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Solution S
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So AU ed 5 AOA vvVe v v BY vy Introduction Homogencous mixture of two or miore substances whose composition vary within certain limits is known as True Solution, Eg: Salt in water, sugar in water, Ina homogencous mixture composition is same through out the mixture. A binary solution contains only two components soluteand solvent. Solute: The component present in lesser proportion (or) the component loses its physical state (not always) (01) present in dissolved state / (or) dispersed phase. ‘Solvent: The component present in greater proportion (or) the component that retains its physical state (or) dispersion medium (or) dissolving, medium. Characteristics of Solution : Itisahomogencous mixture.“ Formation of solution is a physical change but not a chemical change. ~~ Solute cannot be separated from solution by filtration = ‘Solute can be separated from solution by distillation, absorption (or) crystallization. If the solute is non volatile and solvent is volatile then they are separated by evaporation (or) distillation. 7 The properties ofa solution like density, vapour pressure, boiling point depend on relative amount ofsolute and solvent.“ Variables like pressure, temperature and composition may affect the properties of the solutions. The effect of pressure on solid solutions is negligible. Types of Solution (Based on nature of Solvent ) ‘Aqueous Solutions (Solvent is water) Non-Aqucous Solutions (Solvent is other than H,0) If alcohol is solvent, then they are alcoholic solutions. E = > If Ether is solvent, then theyare ethereal solutions. > If liq. Ammonia is solvent, then they are ‘Ammonical solutions. > — InAmalgams-mercuryis one of the components ‘commonly used Solvents in non-aqueous Solutions are is EC, C52, CHEN CoH, I liq. NH; , acetic acid, Hl Classification of Solutions (Based on Physical States of Matter) L Solid Solutions Solid in Solid + Liquid in solid Gas in Solid Liquid Solutions Solid inLiquid Ej Liquid in Liquid Eg: GasinLiquid Gaseous Solutions Solid in Gas Eg: - camphor in air Liquid inGas Eg: - Moisture inair GasinGas Eg: - Mixture ofany 2 gases or atmospheric air. 4 Gases on intermixing produce true solution. Hl Methods of Expressing Concentrations ‘The quantity of solute present in definite quantity of the solution relative to the solvent is known as concentration of solution or strength of solution. Standard Solutions:The solution whose concentration is known. > Dilute Solution: The solution containing relatively smaller quantity ofsohite comparedto that ofsolvent. >» Concentrated Solution: The solution which contain relatively large solute, ina definite quantity ofthe solution. Weight of Solution = Volume of the solution x density of solution (W xd). >» — The weight of | milli litre ofa solution in grams is known as density of the solution. > — Thedensityof'solution depends on the temperature. < CHEMISTRY > 1 ie A Scanned with CamScanner 50, occlusion of H, over Pd I. Sucrose in water Alcohol + Water Soda water Tl. 4 v Vv iain © scanned wh omen camer > The Units of density are g/mlor g/lit. > The ratio between density ofsolution and density of water (both measured at the same temperature) is known as relative density or specific gravity of solution. , __ density of Solution Specific gravity= ~ Gensity of water Specific gravity has no units. Physical Methods Weight Fraction: Itis amount of solutein grams present in 100g solution ve w Weight Fraction= yy w ight %= 100 Weight % (=a) w=weight of solute, W=weight of solvent Volume Fraction= —; vi y Volume %= (>) x100 v=volume of solute, V=volume of solvent Mass/Volume Perentage ( W/V): It is mass of solute dissolved in 100 ml of solution. v ‘mass volume % =" x100 v Strength: Weight ofsolute (in grams) dissolved inper litre of solution. (g/litre) Strength = Equivalent weight x Normality PPM (Parts per Million): It is the mass of the solute present in million (10°) partsby mass ofthe pe Massof sete 10° solution. FP or solution = v Va SS ee r v v Chemical Methods Molarity (M): It is number of gram moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. ‘Unit = Moles/litre > Molarity decreases with increase in temperature, z n py Maa (n=number of moles of solute) > es Volume of Solution in litres) wSr. EAMCET &IIT=JEEMAIN — WE W_ 1000 MM Vin? mney a Me Mtn Vat ; M20 (425) 1000 MW ——— Feed N0.| ny = 2*SB rH MW MW. 4 > Where x is (W/V )% of solute Dilution: Asolution of molarity:M/, and voling 7; is diluted to V2 and of molarity M, shen WM, =V2M2 Volume of HO required to dilute a solution of ‘volume V and molarity Af, to concentration J4,, 1 9 =tigher C—Lower © Wit 40" LowerC > >Fot ‘When two solutions of different sul WM, _VaMo m m Molarity of Mixture (Same solutes) VM =)\M, + VM +---— y= tYaM too ye VM VoMa = (for two solutions) Molarity of Mixture of Acid and Base VM, -V,M, M =D (VM, > as) > 1M 0.5M. 0.1M Moker Solution Semi molar Solution Deci molar Solution Centimolar Solution 0.01M Milli molar Solution 0.001M. Normality: It is number of gram equivalent" py solute dissolved per litre of solution. Unit = gm. equivalents / litre Normality decreases as temperature increases. Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer EAMCET 6 IIT-JEE MAIN ‘gm equivalents of solut volume of solution in litres > When a solution is diluted or two solutions of different substances react, then 1,N, = V,N'> > Volume of water required for diluting a solution of volume V and concentration N, to V2, then igher lower Cy, Tower C _ 2x10 ay (a=) yakXdxl0_, y_ x*Sp.gxl0 + EW EW ___] Where x s weight-volume percentage of Solute (w/ v)% Mixture: (same solute ) aN +N, v ; InAcid-Base Reactions Vio = N N Ne¥a= NM @ VaNq > VsNp- acidic, N = V,4¥, NM— NV tes W's! (1 VaNg
Number of gm eq. z > Number of gm Eq. ofacid=Number of gm Eq, of Wa __™% EW, EW, | MW, _ N,V,(in ml) Ha _Nolslinml) 5 Ey 1000 Eig 1000 @ Equivalent Weight: Itis the number. ofparts by weight ofa substance that combine or displace 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen or 35.5 parts by weight of chlorine or 8 parts by weight of vv v oxygen. Itisrepresented by E. It isa relative value, no units. Equivalent weight expressed in grams is known as gram equivalent weight or gram equivalent. Number of gram equivalents = Weight of the substance in gms Gram equivalent weight Equivalent weight of Acids: _MWt basicity Basicity is the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms by metal ions ina molecule ofan acid. 63 HNO, = Enycyo, (Anhydrous) = 2 126 Enc.o,2H,0 = "5 98 82 nro, => Enypo, => 66 Expo, =P Ecu,coon = Equivalent weight of Base: Epase = acidity Acidity is the number of hydroxyl groups replaceable in a molecule of the base. 40 Exon Bxou = 58 _14 171 EcaoH)y ari, Exaon); 7 Equivalent weight of Salts: Formula Weight Total charge on éations or anions _ 58.5 Bag Enact CHEMISTRY Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer 4 Velume-I > 106 _ Exssco, = 2 Equivalent weight of Oxidising agent / Reducing agent 53 _ Mut Foer\ea ~ Change in oxidation state per mole 158 Evamoyics) =z (MnOg > Mir?) Change in oxidation state from +7 to +2 is 5 248 Eyia,8:05 51,0 =~ [2825305 +1’ N0840 +2Nal] 152 Epeso, = [Ft > ret] Ex,ox0, = a [0107 20°] > — FeC,0, (Ferrous oxalate )as a reducing agent Fe* + Fe*+e | ©,07 + 2C0, + ss fw 144 FeC,0, = * 4 Fez (C,0,), (Ferric oxalate) as areducing agent 3C,0;? + 6CO, +62 z _ Mw _376 Fels), "6 = G Relation between Molarity and Normality: > MxMwt.=NxEW (Mus VAKE > Gram molecular wi=nx Gram equivalent wt Where n= valency (or) Basicity (or) acidity (or) number of electrons transferred. Molality (m): Itis the number of grammoles of solute dissolved per Kg of solvent, Unit is Moles/Kg of solvent. It is independent of [Link] It is a standard method ofexpressing concentration while molarity is a convenient method of expressing “Sr. EAMCET 8 IIT=JEE concentration. ” m=——"—_. Wsotvent (in Kx) w 1 > m= x Mwt Weotvent in-Ke Ww 1000 MW Weotvent in Gm _ x MW *Wsotvent in Gm 1000 x_,,_1000 m=——x MW (100-x) Where x= wt % (w/w) Solubility x10 M. Wt of Solute Relation between Molality and Molarity 1000x M (1000xd)—(MxMWyouze) Mole Fraction(): number of moles of one particular component to the total number ofmoles ofallthe componentsof Sot: solution. thas no Units. It is independent of temperature. ___No.of moles of solute(ns) Total no. of moles insolution(m, +m) [BRR H m= % m X= natn m ny +My Relationship between molality(m) ofthe solution! mole fraction (.x3 Jofthe solute. Sol: atx =l ny h T+mM, Sol: Where M,=Moleculur mass of solvent. Relationship between mole fraction of solute(x)) and molarity of the solution. Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer tween tent to ents of m) jonand | of the 2M ~My) +d > Where M)=molar mass of the solute in kg mol"! Where M2=molarmass ofthe solvent in kg mo/~! d=density of the solution in kg L-! @ | Formality (F): This is the concentration unit for ionic- compounds which dissolve in a polar solvent to give pair of ions, This represents number ofgramformula-weight ofthe substance dissolved per litre of the solution. It is almost the same as molarity. It describes the solute that is mixed in a Jiquid rather than the solute present in solution after |. the dissolution process. xX molesof substance _addedtosolution ‘volumeof solution (inlitres) Formality= Calculate the amount of oxalic acid (eq. wt.63) required to prepare 500ml of its 0.10N solution W000 . N= ; 3 Sok Y= Gey = NxGEW Ta ol omy i 500 _ wy W =0.10x63x 27 =3.15er st alculate the normality of orthophosphoric ‘acid having purity of 70% by weight ([Link].1.54) yy = Hoxspgri0 GEW 10x1.54x10x3 83 98 yr an | BaEfcacumte ‘the mole fraction of ohn (oH), in a solution of 36 g of water. ane 46 g of glycerine é Yr * 36, * X % Sol: "y,0 = 7 : Solubility of Solid in Liquid: The amount Ee of solute dissolved inl 00g of a solvent to forma saturated solution at a given temperature is termed as the solubility of solute, Unsaturated Solution: solution in which more solute can be dissolved without raising temperature is called an unsaturated solution. Saturated Solution:A solution in which no solute can be dissolved further at a given temperature is called a saturated solution. The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved ina given amount of solvent (generally 100g) ata given temperature is termed as its “solubility” at that temperature. In a saturated solution there exists a dynamic ‘equilibrium between the undissolved and dissolved ions or molecules in solution. Atequiliorium Rate ofdissolution —— Rate of crystallization A supersaturated solution is metastable Soluble Substances: Have solubility greater than 1 g per 100 mL. Sparingly Soluble Substances:Have solubility less than 1g and more than 0.001g per 100mL. Insoluble Substance: Have solubility less than 0,0019g per 100mL. Factors influencing solubility of solids: (a) Temperature: If the dissolution is endothermic the solubility inereases with | temperature. e.g, NaNO,,KNO,, NaCl If the dissolution process is exothermic (AH,,, <0), solubility decreases with increase in temperature. (b) Pressure: It has no significant effect on solubility because solids and liquids are highly incompressible, Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer (b) Nature of Solute / Solvent solubilities Sr EAMCET © ITT -JEE uate Pressure of the Gas (or) Henr Sol: Y's |; of Ionic solids > The mass of a gas dissolved per unit voy ae > The smaller the value of lattice energy and more | __solventis proportional to the pressure ofthe ae the value of heat ofhydration more is the solubility constant temperature, ofionic compounds. Lattice energy depends > ma porm=kp where kis Henry's constay, upon force of attraction (F) between oppositely | > The most commonly used form of Henry’, ai 1 states that the partial pressure of the gas in ca charged ions and given by F = 4 Phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of ie gas (inthe solution” and isexpressedas p=, ug" arecharges,r distance between charges,D | 4.6 si he ela nr concane, is the dielectric constant of medium. Dielectric constant of water is 82, methanol 33.5, Benzene Fie 2.3. Ionic solids dissolve more ina solvent having 2 high dielectric constant. = X Solubilities of Molecular Solids eee N (Non-Ionic Solids ) 5 ct é: Molecular solids containing polar groups (e.g. OH) & AW are soluble in polar solvents like water, methanol i Y ete, Others are soluble nnon pola solvents t ie Ga Solubility of Gases in Liquids: Its generally Mols traction of ins expressed in terms of absorption coefficient which Solution in cyclohexane is defined as the volume of he gas in ml that can be . dissolved by Iml of a liquid solvent at the Higher the value of K,, at a given pressure, the temperature of the experiment at latmospheric lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid. pressure, Pmperatare Temperate Absorption coefficient ofsome gases at 290 | [Sst] NPM | KeMbar] Gas eens 293 | aaar | Are 2 | we Carbon att} a” | ooas | co, 2a | erent | Bee PPrmeeriatonde | |lx,| ios | ran |romutsinge| ase lise 0.017 0.015 | 0.028 |~ 0.88 N 303 88.84 ‘Methane 298 oa] 0.080 [0.130 |'0.143| 3.00 | 293 sass | mt 298 | sit 0.060 [ oios [ors | ae > = @ Limitations of Henry’s Law Factors Influencing the Solubility of | (pressure isnot veryhigh > a Gas Gi) temperature is not very low Nature of the Gas: Easily liquiefiable gases are | (i) gas not highly soluble ; it more soluble. eg. CO, ismore soluble than @, |) 8*8do not formary compound with solvent (¥) gas does not undergo dissociation > and H, Application of Henry’s law Natare Ce Gases ome ee forming | > To increase solubility of CO, in soft drinks! i. in} f : : nn OEE CORR ree | sida ste HOA sealed under gh prs ; ® — Seadivers use air diluted with He(11.7% He, 562" eg HCl, NH,etc. ‘Temperature:Solubility decreases with rise of temperature at constant pressure, N, and 32.1% O,) to avoid a condition known “bends’ to cope up with high “P’ under wate. > Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer = Sr. EAMCET 8 lIT-JEE MAIN At high altitudes, when partial pressure: of O, is less, it leads to a condition known as ‘Anoxia’. The henry law constant for the solubility of | 5, 2 gas in water at 298K is | 9, [Link] calculate number of moles of V3 from air | 5 dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298K and Satm pressure Sol: Kuxy, > Py, =mole fraction of N; inairx Total pressure ofair 8x Satm=4 atm ¢Aatm=y 98 atm x Xy, ory,=4x1075 > This means that in one mole of water, [Link] moles | of Nydissolved=4x.19-5 <.In 10 moles of water, [Link] moles of Nis dissolved= 45.19 Concept of Vapour Pressure: In an open | 5 vessel (or) lakes (or) ponds, level of water decreases in summer due to phenomenon of ‘vaporization (or) Evaporation. _ > Vaporization (or) Evaporation: The transformation of liquid to vapour form is | > vapourisation. Evaporation of a liquid is endothermic process. It is explained on the basis of Kinetic molecular | > theory. ‘The molecules of liquid are held together by inter molecular forces of attractions. > The KE of liquid molecules is different but their average K.E is same. The molecules at the surface will have more kinetic energy than the molecules in the bulk. > Themolecules with higher KE overcome the inter molecular forces of attraction and escape into the Atmosphere, ye» ~ Themoleculeswith lower KE remainin the bulk, | > % so K.B when compared to earlier state is less aa therefore Temperature decreases during | > is vaporization. > This principle is employed in attaining low ae voy Vv nd « Volume-l > as rate of evaporation. temperature cg: liquiication ofair (or) real gases, cooling of water in mud pot. fienumber of molecules eseaping from the liquid surface in unit time (or one second) is known Rate of evaporation depends on, (i) Nature of Liquid (ii) Surface Area (iii) Temperature (iv) Flow ofair current over the surface ints ~The transformation of vapour molecules with lower K.E back to the liquid state is known as “Condensation”. — e The number of molecules condensing on the liquid ) surface in unit time is known asrate of condensation. any temperature both vaporization and condensation take place Simultaneously, but still volume of liquid decreases because some of ‘vapour molecules escape into atmosphere. Ina closed vessel after certain period of time, the rate of vaporization becomes equal to rate of condensation i, ., it attains liquid-vapour equilibrium. Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by vapour over a liquid when they are in equilibrium with each other. Vaporization increases with surface area and temperature. ‘Vapour pressure is independent of surface area. ‘Vapour pressure varies exponentially with ‘Temperature, Clausius and Clapeyron theoretically derived a relationship between the vapour pressure and the temperature of the liquid. ‘When temperature is increased KE of molecules increases, more number of molecules convert to vapour formand more willbethe va po ur pressure, The vapour pressure of liquid is called saturated vapour pressure, because the atmosphere over liquid is saturated with vapour of the liquid, exerts pressure on the liquid. The vapour pressure of water is known as aqueous tension. Clapeyron -Clausis Equation is given by “4 CHEMISTRY > Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer Vv v fog ft = 4M, _| 1 R 2303R|7, 7, AH, =Enthalpy of vapourisation of liquid ; s constant; P, = vapour pressure at 7, and P = vapour Pressure at 7, ref A graphisplotted between ogp vs 7 gives straight line with negative slope. ; log P VT Boiling Point: tis the temperature at which vapour pressure ofa liquid becomes equal to its Atmospheric pressure. ‘Volatile liquids have high Vapour Préssure and low Boiling Point. Eg: - Ether, Methyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon disulphide Non volatile liquids have low vapour pressure and high boiling point. Eg: - HO , Aniline, Nitrobenzene Lowering of Vapour Pressure: When anon volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapour pressure decteases, Ina solution the surface is not only occupied by solvent molecules but also by solute molecules. The number of molecules of solvent present on surface are relatively less in solution than that of pure solvent as some solvent molecules on the surface are displaced by solute molecules. ‘Thenumber of molecules converting to Vapour form are less (vaporization is less). Therefore vapour pressure is less. to rate of vaporization. The diference between vapour pressure ge, solvent [)] and vapour pressure: f solution = > > [P] isknown as lowering of vapour: Pressue(typ, p? -p is lowering of vapour pressure and Po-P > ‘pi isrclativelowering of apour press ‘The ratio between the lowering of Vapour pressure in solution and the vapour pressure of liquid is known as relative lowering of vapyy Eg: pressure (RLVP). At any given temperature the vapour pressure the solution decreases with increase in tig concentration of solution. Vonbabo showed that RLVP is independent of temperature for dilute solutions even thoughto > the vapour pressure of solvent and solution chang with temperature. Raoult’s Law: Raoult’s law general formes: be stated as, for any solution the partial vapow pressure ofeach volatile component in the sohitin is directly proportional to its mole fraction. The relative lowering of vapour pressure ofadibte > solution containing a non-volatile solute isequal” gy mole fraction of solute. v Po-P_ P-P__m pe Po mth for very dilute solutions (, <<< m,) mm =n, Po-P_m am Where p9 =[Link] solvent P=[Link] solution n, = moles of solvent = moles of solute W=t. ofsolute m=[Link] W=Wt. ofsolvent Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer ¢Volume-T Limitations: Itisapplicable for very dilute solutions only. Itisapplicable for dilute solutions containing non- volatilesoluteonly. =~ It is applicable for solutions containing solutes, which neither associate nor dissociate. ~ Itis applicable for ideal solutions only.