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Chapter 5

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4 views86 pages

Chapter 5

Uploaded by

Mak Al

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CALCULATION WORKSHEET

Fresh water is considered a UNIVERSAL FLUID because of its abundance and the fact that pure
water anywhere in the world weighs the same per unit volume (density) under given conditions. For
this reason, water is used as the standard for comparison of the density of other fluids. At a
standard temperature and pressure, pure water has been assigned the SPECIFIC GRAVITY of
1.000. Fluids lighter than water (less dense) will have a specific gravity of less than 1.0, while fluids
heavier (more dense) than water will have a specific gravity of more than 1.0

The following facts about pure water should be committed to memory.

1. Pure water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.

2. Pure water has a density of 8.33 pounds per gallon.
3. Pure water has a fluid gradient of 0.433 pounds per square inch per foot of vertical height.
4. Pure water has a specific gravity of 1.000.
5. Pure water has an API gravity of 10.000.

OTHER DATA AND FORMULAE

6. 0.052 is the PSI per foot for one pound per gallon fluid. (0.051948)
7. 7.4805 gallons per cubic foot.
8. 42.000 gallons per oil field barrel.
9. 231.000 cubic inches per gallon.
10. 1728 cubic inches per cubic foot.
11. 9702 cubic inches per barrel.
12. Pi (π) is equal to 3.1416 (3.1415926536…….).
13. 0.0000069 is the coefficient of thermal expansion (or contraction) for steel per unit of length
per oF. This is for steel only – not affected by the grade of the steel.
14. Thermal coefficients for various oilfield alloys.
A. Chrome (13) = 0.0000057
B. Incoloy (825 & 925) = 0.0000078
C. Hastalloy (C-276) = 0.0000067
15. FORCE (lbs) equals area (in2) times pressure (psi). (F = A x P)
16. PRESSURE equals force per unit area. ( P = F ÷ A)
17. 5.6146 cubic feet = 1.000 barrel OR 0.1781 barrels = 1 cubic foot.
18. APPLIED PRESSURE - The pressure applied to a system with a pump or by the
formation. Felt equally throughout a closed liquid system.
19. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE - The pressure created by the weight of a column of fluid.
20. FLUID GRADIENT - The rate of pressure increase or decrease per foot of vertical height.
21. DENSITY – The weight of a substance per unit volume. Density is expressed in pounds per
gallon, pounds per cubic foot, etc.
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 1 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
22. VISCOSITY - Resistance to flow.
23. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - The ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density
of another substance which is used as a standard (water).
24. Methods of determining hydrostatic pressure in psi:
A. Fluid gradient x TVD (true vertical depth).
B. Pounds per gallon x .052 x TVD

25. Specific gravity of a fluid:

Pounds per gallon = SG
8.33 (water)
26. Converting API gravity to specific gravity:
141.5 = SG
131.5 + API gravity
27. Converting specific gravity to gradient:
SG x .433 = gradient
28. Converting API gravity to gradient:
61.27 = gradient
131.5 + API gravity
29. To determine fluid weight required to contain a given bottom hole pressure (BHP) at a given
depth.
BHP = Pounds per gallon required
.052 x TVD
30. Circumference of a circle = Pi x Diameter (π x D)

31. Diameter of a circle = Circumference divided by Pi (C ÷ π)

32. Radius of a circle = Diameter divided by 2 (D ÷ 2)

33. Area of a circle:

A. Pi times the radius squared (π x r2)
B. Diameter squared times 0.7854 or (D2 x 0.7854)

34. To determine the yield strength of EUE tubing:

(OD2 tbg - ID2 tbg ) x .7854 x grade of pipe steel

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 2 of 86

REVIWING THE BASICS

In order to solve any calculations be they oilfield or otherwise, the ability to do basic arithmetic and
handle simple formulas is needed. This section will review math essentials necessary to perform
calculations associated with oilfield work.

A. Numbers containing decimal places.

1. Addition – numbers containing decimals.

Step 1: Write the numbers to be added so the decimals points are aligned in a vertical
column. How many digits each number contains has no bearing on this rule.

Step 2: Add the numbers as usual. You may add zeros to even up the columns to the right of
the decimal point if you so desire.

Step 3: Bring the decimal point straight down and place it in the answer (sum).

Example 5.1.1

1.1 + 23.07 + 1000.082

1.1 1.100
23.07 23.070
1000.082 1000.082
1024.252 1024.252

2. Subtraction – numbers containing decimals.

Step 1: Write the numbers to be subtracted so the decimal points are aligned in a vertical
column. How many digits each number contains has no bearing on this rule.

Step 2: Subtract the numbers as usual – lower numbers (subtrahend) from upper number
(minuend). If the lower number (subtrahend) contains more decimal places than the
upper number (minuend), add zeros to the right of the number (minuend) until the
columns are even.

