD Module − −
2.1. Include a printout of the screen display. ∆z
2.2 A transmission line of length l connects a load to a
sinusoidal voltage source with an oscillation frequency f . Figure P2.3 Transmission line model.
Assuming the velocity of wave propagation on the line is c, for
which of the following situations is it reasonable to ignore the
presence of the transmission line in the solution of the circuit?
∗ (a) l = 30 cm, f = 20 kHz,
(b) l = 50 km, f = 60 Hz,
∗ (c) l = 30 cm, f = 600 MHz,
∗ 2.4 A 1 GHz parallel-plate transmission line consists of 2.4
(d) l = 2 mm, f = 100 GHz.
cm wide copper strips separated by a 0.3 cm thick layer
2.3 Show that the transmission line model shown in Fig. P2.3 of polystyrene. Appendix B gives µc = µ0 = 4π × 10−7
yields the same telegrapher’s equations given by Eqs. (2.14) (H/m) and σc = 5.8 × 107 (S/m) for copper, and εr = 2.6 for
and (2.16). polystyrene. Use Table 2-1 to determine the line parameters
of the transmission line. Assume µ = µ0 and σ ≈ 0 for
∗ Answer(s) available in Appendix E. polystyrene.
 138 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

2.5 For a parallel-plate transmission line, the line parameters possible to choose the dimensions of the line and its material
are given by: properties so as to satisfy the condition

R′ = 2 (Ω/m), R′C ′ = L′ G′ (distortionless line).

′
L = 335 (nH/m),
Such a line is called a distortionless line because despite the
′
G = 0, fact that it is not lossless, it does nonetheless possess the
C′ = 344 (pF/m). previously mentioned features of the loss line. Show that for
a distortionless line,
Find α , β , up , and Z0 at 1 GHz. r r
′ C′ √ ′ ′ √ L′
2.6 A coaxial line with inner and outer conductor diameters α =R = RG , β = ω L′C ′ , Z0 = .
of 0.5 cm and 1 cm, respectively, is filled with an insulating L′ C′
material with εr = 4.5 and σ = 10−3 S/m. The conductors are
made of copper. ∗ 2.14 For a distortionless line [see Problem 2.13] with Z =
0
(a) Calculate the line parameters at 1 GHz. 50 Ω, α = 10 (mNp/m), up = 2.5 × 108 (m/s), find the line
(b) Compare your results with those based on CD Module parameters and λ at 100 MHz.
2.2. Include a printout of the screen display.
2.15 Find α and Z0 of a distortionless line whose R′ = 8 Ω/m
∗ 2.7 Find α , β , u , and Z for the coaxial line of Problem and G′ = 2 × 10−4 S/m.
p 0
2.6. Verify your results by applying CD Module 2.2. Include a ∗ 2.16 A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has
printout of the screen display.
Z0 = 40 Ω, α = 0.01 (Np/m), and β = 0.75 rad/m. Find the
2.8 Find α , β , up , and Z0 for the two-wire line of Problem line parameters R′ , L′ , G′ , and C ′ .
2.1. Compare results with those based on CD Module 2.1.
∗ 2.17 Polyethylene with ε = 2.25 is used as the insulating
Include a printout of the screen display. r
material in a lossless coaxial line with characteristic impe-
2.9 A lossless microstrip line uses a 1 mm wide conducting dance of 50 Ω. The radius of the inner conductor is 1.2 mm.
strip over a 1 cm thick substrate with εr = 2.5. Determine
the line parameters, εeff , Z0 , and β at 10 GHz. Compare your (a) What is the radius of the outer conductor?
results with those obtained by using CD Module 2.3. Include a (b) What is the phase velocity of the line?
printout of the screen display.
2.18 Using a slotted line, the voltage on a lossless transmis-
∗ 2.10 Use CD Module 2.3 to design a 100 Ω microstrip
sion line was found to have a maximum magnitude of 1.5 V
transmission line. The substrate thickness is 1.8 mm and its and a minimum magnitude of 0.5 V. Find the magnitude of the
εr = 2.3. Select the strip width w, and determine the guide load’s reflection coefficient.
wavelength λ at f = 5 GHz. Include a printout of the screen
display. 2.19 A 50-Ω lossless transmission line is terminated in a load
with impedance ZL = (30 − j50) Ω. The wavelength is 8 cm.
2.11 A 50-Ω microstrip line uses a 0.6-mm alumina substrate Find:
with εr = 9. Use CD Module 2.3 to determine the required strip
width w. Include a printout of the screen display. (a) the reflection coefficient at the load,
(b) the standing-wave ratio on the line,
2.12 Generate a plot of Z0 as a function of strip width w,
over the range from 0.05 mm to 5 mm, for a microstrip line (c) the position of the voltage maximum nearest the load,
fabricated on a 0.7-mm–thick substrate with εr = 9.8. (d) the position of the current maximum nearest the load.
(e) Verify quantities in parts (a)–(d) using CD Module 2.4.
Sections 2-6 and 2-7: Lossless Line and Wave Impedance Include a printout of the screen display.
2.13 In addition to not dissipating power, a lossless line 2.20 A 300-Ω lossless air transmission line is connected to a
has two important features: (1) it is dispertionless (µp is complex load composed of a resistor in series with an inductor,
independent of frequency) and (2) its characteristic impedance as shown in Fig. P2.20. At 5 MHz, determine: (a) Γ, (b) S,
Z0 is purely real. Sometimes, it is not possible to design a (c) location of voltage maximum nearest to the load, and (d)
transmission line such that R′ ≪ ω L′ and G′ ≪ ω C ′ , but it is location of current maximum nearest to the load.
 PROBLEMS 139

R = 600 Ω
RL = 75 Ω
Z0 = 300 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω
L = 0.02 mH C=?

Figure P2.20 Circuit for Problem 2.20. Figure P2.26 Circuit for Problem 2.26.

2.21 Using a slotted line, the following results were ob- Fig. P2.28. Find Γ, S, and Zin . Verify your results using CD
tained: distance of first minimum from the load = 4 cm; Modules 2.4 or 2.5. Include a printout of the screen’s output
distance of second minimum from the load = 14 cm; voltage display.
standing-wave ratio = 1.5. If the line is lossless and Z0 = 50 Ω,
find the load impedance.
l = 0.35λ
∗ 2.22 On a 150 Ω lossless transmission line, the following
observations were noted: distance of first voltage minimum
from the load = 3 cm; distance of first voltage maximum from Zin Z0 = 100 Ω ZL = (60 + j30) Ω
the load = 9 cm; S = 2. Find ZL .
∗ 2.23 A load with impedance Z = (50 − j50) Ω is to be
L
connected to a lossless transmission line with characteristic
impedance Z0 , with Z0 chosen such that the standing-wave Figure P2.28 Circuit for Problem 2.28.
ratio is the smallest possible. What should Z0 be?
2.24 A 50 Ω lossless line terminated in a purely resistive load ∗ 2.29 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, a lossless 50 Ω
has a voltage standing-wave ratio of 2. Find all possible values air-spaced transmission line 2.5 m in length is terminated with
of ZL .
an impedance ZL = (40 + j20) Ω. Find the input impedance.
2.25 Apply CD Module 2.4 to generate plots of the voltage 2.30 Show that at the position where the magnitude of the
standing-wave pattern for a 50 Ω line terminated in a load voltage on the line is a maximum, the input impedance is
impedance ZL = (100 − j50) Ω. Set Vg = 1 V, Zg = 50 Ω, purely real.
εr = 2.25, l = 40 cm, and f = 1 GHz. Also determine S, dmax ,
and dmin . 2.31 A 6 m section of 150 Ω lossless line is driven by a
source with
2.26 A 50 Ω lossless transmission line is connected to a
load composed of a 75 Ω resistor in series with a capacitor vg (t) = 5 cos(8π × 107t − 30◦) (V)
of unknown capacitance (Fig. P2.26). If at 10 MHz the
voltage standing wave ratio on the line was measured to be 3, and Zg = 150 Ω. If the line, which has a relative permittivity
determine the capacitance C. εr = 2.25, is terminated in a load ZL = (150 − j50) Ω, deter-
mine:
Section 2-8: Wave and Input Impedance (a) λ on the line.
∗ (b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
2.27 Show that the input impedance of a quarter-
wavelength–long lossless line terminated in a short circuit (c) The input impedance.
appears as an open circuit. (d) The input voltage Vei .
2.28 A lossless transmission line of electrical length (e) The time-domain input voltage vi (t).
l = 0.35λ is terminated in a load impedance as shown in (f) Quantities in (a) to (d) using CD Modules 2.4 or 2.5.
 140 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

2.32 A voltage generator with

υg (t) = 5 cos(2π × 109t) V

and internal impedance Zg = 50 Ω is connected to a 50 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω ZL = (30 − j20) Ω

lossless air-spaced transmission line. The line length is
5 cm and the line is terminated in a load with impedance
ZL = (100 − j100) Ω. Determine:
∗ (a) Γ at the load.
(a)
(b) Zin at the input to the transmission line.
(c) The input voltage V ei and input current I˜i .
dmax
(d) The quantities in (a)–(c) using CD Modules 2.4 or 2.5.
2.33 Two half-wave dipole antennas, each with an impe-
dance of 75 Ω, are connected in parallel through a pair of
transmission lines, and the combination is connected to a feed Z0 = 50 Ω R ZL = (30 − j20) Ω
transmission line, as shown in Fig. P2.33.
Zi

λ (b)
0.2 75 Ω
0.3λ (Antenna) Figure P2.34 Circuit for Problem 2.34.
Zin1
Zin
Zin2
∗ 2.35 For the lossless transmission line circuit shown in
Fig. P2.35, determine the equivalent series lumped-element
0.2 75 Ω
λ circuit at 400 MHz at the input to the line. The line has a
(Antenna) characteristic impedance of 50 Ω and the insulating layer has
εr = 2.25.
Figure P2.33 Circuit for Problem 2.33.

All lines are 50 Ω and lossless.