(Solutions in which solute and solvent do not have Interaction). > Particle concentration in Solution: Molar concentration of solution number ofions formed from one molecule of Solute Eg: - (a) In 0.01M Aqueous solution of Al;(SO4)s [aP*]=0.02m ; [S03 ]=0.03M Total particle concentration =0.05M (b) Particle concentration of 0.01M glucose solution is 0.01M > LVP @ number ofparticles. ee sae particle concentration > BPar particle concentration > Variables like pressure, temperature and composition may effect the properties of the solutions > Theefiectof pressure on solid solutions is negligible @ Vapour Pressure of liquid- liquid solutions Raoult’s Law & Dalton’s Law > (1) The partial pressure of a volatile component of a solution is directly proportionalto its mole fraction, in very dilute solution at any temperature. P,aX, and PyaX, and ; Pia PEK Py = PeXo Where P, =partial pressure of component A, P® =vapoure pressure of component A in pure form, ¥., = mole fraction of component A in solution Remember P, = p.y,, where p=Total pressureand y, =Mole fraction of component A in vapour phase An Ideal Solution, (D The solution which obey Raoult’s Jaw at all temperatures and concentrations vovy v (Il) AA,,,, =0 ie. no heat is evolved or absorbed when components are mixed to form the solution. (II) AY,,, =0 i.e, no change in volume.n ideal solution theA-B intermolecular interactionsare the same as A -A and B -B inter molecular interactions xi=1 Mole fraction x,<— 4-0 xe In an ideal solution oftwo components say A, and B, , all cohesive forces (A-A, B-B and A-B) ‘must be identical, Two liquids on mixing will form an ideal solution if following conditions be satisfied: i) Both have similar structures ii) Both have similar molecular sizes iil) Both have identical intermolecular forces strictly there is no attraction and repulsions ‘The following pairs almost behave as ideal solutions (a) Benzeneand toluene (b) ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride ~ (6)n-Heptane and n-hexane — (@ Chlorobenzene and bromobezene ~ (e) ethylene chloride and ethylene bromide. Non Ideal Solutions (1 Solutions which do not obey Raoults law (INAH, #0 II) A, #0 ‘Types of non ideal solutions : They are oftwo types (1) ; Showing Positive Deviations For such solutions (a) A- B inter - molecular interactions are weaker than A-A and B-B intermolecular interactions (b) AH yj i8-+ V0 (C) AV yg i8-+ V0 <¢ CHEMISTRY me } Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer ‘Vapour pressure of solution mel x0 Mole fraction x as Examples: Carbon tetrachloride +benzene Carbon tetrachloride + chloroform Carbon tetrachloride +Toluene ‘Acetone + Carbon disulphide Acetone +Ethyl alcohol Acetone + Benzene ‘Methylaleohol + Water Ethyl aleohol+ Water : (I) Showing Negative Deviations: For such solutions (a) A -B intermolecular: ‘interactions are stronger than A-A and B-B intermolecular interactions AH,;, is—ve(c) AV,, is—ve x\=0 x1 Examples: Chloroform+Acetone Chloroform+ Benzene Chloroform+ Diethyl ether Acetone + Aniline , HCI + Water HNO, + Water Azeotropic mixture or constant Boiling mixture: mixture of two or more components EAMCET 8 IIT=JEE May which like a pure chemical compound boils distills over completely at the same temperstirg without change in composition is called 4, azeotrope . Nonideal solutions formazeotrope, Azeotropic mixture with minimyy Boiling point: Formed by liquids showing positive deviation. An intermediate composition liquids having highest vapour pressure, hence lo boiling point gives this azeotrope.. Such azeotrop, have boiling points lower than either of the pug component. eg, Rectified spirit (ethanol 95.514 HO 4.50%) bpt 351.5 K. Azeotropic mixture with maximum boiling point: Formed by liquids showing E negative deviation, Anintermediate composition liquids having minimum vapour pressure, bene highest boiling point gives this azeotrope. Such azeotropes have boiling points higher thaneitherof the pure components. e.g, Water & HNO, (HNO,68% + H,032%) bpt 393.5K Colligative Properties : The properties o dilute solutions which depend on the number of particles (ons or molecules) of the solute dissolved inthe solution are called colligative properties. 1 Colligat ice GU ‘olligative properties @ GIL Whasy ve They are Relative lowering of vapour pressure (RLV? of solution A) Elevation inthe boiling point ofthe solution (8) iii) Depression in the freezing point ofthe solution > (a7,) iv)Osmotic pressure ofthe solution (7) RELATIVE LOWERING OF > VAPOUR PRESSURE (RLVP) Ostwald’s dynamic method is based 07% ‘measurement of RLVP ofa solutiondue to ofanon volatile solute RLVP as per Raoult’s law, is equal to # fraction of solute he oo Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer «Sr, EAMCET & IIT-JEE MAIN 4 Volume-T> P-P Where x, = mole faction of solute PoP in, a,b nen, P Fordilute solutions n,
The temperature at which the vapour pressure ofa liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (ie,,oneatmosphere) is known as the boiling point ofthe liquid. > The vapour pressure (P) ofa dilute solution of the non-volatile solute is less than the vapour pressure ‘ofthe pure solvent (P, ) inwhichthenon-volatile solute is dissolved, > Boiling point ofsolution (T) is greater than the boiling point ofsolvent (7, ) 1 “(po1,)=A7, = elevation of Boiling point. > From thermodynamic laws > Fordilute solutions, 1 Atm} iT; Ty, Te The principal of elevation of Boiling Point “According to the principle of elevation in boiling BEI. BE or (AT, wr = proportionality constant X,, = Mole Fraction of solute. eladheat of vapourisation of liquid =boiling point of pure solvent R=gas constant. | x n_ Mb But ‘vapourization) oe = xl, (1,=latent heat of Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer eM At, =e 21 1, Mb > for | molal solution, RT? d 18t = Fe ie (4 ab= ) b i, * *7000 (g 1,b=1000gr K, = ee 1, «1000 > AT; and K, are related by the equation AT, = K, xm el > Theclevation in boiling point observed in one molal solution of a non-volatile solute is called molal elevation constant(‘K,) (or) Ebullioscopic constant. - > Themolal elevation constant of'a solvent does not change with the change in the nature of solute dissolved in it. > Cottrell’s method is used for determination of molar Cottrells method isused ‘nas of solute using elevation of boiling point. he molal botling-point constant for water is 0.513Km~.When 0.1 mole of sugar is dissolved in 200.0g of water:Then Calculate the boiling point of solution under a pressure of 1.0atm. ~ een 1000 So: AT, = K, x x mw ow AT, = 0.513%0,1x12% - 0.256 200 7, -T,=0256 7, =7,+0256 T,=100+0.256 =100.256.C 3. DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT > Freezing points the temperature at which the solid. formof liquid begins to ‘At this temperature solid and liquid in jp equilibrium. a ‘When non volatile solute is dissolved in soja the freezing point decreases. For dilute solutions the curves are cons almost linear. z From OBC, OEF, oc _ Be OF EF > > > K, = proportionality constant or molal depres? > constant or cryoscopic constant > X, = Mole Fraction of solute. Fromthermodynamiclaws <\/ > P AH, = molar heat of freezing freezing point of pure solvent s constant. B RT at, = ae For dilute solutions, ~ Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer on “AT, = RT (aw AH,\M b But “AH, =Wxi, (I, =Iatent heat of fasion) a falb= (g 1 1000 } AT, and K;, are related by the equation AT, = K, xm or solution ofa non volatile solute isknownas K’, K,, depends on chemical nature ofsolvent but not solute inthe solution. Rast method is used for determination of molar mass ofsolute. Using depression in freezing point. Rast method isused for solid solutions. = ; Colligative property & Nictar mass of solute Boiling point of solution oc no. of ons present in sohite Freezing point ofsolution «= ee et [Link] ions present in a solute "Calculate ther molecular weight of a substance if the freezing pol olution containing 2g of the substance Is r benzene. The cryoscope a, 1000 co ¢ Jar, = Kx | ore we] The depression offiezing point observedin I moal | smikrs W1000% Ky yg _ WOD0>k, MWxW AT, xW 4. OSMOSIS & OSMOTIC PRESSURE The spontancous flow of the solvent through semipermeable membrane from pure solvent to solution (or) froma dilute solationto concentrated solution is known as osmosis. > The membranes which allow to pass only solvent molecules through it but not solute molecules is called semipermeable membrane. > Ex. Animal membranes lke pig’s badder, membrane round the red blood corpuscle, cell membrane, parchment paper, cellophane paper, inorganic precipitate membranes like cupric ferrocyanide Cu, Fe(CN),] Calcium phosphate Ca, (PO,), Osmotic Pressure(z) ‘The hydrostatic pressure developed on the aqueous dilute solution at equilibrium state due to inflow of ‘water when the solution is separated from the water bya semipermeable membrane. (or) > The pressure required to be applied on the solution to just stop the inflow of solvent into the solution, ‘when the solution is separated from the solvent by .a semipermeable membrane. Van’t Hoff’s theory of dilute Solutions > According to van't Hof’s, dilute solutions behave as gases. Hence the laws that applicable to gases are also applicable to dilute solutio fan’t Hoft’s Boyle’s Law Vv Atconstant temperature the osmotic pressure (7) of a dilute solution is directly proportional to its concentration (C) C=mole/litre mac Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer —_—_ — See ‘When a pressure greater than that Sf osm ‘Van’t Hoff’s Charle’s Law >| The osmotic pressure (77) ofa solution of constant concentration (C) is directly proportional to the KT rm from (1) and (2) ao T raST 1. “=CST Re here S =solution constant ‘The value of ‘S’ is similar to the value of R” (gas constant) Hence 1V=RT for 1 mole for ‘n’ mole [7 V=nkT| If*a’ is weight of the solute and “M’ is its molecular weight then a i sCfor'n’ moles 7 = kt RT RTC | u- af (a) av (b) M z > detote resus ete by Becket - Harty Reverse Osmosis ‘Salt Water mn Vv Ne RS temperature in Kelvin Scale (T) = i 2 , finally bursts. It is an example to endo-osmosis >” Plants taken up water from soil through th pressure (77) isapplied on solution side, they solvent from the solution flows into pure: Sole this process i called