Step 3: Bring the decimal point straight down and place it in the answer (difference).

Example 5.1.2
72.66 – 9.63 53.700 – 10.861

72.66 (minuend) 53.700 (minuend)

- 9.63 (subtrahend) - 10.861 (subtrahend)

63.03 (difference) 42.839 (difference)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 3 of 86

Step 1: Write the numbers to be multiplied so the last digit of each number forms a vertical
column.

Step 2: Multiply the numbers as usual. The top numbers is called the multiplicand, the
“times” number is called the multiplier and the answer is called the product.

Step 3: Count the number of decimal places in both numbers (multiplicand and multiplier).
Add the number of decimal places in the multiplicand and multiplier to get the total
number of decimal places needed in the product.

Step 4: Beginning with the right hand digit in the product, count to the left for the total number
of decimal places needed. Place the decimal point there. If the product does not
have as many decimal places as needed, add zeros to the left of the product until the
needed number of decimal places is reached. Then place the decimal point.

Example 5.1.3

37.5 x 9.8

37.5 1 decimal place

x 9.8 +1 decimal place
300 0
3375
367.50 2 decimal places

Count 2 places from the right to put the decimal point in its proper place.
**********
.62 x .017

.62 2 decimal places

.017 +3 decimal places
434
62
.01054 5 decimal places

Count 5 places from the right to put the decimal pointy in its proper place.
Notice 1 zero had to be added in this example.

4. Dividing – numbers containing decimals.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 4 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Step 1: Set up division problem correctly. The dividend is the number which is to be divided
and is placed inside the division bracket. The number by which you divide is called
the division and is placed to the left of the division bracket. The answer is called the
quotient and is written on the division bracket.

Quotient
Divisor ) Dividend

Step 2: Move the decimal point of the divisor to the right until it is a whole number. Place the
decimal indicator (^) there.

Step 3: Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places as
was moved in the divisor. Place the decimal point indicator (^) there. If there are not
enough places in the dividend, add zeros until there are enough places.

Step 4: Divide the numbers as usual. Place the decimal point in the quotient directly above
the indicator in the dividend.

Example 5.1.4

5.590/ .26

21.5
.26 ) 5.59 0
^ 52 ^
39
26
130
130

The decimal point in the divisor must be moved 2 places to the right. The
decimal point in the dividend must therefore be moved 2 places to the right.
Example 5.1.5

Example 5. 1.5

3.22 / .0023

1400.
.0023 ) 3.2200
^ 23 ^
92
92
The decimal place in the division must be moved 4 places to the right. The
decimal place in the dividend must also be moved 4 places top the right. In
this example, 2 zeros had to be added to the dividend.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 5 of 86

For our purposes in dealing with oilfield calculations, it can be said that every number has a
sign. This sign is either positive (+) or negative (-) and precedes the number. If no preceding
sign (+ or -) is given, the number will always be positive (+). The sign is important because it
indicates the direction of the number and is related to forces acting upon a packer or other down
hole equipment. For example, compression and tension are two forces which can act upon a
packer. Their only difference is the direction of the force.

1. Adding signed numbers.

Rule 1: When “like” signs are added, give the answer the “like” sign.

Example 5.1.6

(+23.7) + (17.39)
+23.7
+ +17.39
+41.09

(-40.3) + (-972.8)
-40.3
+ -972.8
-1013.1

Rule 2 : When “unlike” signs are added, subtract the smaller number from the larger
number and use the sign of the larger number.

Example 5.1.7

(+72.6) + (-37.4)
+72.6
- 37.4
+35.2

(+94.7) + (-191.62)
-191.62
+ 94.7
-96.92

2. Subtracting signed numbers.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 6 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
To subtract signed numbers, first change the sign of the subtrahend (number after the
subtraction sign). Then add the numbers following the rules of addition for “like” or “un-like”
signs.

Example 5.1.8

(+43) – (+15) = (+43) + (-15)

+43
+ -15 use rule 2 for adding unlike signs
+28

(-14.5) – (-80.6) = (-14.5) + (+80.6)

+80.6
+ -14.5 use rule 2 for adding unlike signs
+66.1

(+82.6) – (-3.9) = (+82.6) + (+3.9)

+ 82.6
+ +3.9 use rule 1 for adding the signs
+86.5

(-193) – (+72) = (-193) + (-72)

-193
+ -72 use rule 1 for adding like signs
-265

3. Multiplying signed numbers.

Rule 1: When multiplying like signs, give the product a plus (+) sign.

Example 5.1.9

(+16) x (+3)
+16
x +3
+48

(-24) x (-4.5)
-24.
x – 45
120
96
+ 1080

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 7 of 86

Example 5.1.10

(+62) x (-23)

+62
x -23
186
124
-1426

When multiplying three or more numbers, the sign of the product is determined by the number of
negative (-) factors in the numbers being multiplied:

Rule 3: If there is an even number of negative (-) signs, give the product a positive (+) sign.