∗ (a) Calculate Z , the input impedance of the antenna-
in1
terminated line, at the parallel juncture. Zin Z0 = 50 Ω 75 Ω
(b) Combine Zin1 and Zin2 in parallel to obtain ZL′ , the effec-
tive load impedance of the feedline.
(c) Calculate Zin of the feedline.
1.2 m
2.34 A 50-Ω lossless line is terminated in a load impedance
ZL = (30 − j20) Ω. Figure P2.35 Circuit for Problem 2.35.
(a) Calculate Γ and S.
(b) It has been proposed that by placing an appropriately
selected resistor across the line at a distance dmax from Section 2-8: Special Cases
the load (as shown in Fig. P2.34(b)), where dmax is the
distance from the load of a voltage maximum, then it is
possible to render Zi = Z0 , thereby eliminating reflection
∗ 2.36 A lossless transmission line is terminated in a short
back to the end. Show that the proposed approach is valid circuit. How long (in wavelengths) should the line be for it
and find the value of the shunt resistance. to appear as an open circuit at its input terminals?
 PROBLEMS 141

2.37 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, it is desired to ∗ (a) Compute Z , the input impedance of the line at the
in
use a section of a lossless 50 Ω transmission line terminated generator end.
in a short circuit to construct an equivalent load with reactance
X = 40 Ω. If the phase velocity of the line is 0.75c, what is (b) Compute Iei and Vei .
the shortest possible line length that would exhibit the desired (c) Compute the time-average power delivered to the line,
reactance at its input? Verify your results using CD Module Pin = 12 Re[Vei Iei∗ ].
2.5.
(d) Compute V eL , IeL , and the time-average power delivered to
2.38 The input impedance of a 36 cm long lossless transmis-
sion line of unknown characteristic impedance was measured the load, PL = 12 Re[VeL IeL∗ ]. How does Pin compare to PL ?
at 1 MHz. With the line terminated in a short circuit, the Explain.
measurement yielded an input impedance equivalent to an (e) Compute the time-average power delivered by the gener-
inductor with inductance of 0.064 µ H, and when the line was ator, Pg , and the time-average power dissipated in Zg . Is
open-circuited, the measurement yielded an input impedance conservation of power satisfied?
equivalent to a capacitor with capacitance of 40 pF. Find Z0 of
the line, the phase velocity, and the relative permittivity of the 2.43 If the two-antenna configuration shown in Fig. P2.43
insulating material. eg = 250 V and
(next page) is connected to a generator with V
∗ 2.39 A 75 Ω resistive load is preceded by a λ /4 section Zg = 50 Ω, how much average power is delivered to each
of a 50 Ω lossless line, which itself is preceded by another antenna?
λ /4 section of a 100-Ω line. What is the input impedance? ∗ 2.44 For the circuit shown in Fig. P2.44, calculate the
Compare your result with that obtained through two successive
applications of CD Module 2.5. average incident power, the average reflected power, and the
average power transmitted into the infinite 100-Ω line. The
2.40 A 100-MHz FM broadcast station uses a 300-Ω trans- λ /2 line is lossless and the infinitely long line is slightly lossy.
mission line between the transmitter and a tower-mounted (Hint: The input impedance of an infinitely long line is equal
half-wave dipole antenna. The antenna impedance is 73 Ω. You to its characteristic impedance so long as α 6= 0.)
are asked to design a quarter-wave transformer to match the
antenna to the line.
(a) Determine the electrical length and characteristic impe- 50 Ω λ/2
dance of the quarter-wave section.
(b) If the quarter-wave section is a two-wire line with +
D = 2.5 cm, and the wires are embedded in polystyrene 2V Z0 = 50 Ω Z1 = 100 Ω

8
with εr = 2.6, determine the physical length of the
−
quarter-wave section and the radius of the two wire
conductors. i t
Pav Pav
2.41 A 50 Ω lossless line of length l = 0.375λ connects a 300 r
MHz generator with Veg = 300 V and Zg = 50 Ω to a load ZL . Pav
Determine the time-domain current through the load for:
(a) ZL = (50 − j50) Ω Figure P2.44 Circuit for Problem 2.44.
∗ (b) Z = 50 Ω
L
(c) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
For (a), verify your results by deducing the information you 2.45 The circuit shown in Fig. P2.45 consists of a
need from the output products generated by CD Module 2.4. 100-Ω lossless transmission line terminated in a load with
ZL = (50 + j100) Ω. If the peak value of the load voltage was
Section 2-9: Power Flow on Lossless Line measured to be |VeL | = 12 V, determine:
∗ (a) the time-average power dissipated in the load,
2.42 A generator with Veg = 300 V and Zg = 50 Ω is con-
nected to a load ZL = 75 Ω through a 50-Ω lossless line of (b) the time-average power incident on the line,
length l = 0.15λ . (c) the time-average power reflected by the load.
142 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

λ/2 ZL1 = 75 Ω
(Antenna 1)
50 Ω λ/2 e2
Lin
+ A C
250 V Zin Line 1
−
B D Lin
e3
Generator
λ/2 ZL2 = 75 Ω
(Antenna 2)

Figure P2.43 Antenna configuration for Problem 2.43.

(e) Γ = 0
Rg
(f) Γ = j
2.48 Use the Smith chart to find the reflection coefficient
+
~ corresponding to a load impedance of
Vg Z0 = 100 Ω ZL = (50 + j100) Ω
(a) ZL = 3Z0
− ∗ (b) Z = (2 − j2)Z
L 0
(c) ZL = − j2Z0
Figure P2.45 Circuit for Problem 2.45. (d) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
2.49 Repeat Problem 2.48 using CD Module 2.6.
∗ 2.50 Use the Smith chart to determine the input impedance
2.46 An antenna with a load impedance
Zin of the two-line configuration shown in Fig. P2.50.
ZL = (75 + j25) Ω 2.51 Repeat Problem 2.50 using CD Module 2.6.

is connected to a transmitter through a 50-Ω lossless trans- 2.52 A lossless 50 Ω transmission line is terminated in a
mission line. If under matched conditions (50-Ω load) the load with ZL = (50 + j25) Ω. Use the Smith chart to find the
transmitter can deliver 20 W to the load, how much power can following:
it deliver to the antenna? Assume that Zg = Z0 . (a) The reflection coefficient Γ.
∗ (b) The standing-wave ratio.
Section 2-10: Smith Chart (c) The input impedance at 0.35λ from the load.
(d) The input admittance at 0.35λ from the load.
2.47 Use the Smith chart to find the normalized load impe-
dance corresponding to a reflection coefficient of (e) The shortest line length for which the input impedance is
purely resistive.
(a) Γ = 0.5
(f) The position of the first voltage maximum from the load.
(b) Γ = 0.5∠60◦
∗ 2.53 On a lossless transmission line terminated in a load
(c) Γ = −1
◦ ZL = 100 Ω, the standing-wave ratio was measured to be 2.5.
(d) Γ = 0.3∠−30 Use the Smith chart to find the two possible values of Z0 .
 PROBLEMS 143

l1 = 3λ/8 l2 = 5λ/8
C B A

Zin Z01 = 100 Ω Z02 = 50 Ω ZL = (75 − j50) Ω

Figure P2.50 Circuit for Problem 2.50.

2.54 Repeat Problem 2.53 using CD Module 2.6.

∗ 2.55 A lossless 50-Ω transmission line is terminated in a
short circuit. Use the Smith chart to determine: Zin Z0 = 50 Ω 30 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω ZL
(a) The input impedance at a distance 2.3λ from the load.
(b) The distance from the load at which the input admittance
is Yin = − j0.04 S. 0.3λ 0.3λ
2.56 Repeat Problem 2.55 using CD Module 2.6. ZL = (50 + j25) Ω
∗ 2.57 Use the Smith chart to find y if z = 1.5 − j0.7.
L L
Figure P2.63 Circuit for Problem 2.63.
2.58 A lossless 100-Ω transmission line 3λ /8 in length is
terminated in an unknown impedance. If the input impedance
is Zin = − j2.5 Ω, 2.64 Use CD Module 2.7 to design a quarter-wavelength
(a) Use the Smith chart to find ZL . transformer to match a load with ZL = (50 + j10) Ω to a 100
Ω line.
(b) Verify your results using CD Module 2.6.
2.65 Use CD Module 2.7 to design a quarter-wavelength
2.59 A 75-Ω lossless line is 0.6λ long. If S = 1.8 and θr = transformer to match a load with ZL = (100 − j200) Ω to a 50
−60◦, use the Smith chart to find |Γ|, ZL , and Zin . Ω line.
2.60 Repeat Problem 2.59 using CD Module 2.6. 2.66 A 200-Ω transmission line is to be matched to a
∗ 2.61 Using a slotted line on a 50-Ω air-spaced lossless computer terminal with ZL = (50 − j25) Ω by inserting an
appropriate reactance in parallel with the line. If f = 800 MHz
line, the following measurements were obtained: S = 1.6 and
and εr = 4, determine the location nearest to the load at which
|Ve |max occurred only at 10 cm and 24 cm from the load. Use
inserting:
the Smith chart to find ZL .
(a) A capacitor can achieve the required matching, and the
2.62 At an operating frequency of 10 GHz, a 50 Ω lossless value of the capacitor.
coaxial line with insulating material having a relative permit- (b) An inductor can achieve the required matching, and the
tivity εr = 2.25 is terminated in an antenna with an impedance value of the inductor.
ZL = 150 Ω. Use the Smith chart to find Zin . The line length is
30 cm. 2.67 Repeat Problem 2.66 using CD Module 2.8.
2.68 A 50-Ω lossless line is to be matched to an antenna with
Section 2-11: Impedance Matching ZL = (75 − j20) Ω using a shorted stub. Use the Smith chart
to determine the stub length and distance between the antenna
∗ 2.63 A 50-Ω lossless line 0.6λ long is terminated in a load and stub.
with ZL = (50 + j25) Ω. At 0.3λ from the load, a resistor with ∗ 2.69 Repeat Problem 2.68 for a load with
resistance R = 30 Ω is connected as shown in Fig. P2.63. Use
the Smith chart to find Zin . ZL = (100 + j50) Ω.
 144 CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES

2.70 Repeat Problem 2.68 using CD Module 2.9. lossless transmission line with Rg = 50 Ω, Z0 = 50 Ω, and
εr = 4. Determine the following:
2.71 Repeat Problem 2.69 using CD Module 2.9.
(a) The generator voltage.
2.72 Determine Zin of the feed line shown in Fig. P2.72. All (b) The length of the line.
lines are lossless with Z0 = 50 Ω.
(c) The load impedance.

Z1 = (50 + j50) Ω
V(0, t)
λ
0.3 Z1
0.3λ 5V
Zin 3V

t
0 6 μs
0.7
λ
Z2 Figure P2.75 Voltage waveform for Problems 2.75 and 2.79.

Z2 = (50 − j50) Ω 2.76 Generate a bounce diagram for the voltage V (z,t) for a 1
m long lossless line characterized by Z0 = 50 Ω and up = 2c/3
Figure P2.72 Circuit of Problem 2.72. (where c is the velocity of light) if the line is fed by a step
voltage applied at t = 0 by a generator circuit with Vg = 60 V
and Rg = 100 Ω. The line is terminated in a load RL = 25 Ω.
∗ 2.73 Repeat Problem 2.72 for the case where all three trans- Use the bounce diagram to plot V (t) at a point midway along
the length of the line from t = 0 to t = 25 ns.
mission lines are 3λ /4 in length.
2.77 Repeat Problem 2.76 for the current I(z,t) on the line.
2.74 A 25 Ω antenna is connected to a 75 Ω lossless ∗ 2.78 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform
transmission line. Reflections back toward the generator can
be eliminated by placing a shunt impedance Z at a distance l shown in Fig. P2.78 was observed at the sending end of a
from the load (Fig. P2.74). Determine the values of Z and l. shorted line with Z0 = 50 Ω and εr = 2.25. Determine Vg , Rg ,
and the line length.
l=?
V(0, t)
B A
12 V
Z0 = 75 Ω Z=? ZL = 25 Ω

3V
0.75 V
t
0 7 μs 14 μs
Figure P2.74 Circuit for Problem 2.74.
Figure P2.78 Voltage waveform of Problem 2.78.
Section 2-12: Transients on Transmission Lines
2.79 Suppose the voltage waveform shown in Fig. P2.75
2.75 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform was observed at the sending end of a 50-Ω transmission line
shown in Fig. P2.75 was observed at the sending end of a in response to a step voltage introduced by a generator with
 PROBLEMS 145

Vg = 15 V and an unknown series resistance Rg . The line is 2.81 A generator circuit with Vg = 200 V and Rg = 25 Ω was
1 km in length, its velocity of propagation is 2 × 108 m/s, and used to excite a 75 Ω lossless line with a rectangular pulse of
it is terminated in a load RL = 100 Ω. duration τ = 0.4 µ s. The line is 200 m long, its up = 2 × 108
m/s, and it is terminated in a load RL = 125 Ω.
(a) Determine Rg .
(a) Synthesize the voltage pulse exciting the line as the sum
(b) Explain why the drop in level of V (0,t) at t = 6 µ s cannot
of two step functions, Vg1 (t) and Vg2 (t).
be due to reflection from the load.
(b) For each voltage step function, generate a bounce diagram
(c) Determine the shunt resistance Rf and location of the fault
for the voltage on the line.
responsible for the observed waveform.
(c) Use the bounce diagrams to plot the total voltage at the
∗ 2.80 In response to a step voltage, the voltage waveform sending end of the line.
shown in Fig. P2.80 was observed at the midpoint of a 2.82 For the circuit of Problem 2.81, generate a bounce
lossless transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω and up = 1 × 108 diagram for the current and plot its time history at the middle
m/s. Determine: of the line.
(a) the length of the line,
(b) ZL ,
(c) Rg , and
(d) Vg .