reverse osmosis, It used in desalination of sea water i Isotonic solutions: At a given tempera, solutions of same osmotic Pressure are cay isotonic solutions: . x eg: Bloodis. isotonic with saline (0.9% WIVNaq, t solution) Hypotonic solutions: Solutions having ly ‘osmotic pressure Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions having highs ‘osmotic pressure al Plasmolysis: The flow of the liquid fromthe pag cell when placed in a hypertonic solution is cally plasmolysis. The plant cell undergoes shrinkag Itis an example to exo-osmosis Haemolysis : When a plant cell is placed hypotonic solution then the: solvent flows into pln cell. This is known as Haemolysis. The plant ce phenomenon of osmosis through root hairs « ‘Araw mango placed in salt solution loses watervi osmosis. This takes place in the preparationoft pickle. Osmotic pressure of solutions have high valuesax are of the order of about 20-200 atm. Orda, membranes can't withstand pressure. Hess Berkely - Hartley measured osmotic pressures cupric ferrocyanide as semipermeable membre the osmotic pressure ofa solution containing | of solute particles per litre (IM) at °C 82 atm. Formulae nV =nST Hence Sol: ; m= Osmotic pressure mv =“sr ( w ») ‘S=Solution const" m m wST ‘T=absohute temperati® W=Weight of solute “Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer Stic ithe vent! ture’ leg ac. wvia ofa ence ssing rane. ok 22.4 nt ture a —t<“‘iaD “a Sr. EAMCET 8 IIT-JEE MAIN m=molecular wt ofsolute V=volume ofthe solution n=no. moles of solute M=Molharity of the solution 3. Consider two solutions and IT having 1, and n, moles ofthe solute in V, and 1, litres ofthe solution respectively Iet 2 and P, be their osmotic pressures at the same temperature (T) If B =P, ic., isotonic solutions mm Osmotic pressure of mixture of two Solutions: Case(I): Let two solutions of same substance having different osmotic pressures 7, and zx, are |* mixed then osmotic pressure ofthe resultant solution can be calculated as a. DWATDME : fy TAN ali tny.=7,(K+h) a Here , =osmotic pressure of resulting solution Case (II): Let n, and n, are the number of moles of two differént solutes present in V, and Y, volumes respectively. Osmotic pressure of the mixture can be calculated as n=m+m, _ (nit mi (+h) here j, and i, are vant Hoff's factors for the two solujes. (WG a sate presnure or solution at 300K is 0.821 atm. Its concentration will be a=CRT C=a/RT -—0821___ 9.933 00821300 Abnormal Molar mass : Colligative properties are shown by dilute solutions. Solutions which obey Raoult’s law are called ideal solutions. Deviations in Raoult’s law are observed duc to Sol: c vve v increase in concentration of solutions. > Solutions which deviate from Raoult’s law are known as non-ideal solutions. > In idcal solutions intermolecular forces in the [Link] negligible. > But innnon ideal solutiqns intermolecular forces are considerable, > Non ideal solutions show deviations in colligative properties. > Electtolytes undergo ionisation in aqueous solutions asa result number 6f pace in the solution increases hence magnitude ofcofigative properties increases. > Colligative property and molar mass of solute are inversely proportional to each other. > Somolar mass of electrolytic solutes determined experimentally s less than true value. > Some solutes when dissolved in solvents may undergo association ie, solute molecules combine to form dimers or trimers etc. > Ducto association number particles inthe solution decreases, as a result magnitude of colligative properties decreases. So molar mass of such sobite willbe higher than true value. > Van’t Hoff introduced a factor ‘i’ in the equations to equalise the experimental value and calculated value > For example, osmotic pressure (7) equation is nV = RT (calculated) xV =iRT (experimental ) . Fexpe n ‘cal experimental value of colligative property Calculated value of colligative property “observed osmotic pressure Calculated osmotic pressure > Forsolutes which undergo dissociation let a solute on ionisation gives ‘n’ ions (particles) and 'q' is degree of ionisation at the given concentration, we will have [1+(n-1)er] particles (ions) after ionisation 4, ond * 1 0 l-a nae 4 CHEMISTRY > Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer Bees Total no of particles after dissociation = 1+(n-1)a] ___no.of particlesafler dissociation 1n0.0f particles before dissociatio [ena] |\ra 4 o)* To oO) fk } ‘a' is degree a I-atna = _n=1 ‘Van’t Hoff Fractor i for complete dissociation of solute > Forsolutes which undergo association If‘n’molecules of ‘A’ combine to give 4, , wehave mA A, 1 o ‘a (degree of association at £ : the given concentration) «Total particles after association =1-a + n ba aay { aed We -4() arsciaton Ww #OA=7A0-X) 40% ionize Calculate van’t Hoff factor , Sol: XY, > X7+20" yx 1 n=3 earl aT +a(n-l) fy 7 j=1+04G-1) 7 8 3) Vv s ‘If potassium ferrocyanideis 80% 1 ‘calculate van’t Hoff factor . 3 Sol: K,[Fe(CN),J> 4x [Fe(CN),] BE ¢ es 34 i=1+a(n-1) . 1 =140.8(5-1) 3 =42 4°. . © EB hrtrmetneni solutiontouy | extent of 75%. Calculate van’t Hoff Factor, ~ a 1 Sok => 075 DR hey ‘ 1 a istsa(t-1) yA ay I 1 =140.75x1 yere =1.75 6: What is the degree of dissociation f¢ Ca(.NO,), solution if van’t Hoff factor=24 Sok: Ca(.NO,), > Ca”? +20; n=3 Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer EAMCET & IIT - JEE‘MAIN << | >»! TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ner of phases present in a true solution is 1 2)2 3) Depends on number ofsolutes 4) Innumerable Which one of the following is not a true solution? a) 1)Amalgam 2) Ornamental gold 3)Saltwater —4YMilk, @- EXPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION | OFSOLUTIONSOF SOLIDSIN LIQUIDS 3. Asolution of known concentration is known as 1) Molar Solution 2) Normal Solution 3)Mole Solution 4) Standard Solution. 4. Which of the following methods of expressing concentration is independent of temperature? ain 1) Molarity 2)Molality a 3) Formality ‘4) Normality “~ fl IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS 5. The pair ofsolutions which shows positive deviation in non ideal solution 1) CCL, +[Link] 2)CHCI, +CH, 3) CCI, + CHCl, 4)Both I and 3 6. The pair of solutions which shows negative deviation in non-ideal solution fot 1471) CHCl +CH,COCH, 3 2)CH,COCH, + C,H,NH, 3) CHC, +C He 4)Allthe above @ HENRY’S LAW 7. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution is given by 1)Raoult’s aw 2) Ostwald’s law 3) Distribution law 4) Henry's law 8. Four gases like H,,/e,CH, and CO, have Henry’s constant values (K,,) are 69.16, 144.97, 0.413 and 1.67. The gas which is more = Volume-t> 9, |. Which of the followi soluble in liquid is He 2)CH, 3) H, 4) CO, The solubility of gas in a liquid increases w 1) Increase of temperature 2) Amount of liquid taken ‘Decrease in temperature 4) Reduction of gas pressure COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURAND RAOULT’S LAW is a colligative property? 1) Boiling point 3) Vapour pressure 2) Osmotic pressure 4) Freezing point |. An aqueous solution of methanol in water has vapour pressure 1) Equal to that of water 2) Equal to that of methanol * 3) More than that of water 4) Less than that of water DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT Which of the following solutions have lowest freezing point ? 1) 0.1 MNaCl 3) IMNaCl 2) 0.01 MNaCl 4) 0.001 M NaCl . The freezing point of equimolal aqueous solution will be highest for 1) GeHlgNH,CI 2) Ca(NOs), 3) La(NO,), 4) CgHy20, (glucose) |. The use of common salts, e.g., NaC! or CaCl, anhydrous, is made to clear snow on the roads. 1) A lowering in the freezing point of water. 2) Alowering in the melting point of ice. 3) Ice melts at the temperature of atmosphere present at that time. 4) Allthe above . The freezing point of 1% aqueous solution of trate will be 2) Above 0°¢ 4) Below 0° calcium 10% 3)1°¢ Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer 20. 2: 22, 23. ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT Which of the following solutions has largest boiling point? 1) 0.1 M ghicose 2)0.1 M NaCl 3)0.1M BaCl, 4)0.1 Murea OSMOSIS - Osmotic pressure is measured by 1) Ostwald’s method 2) Berkeley and Hartley method 3) Prefier’s method 4) Beckmann’s method }. Blood cells retain their normal shape in solution which are I)isotonic to blood —2)hypotonic to blood 3) hypertonic to blood 4) equinormal to blood The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is directly proportional to the 1) Diffusion rate of the solute 2) Ionic concentration 3) Boiling point 4) Flow of solvent from a concentrated solution ‘A perfectly semi-permeable membrane when used to separate a solution from its solvent permits through it the passage of 1) Solute only 2) Solvent only 3)Both(a) and(b), _ 4)None . Which statement is incorrect about osmotic pressure (zr) , volume(V) & temperature(T)? 1 1) #7, ifT isconstant. 2) 2aT, if Visconstant 3) ma V, if Tis constant 4) mV is constant, if is constant The Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is given by 1) R=RxN, 2) AV =nRT AP _P°-Py 3) Fre ped) AP = FN, VAN’T HOFF FACTOR Fora non-electrolyte solution, the Van’t Hoff factor is equal to “4Volumet® zB 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. uM. 32. . ‘The ratio of the value of any coy," PESHIEAS CENTS TIER 21 3)2 4) Between y 1) Zero property for KCI solution to that fo, at solution is nearly m 110 205 © 3)20 425 Van't Hoff factor () for an aqueous solutg,, an electrolyte is 1) Zero 2) Greater than 1 3) Equal to one 4) <0 Assuming each salt to be 90% dissociaty which of the following will have the highs, osmotic pressure ? 1) Decinormal Al; (SO, ), 2) Decinormal BaCl, 3) Decinormal Na,SO, 4) Asolution obtained by mixing equal volumes: (2) and (3) and filtering Which salt shows maximum osmotic pressure in its Im solution. ft 1) Agno, 2) Na,SO, 3)(NH,), PO, 4) MgCl, Which solution will show maximum elevatia in boiling point? 