📐 Formula Sheet CBSE 11

🧮 Maths · Ch 1–2 ⚡ Physics · Ch 1–2 🧪 Chemistry · Ch 1–2 📄 printable

📊 Mathematics
Sets Chapter 1 Relations & Functions Chapter 2
Basic concepts · Operations · Laws · Cardinality Relations · Types · Functions · Composition · Inverse

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📌 BASIC DEFINITIONS 📌 RELATION BASICS

Set : well-defined collection of distinct Relation R from A to B : R ⊆ A × B
objects. Domain = { a ∈ A | (a,b) ∈ R } · Range = { b ∈
∈ (belongs to) · ∉ (does not belong) B | (a,b) ∈ R }
∅ = empty set · U = universal set Codomain = B · Inverse R−1 = { (b,a) | (a,b) ∈ R

📌 SET OPERATIONS
}

Union A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B } 📌 TYPES OF RELATIONS

Intersection A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B } Reflexive: (a,a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ A
Complement A′ = U − A = { x ∈ U | x ∉ A } Symmetric: (a,b) ∈ R → (b,a) ∈ R
Difference A − B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B } Transitive: (a,b)∈R & (b,c)∈R → (a,c)∈R
Symmetric diff. A △ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A) Equivalence: reflexive + symmetric + transitive
Empty relation: R = ∅ · Universal: R = A × A
📌 LAWS OF SETS
Commutative: A ∪ B = B ∪ A · A ∩ B = B ∩ A 📌 FUNCTIONS (MAPPING)
Associative: (A∪B)∪C = A∪(B∪C) · (A∩B)∩C = Function f : A → B (every a ∈ A has exactly one
A∩(B∩C) image)
Distributive: A∪(B∩C) = (A∪B)∩(A∪C) · A∩(B∪C) = Domain = A · Codomain = B · Range = f(A) ⊆ B
(A∩B)∪(A∩C) One–one (injective): f(a₁) = f(a₂) → a₁ = a₂
De Morgan: (A∪B)′ = A′∩B′ · (A∩B)′ = A′∪B′ Onto (surjective): ∀ b ∈ B, ∃ a ∈ A : f(a) = b
Identity: A∪∅ = A · A∩U = A · A∪U = U · A∩∅ = ∅ Bijective: one–one + onto

📌 CARDINALITY (ADVANCED) 📌 COMPOSITION & INVERSE (ADVANCED)

|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B| Composition: (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))
|A ∪ B ∪ C| = |A| + |B| + |C| − |A∩B| − |B∩C| − Inverse function: f−1 exists iff f is bijective
|C∩A| + |A∩B∩C|
f−1(f(x)) = x · f(f−1(y)) = y
|A − B| = |A| − |A ∩ B|
Identity: IA(x) = x · f ∘ f−1 = I · f−1 ∘ f = I
|A △ B| = |A| + |B| − 2|A ∩ B|
 📌 POWER SET & CARTESIAN PRODUCT 📌 BINARY OPERATIONS (EXPERT)
Power set: P(A) = set of all subsets of A → Operation: ∗ : A × A → A (closure)
|P(A)| = 2|A| Associative: (a∗b)∗c = a∗(b∗c)
Cartesian product: A × B = { (a,b) | a∈A, b∈B } Commutative: a∗b = b∗a
|A × B| = |A| · |B| · A × (B ∪ C) = (A×B) ∪ Identity: e ∗ a = a ∗ e = a
(A×C) Inverse: a ∗ a′ = a′ ∗ a = e

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⚡ Physics
Physical World Chapter 1 Units & Measurements Chapter 2
Fundamental forces · Particles · Scientific method SI units · Dimensions · Errors · Significant figures

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📌 FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES 📌 SI BASE UNITS (7)

1. Gravitational — weakest, long range m (metre) · kg (kilogram) · s (second) · A
2. Electromagnetic — 1036 × gravitational (ampere)
3. Strong nuclear — binds protons & neutrons K (kelvin) · mol (mole) · cd (candela)