V(l/2, t)

12 V

15 21 t (μs)
0
3 9
−3 V

Figure P2.80 Circuit for Problem 2.80.

3-7 LAPLACIAN OPERATOR 179

shown that
Concept Question 3-14: If a vector field is solenoidal
at a given point in space, does it necessarily follow that
∇2 E = ∇(∇ · E) − ∇×
× (∇×
× E). (3.113) the vector field is zero at that point? Explain.

Concept Question 3-15: What is the meaning of the

Concept Question 3-11: What do the magnitude and transformation provided by the divergence theorem?
direction of the gradient of a scalar quantity represent?
Concept Question 3-16: How is the curl of a vector
Concept Question 3-12: Prove the validity of field at a point related to the circulation of the vector field?
Eq. (3.84c) in Cartesian coordinates.
Concept Question 3-17: What is the meaning of the
Concept Question 3-13: What is the physical meaning transformation provided by Stokes’s theorem?
of the divergence of a vector field?
Concept Question 3-18: When is a vector field “con-
servative”?

Chapter 3 Summary
Concepts
• Vector algebra governs the laws of addition, subtrac- change of the scalar function per unit distance, and its
tion, and multiplication of vectors, and vector calculus direction is along the direction of maximum increase.
encompasses the laws of differentiation and integration • The divergence of a vector field is a measure of the net
of vectors. outward flux per unit volume through a closed surface
• In a right-handed orthogonal coordinate system, the surrounding the unit volume.
three base vectors are mutually perpendicular to each • The divergence theorem transforms the volume integral
other at any point in space, and the cyclic relations of the divergence of a vector field into a surface integral
governing the cross products of the base vectors obey of the field’s flux through a closed surface surrounding
the right-hand rule. the volume.
• The dot product of two vectors produces a scalar, • The curl of a vector field is a measure of the circulation
whereas the cross product of two vectors produces of the vector field per unit area ∆s, with the orientation
another vector. of ∆s chosen such that the circulation is maximum.
• A vector expressed in a given coordinate system can be • Stokes’s theorem transforms the surface integral of the
expressed in another coordinate system through the use curl of a vector field into a line integral of the field over
of transformation relations linking the two coordinate a contour that bounds the surface.
systems. • The Laplacian of a scalar function is defined as the
• The fundamental differential functions in vector calcu- divergence of the gradient of that function.
lus are the gradient, the divergence, and the curl.
• The gradient of a scalar function is a vector whose
magnitude is equal to the maximum rate of increasing
 180 CHAPTER 3 VECTOR ANALYSIS

Mathematical and Physical Models

Distance Between Two Points Vector Operators
d = [(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2 ]1/2 ∂T ∂T ∂T
∇T = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ
 1/2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
d = r22 +r12 − 2r1 r2 cos(φ2 −φ1 )+(z2 −z1 )2
 ∂ Ex ∂ Ey ∂ Ez
d = R22 + R21 − 2R1R2 [cos θ2 cos θ1 ∇·E = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
1/2    
+ sin θ1 sin θ2 cos(φ2 − φ1 )] ∂ Bz ∂ By ∂ Bx ∂ Bz
× B = x̂
∇× − + ŷ −
Coordinate Systems Table 3-1 ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
Coordinate Transformations Table 3-2 ∂ By ∂ Bx
+ ẑ −
∂x ∂y
Vector Products
A · B = AB cos θAB ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇2V = + 2 + 2
∂ x2 ∂y ∂z
× B = n̂ AB sin θAB
A×
A ·(B × C) = B ·(C×
× A) = C ·(A×
× B) (see Appendix C for cylindrical
× C) = B(A · C) − C(A · B)
× (B×
A× and spherical coordinates)

Divergence Theorem Stokes’s Theorem

Z Z Z Z
∇ · E dυ = E · ds × B) · ds =
(∇× B · dl
υ S S C

Important Terms Provide definitions or explain the meaning of the following terms:
azimuth angle divergence operator radial distance r
base vectors divergence theorem range R
Cartesian coordinate system divergenceless right-hand rule
circulation of a vector dot product scalar product
conservative field field lines scalar quantity
cross product flux density simple product
curl operator flux lines solenoidal field
cylindrical coordinate system gradient operator spherical coordinate system
differential area vector irrotational field Stokes’s theorem
differential length vector Laplacian operator vector product
differential volume magnitude vector quantity
directional derivative orthogonal coordinate system unit vector
distance vector position vector zenith angle

PROBLEMS (2, −1, 0). Find a unit vector in the direction of A.

Section 3-1: Vector Algebra ∗ 3.3 In Cartesian coordinates, the three corners of a triangle
are P1 = (0, 4, 4), P2 = (4, −4, 4), and P3 = (2, 2, −4). Find the
3.1 Given vectors A = x̂2 − ŷ3 + ẑ, B = x̂2 − ŷ+ ẑ3, and C = area of the triangle.
x̂2 + ŷ1 − ẑ1, show that C is perpendicular to both A and B.
∗ 3.2 Vector A starts at point (1, −1, 3) and ends at point ∗ Answer(s) available in Appendix E.
 PROBLEMS 181

3.4 Given A = x̂2 − ŷ3 + ẑ1 and B = x̂Bx + ŷ2 + ẑBz : Use vector algebra to find the smaller angle between the lines
(a) find Bx and Bz if A is parallel to B; at their intersection point.
(b) find a relation between Bx and Bz if A is perpendicular 3.14 Show that, given two vectors A and B,
to B. (a) the vector C defined as the vector component of B in the
3.5 Given vectors A = x̂ + ŷ2 − ẑ3, B = x̂2 − ŷ4, and C = direction of A is given by
ŷ2 − ẑ4, find the following: A(B · A)
∗ (a) A and â C = â(B · â) = ,
|A|2
(b) The component of B along C where â is the unit vector of A, and
(c) θAC (b) the vector D defined as the vector component of B
(d) A××C perpendicular to A is given by
∗ (e) A ·(B×
× C) A(B · A)
D = B− .
(f) A×× (B×
× C) |A|2
×B
(g) x̂×
∗ (h) (A× ∗ 3.15 A certain plane is described by
× ŷ) · ẑ
3.6 Given A = x̂(x + 2y) − ŷ(y + 3z) + ẑ(3x − y), determine 2x + 3y + 4z = 16.
a unit vector parallel to A at point P = (1, −1, 2).
Find the unit vector normal to the surface in the direction away
3.7 Given vectors A = x̂2 − ŷ + ẑ3 and B = x̂3 − ẑ2, find from the origin.
a vector C whose magnitude is 9 and whose direction is 3.16 Given B = x̂(z − 3y) + ŷ(2x − 3z) − ẑ(x + y), find a unit
perpendicular to both A and B. vector parallel to B at point P = (1, 0, −1).
3.8 By expansion in Cartesian coordinates, prove: ∗ 3.17 Find a vector G whose magnitude is 4 and whose
(a) the relation for the scalar triple product given by (3.29), direction is perpendicular to both vectors E and F, where
and E = x̂ + ŷ 2 − ẑ2 and F = ŷ 3 − ẑ6.
(b) the relation for the vector triple product given by (3.33). 3.18 A given line is described by the equation:
∗ 3.9 Find an expression for the unit vector directed toward the
y = x − 1.
origin from an arbitrary point on the line described by x = 1
and z = −2. Vector A starts at point P1 = (0, 2) and ends at point P2 on the
∗ 3.10 Find a unit vector parallel to either direction of the line line such that A is orthogonal to the line. Find an expression
for A.
described by
2x + z = 6. 3.19 Vector field E is given by
12
3.11 Find an expression for the unit vector directed toward E = R̂ 5R cos θ − θ̂θ sin θ cos φ + φ̂φ3 sin φ .
R
the point P located on the z-axis at a height h above the x–y
plane from an arbitrary point Q = (x, y, −5) in the plane z = Determine the component of E tangential to the spherical
−5. surface R = 3 at point P = (3, 30◦, 60◦ ).
∗ 3.12 A given line is described by 3.20 When sketching or demonstrating the spatial variation
of a vector field, we often use arrows, as in Fig. P3.20, wherein
x + 2y = 4. the length of the arrow is made to be proportional to the
strength of the field and the direction of the arrow is the same
Vector A starts at the origin and ends at point P on the line such as that of the field’s. The sketch shown in Fig. P3.20, which
that A is orthogonal to the line. Find an expression for A. represents the vector field E = r̂r, consists of arrows point-
ing radially away from the origin and their lengths increase
3.13 Two lines in the x–y plane are described by the expres-
linearly in proportion to their distance away from the origin.
sions
Line 1 x + 2y = −6, Using this arrow representation, sketch each of the following
Line 2 3x + 4y = 8. vector fields:
182 CHAPTER 3 VECTOR ANALYSIS

(a) E1 = −x̂y, ∗ (a) P = (1, 2, 0)