5 1) 0.1 MKCl 2)0.1M BaCl, 3)0.1M FeCh 4) 0.1 M Fe;(S0), ei The correct relationship between the bolt points of very dilute solutions of ICI; (t,)# CaCi,(t,), having. the same mols concentration, is N4=h Dh>h 3)—>h EZ If q is the digrce of dissocition of NaS the Vant Hoff factor (i) used for ealeulating molecular mass is Dita Di-a 31+2a 41-20 * Which aqueous solution has minimum freed point? 1) 0.01 M NaCl 2) 0.005 M CH: my 4) 0.005 M MgSO 3) 0.005 M MgCl 4 For the given electrolyte 4,8, the deg jy dissociation q can be given as 7 5 5) y eGo Dia(l-e) 8" ae Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer "aSr EANCET 8 IIT-JEE MAIN 4) Allofthese 11 24°34 42 54 64 7)4 8)2 9)3 10)2 11)3 12)3 ited —:13)4- 14) 415) 4 16)317)2 18)1 rest 19)2 20)2 21)3 22)2 23)2 24)3 | 25)2 26)1 27)3 28)4 29)2 30)3 | 31)1 32)4 pm =@ EAMCET - C.R.D, esof sure @ MOLARITY ‘When the volume of the solution is doubled, the following becomes exactly half 1) Mohality 2) Mole-fraction ‘Molarity 4) Weight percent NORMALITY 1 kg of NaOH is added to 10 ml of 0.1N HCl, the resulting solution will 1) turn blue litmus red 2) tum phenolphthalein solution pink 3) tum methyl orange red 4) willhave no effect on red or blue litmus paper lowest molar The solution having concentration is ‘ _ 1) LON HCL 2) 0AN H,S0, “Yn 3)[Link] Na,CO; 4) IN NaOH SS In anormal solution of BaClg, normalities of Bat? and Cl arein the ratio 1) 2:10 22 NU EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS When an oxide M;0; is oxidised to MzOs its equivalent is Ah 1)[Link]/l 2)M.wi2 34M, wa 4)M, wi8 The equivalent weight of Mohr’s salt 423 {Volume-l> (FeSO,.(NH,),SO,.6H,O) during redox reaction is equal to its 1) Molecular weight / 2 2) Atomic weight /2 3) Molecular weight /3 4) Molecular weight Equivalent weight of ammonia as a base is 17 2)173 31.7 4)17/2 In an oxidation-reduction reaction, Min; fon is converted to jfn'?. What is the number of equivalents of KMnO,, (mol. wt = 158) present in 250 ml of 0.04 M KMnO, solution? 1)0.02 2)0.05 3) 0.04 4) 0.07 MOLALITY Number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g. of the solvent is called 1) Molarity 2) Molality 3) Formality 4) Normality MOLE FRACTION ‘Which of the followingis correct? 1) Fora binary solution sum of the mole fractions ofall components is equal to one 10. Mole fraction of | __moles of I Mole fraction of I moles of IT (for binary solution) . 3) Mole fraction of solute moles of solute “moles of solute + moles of solvent 4)All Which of the following has no units? 1) Molarity 2) Normality ~ "\ 3)Molality gyftole fraction @ HENRY’S LAW (2 )new many grams of CO, gasis dissolved in a 1 It bottle of carbonated water if the manufacturer uses a pressure of 2.4 atmosphere in the bottling process at K, of CO; 25°C Given water = abe ai “CHEMISTRY > ray ee Se Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer a 13. 14. 15. 17. SC 29.16atn/ mole/1 at 25°C 1)3.52 2)42 3) 3.1 VAPOUR PRESSURE The boiling point of CéHg,CH3OH, CyH,NH, and CgHsNO, are 80°C, 65°C, 184°C and 212°C respectively. Which will show highest. vapour pressure at room temperature? 42.5 1) CoH 2) CH;0H 3) CeHsNH 4) CgHsNO2 12g of urea is present in litre of solution and 68.4 g of sucrose is separately dissolved in llitre of another sample of solution. The lowering of vapour pressure of first solution is, 1) Equal to second 2) Greater than second 3) Less than second 4) Double that of second Lowering of vapour pressures of equimolar solution of glucose, sodium chloride and barium nitrate arein the order. * 1) Glucose >NaC>Ba (NO3)2 2) Glucose =NaCl = Ba (NO3)> 3) Ba(NO3)p > NaCl> Glucose 4) NaCI > Ba(NO3)9 > Glucose Which of the following salt has the same value of Van't Hoff factor as that of K;[Fe(CN), ] 1) Na,SO, 2) Al, (SOs); -a/ Al(NO;), 4) Fe,O, 4) nearly one fifth of the second solution Which one of the following represents the graph between log Pon Y-axis and 1/T on X- axis? (P= vapour pressure of a liquid, T= absolute temperature) COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES ‘Tie molecular weight of NaCI determined} ‘osmotic pressure method will be 1) Same as theoritical value 2) Higher than theoritical value 3) Lower than theoritical value 4) Negative Which among the following will show maxima osmotic pressure? 1) IM NaCl 2) IMMgCl, 3) IM(NH,),PO, 4) IM Na,SO, me EAMCET - C.R.D.- KEY Yet 13: 21 34 4)3 5)3 64 Dl 8)2 9)2 10)4 i1)4 121 13)2 9)! 15)3 16)3 17)3 18)3 19)3 a meee] EAMCET - C.R.D. - HINTS os 1 Mat ‘ v 15. 16. 19.¢ 19. 2. P=K,C gram equiavalents are always equal m7 ‘The oxidation state ofa metal atom chage> 4 +3 to +5 6. Fe? > Fe 41 ve Ww So E.W= ue Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer << Volamed > cS Vapour pressure ot The acidity of NH, is‘1” (normality) MnO, —> Mn? + Se Mt 1000 molality Gani“ Wi of solvent in grams . Conceptual : shes ‘no. moles of solute +no. moles of solvent mole fractions aratio -, Nounits Xt . PaKyC BP . Partical concenctration is same 12201 = 61 68.4 1 xe 342 1 . Number ofions @LVP |. i=1+a(n-1) ._ 19. Osmotic pressure depends on number of particles EAMCET- H.T. MOLARITY Asemi molar solution is the one, which coptains One mole solute in? litres 2) 2 moles solute in 2 litres 3) 0.1 mole solute in 1 litre 4) 0.2 moles solute in 2 litres NORMALITY solution of known normality is diluted to two times. Which of the following changes during dilution? 1) Equivalent ofsolute 2)Moles of solute 3) Milli equivalent or milli moles of solute 4) Normality of solute Normality of 0.1M H3P03 is 1)0.2N 2)0,30N 3)0.033N 4) 0.05N Molarity of 0.1N oxalic acid is 1) 0.05M. 2) 0.1M 3)0.2M 4)0.3M @ EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS ) The equivalent weight of HPO, in the following reaction is HPO, + Ca(OH), —»>CaHPO, +2H,0 198 © @f49-—« 3) 32.66 4) 40 6. The equivalent weight of MnSOz is half its molecular weight, when itis converted to 1) Mny032) MnO 3) MnOg 4) MnOg? 7. In the reaction I, +28,0% 8,02 +25 Equivalent weight of iodine will be equal to 1) its molecular weight 2) 1/2 ofits molecular weight 3) 1/4 ofits molecular weight 4) twice ofits molecular weight 8. The equvivalent weight of Ci, in the reaction CH, +20, + CO, +2H,0 is [M=molwt] 1)M/4 —2)M/8_—3)M/12_4)M/I6 @ MOLALITY 9. M=molarity of the solution m=molality of the solution d=density of the solution (in g. /~) M' =gram molecular weight of solute Which of the following relations is correct M )™= oq 1000d — MM" _ M1000 ~ d+MM" Mx1000 3)""= G000xd)- MM" (1000) — MM" mx1000 pi (1000 x d)— MM" . Molarity of Im aqueous NaOH solution [density of the solution is 1.02 g/ml] 11M 2) 1.02M 3)1.2M 4)0.98M. [Link] mole of urea dissolved in 100g of [Link] molality of the solution is In 2)0.01M 3)0.01m 4)1.0 2m @ MOLE FRACTION 12. The mole fraction of solvent in 0.1. molal aqueous solution is 1)0.9982 2)0.0017 3)0.017 4)0.17 Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer @ HENRY’S LAW 13. Incorrect statement is ( K,, =Henry’s constant) 1)K,, isa characteristic constant fora given gas solvent system 2)Higher is the value of X., lower is solubility of gas fora given partial pressure of gas 3) K,, has temparature dependence 4)K,, decreases with temparature 14, Which of these curves represents Henry’s Law? : Dy Dy aan J ; . x oO x @ VAPOUR PRESSURE dy ° 3. 15. Which of the following solutions will have the maximum lowering of vapour pressure 1) IM-CaCh 2) IM-NaCl 3) IN-Phenol 4) IM- Sucrose 16. The vapour pressure of water depends upon 1) Surface area of container 2) Volume of container 3) Temperature 4)All @ COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 17. Choose the correct Statement 1) The boiling point of the solution fall on increasing the amount of the solute 2) The freezing point of the adding more of solvent 3) The freezing point of the solution is raised on adding more of solute 4) The freezing point ofthe solution decreases on increasing the amount of the solute 18. Isotonie solutions have 1) same boiling point 3) same melting point 4) same osmotic ‘Pressure 19. 0.1M NaCland 0.1M CH,COOH are keptin solutionis lowered on 2) same vapour pressure sep: f their osmotic pray, | are P, and P, respectively then whay ra correct statement? ‘ 1)P,>P, 3) Pi
ZnSO, + Cu. If excess of zinc is added to 100ml, 0.05M CuSO, the amount of copper formed in moles will be 1s 2)0.5 — 3)0.05 4) 0.005 ‘The molarity of pure water is 1)18M_ 2)55,55M3)10M_ 4)5.55M 1f250ml of 0.25M NaCl solution is diluted with (® mend concentration of solution is 1) 0.167M 2) 0.0167M 3) 0.125M 4) 0.0833M What volume of 0.8M solution contains 0.1 8, mole of the solute? 1) 100ml 2) 125ml 3)500 ml 4) 62.5 ml ‘,) 250 mlofa calcium carbonate solution contains 2.5 grams of CaCO,. If 10 ml of this solution is diluted to one litre, whatis the concentration of the resultant solution? 1)0.1M 2) 0.001 M 3) 0.01 M4) jg~4 M 3,65 grams of HClis disolved in 16.2 grams of water: The mole fraction of HClin the resulting solution is 104 2)03 3)0.2 foul If the formula weight of H,SO, is 98. The amount of acid present in 400ml of 0.1molar solution of acid will be 1)2.45g 2)3.92g 3)4.90g 4) 9.80g 5.85g NaClis dissolved in 500ml of water. The molarity is 10.1 2902 303 4) 04 13.) The amount of FeSO, 7H,O to be weighted to preparea solution of 100m of 0.1 M concentration is ([Link] FeSO, . (7H,0=278) 6 1)27.8g 2)90g 3) 2.78g 4)5.5g @ NORMALITY Number of milli equivalents of solute in 0.5 litres of 0,2N solution is pio 21 3§100 4)1000 Volume of 0.1 M K,Cr,O, required to oxidise 35ml of 0.5 M FeSO, solution is 135ml’ -2)29ml 3)17.Sml_4)175ml 16, Weight of solute present in 500 ml 0.2 N- 180, solution is 142g 249g 3)3.55g 4) 14 @ Number of milli equivalents of solute present in 250 ml of 0.1M oxalic acid soluti 2) 50 3) 2504125 3) 1.575g 4)3.15g n litres) of 0.1M SO, ly neutralize 1 litre of 0.5M NaOH? water to a volume of 500ml, the new Be ee, 1s 292.5 305 4)10 << CHEMISTRY > Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer @ MOLALITY 20. 3.42 g ofa substance of molecular weight 342 is present in 250g of (water, Molality of this solution is 1)0.4m — 2)0.04m'3)0.8m 44m 21. 3g ofa salt [molwt. 30] is dissolved in 250g of Water the molality of the solutions 04 290.2 3)0.6 "40.8 @ MOLE FRACTION 22, The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution containing 1 mole of NaCI in 1000g of water is 1)0.0177 2)0.001 3)0.5 4)0.244 23. The mole fraction of water in 20% of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is 10.2 2)0.8 —-3)0.883. 