📌 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
(short range)
4. Weak nuclear — responsible for β-decay (short
range) Dimensions: [M] mass · [L] length · [T] time ·
[A] current · [K] temp · [mol] · [cd]
📌 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES (STANDARD MODEL) Examples:
Quarks: up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange Velocity = [L T−1] · Acceleration = [L T−2]
(s), top (t), bottom (b) Force = [M L T−2] · Energy = [M L2 T−2]
Leptons: electron (e−), muon (μ), tau (τ), Pressure = [M L−1 T−2] · Power = [M L2 T−3]
neutrinos (νe, νμ, ντ)
Bosons: photon (γ), gluon (g), W/Z, Higgs (H) 📌 ERROR ANALYSIS (ADVANCED)
Absolute error: Δa = |a − amean|
📌 SCIENTIFIC METHOD & KEY CONCEPTS Mean absolute error: Δamean = (Σ |aᵢ − amean|) / n
Hypothesis → Experiment → Observation → Law → Relative error: Δamean / amean
Theory
Percentage error: (Δamean / amean) × 100%
Scope: macroscopic · microscopic · cosmological
Propagation: if Z = A + B → ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
Conservation laws: energy, momentum, angular
if Z = A · B → ΔZ/Z = ΔA/A + ΔB/B
momentum, charge
if Z = An → ΔZ/Z = n · (ΔA/A)

📌 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (EXPERT)

basic advanced

• All non-zero digits are significant

• Zeros between non-zero digits are significant
• Leading zeros are not significant
• Trailing zeros in decimal are significant
 • Trailing zeros in whole number are not
significant (unless decimal point)

📌 DERIVED UNITS (KEY)

Newton (N) = kg·m·s−2 · Joule (J) = kg·m2·s−2
Watt (W) = kg·m2·s−3 · Pascal (Pa) = kg·m−1·s−2
Coulomb (C) = A·s · Volt (V) = kg·m2·s−3·A−1

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🧪 Chemistry
Some Basic Concepts Chapter 1 Structure of Atom Chapter 2
Mole concept · Stoichiometry · Concentration · Limiting reagent Atomic models · Quantum numbers · Config · de Broglie · Uncertainty

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📌 MOLE CONCEPT (FOUNDATION) 📌 BOHR'S MODEL (KEY FORMULAS)

1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 particles (Avogadro's Energy: En = −13.6 / n2 eV (n = 1,2,3,…)
number, NA) Radius: rn = n2 × 0.529 Å (Bohr radius a₀ =
Molar mass (M) = mass of 1 mole = g mol−1 0.529 Å)
n (moles) = mass (g) / molar mass (g mol−1) Velocity: vn = (2.18 × 106) / n m s−1
n = number of particles / NA Energy difference: ΔE = Ehigh − Elow = hν = hc/λ

📌 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION & FORMULAS 📌 DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH (ADVANCED)

% composition = (mass of element / molecular
λ = h / (m · v) where h = 6.626 × 10−34 J·s
mass) × 100%
For electron: λ = 1.227 / √(V) nm (V =
Empirical formula = simplest whole-number ratio
accelerating potential in volts)
of atoms
Molecular formula = n × (empirical formula) 📌 HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY (EXPERT)
n = molecular mass / empirical formula mass
Δx · Δp ≥ h / (4π)

📌 STOICHIOMETRY (ADVANCED) Δx = uncertainty in position · Δp = uncertainty

in momentum
aA + bB → cC + dD
Δx · Δv ≥ h / (4π m) (for mass m)
Mole ratio: nA/a = nB/b = nC/c = nD/d
Limiting reagent: the reactant that gets 📌 QUANTUM NUMBERS (FOUR)
consumed first
n (principal) = 1,2,3,… (shell)
Theoretical yield = product amount predicted by
l (azimuthal) = 0,1,…, n−1 (subshell: s,p,d,f)
stoichiometry
ml (magnetic) = −l, …, +l (orbital)
% yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) ×
ms (spin) = ±½ (electron spin)
100%

📌 CONCENTRATION TERMS (EXPERT) 📌 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION (RULES)

Aufbau: fill lower energy orbitals first (1s →
2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d …)
 Pauli exclusion: max 2 electrons per orbital
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of
with opposite spins
solution (L) mol L−1
Hund's rule: half-fill degenerate orbitals
Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent
before pairing
(kg) mol kg−1 n + l rule: lower (n+l) = lower energy; if tie,
Mole fraction (χ) = nsolute / (nsolute + nsolvent) lower n first
Mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) ×
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ppm = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 106

M = (10 × d × %w/w) / Msolute (d = density in
g/mL)

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