1
(b) E2 = ŷx, (b) P2 = (0, 0, 2)
(c) E3 = x̂x + ŷy, (c) P3 = (1, 1, 3)
(d) E4 = x̂x + ŷ2y, ∗ (d) P = (−2, 2, −2)
4
(e) E5 = φ̂φr,
3.24 Convert the coordinates of the following points from
(f) E6 = r̂ sin φ . spherical to cylindrical coordinates:
∗ (a) P = (5, 0, 0)
1
y (b) P2 = (5, 0, π )
(c) P3 = (3, π /2, 0)
3.25 Use the appropriate expression for the differential sur-
E E face area ds to determine the area of each of the following
surfaces:
(a) r = 3; 0 ≤ φ ≤ π /3; −2 ≤ z ≤ 2
(b) 2 ≤ r ≤ 5; π /2 ≤ φ ≤ π ; z = 0
∗ (c) 2 ≤ r ≤ 5; φ = π /4; −2 ≤ z ≤ 2
x (d) R = 2; 0 ≤ θ ≤ π /3; 0 ≤ φ ≤ π
(e) 0 ≤ R ≤ 5; θ = π /3; 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
Also sketch the outlines of each of the surfaces.
3.26 A section of a sphere is described by 0 ≤ R ≤ 2, 0 ≤
θ ≤ 90◦ , and 30◦ ≤ φ ≤ 90◦ . Find:
E E (a) the surface area of the spherical section,
(b) the enclosed volume.
Also sketch the outline of the section.
3.27 Find the volumes described by
Figure P3.20 Arrow representation for vector field E = r̂r
(Problem 3.20). ∗ (a) 2 ≤ r ≤ 5; π /2 ≤ φ ≤ π ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 2
(b) 0 ≤ R ≤ 5; 0 ≤ θ ≤ π /3; 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
3.21 Use arrows to sketch each of the following vector fields: Also sketch the outline of each volume.
(a) E1 = x̂x − ŷy, 3.28 A vector field is given in cylindrical coordinates by
(b) E2 = −φ̂φ,
E = r̂r cos φ + φ̂φr sin φ + ẑz3 .
(c) E3 = ŷ 1x ,
(d) E4 = r̂ cos φ . Point P = (2, π , 3) is located on the surface of the cylinder
described by r = 2. At point P, find:
Sections 3-2 and 3-3: Coordinate Systems (a) the vector component of E perpendicular to the cylinder,
(b) the vector component of E tangential to the cylinder.
3.22 Convert the coordinates of the following points from
cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates: 3.29 At a given point in space, vectors A and B are given in
(a) P1 = (2, π /4, −4), spherical coordinates by
(b) P2 = (3, 0, −4), A = R̂4 + θ̂θ2 − φ̂φ,
(c) P3 = (4, π , 4).
B = −R̂2 + φ̂φ3.
3.23 Convert the coordinates of the following points from
Cartesian to cylindrical and spherical coordinates: Find:
 PROBLEMS 183

(a) the scalar component, or projection, of B in the direction ∗ (c) C = r̂ cos φ − φ̂φ sin φ + ẑcos φ sin φ at
of A, P3 = (2, π /4, 2)
(b) the vector component of B in the direction of A, (d) D = x̂y2 /(x2 + y2 ) − ŷx2 /(x2 + y2) + ẑ4 at
(c) the vector component of B perpendicular to A. P4 = (1, −1, 2)
∗ 3.30 Given vectors
Sections 3-4 and 3-7: Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
Operators
A = r̂(cos φ + 3z) − φ̂φ(2r + 4 sin φ ) + ẑ(r − 2z),
B = −r̂sin φ + ẑcos φ , 3.36 Find the gradient of the following scalar functions:
(a) T = 3/(x2 + z2 )
find
(b) V = xy2 z4
(a) θAB at (2, π /2, 0),
(c) U = z cos φ /(1 + r2)
(b) a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B at (2, π /3, 1).
(d) W = e−R sin θ
3.31 Determine the distance between the following pairs of ∗ (e) S = 4x2 e−z + y3
points:
∗ (a) P = (1, 1, 2) and P = (0, 2, 3) (f) N = r2 cos2 φ
1 2
(g) M = R cos θ sin φ
(b) P3 = (2, π /3, 1) and P4 = (4, π /2, 3)
(c) P5 = (3, π , π /2) and P6 = (4, π /2, π ) 3.37 For each of the following scalar fields, obtain an an-
alytical solution for ∇T and generate a corresponding arrow
3.32 Find the distance between the following pairs of points: representation.
(a) P1 = (1, 2, 3) and P2 = (−2, −3, −2) in Cartesian coordi- (a) T = 10 + x, for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
nates, ∗ (b) T = x2 , for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
(b) P3 = (1, π /4, 3) and P4 = (3, π /4, 4) in cylindrical coor-
dinates, (b) T = 100 + xy, for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
(c) P5 = (4, π /2, 0) and P6 = (3, π , 0) in spherical coordi- (c) T = x2 y2 , for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10
nates. (e) T = 20 + x + y, for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10
3.33 Transform the vector (f) T = 1 + sin(π x/3), for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
∗ (g) T = 1 + cos(π x/3), for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
A = R̂ sin2 θ cos φ + θ̂θ cos2 φ − 3φ̂φ sin φ 
0 ≤ r ≤ 10
(h) T = 15 + r cos φ , for
into cylindrical coordinates and then evaluate it at P = 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π .
(2, π /2, π /2). 
2 0 ≤ r ≤ 10
(i) T = 15 + r cos φ , for
3.34 Transform the following vectors into cylindrical coor- 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π .
dinates and then evaluate them at the indicated points: ∗ 3.38 The gradient of a scalar function T is given by
(a) A = x̂(x + y) at P1 = (1, 2, 3)
(b) B = x̂(y − x) + ŷ(x − y) at P2 = (1, 0, 2) ∇T = ẑe−4z .
∗ (c) C = x̂y2 /(x2 + y2 ) − ŷx2 /(x2 + y2 ) + ẑ4 at
If T = 10 at z = 0, find T (z).
P3 = (1, −1, 2)
∗ 3.39 For the scalar function V = xy2 − z2 , determine its di-
(d) D = R̂ sin θ + θ̂θ cos θ + φ̂φ cos2 φ at
P4 = (2, π /2, π /4) rectional derivative along the direction of vector A = (x̂ − ŷz)
∗ (e) E = R̂ cos φ + θ̂θ sin φ + φ̂φ sin2 θ at P = (3, π /2, π ) and then evaluate it at P = (1, −1, 2).
5
3.40 Follow a procedure similar to that leading to Eq. (3.82)
3.35 Transform the following vectors into spherical coordi-
to derive the expression given by Eq. (3.83) for ∇ in spherical
nates and then evaluate them at the indicated points:
coordinates.
(a) A = x̂y2 + ŷxz + ẑ4 at P1 = (1, −1, 2)
3.41 Evaluate the line integral of E = x̂ x − ŷ y along the
(b) B = ŷ(x2 + y2 + z2 ) − ẑ(x2 + y2 ) at P2 = (−1, 0, 2)
segment P1 to P2 of the circular path shown in Fig. P3.41.
 184 CHAPTER 3 VECTOR ANALYSIS

(b) A = −x̂ sin 2y + ŷcos 2x, for −π ≤ x, y ≤ π

y

P1 = (0, 3)

x
P2 = (−3, 0)

Figure P3.41 Problem 3.41.

∗ 3.42 For the scalar function U = 1

sin2 θ , determine its
R
directional derivative along the range direction R̂ and then Figure P3.44(b)
evaluate it at P = (5, π /4, π /2).
3.43 For the scalar function T = 21 e−r/5 cos φ , determine its (c) A = −x̂ xy + ŷ y2 , for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10
directional derivative along the radial direction r̂ and then
evaluate it at P = (2, π /4, 4).
3.44 Each of the following vector fields is displayed in
Fig. P3.44 in the form of a vector representation. Determine
∇ · A analytically and then compare the result with your
expectations on the basis of the displayed pattern.

(a) A = −x̂ cos x sin y + ŷsin x cos y, for −π ≤ x, y ≤ π

Figure P3.44(c)

(d) A = −x̂ cosx + ŷ sin y, for −π ≤ x, y ≤ π

Figure P3.44(a)

Figure P3.44(d)
PROBLEMS 185

πx

πy

(e) A = x̂ x, for −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 (h) A = x̂ sin 10 + ŷ sin 10 , for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10

Figure P3.44(e) Figure P3.44(h)


(f) A = x̂ xy2 , for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10 0 ≤ r ≤ 10
(i) A = r̂ r + φ̂φ r cos φ , for
0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π .

Figure P3.44(f)
Figure P3.44(i)
(g) A = x̂ xy2 + ŷ x2 y, for −10 ≤ x, y ≤ 10

Figure P3.44(g)
 186 CHAPTER 3 VECTOR ANALYSIS

 Z
0 ≤ r ≤ 10 (b) × E) · ds over the area of the triangle.
(∇×
(j) A = r̂ r2 + φ̂φ r2 sin φ , for
0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π . S
3.51 Repeat Problem 3.50 for the contour shown in Fig.
P3.50(b).
3.52 Verify Stokes’s theorem for the vector field B =
(r̂r cos φ + φ̂φ sin φ ) by evaluating:
Z
(a) B · dl over the semicircular contour shown in
C
Fig. P3.52(a), and
Z
(b) × B) · ds over the surface of the semicircle.
(∇×
S

y y
2
2
Figure P3.44(j) 1
x 0 x
3.45 For the vector field E = x̂xz − ŷyz2 − ẑxy, verify the –2 0 2 1 2
divergence theorem by computing: (a) (b)
(a) the total outward flux flowing through the surface of a
cube centered at the origin and with sides equal to 2 units Figure P3.52 Contour paths for (a) Problem 3.52 and (b)
each and parallel to the Cartesian axes, and Problem 3.53.
(b) the integral of ∇ · E over the cube’s volume.
∗ 3.46 Vector field E is characterized by the following proper- 3.53 Repeat Problem 3.52 for the contour shown in
Fig. P3.52(b).
ties: (a) E points along R̂, (b) the magnitude of E is a function
of only the distance from the origin, (c) E vanishes at the 3.54 Verify Stokes’s Theorem for the vector field A =
origin, and (d) ∇ · E = 6, everywhere. Find an expression for E φ sin θ by evaluating it on the hemisphere of unit
R̂ cos θ + φ̂
that satisfies these properties. radius.
3.47 For the vector field E = r̂10e−r − ẑ3z, verify the diver- 3.55 Verify Stokes’s theorem for the vector field B =
gence theorem for the cylindrical region enclosed by r = 2, (r̂ cos φ + φ̂φ sin φ ) by evaluating:
Z
z = 0, and z = 4.
(a) B · dℓℓ over the path comprising a quarter section of a
∗ 3.48 A vector field D = r̂r3 exists in the region between two C
circle, as shown in Fig. P3.55, and
concentric cylindrical surfaces defined by r = 1 and r = 2, with Z
both cylinders extending between z = 0 and z = 5. Verify the (b) × B) · ds over the surface of the quarter section.
(∇×
divergence theorem by evaluating the following: S
Z
(a) D · ds, y
ZS
(b) ∇ · D dV .
V
(0, 3)
3.49 For the vector field D = R̂3R2 , evaluate both sides of
the divergence theorem for the region enclosed between the L1
spherical shells defined by R = 1 and R = 2.
x
3.50 For the vector field E = x̂xy − ŷ(x2 + 2y2), calculate (−3, 0) L3
Z
(a) E · dl around the triangular contour shown in Fig.
C
P3.50(a), and Figure P3.55 Problem 3.55.
PROBLEMS 187

3.56 Determine if each of the following vector fields is 3.57 Find the Laplacian of the following scalar functions:
solenoidal, conservative, or both: (a) V1 = 10r3 sin 2φ
∗ (a) A = x̂x2 − ŷ2xy
(b) V2 = (2/R2 ) cos θ sin φ
(b) B = x̂x2 − ŷy2 + ẑ2z 3.58 Find the Laplacian of the following scalar functions:
(c) C = r̂(sin φ )/r2 + φ̂φ(cos φ )/r2 (a) V = 4xy2 z3
∗ (d) D = R̂/R

(b) V = xy + yz + zx
r
(e) E = r̂ 3 − 1+r + ẑz ∗ (c) V = 3/(x2 + y2 )
(f) F = (x̂y + ŷx)/(x2 + y2 ) (d) V = 5e−r cos φ
(g) G = x̂(x2 + z2 ) − ŷ(y2 + x2 ) − ẑ(y2 + z2 ) (e) V = 10e−R sin θ
∗ (h) H = R̂(Re−R )
4-11 IMAGE METHOD 233

Solution: In Fig. 4-32, charge Q is at (0, 0, d), and its

Concept Question 4-28: What is the fundamental
image −Q is at (0, 0, −d). From Eq. (4.19), the electric field at
premise of the image method?
point P(x, y, z) due to the two charges is given by the following
equation.
Concept Question 4-29: Given a charge distribution,
what are the various approaches described in this chapter
z for computing the electric field E at a given point in space?
P = (x, y, z)
R1
Exercise 4-19: Use the result of Example 4-17 to find the
Q = (0, 0, d) + surface charge density ρs on the surface of the conducting
R2
plane.
z = 0 plane
Answer: ρs = −Qd/[2π (x2 + y2 + d 2 )3/2 ]. (See EM
.)