4) 0.117 24. An aqucous solution “of Methyl alcohol contains 48g of alcohol. The mole fraction of alcohol is 0.6. The weight of water in it is 127g -2)2.7g 3) 18g 4) 18g 25.) A gaseous mixture contains 4.0g of H, and 56.0g of N, The mole fraction of H, in the mixture is 10.1 2)0.2 3)0.5 4)0.8 26. Three statements are given about mole fraction i) Mole fraction of a solute + mole fraction of |” solvent =1 ii) Equal weighits of Helium arid methane are present in a gaseous mixture. The mole fraction of He is 4/5 The mole fraction of water in the aqueous solution of NaOH is 0.8. The molality of the solution is nearly 14 moles kg! 1) iand iiare correct _ 2) and ii are correct 3) iand ii are correct 4) allare correct lm HENRY’S LAW 27. Henry’s law constant for the solubility of V, gas in water at 298K is 1.010% aim « The mole fraction of N, in air is 0.6. The [Link] moles of N, from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298K and Satm pressure is 1) 3.0x10 2)4.0x10% 3)5.0x107 4)6.0x10°° 1b 2) 19.602 3) I : 28. 11,5 a toxle pas with rotten ey ike sy used for the qualitative analysigy, Bl solubility of //,Sin water at spp 0.195M, then Henry’s law constant is 1928.94 °2)289.4° 3)145.24y2809 4 Henry's law cosmtant for CO, in wate 36. 2 1.6710" pa at 298 K the quantity of co 500m! of soda water when packed under 4 atm pressure is 1) 0.0084mol, \ Bic 2)0.00084mol 3 f8dmol sh % H@ VAPOUR PRESSURE VY ’ 4\! “+ 30. Asolution is obtained by dissolving 0.2 Mole f urea in a litre water. Another solution} obtained by dissolving 0.4 moles of cane-suy in a litre of water at the same temperatuy The lowering of vapour pressure to the fing solution is. 1) Same as that ofthe second solution 2) Halfto that of the second solution 39, a to that of the second solution jone 31.°3 [Link] urea‘is added to 36 gms of boilin water, How much lowering in its vapou presspre is noticed . 40. 1) 19mm 2)38mm_ 3) 760mm4) 76mm 32. Which of the following solutions have mot © lowering in vapour pressure at a certti temperature? 1) 90 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H,0 2)34.2 grams of sucrose in 450 grams of H;0 3)20 grams ofurea in900 grams of HO 4) 45 grams of glucose in 900 grams of #0 #1), 33: The vapour pressure of methanol at cert) * temperature is 1 atm. by adding a s™ ( amount of ethyl acetate the vapour press!” of the solution is found to be 684 mm. © rel lowering of vapour pressure is 1) 01 7 2)09 3) 76 4)0.694 p82. * 4) ‘The vapour pressure of water at 23°C 8 mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved in 1” gof water, What is the vapour pressure (it hs of the resultant solution atsame temper Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer @_ ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT Which of the following aqueous solution will ; Which of the following will have highest boiling have highest depression‘in freezing point ? 40 * point at 1 atm pressure? 1) 0.1Murea 2) 0.1 MSucrose 1)0.1M NaCl 2)0.1 MSuerose 3) O.1MAICL — 4)0.1 M'K[Fe(CN),] 3)[Link] Bac, 4)[Link] 44. Calculate the molal depression constant of a 36. The rise in the boiling point of a solution solvent which has freezing point 16.6? and : ing 1.8g of glucose in 100g of solvent Bs latent Heht of fusion 180,75 g"' v5 = 0.1°C. The molal elevation constant of the ’ 133 23.86 3)2.9 4)38.6"" liquidis , atin sols 45. Caluculate the mass of ascorbic 3) 1Kim Bivken acid(C,,0,)to be dissolved in 75g of acetic ; @ The boiling point of 0.1molal K,[Fe(CN),] acid to lower its melting point by * solution will be (Given K, for water= 052K | 15°C, =3.9K kg mol" é AG? kgmot’), Butte 1)5.08g 25.06 3)5.04—4)5.02 a> D170 Z)ADOLO AG H OSMOTIC PRESSURE | § 3) 100.26°C 4) 102.6°C . F 38, Motalelevation constant and mola depression | “* 20066 aanoae ee ' fakeses iter respectively solution at 300 K is found to be 2.5710 NOSTNe sine ome bar. Calculate the molar'mass of tine polymer’ S Riese ote ais 1)61038 giniole 2) 122076 g/mole 39. Which ofthe folowing solutions witthavethe | 4, ))S1038g/mole 4) 122.076 gmole eedeueeane . The osmotic pressure ofa solution of an organic substance containing 18 gm in 1 lit of 1) 0.1M Al, (SO,), 2) 0.1M FeCl, ; solution at 293 Kis 2.41410? Nmr2- Find the 3) O.1M NaCl 4) 0.1MUrea molecular mass ofthe substance. (IN, $=, 1) 3 ASL AMA 40. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 [Link]| 8-3. K" mole") aM ; : 1) 181.33 2) 362.66 3)36.2 4) 181 - _ 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in ‘t ‘ 90g of benzene,the boiling point is raised to \@ Calculate the osmotic pressure ofa decinormal ‘n 354,11 K. The molar mass of the solute aa of NaCl which is nee 80% * » + is.(K, for benzene is 2.53K kg mol”) 1)4.43 atm2) 0.443 atm “> ew 1 " 3)0.222 atm 4) 0.111 atm 1 2 158 g mol 108 g mol + | 49. What is the Yolume of solution containing 1 3)174 g mol" 4)232 g mol" gm mole of sugar that will give rise tovan @ DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT osmotic pressure of 1 atm at 0°C ), Whatis the normal b.p ofan aquoues solution 2 a 2lit 2) 112 lit 3)224 it 4)22.4 a eg ; 50. Find the osmotic pressirre of M/20 solution'of ° 4 whose freezing point is -2.48°C ? tea atayect oe; [Ky =1.86% Chg / mol, K, =0.512 pe 1) 12.315atm 2) 1.2315 atm ni ws . 3)0.12315 atm 4) 0.0123 atm 1) 100.79C 2) 102.5°C Y° | SL. The osmotic pressure of a decimolar solution 3) 109.0°C 4) 993°C of urea at 27°C is . 7,8 4% Which ofthe following 0.10 m aqueous solution 1)2.49 bar 2) $ bar 3)3.4 bar 4) 1.25 bar Will have the lower freezing point ? 52. What is the volume of a solution containing 8 » CHS 2g mole of sugar that will give rise to an 2 1) Al, (SO,), ») C.H,0, osmotic pressure [Link] a \ ey 4) CyHl0, 1)4.48 lit 2)0.448 lit 3) 44.8 lit 4) 448 lit Os RD Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer 54, 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 63! VAN’T HOFF FACTOR AND ABNORMAL MAss au case of glectrolyte which dissociates in the solution, the van’t Hoff factor i Der atoret For a very dilute solution of //,PO, van't Hoff factor is Diaz 2723 3); 4) i=5 . Fora substance ‘A’ when dissolved in a solvent “B? show the molecular mass corresponding to A,. the vant Hoff factor will be I) 1 22 3)3 418 Van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of glucose is 10 21 3) 15 4)2 The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute solution of Fe,(SO,), is 9 2) 5 3) 24 4) 16 The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute aqueous solution of K[ 4g(CW), ] is 14 23 32 45 The magnitude of colligative properties in , colloidal dispersions is .... than solution 1)Lower 2)Higher 3)Both 4)None If a solute under goes dimerization and trimerization, the minimum values of the van’t Hoff factors are: 1)0.50and 1.50 2) 1.50 and 1.33 3) 0.50 and 0.33 4) 0.25 and 0.67 The Van’t Hoff factor of HggCl, in its aqueous solution will be (Hg,Cl, is 80% ionizedin the solution) 1)1.6 2)2.6 3)3.6 1M aqueous solution of MgCl, at 300K is 44.6 nization of the salt? 179% — 2)59% 349% —4)69% 4” 0.002 molar solution of NaCI having degree of dissociation of 90% at 27°C has osmotic pressure equal to? 1)0;94 bar 3)0.094 bar 2)9.4 bar * 4)9.4x10~ bar pValue 2 atm. What will be the percentage | se "3 Sr. EAMCET MT-Jee, 64. 1572.2 g of C,H,OH (phenol) is Ass, 7 960g of a solvent of K,=I4K jy, 4 oF the depression in freezing point is7k, 4,6: the percentage of phenol that izes 1)50 2) 80 3)30 4) 40 65. 1.00 of a non-electrolyte solute disso}, 8 50g of benzene, lowered the freezing ny! benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing “9. depression constant of benzene js sn kg mol~'. Find the molar mass of the. Soy! 2)256 gm/ mole 4)274gm/mole 11. meeeefJEE MAIN - CRD. - KEV) 1)4 2)2 3)4 4)2 54 62 73. 8)2 9)2 10)4 11)2 12)2 13)3 14313. 15)2 16)2 17)2 18)2 19)2 20)2 2iy4. 22)1 23)3 24)3 25)3 26)1 27)1 2s, 29)3 30)2 31) 1 32)1 33)1 34)2 393 36)3 37)3 38)1 39)1 40)1 41)1 4yiI6 43)4 44)2 45)2 46) 1 47)1 48)1 49/4 50)2 51) 1 52)3 53)1 54)2 55)4 59217. 57)2 58)3 59)1 60)3 61)2 62)3 8) 64)2 65)2 18. eee EE MAIN - CRD. - HINTS, (%6%}x10 vs Les 82 Mwt 2. n= At xy intlitres nM, =V,Myn __W_* 1000 2 GMW V(ml) 5 1) 236 gm/mole 3) 266 gm/mole L 21 Zn+CuSO, > ZnSO, +Cu Imole Imole 0.05x, ia mole ? Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer Ey al tol 9 ving KL Xp = nse — Me, 10 ner * Mino 1 1 = MxGMP HPO;? +2H® = Laleulated molecular mass experimental molecular mass Glucose is anon electrolyte Fe,(SO,), > 2Fe* +380," K[4g(CN),]>K° +[4g(CN), HgCl, == Hey +2cr n=3 ant moscta = jag Tae e 3-1 Alternate method to calculate (i) i =(Number ofionsx a )+(1-a) =(3x0.8)+(1-0.8) — [a =80% or 0.8] +0. 6 62. 2 =iCRT <0.1%0,0821%300 1.99 Neo Alternate method to calculate (i) (Number of ionsxa)+(1-a) 2 =(2x0.9)+(1-0.9) [a =90% or as] =18+0.1=19 m=iCRT =1.90,002% 0.082300 = 0.094 bar |. 2C,H,OH ==(C,H,0H), a/2 > l-a one 08 —La=08 = 2 Kym 20% 10. Substituting the values of various terms invohé equation we get, fed 5.12K kg mol”! x4.00g x 1000 g kg ail 040x50g = a+ pt (2, ‘Thus, molar mass of the solute = 2562 MOLARITY etl 10 millimoles of solute is present 1 following volume of 0.08M solution 1)125ml 2) 625ml 3)500 ml 4)1000% 2. The concentration of a 100 ml so! 4 containing X grams of Na,COs ("> te 106) is Y M. The values of X and 1) respectively: an 1) 2.12, 0.05 ND BUnUe Rae co 2) 1.06, 0.2 0. Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer neutralised by L0mlof 1M NaOH solution? 1) 10 2)20 325° 45 ‘The volume of water that must be added toa mixture of 250ml of 6M 1Cland 650ml of 3M HCI to obtain 3M solution is 1) 75m 2)150ml_3)300ml 4) 250m! If 36.0 g of glucose is present in 400 ml of solution, molarity of the solution is 1)0.05M 2) 11.0M 3)0.5M 4)2.0M 1£ 0.01 mole of solute is present in $00 ml of solution, its molarity is 1)0.01 M_2)0.005M 3) 0.02 M 4) 0.1M Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO, and 0.2 M NaCl solutions are mixed. The concentration of nitrate ions in the resultant mixture will be 1)0.1M — 2)0.2M 3)0.05M 4)0.15M An aqueous solution contain 0.53g of |. anhydrous Na,CO,([Link].106) dissolved i | 100ml ofsolution. The molarity of the solution is - 1)[Link] 2)0.05M 3)0.2M 3)0.4M The molarity of solution obtained by dissolving 0.01 moles of NaCl in 500ml of solution is 1)0.01M 2)0.005M 3)0.02M 4) 0.1M |. The weight in grams of KCl ([Link].