Design of Machine Elements
- some fundamentals from Mechanics of
Materials (revision)
Courtesy: Mechanics of Materials from Beer and Johnston
& some online sources
Design of Structures
Design of Power Screws
Design of Belt Drives
Gear Design
Gear Box Design
Helical gear box
Gear Design
Worm Gears
Clutch Design
Single Plate Friction clutches
Clutch Design
Multi-disc clutches
Bearing Design
Rolling contact bearings
Bearing Design/Selection
Journal bearings
Revision of Stresses and their
Transformations
Stress Types – Normal / Shearing / Bearing Stress
Stress – Normal Stress
Stress – Application of loads Point/Distributed
Saint-Venant’s Principle
Saint-Venant’s Principle
Stress Concentration
K – Stresses Concentration Factor
Stress Concentration Factor
Stress Concentration Factor
Photo-elasticity method – Stress Distribution
Many transparent non-crystalline materials that are
optically isotropic when free of stress become
optically anisotropic and display characteristics
similar to crystals under stress. This behaviour is
known as temporary double refraction.
Photo-elasticity Experiment
Photo-elasticity method
Stress Distribution in a Simply Supported beam with
centre load
Photo-elasticity method
Stress Distribution in a scaled down structure
Photo-elasticity method
Stress Raisers shown using photo-elasticity
Stresses on an Oblique Plane under axial loading
Stresses on an Oblique Plane under axial loading
Max. Normal and Shearing Stresses under axial loading
3D - Stresses State
Stresses under general loading
Stresses under 2D case
Stress at a point
Strain
Tensile Test
Fracture due to Tensile Load
Ductile Material Brittle Material
Generalized Hooke’s Law
ν - Poisson’s ratio
Generalized Hooke’s Law
Generalized Hooke’s Law
• when shear stresses are also acting
• Let us take one set of shear stresses
OR
Generalized Hooke’s Law
• With Shear Modulus (or) Modulus of Rigidity
Stress Transformations
Stress Transformations – 2D
Stress Transformations – 2D
Stress Transformations – 2D
Principal Stress
Principal Stress
Stress Transformations
Max. shearing stress
occurs on a plane that
makes 45° angle with
principal stress
planes
Problem
S. Prob: 7.1
Problem
Problem
Principal Stress
Problem
Cross Check
Problem
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum Shearing Stress Plane
Stress States are Similar to para. Eq. of a Circle
Above stress transformation equations can be converted into
a parametric eqn. of a circle
Using
Stress Space and Stress States
Construction of Mohr’s Circle – 2D
Conventions used to denote the stresses in Mohr’s circle
Stress Transformations – Mohr’s Circle – 2D
Stress Transformations – Mohr’s Circle – 2D
Stress Transformations - Mohr’s Circle – 2D
Stress state on given plane
Mohr’s Circle
Stress state on a 45° plane
Stress Transformations - Mohr’s Circle – 2D
Stress state on given plane
Mohr’s Circle
Stress state on a 45° plane
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Problem using Mohr’s Circle
Theories of Failure
R. C. Hibbeler – Mechanics of Materials
Theories of Failure
Maximum Shear Stress (Tresca) Theory– Ductile Material
• Slipping
• Luder’s lines on highly
polished surfaces - yield lines
• A simple tension test
Theories of Failure
Luder’s lines coincide with 45° lines in specimen
Theories of Failure
What does max. shear stress theory say?
Relates multi-axially loaded state with simple tension state in
terms of shear stress
If both normal stresses have same sign, failure will occur out of
plane, if different signs in-plane
Theories of Failure
Maximum Shear Stress Theory for any two-stresses
(Plane stress) : Failure Criteria
Out of plane
In-plane
Theories of Failure
Maximum Shear Stress Theory for any two-stresses (Plane
stress) : Failure Criteria
Yield Surface for
Tresca’s theory
Theories of Failure
Maximum Distortion Energy (Von-Mises) Theory– Ductile
Material
• Relates multi-axially loaded state with simple tension state in
terms of distortion strain energy density
Strain Energy Density
Theories of Failure
Substituting in
Strain Energy Density
Theories of Failure
Stresses are split into two parts:
• Hydrostatic stress
• Deviatoric stress
Theories of Failure
Substituting
in
Distortion Strain Energy Density
Theories of Failure
Distortion Strain Energy Density
For 3D state of stress
For Plane stress
For uniaxial stress
Theories of Failure
According to Max. Distortion S.E.D. Theory
By equating above:
Yield Surface for Max.
Distortion Energy theory
Theories of Failure
Comparison of Max. Shear Stress Theory with Max. D.S.E.
No difference: when any one or both stresses equal to
Theories of Failure
Where do both theories differ max.? Under pure shear !
Substituting above in yields
and in yields
Theories of Failure
Max. Normal Stress / Rankine Theory – Brittle Materials
Relates multi-axially loaded state with simple tension state in
terms of normal stress
Theories of Failure
Yield Surface for Max. Normal Stress Theory
For brittle materials having same yield strength in tension and
compression
Theories of Failure
Mohr’s Failure Criterion – Brittle Materials
For brittle materials with different yield strengths
Three tests (uniaxial tension, compression & torsion) to find:
Theories of Failure
From Mohr’s circle to Yield surface
Theories of failure for brittle materials to be used with caution
Tensile fracture occurs rapidly due to material imperfections
Theories of Failure
Theories of Failure
Theories of Failure
Factor of safety?
Theories of Failure
Theories of Failure
Theories of Failure
Theories of Failure
Failure occurs
No Failure