–Q = (0, 0, –d) –

Figure 4-32 Application of the image method for finding E at

point P (Example 4-17).

 
1 QR1 −QR2
E= +
4πε0 R31 R32
 
Q x̂x + ŷy + ẑ(z − d) x̂x + ŷy + ẑ(z + d)
= −
4πε0 [x2 + y2 + (z − d)2]3/2 [x2 + y2 + (z + d)2]3/2

for z ≥ 0.

Chapter 4 Summary
Concepts
• Maxwell’s equations are the fundamental tenets of tivities smaller than 10−10 (S/m) often are treated as
electromagnetic theory. perfect dielectrics.
• Under static conditions, Maxwell’s equations separate • Boundary conditions at the interface between two mate-
into two uncoupled pairs with one pair pertaining to rials specify the relations between the normal and
electrostatics and the other to magnetostatics. tangential components of D, E, and J in one of the
• Coulomb’s law provides an explicit expression for the materials to the corresponding components in the other.
electric field due to a specified charge distribution. • The capacitance of a two-conductor body and resis-
• Gauss’s law states that the total electric field flux tance of the medium between them can be computed
through a closed surface is equal to the net charge from knowledge of the electric field in that medium.
enclosed by the surface. • The electrostatic energy density stored in a dielectric
• The electrostatic field E at a point is related to the medium is we = 12 ε E 2 (J/m3 ).
electric potential V at that point by E = −∇V with V • When a charge configuration exists above an infinite,
often being referenced to zero at infinity. perfectly conducting plane, the induced field E is the
• Because most metals have conductivities on the order same as that due to the configuration itself and its image
of 106 (S/m), they are treated in practice as perfect with the conducting plane removed.
conductors. By the same token, insulators with conduc-
234 CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTATICS

Mathematical and Physical Models

Maxwell’s Equations for Electrostatics

Name Differential Form Integral

Z Form
Gauss’s law ∇ · D = ρv D · ds = Q
S
Z
Kirchhoff’s law ×E = 0
∇× E · dl = 0
C

Electric Field
q
Current density J = ρv u Point charge E = R̂
4πε R2
ρv
Poisson’s equation ∇2V = − N
ε 1 qi (R − Ri )
Many point charges E=
4πε ∑ 3
Laplace’s equation ∇2V =0 i=1 |R − Ri |
Z Z
1 ′ ρv d υ ′
− E · dl Volume distribution E= R̂
Resistance R= Z l 4πε υ′ R′2
σ E · ds 1
Z
ρs ds′
S ′
Surface distribution E= R̂
4πε S′ R′2
Boundary conditions Table 4-3
Z Z
1 ′ ρℓ dl ′
ε E · ds Line distribution E= R̂
SZ 4πε l′ R′2
Capacitance C=
− E · dl ρs
l
Infinite sheet of charge E = ẑ
2ε0
ε
RC relation RC = D Dr ρℓ
σ Infinite line of charge E= = r̂ = r̂
ε0 ε0 2πε0 r
Energy density we = 12 ε E 2
qd
Dipole E= (R̂ 2 cos θ + θ̂θ sin θ )
4πε0 R3
Relation to V E = −∇V
 PROBLEMS 235

Important Terms Provide definitions or explain the meaning of the following terms:
boundary conditions electric field intensity E Joule’s law
capacitance C electric flux density D Kirchhoff’s voltage law
charge density electric potential V Laplace’s equation
conductance G electric susceptibility χe linear material
conduction current electron drift velocity ue Ohm’s law
conductivity σ electron mobility µe perfect conductor
conductor electrostatic energy density we perfect dielectric
conservative field electrostatic potential energy We permittivity ε
constitutive parameters electrostatics Poisson’s equation
convection current equipotential polarization vector P
Coulomb’s law Gaussian surface relative permittivity εr
current density J Gauss’s law semiconductor
dielectric breakdown voltage Vbr hole drift velocity uh static condition
dielectric material hole mobility µh superconductor
dielectric strength Eds homogeneous material volume, surface, and line
dipole moment p image method charge densities
electric dipole isotropic material

PROBLEMS ∗ 4.7 If J = R̂5/R (A/m2 ), find I through the surface R = 5 m.

Sections 4-2: Charge and Current Distributions 4.8 A circular beam of charge of radius a consists of elec-
trons moving with a constant speed u along the +z direction.
4.1 Find the total charge contained in a cylindrical volume The beam’s axis is coincident with the z axis and the electron
defined by r ≤ 2 m and 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 m if ρv = 30rz (mC/m3 ). charge density is given by
∗ 4.2 A cube 2 m on a side is located in the first octant in ρv = −cr2 (c/m3 )
a Cartesian coordinate system, with one of its corners at the
origin. Find the total charge contained in the cube if the charge where c is a constant and r is the radial distance from the axis
density is given by ρv = xy2 e−2z (mC/m3 ). of the beam.
∗ (a) Determine the charge density per unit length.
∗ 4.3 Find the total charge contained in a round-top cone
(b) Determine the current crossing the z-plane.
defined by R ≤ 2 m and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π /4, given that
ρv = 30R2 cos2 θ (mC/m3 ). 4.9 An electron beam shaped like a circular cylinder of
radius r0 carries a charge density given by
4.4 If the line charge density is given by ρl = 12y2 (mC/m),  
find the total charge distributed on the y axis from y = −5 to −ρ0
y = 5. ρv = (C/m3 )
1 + r2
4.5 Find the total charge on a circular disk defined by r ≤ a where ρ0 is a positive constant and the beam’s axis is coinci-
and z = 0 if: dent with the z-axis.
(a) ρs = ρs0 cos φ (C/m2 ) (a) Determine the total charge contained in length L of the
(b) ρs = ρs0 sin2 φ (C/m2 ) beam.
(c) ρs = ρs0 e−r (C/m2 ) (b) If the electrons are moving in the +z-direction with
(d) ρs = ρs0 e−r sin2 φ (C/m2 ) uniform speed u, determine the magnitude and direction
where ρs0 is a constant. of the current crossing the z-plane.
4.6 If J = ŷ6xz (A/m2 ), find the current I flowing through a 4.10 A line of charge of uniform density ρℓ occupies a
square with corners at (0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 0, 2), and (0, 0, 2). semicircle of radius b as shown in Fig. P4.10. Use the material
presented in Example 4-4 to determine the electric field at the
∗ Answer(s) available in Appendix E. origin.
 236 CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTATICS

in magnitude and direction to the force acting on any of the

z others. Suppose we have two negative charges, one located
at the origin and carrying charge −9e, and the other located
ρl on the positive x-axis at a distance d from the first one and
y carrying charge −36e. Determine the location, polarity and
magnitude of a third charge whose placement would bring the
b entire system into equilibrium.
x
4.19 Three infinite lines of charge, all parallel to the z-axis,
Figure P4.10 Problem 4.10. are located at the three corners of the kite-shaped arrangement
shown in Fig. P4.19. If the two right triangles are symmetrical
and of equal corresponding sides, show that the electric field is
Section 4-3: Coulomb’s Law zero at the origin.

∗ 4.11 A square with sides of 2 m has a charge of 40 µ C at

y
each of its four corners. Determine the electric field at a point
5 m above the center of the square. −2ρl
∗ 4.12 Charge q = 6 µ C is located at (1 cm, 1 cm, 0) and
1
charge q2 is located at (0, 0, 4 cm). What should q2 be so that
E at (0, 2 cm, 0) has no y component?
ρl ρl
4.13 Three point charges, each with q = 3 nC, are located at
the corners of a triangle in the x–y plane, with one corner at
the origin, another at (2 cm, 0, 0), and the third at (0, 2 cm, 0).
Find the force acting on the charge located at the origin.
4.14 A line of charge with uniform density ρℓ = 8 (µ C/m)
exists in air along the z-axis between z = 0 and z = 5 cm. Find
E at (0,10 cm,0). x
4.15 Electric charge is distributed along an arc located in the
x–y plane and defined by r = 2 cm and 0 ≤ φ ≤ π /4. If ρℓ =
5 (µ C/m), find E at (0, 0, z) and then evaluate it at: Figure P4.19 Kite-shaped arrangment of line charges for
Problem 4.19.
∗ (a) the origin,
(b) z = 5 cm, and ∗ 4.20 Three infinite lines of charge, ρ = 3 (nC/m), ρ = −3
l1 l2
(c) z = −5 cm.
(nC/m), and ρl3 = 3 (nC/m), are all parallel to the z-axis. If they
4.16 A line of charge with uniform density ρl extends pass through the respective points (0, −b), (0, 0), and (0, b) in
between z = −L/2 and z = L/2 along the z-axis. Apply the x–y plane, find the electric field at (a, 0, 0). Evaluate your
Coulomb’s law to obtain an expression for the electric field result for a = 2 cm and b = 1 cm.
at any point P(r, φ , 0) on the x–y plane. Show that your result
4.21 Given the electric flux density
reduces to the expression given by (4.33) as the length L is
extended to infinity. D = x̂2(x + y) + ŷ(3x − 2y) (C/m2 )
∗ 4.17 Repeat Example 4-5 for the circular disk of charge of
determine
radius a, but in the present case, assume the surface charge
density to vary with r as (a) ρv by applying Eq. (4.26).
(b) The total charge Q enclosed in a cube 2 m on a side,
ρs = ρs0 r 2 (C/m2 ) located in the first octant with three of its sides coincident
with the x-, y-, and z-axes and one of its corners at the
where ρs0 is a constant. origin.
4.18 Multiple charges at different locations are said to be in (c) The total charge Q in the cube, obtained by applying
equilibrium if the force acting on any one of them is identical Eq. (4.29).
 PROBLEMS 237