=74.5) in 100ml of a 0.1M KCI solution is 1)74.5 2)2024 3) 0.745 4)0.0745 . The weight of AgNO, ([Link] =170) present in 100ml of 0.25M solution in-grams 1)4.25 2)2 37 417 .. Which of the following should be done in order to prepare a 0.4 M NaCl starting with 100ml of 0.3 M NaCl. ([Link] of NaCI =58.5) 1) add 5.85 g NaCl 2) add 20ml of water 3) add 0.01 moles NaC! 4) evoperate 10ml of water NORMALITY 250 mlofa solution contains 6,3 grams of oxalic acid(mol. wt. =126). What is the volume (inlitres) of water to be added to this solution to make it a 0.1 N solution? 1)7502)7.5 _3)0.075_4)0.75 The volume of 0.025M H,PO, required to complete neutralise 25ml of 0.03M Ca(OH), How many milli litres of 1M. HL,SO, will be 19. 22, L ml of 0.1 M H,SO, is 140ml -2)20ml_3) 10m 4) 80m How many gramsof dibasic acid ([Link].=200) should be present in 100m1 of its aqueous solution (0 give decinormal strength? Nig 2) 2 3)l0g 420g If 100 ml of a solution contains 10g of 11,SO, normality of the solution is 1)4.04N 2) 3.04N 3) 2.04N 4) 1.04N is required to neutralise 0m! of 0.2 M NaOH solution 25 -2)100 «375450 . If 20ml of 0.4 N NaOH solution completely neutralises 40 ml of a dibasic acid, the molarity of the acid solution is 1)0.1M 2)0.2M 3)0.3M 4)0.4M - Choose the Correct answer among the following is i) Normality and molarity of HClare same ii) Molality and molarity are independent of temperature iii) Normality of 1M KMnO, inacidic medium is SN. 1) Allare correct 3) iitonly correct 2) iionly wrong 4) Allare wrong . Calculate the amount of benzoic acid C,[Link] required for preparing 250ml of 0.15M solution 1)4.575 2)2.1 4)45.75 3)1.35 |. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity such a sample of acid if the density of the solution is 1.504g ,1-'? 11.623 2)0.124 3)16.234)1.124 Asolution of glucose in waters labled as 10% [Link] would be the molarity of the solution? L212 290.998 MOLALITY 3912.12 490.617 |. Molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid CH;COOH in 75 g of benzene is 10.278 mol kg 3)5.56 mol kg”! 2)0.556 mol kg 4)27.8 mol kg \ “4 CHEMISTRY > Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer grams of water is mixed in 69 grams of ® ethanol. Mole fraction of ethanol in resultant solution is 0,6. what is the value of ‘x’ in grams? 154 -2)36— 31804) 18 25. A gas mixture 44g of CO, and [4g of N,, what will be mole fraction of CO, in the mixture DUS 218-28) 26.) 138 grams of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 72 grams of water. The ratio of mole fraction of alcohol to water is aS ae) N34 1:2 D4 He ™ 27. Caleulate the mole fraction H7,5O, ina solution containing 98% H,SO, by mass 0.9 LI 3)2.1 40.1 A solution of sucrose in water is labled as 20% ~ w/v. What should be the mole fraction of each’ component in the solution? V 10.013 20.987 3)0.134)9.87 29) A solution is obtained by mixing 300g of 25% solution and 400g of 40% solution by [Link] the mass percentage of the resulting solution. 1) 66.66% 2)3.36% 3)33.6% 4)22.4% 30. If N, gas bubbled through water at 293K, how many milli moles of V; gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that NV, exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for \V, at 293K is 76.48K bar 190.716 2)0.62 3)0.93 4)0.54 . The mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C,H,0,) ina solution containing 20% of C,,0, by mass is 190,932 2)932 3)93.2 4)9.32 mg VAPOUR PRESSURE 32, Atacertain temperature, the vapour pressure of water is 90 mm, Af the same temperature the vapour pressure ofa solution containing a non-volatile solute is 81mm. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is 20.9 3)10 4) 0.1 Ms. 35. 36 37. EAMCET & IIT- jep is Added toy of water, its vapour pressure decreay 30mm to 24mm, The mole fraction y! solvent in the solution is ih 102 208 © 3)01 4)09 ® The vapur pressure of water is 123, 5 [Link] the vapour pressure | solution of a non-volatile solute in it, “ 1)12.08k.p, 2)1.208k.p, 3)2.4k.P, 4)0.4k.p, 39. “Assertion: The mixing of two completely miscible liquid. A and B showing poy, deviation from Raoult’s law is followed), absorption of heat Reason: TheA- B molecular interaction foggy are stronger than the A-A or B-B molesusg, interaction forces. J 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reasooi correct explanation for Assertion 2)Assertion is True, Reasonis True; Reasons, acorrect explanation for Assertion fi 3) Assertion is True, Reason is False . 4)Assertion is False, Reason is True Assertion : Equimolal solutions of dif non-volatile and non-electrolytic subst, , dissolved in the same solvent exhibit thes! ~ elevation of boiling point Reason: All solvents boil when their ¥#" pressures become equal to the atmosphe pressure. 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reasot! correct explaination for Assertion 1 2)Assertion is True, Reason is True;Renson®™ acorrect explanation for Assertion 3) Assertion is True, Reasonis False 4) Assertion is False, Reason is True AN! ELEVATION IN BOILING poly 10g) water i water is Scanned with ‘CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer ely Ositiy bya 1 force ‘lecula, ssonis; tis NOT 41. a St. FAMCET 6 IIT'- JEE MAIN N10 -2)WaT, 3) aT, om & The boiling point of a solution of 0.11 of a o 39. a 40. substance in 15 g of ether y 0.1°C higher than that of molecular weight of the substance will = 2.16K kg mot") IMB 21583) 168-4) 178. 18 g of glucose, C,H,,0,is dissolved in 1Kg of water in a [Link] what temparature will water boil at 1.013 bar ? X, for water is 052K Kg mol 1)186.101 2) 93.090 3)280.292 4)373,202 DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT A.5%solution(by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of [Link] the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15K 1)269.07k 2)269,07°C3)373k _4)373°C The depression in freezing point for 1M urea, 1M glucose and 1M NaCl are in the ratio 1) 1:2:3> 2)°95222 3) 1:1:2 4) 2:3:2 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene [Link] freezing point depréssion constant of benzene is 5.12K kg mol” .The molar mass. of the solute is 1)128 g mol” 2)256 g mol”! 3)64 g mol” 4)32.¢ mol . Assertion: Depression of freezing point is a colligative property Reason: The depression of freezing point for a solution is directly proportional to the ‘molality of the solution. 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is a correct explanation for Assertion 2)Assertion is True, Reason is Truc; ReasonisNOT correct explanation for Assertion 3) Assertioi is True, Reason is False 4 Volume-1> 4) Assertion is False, Reason is True OSMOTIC PRESSURE Two solutions of glucose have osmotic pressure 1,5and 2.5 atm. litre of 1* solution is mixed with 2 litres of 2 solution .The osmotic pressure of resultant solution willbe sy Ewe 1)21.6atm2)0.126atm 4, ie 3) 2.16 atm4) 0.216 atm ’ ‘he solution containing 10 grams ofan organic compund per litre showed an osmotic pressure of 1.18 atm, at 0°C. Calculate the molecular mass of the compound (S= 0.0821 litre - atm K" mole") wy yy en 1) 189.94 2)783)94.5 4)120 28, The osmatic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450mL of water at 46. 37°C Is gee 11022, 2)30.9 P, 3/204, 4)40.6 : 47. Assertion: Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is inversely proportional t concentration provided temperature remains constant. Reason : Osmotic pressure is a colligative property and depends upon the number of moles of solute dissolved in a definite volume ofthe solution. 1) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is a correct explanation for Assertion 2)Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reasonis NOT acorrect explanation for Assertion 3) Assertion is True, Reasonis False 4) Assertion is False, Reasonis True Assertion: 1M solution of NaCt has a higher osmotic pressure than I M solution of glucose at the same temperature Reason: The number of particles present in 1 M NaCl solution are more than those present in 1 M glucose solution and osmotic pressure depends upon number of particles present in the solution. 48. OTL TR Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer 1) Assertion is 1 K is found to be 4.92 atm at 9700, Tuc, Reason is Truc; Reasonis a correct explansiy is True; Asenicy ise martin - the value of x. Assume complete yo acor 'c, Reason is True; Reason is NOT f NaC} and ideal behaviour of yy. "8, volu "rect explanation for Assertion gute his oy 3) Assertior is Truc; Reasonis False Des ance 5 DAssertion is False, Reasonnis True 319.959 15a: po ae o 57, The osmotic pressure of a soluti ™ VAN’THOFF FACTOR AND il be its osmotic st" ABNORMAL 4 atm, What will be its osmotic pra“, 49. The van't Hot bapa 546K under similar conditions? factor for 0.1M Barium nitrat 7 0. is 2.74. The percentage of dissociation of | 1048" -2)2atm 3)8atm 4)6, " Barium nitrate is || 58. 2g of benzoic acid (CcH5COOH) dissing ‘sgt 2 aieM 2) 87% 3) 100% 4) 74% 25g of benzene shows a depression in ac Metin {associates in solution, the | point equal to [Link]} Geprerig Me Diet 2yi=1 3)i<1 * 4)none constant for benzene is 4.9K kgm » 51. For a non-electrolytic solution, van’t Hoff | Percentage association of acid ifitfomsgy factor is equal to in solution is 10. W= 10 21 3)2 1)9.92% 2)99.2% 3)90.08% 4)0.% _4) between 0 and 1 59. In.a0.2molal aqueous solution ofawee); j= [Link];a very dilute aqueous solution of | HX the degree of ionization is 0.3. Tay” é 7 : for water as 1.85, the freezing pointoftj2, v.34 K,[Fe(CN), ], van’t Hott factoris solution will be nearest to 1 1) -0.360°C 2) -0.260c © 13 KN Di=ll 2) i=5 37 7 9 isto 3) +0.480°C 4) -0.480°C v; 53. In which of the following pairs of solutions will JEE MAIN - H.T. - KEY Yon. 1,N, the values of the van’t Hofffactorbethesame? |)! 2)3_ 3)4 4)4 5)3. 