4.22 A horizontal strip lying in the x–y plane is of width d

in the y-direction and infinitely long in the x-direction. If the
strip is in air and has a uniform charge distribution ρs , use
Coulomb’s law to obtain an explicit expression for the electric r3
field at a point P located at a distance h above the centerline ρv
of the strip. Extend your result to the special case where d is
infinite and compare it with Eq. (4.25).
a
∗ 4.23 Repeat Problem 4.21 for D = x̂xy3 z3 (C/m2 ). r1
r2
4.24 Charge Q1 is uniformly distributed over a thin spherical
shell of radius a, and charge Q2 is uniformly distributed over a b
second spherical shell of radius b, with b > a. Apply Gauss’s
law to find E in the regions R < a, a < R < b, and R > b.
∗ 4.25 The electric flux density inside a dielectric sphere of
radius a centered at the origin is given by Figure P4.29 Problem 4.29.
D = R̂ρ0 R (C/m2 )

where ρ0 is a constant. Find the total charge inside the sphere. 4.31 The circular disk of radius a shown in Fig. 4-7 has
∗ 4.26 An infinitely long cylindrical shell extending between uniform charge density ρs across its surface.
r = 1 m and r = 2 m contains a uniform charge density ρv0 . (a) Obtain an expression for the electric potential V at a point
Apply Gauss’s law to find D in all regions. P = (0, 0, z) on the z-axis.
4.27 In a certain region of space, the charge density is given (b) Use your result to find E and then evaluate it for z = h.
in cylindrical coordinates by the function: Compare your final expression with (4.24), which was
obtained on the basis of Coulomb’s law.
ρv = 50re−r (C/m3 )
4.32 Show that the electric potential difference V12 between
Apply Gauss’s law to find D. two points in air at radial distances r1 and r2 from an
infinite line of charge with density ρℓ along the z axis is
4.28 If the charge density increases linearly with distance
V12 = (ρℓ /2πε0 ) ln(r2 /r1 ).
from the origin such that ρv = 0 at the origin and ρv = 40 C/m3
at R = 2 m, find the corresponding variation of D. 4.33 A circular ring of charge of radius a lies in the x–y plane
4.29 A spherical shell with outer radius b surrounds a charge- and is centered at the origin. Assume also that the ring is in air
free cavity of radius a < b (Fig. P4.29). If the shell contains a and carries a uniform density ρℓ .
charge density given by (a) Show that the electrical potential at (0, 0, z) is given by
ρv0
ρv = − , a ≤ R ≤ b,
V = ρℓ a/[2ε0 (a2 + z2 )1/2 ].
R2
where ρv0 is a positive constant, determine D in all regions.
∗ (b) Find the corresponding electric field E.
Section 4-5: Electric Potential
∗ 4.30 A square in the x–y plane in free space has a point ∗ 4.34 Find the electric potential V at a location a distance b
charge of +Q at corner (a/2, a/2), the same at corner from the origin in the x–y plane due to a line charge with charge
(a/2, −a/2), and a point charge of −Q at each of the other density ρℓ and of length l. The line charge is coincident with
two corners. the z-axis and extends from z = −l/2 to z = l/2.
(a) Find the electric potential at any point P along the x-axis. 4.35 For the electric dipole shown in Fig. 4-13, d = 1 cm and
|E| = 8 (mV/m) at R = 1 m and θ = 0◦ . Find E at R = 2 m and
(b) Evaluate V at x = a/2. θ = 90◦ .
 238 CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTATICS

4.36 For each of the distributions of the electric potential V

shown in Fig. P4.36, sketch the corresponding distribution of y
P = (x, y)
E (in all cases, the vertical axis is in volts and the horizontal
axis is in meters). r'' r'
−ρl ρl
x
(a) V (−a, 0) (a, 0)

30 Figure P4.37 Problem 4.37.

3 5 8 11 13 16
x
4.38 Given the electric field

−30 18
E = R̂ (V/m)
R2
find the electric potential of point A with respect to point B
V where A is at +2 m and B at −4 m, both on the z-axis.
(b)
4 4.39 The x–y plane contains a uniform sheet of charge with
ρs1 = 0.2 (nC/m2 ). A second sheet with ρs2 = −0.2 (nC/m2 )
occupies the plane z = 6 m. Find VAB, VBC , and VAC for
A(0, 0, 6 m), B(0, 0, 0), and C(0, −2 m, 2 m).
3 6 9 12 15 ∗ 4.40 An infinitely long line of charge with uniform density
x
ρl = 18 (nC/m) lies in the x–y plane parallel to the y-axis
at x = 2 m. Find the potential VAB at point A(3 m, 0, 4 m)
in Cartesian coordinates with respect to point B(0, 0, 0) by
− 4 applying the result of Problem 4.32.

V Section 4-6: Conductors

(c)
4 4.41 A cylindrical bar of silicon has a radius of 4 mm and
a length of 8 cm. If a voltage of 5 V is applied between the
ends of the bar and µe = 0.13 (m2 /V·s), µh = 0.05 (m2 /V·s),
Ne = 1.5 × 1016 electrons/m3, and Nh = Ne , find the following:
3 6 9 12 15
x (a) the conductivity of silicon,
(b) the current I flowing in the bar,
∗ (c) the drift velocities u and u ,
e h
(d) the resistance of the bar, and
− 4
(e) the power dissipated in the bar.
Figure P4.36 Electric potential distributions of Problem 4.36. 4.42 Repeat Problem 4.41 for a bar of germanium with µe =
0.4 (m2 /V·s), µh = 0.2 (m2 /V·s), and Ne = Nh = 4.8 × 1019
electrons or holes/m3 .
4.43 A coaxial resistor of length l consists of two concen-
∗ 4.37 As shown in Fig. P4.37, two infinite lines of charge, tric cylinders. The inner cylinder has radius a and is made
both parallel to the z-axis, lie in the x–z plane, one with of a material with conductivity σ1 , and the outer cylinder,
density ρℓ and located at x = a and the other with density −ρℓ extending between r = a and r = b, is made of a material with
and located at x = −a. Obtain an expression for the electric conductivity σ2 . If the two ends of the resistor are capped with
potential V (x, y) at a point P = (x, y) relative to the potential at conducting plates, show that the resistance between the two
the origin. ends is R = l/[π (σ1 a2 + σ2 (b2 − a2))].
 PROBLEMS 239

4.44 A 100 m long conductor of uniform cross-section has ∗ 4.50 If E = R̂300 (V/m) at the surface of a 5-cm conducting
a voltage drop of 4 V between its ends. If the density of the sphere centered at the origin, what is the total charge Q on the
current flowing through it is 1.4 × 106 (A/m2 ), identify the sphere’s surface?
material of the conductor.
∗ 4.45 Apply the result of Problem 4.44 to find the resistance 4.51 Figure P4.51 shows three planar dielectric slabs of
equal thickness but with different dielectric constants. If E0
of a 20-cm-long hollow cylinder (Fig. P4.45) made of carbon in air makes an angle of 45◦ with respect to the z-axis, find the
with σ = 3 × 104 (S/m). angle of E in each of the other layers.

z
3 cm E0
45°
2 cm ε0 (air)

ε1 = 3ε0
Carbon
ε2 = 5ε0
Figure P4.45 Cross-section of hollow cylinder of
Problem 4.45. ε3 = 7ε0

ε0 (air)
4.46 A cylinder-shaped carbon resistor is 8 cm in length and
its circular cross section has a diameter d = 1 mm.
(a) Determine the resistance R. Figure P4.51 Dielectric slabs in Problem 4.51.
(b) To reduce its resistance by 40%, the carbon resistor is
coated with a layer of copper of thickness t. Use the result
of Problem 4.43 to determine t. Sections 4-9 and 4-10: Capacitance and Electrical Energy
4.47 A 4 × 10−3-mm-thick square sheet of aluminum has 5
cm × 5 cm faces. Find the following: 4.52 Dielectric breakdown occurs in a material whenever
the magnitude of the field E exceeds the dielectric strength
(a) The resistance between opposite edges on a square face. anywhere in that material. In the coaxial capacitor of Exam-
(b) The resistance between the two square faces. (See Appen- ple 4-15,
dix B for the electrical constants of materials.) ∗ (a) At what value of r is |E| maximum?
Section 4-8: Boundary Conditions (b) What is the breakdown voltage if a = 1 cm, b = 2 cm,
and the dielectric material is mica with εr = 6?
∗ 4.48 With reference to Fig. 4-19, find E if
1 4.53 Determine the force of attraction in a parallel-plate
capacitor with A = 5 cm2 , d = 2 cm, and εr = 4 if the voltage
E2 = x̂3 − ŷ2 + ẑ2 (V/m),
across it is 50 V.
ε1 = 2ε0 , ε2 = 18ε0 , and the boundary has a surface charge 4.54 An electron with charge Qe = −1.6 × 10−19 C and mass
density ρs = 3.54 × 10−11 (C/m2 ). What angle does E2 make
me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg is injected at a point adjacent to the
with the z-axis?
negatively charged plate in the region between the plates of
4.49 An infinitely long conducting cylinder of radius a has an air-filled parallel-plate capacitor with separation of 1 cm
a surface charge density ρs . The cylinder is surrounded by a and rectangular plates each 10 cm2 in area (Fig. P4.54). If the
dielectric medium with εr = 4 and contains no free charges. voltage across the capacitor is 10 V, find the following:
The tangential component of the electric field in the region (a) The force acting on the electron.
r ≥ a is given by Et = −φ̂φ cos φ /r2 . Since a static conductor
(b) The acceleration of the electron.
cannot have any tangential field, this must be cancelled by
an externally applied electric field. Find the surface charge (c) The time it takes the electron to reach the positively
density on the conductor. charged plate, assuming that it starts from rest.
 240 CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTATICS

1 cm
Qe A1
A2 +
V
−
d ε1 ε2
– +
V0 = 10 V (a)

Figure P4.54 Electron between charged plates of

Problem 4.54.
+
C1 C2 V
−
4.55 Figure P4.55(a) depicts a capacitor consisting of two
parallel, conducting plates separated by a distance d. The space
between the plates contains two adjacent dielectrics, one with
permittivity ε1 and surface area A1 and another with ε2 and A2 . (b)
The objective of this problem is to show that the capacitance C
of the configuration shown in Fig. P4.55(a) is equivalent to Figure P4.55 (a) Capacitor with parallel dielectric section,
two capacitances in parallel, as illustrated in Fig. P4.55(b), and (b) equivalent circuit.
with
C = C1 + C2 (4.146)
4.57 Use the result of Problem 4.56 to determine the capaci-
where tance for each of the following configurations:
∗ (a) Conducting plates are on top and bottom faces of the
ε1 A1 rectangular structure in Fig. P4.57(a).
C1 = (4.147)
d (b) Conducting plates are on front and back faces of the
ε2 A2 structure in Fig. P4.57(a).
C2 = (4.148)
d (c) Conducting plates are on top and bottom faces of the
cylindrical structure in Fig. P4.57(b).
To this end, proceed as follows:
4.58 The capacitor shown in Fig. P4.58 consists of two
(a) Find the electric fields E1 and E2 in the two dielectric parallel dielectric layers. Use energy considerations to show
layers. that the equivalent capacitance of the overall capacitor, C,
(b) Calculate the energy stored in each section and use the is equal to the series combination of the capacitances of the
result to calculate C1 and C2 . individual layers, C1 and C2 , namely
(c) Use the total energy stored in the capacitor to obtain an C1C2
expression for C. Show that (4.146) is indeed a valid C= (4.149)
C1 + C2
result.
where
∗ 4.56 In a dielectric medium with ε = 4, the electric field is A A
r C1 = ε1 , C2 = ε2
given by d1 d2
(a) Let V1 and V2 be the electric potentials across the upper
E = x̂(x2 + 2z) + ŷx2 − ẑ(y + z) (V/m) and lower dielectrics, respectively. What are the cor-
responding electric fields E1 and E2 ? By applying the
Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in the region −1 m ≤ appropriate boundary condition at the interface between
x ≤ 1 m, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 m, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 m. the two dielectrics, obtain explicit expressions for E1 and
PROBLEMS 241

1 cm 3 cm
A d1
5 cm +
2 cm d2 V
ε1 −
ε2
εr = 2 εr = 4

(a)
(a)

r1 = 2 mm C1
r2 = 4 mm +
V
r3 = 8 mm C2 −
ε3 ε2 ε1

(b)

Figure P4.58 (a) Capacitor with parallel dielectric layers, and

(b) equivalent circuit (Problem 4.58).

2 cm

the conducting plates are placed on the right and left faces of
the structure.

4.60 A coaxial capacitor consists of two concentric, con-

ducting, cylindrical surfaces, one of radius a and another
of radius b, as shown in Fig. P4.60. The insulating layer
separating the two conducting surfaces is divided equally into
ε1 = 8ε0; ε2 = 4ε0; ε3 = 2ε0 two semi-cylindrical sections, one filled with dielectric ε1 and
the other filled with dielectric ε2 .
(b)
(a) Develop an expression for C in terms of the length l and
Figure P4.57 Dielectric sections for Problems 4.57 and 4.59. the given quantities.

∗ (b) Evaluate C for a = 2 mm, b = 6 mm, ε = 2, ε = 4,

r1 r2
E2 in terms of ε1 , ε2 , V , and the indicated dimensions of and l = 4 cm.
the capacitor.
(b) Calculate the energy stored in each of the dielectric layers
and then use the sum to obtain an expression for C. 4.61 Conducting wires above a conducting plane carry cur-
rents I1 and I2 in the directions shown in Fig. P4.62. Keeping
(c) Show that C is given by Eq. (4.149).
in mind that the direction of a current is defined in terms of the
4.59 Use the expressions given in Problem 4.58 to determine movement of positive charges, what are the directions of the
the capacitance for the configurations in Fig. P4.57(a) when image currents corresponding to I1 and I2 ?
242 CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTATICS

b z
ε2 a
ε1

P = (0, y, z)

E d Q = (0, d, d)
l

y
d

Figure P4.62 Charge Q next to two perpendicular,

grounded, conducting half-planes.

− +
V ∗ 4.63 Use the image method to find the capacitance per unit
length of an infinitely long conducting cylinder of radius a
Figure P4.60 Problem 4.60.
situated at a distance d from a parallel conducting plane, as
shown in Fig. P4.63.

a
I2
I1
d

(a) (b)
V=0
Figure P4.61 Currents above a conducting plane
(Problem 4.61). Figure P4.63 Conducting cylinder above a conducting plane
(Problem 4.63).

Section 4-12: Image Method

4.62 With reference to Fig. P4.62, charge Q is located at a

distance d above a grounded half-plane located in the x–y plane
and at a distance d from another grounded half-plane in the x–z
plane. Use the image method to

(a) Establish the magnitudes, polarities, and locations of the

images of charge Q with respect to each of the two ground
planes (as if each is infinite in extent).

(b) Find the electric potential and electric field at an arbitrary

point P = (0, y, z).
280 CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTATICS

Chapter 5 Summary
Concepts
• The magnetic force acting on a charged particle q or ferromagnetic, depending on their crystalline
moving with a velocity u in a region containing a structure and the behavior under the influence of an
magnetic flux density B is Fm = qu× × B. external magnetic field.
• The total electromagnetic force, known as the Lorentz • Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit a
force, acting on a moving charge in the presence of both linear behavior between B and H with µ ≈ µ0 for both.
electric and magnetic fields is F = q(E + u×× B). • Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinear hysteretic
• Magnetic forces acting on current loops can generate behavior between B and H, and for some, µ may be as
magnetic torques. large as 105 µ0 .
• The magnetic field intensity induced by a current ele- • At the boundary between two different media, the nor-
ment is defined by the Biot–Savart law. mal component of B is continuous, and the tangential
• Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic components of H are related by H2t − H1t = Js , where
flux flowing out of any closed surface is zero. Js is the surface current density flowing in a direction
• Ampère’s law states that the line integral of H over a orthogonal to H1t and H2t .
closed contour is equal to the net current crossing the • The inductance of a circuit is defined as the ratio of
surface bounded by the contour. magnetic flux linking the circuit to the current flowing
• The vector magnetic potential A is related to B by through it.
B = ∇× × A. • Magnetic energy density is given by wm = 12 µ H 2 .
• Materials are classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic,

Mathematical and Physical Models

Maxwell’s Magnetostatics Equations Magnetic Field
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism µ0 I
Z Infinitely Long Wire B = φ̂φ (Wb/m2 )
2π r
∇·B = 0 B · ds = 0
S Ia2
Ampère’s Law Circular Loop H = ẑ (A/m)
Z 2(a2 + z2 )3/2
×H = J
∇× H · dℓℓ = I
C ẑ µ NI
Solenoid B ≈ ẑ µ nI = (Wb/m2 )
l
Lorentz Force on Charge q
× B) Vector Magnetic Potential
F = q(E + u×
Magnetic Force on Wire ×A
B = ∇× (Wb/m2 )
Z Vector Poisson’s Equation
Fm = I ×B
dl× (N)
C ∇2 A = −µ J
Magnetic Torque on Loop Inductance
Z
×B
T = m× (N·m) Λ Φ 1
L= = = B · ds (H)
I I I S
m = n̂ NIA (A·m2 )
Biot–Savart Law Magnetic Energy Density
Z 1
I × R̂
dl×
H= (A/m) wm = µH2 (J/m3 )
4 π l R2 2
 PROBLEMS 281

Important Terms Provide definitions or explain the meaning of the following terms:
Ampère’s law Lorentz force F magnetic moment m solenoid
Ampèrian contour magnetic dipole magnetic potential A surface current
Biot–Savart law magnetic energy Wm magnetic susceptibility χm density Js
current density (volume) J magnetic energy magnetization curve toroid
diamagnetic density wm magnetization vector M toroidal coil
ferromagnetic magnetic flux Φ magnetized domains torque T
Gauss’s law for magnetism magnetic flux density B moment arm d vector Poisson’s
hard and soft ferromagnetic magnetic flux linkage Λ orbital and spin magnetic equation
materials magnetic force Fm moments
inductance (self- and mutual) magnetic hysteresis paramagnetic

PROBLEMS
Section 5-1: Magnetic Forces and Torques
4Ω 12 V
∗ 5.1 An electron with a speed of 8 × 106 m/s is projected + −
along the positive x direction into a medium containing
a uniform magnetic flux density B = (x̂4 − ẑ6) T. Given Springs
that e = 1.6 × 10−19 C and the mass of an electron is
me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg, determine the initial acceleration vector
of the electron (at the moment it is projected into the medium).
5.2 The circuit shown in Fig. P5.2 uses two identical springs B
to support a 10 cm long horizontal wire with a mass of 20 g.
In the absence of a magnetic field, the weight of the wire
causes the springs to stretch a distance of 0.2 cm each. When a
uniform magnetic field is turned on in the region containing 10 cm
the horizontal wire, the springs are observed to stretch an
additional 0.5 cm each. What is the intensity of the magnetic Figure P5.2 Configuration of Problem 5.2.
flux density B? The force equation for a spring is F = kd,
where k is the spring constant and d is the distance it has been
stretched.
5.5 In a cylindrical coordinate system, a 2-m long straight
5.3 When a particle with charge q and mass m is introduced wire carrying a current of 5 A in the positive z direction is
into a medium with a uniform field B such that the initial located at r = 4 cm, φ = π /2, and −1 m ≤ z ≤ 1 m.
velocity of the particle u is perpendicular to B (Fig. P5.3), the ∗ (a) If B = r̂ 0.2 cos φ (T), what is the magnetic force acting
magnetic force exerted on the particle causes it to move in a on the wire?
circle of radius a. By equating Fm to the centripetal force on
the particle, determine a in terms of q, m, u, and B. (b) How much work is required to rotate the wire once about
the z axis in the negative φ direction (while maintaining
∗ 5.4 The rectangular loop shown in Fig. P5.4 consists of 20 r = 4 cm)?
closely wrapped turns and is hinged along the z-axis. The plane (c) At what angle φ is the force a maximum?
of the loop makes an angle of 30◦ with the y-axis, and the
current in the windings is 0.5 A. What is the magnitude of 5.6 A 20-turn rectangular coil with sides l = 30 cm and w =
the torque exerted on the loop in the presence of a uniform 10 cm is placed in the y–z plane as shown in Fig. P5.6.
field B = ŷ 2.4 T? When viewed from above, is the expected (a) If the coil, which carries a current I = 10 A, is in the
direction of rotation clockwise or counterclockwise? presence of a magnetic flux density
∗ Answer(s) available in Appendix E. B = 2 × 10−2(x̂ + ŷ2) (T),
282 CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTATICS

B z

q + 20-turn coil
u
u a
Fm q w
Fm +

Fm l
I
P
q + + u
q
y
φ nˆ
Figure P5.3 Particle of charge q projected with velocity u
into a medium with a uniform field B perpendicular to u
(Problem 5.3). x

Figure P5.6 Rectangular loop of Problem 5.6.

z

I = 0.5 A 5.8 Use the approach outlined in Example 5-2 to develop an

expression for the magnetic field H at an arbitrary point P
20 turns due to the linear conductor defined by the geometry shown
0.4 m in Fig. P5.8. If the conductor extends between z1 = 3 m and
z2 = 7 m and carries a current I = 15 A, find H at P = (2, φ , 0).

y
30◦

0.2 m z
x
θ2
Figure P5.4 Hinged rectangular loop of Problem 5.4. P2(z2)

determine the torque acting on the coil. I

(b) At what angle φ is the torque zero?
(c) At what angle φ is the torque maximum? Determine its θ1
value. P1(z1)

Section 5-2: The Biot–Savart Law r P = (r, φ, z)

5.7 An infinitely long, thin conducting sheet defined over
the space 0 ≤ x ≤ w and −∞ ≤ y ≤ ∞ is carrying a current Figure P5.8 Current-carrying linear conductor of Problem 5.8.
with a uniform surface current density Js = ŷ5 (A/m). Obtain
an expression for the magnetic field at point P = (0, 0, z) in
Cartesian coordinates.
 PROBLEMS 283

∗ 5.9 The loop shown in Fig. P5.9 consists of radial lines and
segments of circles whose centers are at point P. Determine
the magnetic field H at P in terms of a, b, θ , and I.
I1 = 6 A I2 = 6 A

P
I b 0.5 m

θ
a P
2m

Figure P5.9 Configuration of Problem 5.9.

Figure P5.12 Arrangement for Problem 5.12.