6)3 73 8)2 9)3 10)3 11)1 12)3 13)4 Mls. W= 1) 0.05 M K,| Fe(CN) 1d 0.10M [Fe(cN),] an BESO 15)1 16)3 17)4 18)1 19)2 201 28 2) 0.20 M NaCl and 0.10 M BaCl, 22)4 23)2 24) 4 25)3 26)1 21 Big, N= 3) 0.05 M FeSO, (NH,),$0,6H,0 and 0.02] 29)3 30)1 31)1 32)4 33231 8) [Link],.6H,0 36)2 37)3 38)2 394 40)2 413 2” a 4) allhave same value 43)1 443 45)1 462 47)4 491 Mg, * 54, A1.17% solution of NaClisisotonie with 7.2% | 50)3 51)2 52)2 53)6 54)1 353 fatto of cose. Caleulate the Van't Hoff] 57)3.58)2. 59) 4 20. w= 12 24 35-46 eee] JEE MAIN - 1.7, - HINTS, 4,- A 0.2 molal solution of KCl freezes at 963°C. | 1. no of mill moles= M xvol in ml > If K, for H,0 is 1.86, the de; x 2. cit : Bree of} t00x10? dissociation of KClis 106 185% © 2)65% — 3)83% © -4)90% 3 UNey, 56. xg ofnon-clectrolyticcompound (molarmass |)! 2? 3, m= = 200) is dissolved in 1.0L of 0.05 M NaCl VxIx2=10x1x1 a solution. The osmotic pressure of this soluti men KPa 5) z vA PY x 7 Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer tr volume ofwaterto be added= V, —V, 1000 C.H,,0, =180 aan Vinwl feed nx1000 volinml 0.1/2 = 0.05 aE x, ,1000_ GMW V (ml) = nx 1000 V(ml) jy M&GMV xvolinml . 1000) cacy 11, W=MXGMIPx olin ingh 1000 ft 12. 4M, =%M, 13. WM =hN, ¥,-V, = volume of water to be added me FN =KN, af NxGEWxV (ml) 24 1s, w=-————_ Am) 3 E 1000 _#_,, 1000 2) 16 ~Gew "7 3 EW *Vinml | 17. KM=nN, 12) 4g YM, 3) 7 4m 20, y= mxXmwev 1000 Fo a xdxt0 . mw 1000 22, Mae 1000 2 og i = Tan’ yp &*%( w/w) weight of solvat 100-x densty of water~ 0.998 23, m= a, 1000 M, W, 24. Xio+ Xerces = 25. Xcye t= Om Mc, — Patt ab x, Ho "no =i, x, 27. ae = 8. En 29. Mass percentage of solute inthe solution __Weight of solute Weight of solution 30. According to Henry's law, Py, = Ky,Xy, Me Ky = 0.987 bar /76.48 10° bar =12.9 - Number of moles = 12.9x55,5mol=716 mol =0.716m moles Le, 2, = My 31. % nin . Pt_p 32, relative lowering of vapour pressure= 5 — Pp m. P_ =mole fraction ofsolute ° ~. mole fraction of solvent = |- mole fraction of solute P’-p, _ (M.w)solvent PB “~~ 1000 31). AT,= k, xmolaity 34) 38), Ap =hjx af solute 1000 st" nowtof solute * wtf solvent 39) an, =x, a, 1000 mW, Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer CLE 40. T)-T, ai 41. Ratio of depession in fp are in the ratio of no. oF particles Kym, & ahem, 5 Wr, WRT 45, Molecular weight = go, eA pr ms 49. Ba(NO,), > Ba” +2NO; -. Number of ions produced =3=n i=2.74 21100 1 52. K,[Fe(CN),]-4K*+[Fe(Cn),]* 54, For isotonic solution, osmotic pressure should be iC,RT =C,RT jee 1.17x180 83-1 _ 21 0.83 n— Tonization=83% 56. For NaCl: = 2.465 For unknown compounds iCRT =2x0.05x0,0821x300 x = CRT =—75%0.0821x300=0.1231 x atm Total osmotic pressure 7 =m; +, 4,92 =2,463 +0.123 x 959 & my OR BAR i ty CRT, T PREVIOUS YEARS EAMCET QUESTIONS When 25 grams of a non-volatile solute disolved in-100 grams of water, the vapa pressure is lowered by 2.25% 107! mmifé vapour pressure of water at //¢ 7 17.5mm, What is the molecular weight oft solute? EAMCET-20 1)206 2302 3)350 4)276 If BaCl, ionizes to an extent of 80% aque solution, the value of Van’t Hoff factoris EAMCEP2 1)2.6 2)0.4 30.8 4)2.4 X-is a non-volatile solute and Y is a vol [Link] following vapoure pressur* 9 observed by dissolving X in Y (EAM-20") X/mol jig-!-Y¥/mm of Hg 0.10 R 0.25 Bz 0.01 BR 10. The correct order of vapoure pressures DA
CoH 2Na,S,0, +1, -> Na,S,O, + 2Nal AP _ nxGMIW solvent 10. pF weight of solvent Pe —— RAIN BRIDGE-T&S] @ TYPES OF SOLUTIONS 1. List-1 List - I 1)Solidingas A) Brass 2) Solid in solid B) Amalgam 3)liquid in solid C) Comphorin air 4) iquid in liquid D) Alcohol in water Which of the following is correct i nc A B D YA CID - B 3yC B A D 4D A WB, oC EXPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer x 4, 5. 6. 1 8. 9% 2. EONS MOLARITY The dichromat solutions according to the reaction oxidises stannous fons in —asnt* +2C0°* +7H20 solution of 0.5M Jetely react solution: 38n?* + 14H* + C0} How many ml of K,C107 strength will be required to comp! with 0.5 mole of tin (I1) chloride in 1) 666.6 ml2) 444.4 ml 3) 222.2 ml4) 333.3 ml Which of the following contains more number ofions per unit volume? 1) IMK,S+1M HNO; 2) 2M HCH0.5M NH,Cl 3) 2M K,S + 2M K,SO4 4) 2MK,SO, + 2M NH,Cl Volume of water required to convert 100ml of 0.1M K2Cr207 / Ht to 0.1 N is [during electrolysis process] 1)100ml2)500 ml 3)400ml_4)200 ml CHCN+2H,O—>X+NH The density of a 2M solution of X in water is 1.017 g/ml. The molality of the solution is 12 -HLSS— 3)2.26 4) 1.25 100 ml 0.2M NaOH is exactly neutralised by a mixture of which of the following? 1) 100mlof 0.1MHCI+ 100 mlof0.1M H,SO, 2) 100 ml of 0.1M HCI +50 ml of 0.1M H,SO, 3) 50 ml of 0.1M HCI + 50 ml of 0.1M H,SO, 4) 50 ml of [Link]+ 100 [Link] H,S0, Find the volume of 0.1M potassium dichromate solution required to oxidise 20ml of 0.6M ferrous sulphate solution in acid medium 110ml -2)20ml- 340ml 4)60ml The volume of 0.025M HySQq required for the complete neutralisation of 25ml of 0.03M Ca(OH)2 solution is 120ml 2)30m! 325ml 4)35mi If 50mI of 0.1M NaCl and SOmt of 0.1 M BaCly are mixed, molarity of chloride ion in the resulting solution will be 1)0.2M = .2)0.3M_ 3)0.15M_—4)0.1M |. Which of the following solutio, . Calculate . An antifreeze solution is prepared fr Sr, EAMCET & “a ‘Asolution of CaCI is 0.5 mot, es of chloride ion in 500 my, 290.50 3)0.75 tr, wi Diy 9, 208 ion: mol 10.25 concentrated thanthe others "*' 15.3 gm of NayCO3 in $00 ml so ca. 3) Sgyn of NaOH in 100m sci nA 3) 3.65 gmofHClin 750 ml solution 9» O™ 449 gmofHySOq in 1000 misolitin — "F . Two solutions ofa substance non gn, N* are mixed in the following manne, is1 1.5 M first solution + 520 lof Lak ye solution. What is the molarity of nt Sp. mixture? ‘ist 1)1.20M 2) 1.50M ree 3) 1.344M 4)2.70M sul The molarity of solution obtained by nj, ing 750ml of 0.5M HCI with 250mlory,2 V° willbe co 1) 1.00M. 2) 1.75M KI 3)0.975M 4) 0.875 M » |. The density of 3M solution of sodiumaiy* 25 is 1.252g/ml. The molality of thesolutin be (molar mass: NaCl =58.5g/mol) 7 1)2.60m 2)2.18m 3) 2.79 m 4)3.0tn, the mass percentag'* ne aspirin(C,H,0,) in acetonitrile(Cif 1) when 6.5gm of C,H,O,is dissolvedins 2) CH,CN. 4) 10.414 2)1.424 393.421 4245. Ie . How many mL of 0.1M HClisrequired® te completely with 1.0¢ mixture H Na,CO, and NaHCO, containing equ ‘ amounts of both? ‘ r 1157.9 2)125.3. 3)136.2 1596. C of ethylene glycol (C,H,0,)a0¢ 2" T water(solvent).Calculate the moti" h t solution. 10.414 290,795 3)4.14 ys 1 % i NORMALITY soo . Inwhat volume of water 20g0fN10H issolved such that 400ml of this exactly neutralize 4.9g of HS04 . Dilt — 22H [Link] 49" Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wh omen camer MUS Coy nore ‘yte) mlof cond HCI oride awill 1—N) ig of react of nolar 22.63 Ig of f the tobe Ution moles of 1,0" us solution, The value of 1g 19, 20g of an acid fui ions in its aq eq. of theacid will be 140g 2)20g 3) 10.4) 100g One tablet of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) requires for complete neutralisation 20m! of decinormal NaOH. If equivalent weight of ascorbic acid is 176, weight of the vitamin in the tablet is 1)0.176g 2)0.352g 3)17.6g 4)3.52g Specific gravity of commercial sulphuric acid 1.8 and it is 98% pure. Volume of this acid required for preparing 7.2 litres of decinormal sulphuric acid is 110ml 2)20ml-—3)72ml_— 44m Volume of 0.1M oxalic acid, which can completely decoloursie 20 ml of 0.1M - KMnO4 in acid medium is 1)100ml 2)50ml_—3)20ml_ 4) 4m 25 ml of 0.1M KMn0g is reduced by 25 ml of Mohr’s salt solution in the presence of diLH S04 molarity of the latter is 20. 2. a 2. 10.5 290.2 3)0.1 4)0.05 24, Which of the following solution is acidic in nature 1) 20ml of 0.1 MH S04 +20ml of0.3 M NaOH 2) 10ml of 0.1 MHSOq + 20ml of 0.2 MNaOH 3) 10ml of 0.1MHSOq + 10ml of 0.1M NaOH 4) 20m! of [Link])$0q +40mlof0.1 M NaOH In Solvay’s process, X is heated in lime Kills to produce CO,. ¥ is the most volatile Hydrogen halide. After absorbing Y in water, what volume of IN solution of ¥ can exactly neutralise completely 25g of X? 1)53ml_—2)500ml 3) 1000ml 4) 100m! One mole of chlorine combines with certain weight of a metal giving 111g of its chloride. The same amount of metal can displace 2g hydrogen from an acid. The atomic weight of the metal is 140 2)20 3)80. 4) 100 L55litre ofsolution of normality Nand of2M HCl are mixed together, 25, 26. 21, litres. ¢ resultant Solution has a normality 5. The value Nis 6 210 -3)8 4)4 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 36, a7 d to oxi 50ml of 0.2NK C1207 is requi 40 ml FeSO, solution in acidic medium. The present per lit. if atomic weight of iron is 56 Ii4g 214g 3) 140g 4) 288 ‘One gram atom of calcium was burnt in excess of air, dissolved in water, and made up to exactly one litre. Its normality is KIN -2)2N 3)0.1N 4)0.05N 20 ml of 0.1 N-NaOH was required to neutralise a solution of a dibasic acid. Weight of the acid present in the solution is (Molecular weight of the acid = 126) 1)0.63g 2)63g 3)0.126g 4)6.3g 100ml of 0.3 N HNO3 and 200m! of 0.3 M - HSO4 are mixed together. Normality of H* in the result solution is 10.9 N 2)06N 3)04N 4)0.5N 100 ml of 0.1M H7SOq4 and 100ml of 0.1M. KOH are mixed together and diluted to exactly two litres. Normality of unreacted acid in the mixture is 1)2x10-3N 2)5 x 103.N 3)5 x 10-2 4)2 x 10-2N If 0.25 g of an acid can exactly neutralise 20 ml of 0.125 N base. Equivalent weight of the acid is 1100240 350 4)12.5 10 milli moles of a monoacidic base is exactly neutralised by 50ml ofan acid. The normality of the acid is 10.5N ——2)0.2N 3)0.6N —4)0.4N 100 ml of 0.1M - HjSOq was added to 100 ml of 0.1 M-NaOH and the mixture was diluted exactly to one litre. Normality of the final solution is HIN 2)0.1N_ 3) 0.01N 4)0.001.N 100ml of 0.3M sulphuric acid and 200 ml of 0.3M hydrochloric acid were mixed together. ‘The normality of the resulting solution is 1)0.4N — 2)0.3N — 3)0.1N 4)0.15N 0.2 lit, ofammonia at 27°C and 2 atm pressure is neutralized by 160 mi, of sulphuric acid. Normality of acid approximately is HO0IN 202N 32N —4)0.1N ” < CHEMISTRY Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wen onenscamer
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