∗ 5.10 An 8 cm × 12 cm rectangular loop of wire is situated

in the x–y plane with the center of the loop at the origin and its
long sides parallel to the x-axis. The loop has a current of 50 A (a) z = 0
flowing clockwise (when viewed from above). Determine the (b) z = 1 m
magnetic field at the center of the loop.
(c) z = 2 m
∗ 5.11 An infinitely long wire carrying a 50 A current in the
positive x direction is placed along the x-axis in the vicinity of
a 20-turn circular loop located in the x–y plane (Fig. P5.11). If z
the magnetic field at the center of the loop is zero, what is the
direction and magnitude of the current flowing in the loop?
a
z=2m
1m
I

d=2m

a
x 0 y
I1
I
Figure P5.11 Circular loop next to a linear current (Prob- x
lem 5.11).

Figure P5.13 Parallel circular loops of Problem 5.13.

5.12 Two infinitely long, parallel wires are carrying 6-A
currents in opposite directions. Determine the magnetic flux
density at point P in Fig. P5.12. ∗ 5.14 A long, East-West–oriented power cable carrying an
5.13 Two parallel, circular loops carrying a current of 40 A unknown current I is at a height of 4 m above the Earth’s
each are arranged as shown in Fig. P5.13. The first loop is surface. If the magnetic flux density recorded by a magnetic-
situated in the x–y plane with its center at the origin, and the field meter placed at the surface is 15 µ T when the current is
second loop’s center is at z = 2 m. If the two loops have the flowing through the cable and 20 µ T when the current is zero,
same radius a = 3 m, determine the magnetic field at: what is the magnitude of I?
 284 CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTATICS

5.15 A circular loop of radius a carrying current I1 is located by 8-cm-long strings, and has a mass per unit length of 1.2
in the x–y plane as shown in Fig. P5.15. In addition, an g/cm. Due to the repulsive force acting on the conductors, the
infinitely long wire carrying current I2 in a direction parallel angle θ between the supporting strings is 10◦ . Determine the
with the z-axis is located at y = y0 . magnitude of I and the relative directions of the currents in the
two conductors.
z nˆ parallel to zˆ

z
P = (0, 0, h)
I2

a y F21
y0
θ = 10◦
x I1 F12

Figure P5.15 Problem 5.15.

x
y
(a) Determine H at P = (0, 0, h).
Figure P5.17 Parallel conductors supported by strings (Prob-
(b) Evaluate H for a = 3 cm, y0 = 10 cm, h = 4 cm, I1 = lem 5.17).
10 A, and I2 = 20 A.
∗ 5.16 The long, straight conductor shown in Fig. P5.16 lies in
the plane of the rectangular loop at a distance d = 0.1 m. The
loop has dimensions a = 0.2 m and b = 0.5 m, and the currents
are I1 = 40 A and I2 = 30 A. Determine the net magnetic force 5.18 An infinitely long, thin conducting sheet of width w
acting on the loop. along the x-direction lies in the x–y plane and carries a current I
in the −y-direction. Determine the following:
∗ (a) The magnetic field at a point P midway between the edges
of the sheet and at a height h above it (Fig. P5.18).

(b) The force per unit length exerted on an infinitely long

I1 wire passing through point P and parallel to the sheet if
the current through the wire is equal in magnitude but
I2 b = 0.5 m opposite in direction to that carried by the sheet.

I
P
I
h
d = 0.1 m a = 0.2 m
w
Figure P5.16 Current loop next to a conducting wire (Prob-
lem 5.16). Figure P5.18 A linear current source above a current sheet
(Problem 5.18).

5.17 In the arrangement shown in Fig. P5.17, each of the

two long, parallel conductors carries a current I, is supported
 PROBLEMS 285

5.19 Three long, parallel wires are arranged as shown in Section 5-3: Maxwell’s Magnetostatic Equations
Fig. P5.19. Determine the force per unit length acting on the
wire carrying I3 . 5.21 A long cylindrical conductor whose axis is coincident
with the z axis has a radius a and carries a current characterized
by a current density J = ẑJ0 /r, where J0 is a constant and
r is the radial distance from the cylinder’s axis. Obtain an
I1 = 10 A expression for the magnetic field H for
(a) 0 ≤ r ≤ a
(b) r > a
2m
5.22 Repeat Problem 5.21 for a current density J = ẑJ0 e−r .
5.23 Current I flows along the positive z-direction in the
2m I3 = 10 A inner conductor of a long coaxial cable and returns through
the outer conductor. The inner conductor has radius a, and
the inner and outer radii of the outer conductor are b and c,
2m respectively.
(a) Determine the magnetic field in each of the following
regions: 0 ≤ r ≤ a, a ≤ r ≤ b, b ≤ r ≤ c, and r ≥ c.
I2 = 10 A
(b) Plot the magnitude of H as a function of r over the range
from r = 0 to r = 10 cm, given that I = 10 A, a = 2 cm,
b = 4 cm, and c = 5 cm.
Figure P5.19 Three parallel wires of Problem 5.19. ∗ 5.24 In a certain conducting region, the magnetic field is
given in cylindrical coordinates by

∗ 5.20 1
A square loop placed as shown in Fig. P5.20 has H = φ̂φ [1 − (1 + 3r)e−3r]
2-m sides and carries a current I1 = 5 A. If a straight, long r
conductor carrying a current I2 = 20 A is introduced and Find the current density J.
placed just above the midpoints of two of the loop’s sides,
determine the net force acting on the loop. 5.25 A cylindrical conductor whose axis is coincident with
the z-axis has an internal magnetic field given by
2
z H = φ̂φ [1 − (4r + 1)e−4r] (A/m) for r ≤ a
r
where a is the conductor’s radius. If a = 5 cm, what is the total
I2 current flowing in the conductor?

4 a y Section 5-4: Vector Magnetic Potential

1 3 I1 5.26 With reference to Fig. 5-10:

a ∗ (a) Derive an expression for the vector magnetic potential A
2
x at a point P located at a distance r from the wire in the
x–y plane.
Figure P5.20 Long wire carrying current I2 , just above a (b) Derive B from A. Show that your result is identical with
square loop carrying I1 (Problem 5.20). the expression given by Eq. (5.29), which was derived by
applying the Biot–Savart law.
5.27 A uniform current density given by

J = ẑJ0 (A/m2 )
 286 CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTATICS

gives rise to a vector magnetic potential (a) H2

µ0 J0 2 (b) θ1 and θ2
A = −ẑ (x + y2 ) (Wb/m).
4 (c) Evaluate H2 , θ1 , and θ2 for H1x = 2 (A/m), H1y = 0, H1z =
4 (A/m), µ1 = µ0 , and µ2 = 4µ0
(a) Apply the vector Poisson’s equation to confirm the above
statement.
(b) Use the expression for A to find H. z
(c) Use the expression for J in conjunction with Ampère’s
law to find H. Compare your result with that obtained in
part (b). θ1 H1
μ1
5.28 In a given region of space, the vector magnetic potential
x–y plane
is given by A = x̂5 cos π y + ẑ(2 + sin π x) (Wb/m).
∗ (a) Determine B. μ2

(b) Use Eq. (5.66) to calculate the magnetic flux passing

through a square loop with 0.25-m long edges if the loop Figure P5.32 Adjacent magnetic media (Problem 5.32).
is in the x–y plane, its center is at the origin, and its edges
are parallel to the x and y axes.
(c) Calculate Φ again using Eq. (5.67). ∗ 5.33 Given that a current sheet with surface current density
∗ 5.29 A thin current element extending between z = −L/2 Js = x̂ 4 (A/m) exists at y = 0, the interface between two
and z = L/2 carries a current I along +ẑ through a circular magnetic media, and H1 = ẑ 11 (A/m) in medium 1 (y > 0),
cross-section of radius a. determine H2 in medium 2 (y < 0).
(a) Find A at a point P located very far from the origin 5.34 In Fig. P5.34, the plane defined by x − y = 1 separates
(assume R is so much larger than L that point P may be medium 1 of permeability µ1 from medium 2 of permeabil-
considered to be at approximately the same distance from ity µ2 . If no surface current exists on the boundary and
every point along the current element).
(b) Determine the corresponding H. B1 = x̂2 + ŷ3 (T)

Section 5-5: Magnetic Properties of Materials find B2 and then evaluate your result for µ1 = 5µ2 . Hint: Start
by deriving the equation for the unit vector normal to the given
∗ 5.30 Iron contains 8.5 × 1028 atoms/m3 . At saturation, the plane.
alignment of the electrons’ spin magnetic moments in iron can ∗ 5.35 The plane boundary defined by z = 0 separates air from
contribute 1.5 T to the total magnetic flux density B. If the spin a block of iron. If B1 = x̂4 − ŷ6 + ẑ12 in air (z ≥ 0), find B2 in
magnetic moment of a single electron is 9.27 × 10−24 (A·m2 ), iron (z ≤ 0), given that µ = 5000 µ0 for iron.
how many electrons per atom contribute to the saturated field?
5.36 Show that if no surface current densities exist at
5.31 In the model of the hydrogen atom proposed by Bohr
the parallel interfaces shown in Fig. P5.36, the relationship
in 1913, the electron moves around the nucleus at a speed of
between θ4 and θ1 is independent of µ2 .
2 × 106 m/s in a circular orbit of radius 5 × 10−11 m. What
is the magnitude of the magnetic moment generated by the
electron’s motion? Sections 5-7 and 5-8: Inductance and Magnetic Energy

Section 5-6: Magnetic Boundary Conditions

∗ 5.37 Obtain an expression for the self-inductance per unit
length for the parallel wire transmission line of Fig. 5-27(a)
5.32 The x–y plane separates two magnetic media with in terms of a, d, and µ , where a is the radius of the wires,
magnetic permeabilities µ1 and µ2 (Fig. P5.32). If there is d is the axis-to-axis distance between the wires, and µ is the
no surface current at the interface and the magnetic field in permeability of the medium in which they reside.
medium 1 is
H1 = x̂H1x + ŷH1y + ẑH1z 5.38 In terms of the dc current I, how much magnetic energy
is stored in the insulating medium of a 6 m long, air-filled
find: section of a coaxial transmission line, given that the radius of
 PROBLEMS 287

y
Plane x − y = 1

40 cm
x
Medium 1 (1, 0)
μ1
Medium 2
μ2 20 A 30 cm
(0, −1)
5 cm
10 cm
Figure P5.34 Magnetic media separated by the plane x −y = 1 20 cm
(Problem 5.34). y

x
B3
Figure P5.40 Loop and wire arrangement for Problem 5.40.
θ4 μ3
B2
θ2 θ3 μ2

B1 μ1
θ1

Figure P5.36 Three magnetic media with parallel interfaces y

(Problem 5.36).

a
the inner conductor is 5 cm and the inner radius of the outer x
conductor is 10 cm?
5.39 A solenoid with a length of 20 cm and a radius of 5 cm d
consists of 400 turns and carries a current of 12 A. If z = 0
represents the midpoint of the solenoid, generate a plot for
|H(z)| as a function of z along the axis of the solenoid for the I1
range −20 cm ≤ z ≤ 20 cm in 1-cm steps.
∗ 5.40 The rectangular loop shown in Fig. P5.40 is coplanar
Figure P5.41 Linear conductor with current I1 next to a
circular loop of radius a at distance d (Problem 5.41).
with the long, straight wire carrying the current I = 20 A.
Determine the magnetic flux through the loop.
5.41 Determine the mutual inductance between the circular
loop and the linear current shown in Fig. P5.41.