Example 2.1.11

(-4) x (+2) x (-8) = +64

Even number of negative signs (2), product will have a

positive (+) sign.

(-5) x (-3) x (-1) x (-7) = +105

Even number of negative signs (4), product will have a

positive (+) sign.

Rule 4: If there is an odd number of negative (-) signs, give the product a negative (-) sign.

Example 5.1.12

(+5) x (+4) x (+6) = -120

Odd number of negative signs (1). Product will have a

negative (-) sign.

(-3) x (+4) x (-2) x (-6) = -144

Odd number of negative signs (3). Product will have a

negative (-) sign.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 8 of 86

Rule 1: When dividing numbers with “like” signs, the quotient (answer) will have a positive (+)
sign.

Example 5.1.13

(+161) / (+7) +23

+7 )+161
14
21
21

(-3402) / (-42) +81

-42 ) -3402
336
42
42

Rule 2: When dividing numbers with “unlike signs”, the quotient (answer) will have a
negative (-) sign.

Example 5.1.14

(+136.31) / (-31.7) -4.3

31.7 ) +136.3^1
126 8
9 5 1
9 5 1

(-1881) / (+57) -33

+57 ) -1881
171
171
171

C. Formulas

In oilfield mathematics, we can define formula as an expression showing how certain values
or numbers are related to each other. Formulas contain symbols which represent values or
numbers.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 9 of 86

Example 5.1.15

3 x 4 = 12

Problem: What is the relationship of (3) to (4) and (12)

in the above equation?

Solution:
1. Divide both sides by 4.
3x4 = 12
4 4

2. Cancel all like factors on each side of the equation.

3x4 = 12
4 4

3. The number in question is now the only term on one

side of the equal mark. The problem is solved.
3 = 12
4

This rearrangement of the equation is called transposing and is commonly done in problem solving.
It is necessary to become familiar with this process in order to solve many basic calculations.

If symbols are representing numbers or values, transposing is done using the same procedure.

Example 5.1.16

AxB=C

Problem: What is the value of B?

Solution:
1. Divide both sides by A.
AxB = C
A A

2. Cancel all like factors on each side of the equation.

AxB = C
A A

3. The value in question is now by itself on one side of

the equal mark and the problem is solved.
B = C
A
Example 5.1.17
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 10 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
Problem: The area of a rectangle is 3240 square inches. If the width of the
rectangle is 45 inches, what is the length of the rectangle?

Solution: Use the formula for finding area of a rectangle. A=LxW

A = area of a rectangle (in2)

L = length (inches)
W = width (inches)

The area and width of the rectangle is known. The formula A = L x W has to be
transposed to determine what L equals.

Divide both sides by W.

A = LxW
W W

Both W’s on the right side of the equation will cancel each other.
A = LxW A = L
W W W

Substitute the known values into this equation to solve for L.

A = L 3240 in2 = 72 inches

W 45 in

The length of the rectangle is 72 inches.

In many equations, there will be more than three values or numbers. To transpose these equations,
follow the same procedure.

Example 5.1.18

AxB=CxD

Problem: Find the value of each individual term in the above equation.

A = C x D (both sides have been divided by B)

B = C x D (both sides have been divided by A)

C = A x B (both sides have been divided by D)

D = A x B (both sides have been divided by C)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 11 of 86

Equations may contain plus and minus signs with multiplication or division between the
signs. RULE: Do the multiplication or division before adding or subtracting.

Example 5.1.19

Problem: Find the value for A if

A = (BxC) = (DxE) – (F/G)

B=5 E=8
C=3 F = 28
D=6 G=7

Solution:
Substitute the given values into the equation.
A = (5x3) + (6x8) – (28/7)

Do the multiplication and division.

A = 15 + 48 – 4

The value of A can now be found by doing simple math.

A = 59

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 12 of 86

An equation may contain several mathematical operations. These operations may be

separated into groups within the equation by the use of parentheses ( ), brackets [ ], and
braces { }. When solving a problem with these groupings, it is necessary to follow the rule of
order for groupings.

Group

() Parentheses are the first order of grouping. This means the mathematical operations
indicated within parentheses must be done first.

[] Brackets are the second order of grouping. After the mathematical operations within
parentheses have been completed, do the mathematical operations indicated within
and/or between the brackets.

{} Braces are the third order of grouping and are done last.

Example 5.1.20

Problem: Solve the value of A if

A = {[(B+C) x (D-E)] – [(FxB) – (G/C]}2

where:
B=3 E= 2
C=4 F = 12
D=7 G = 24

Substitute the values given into the equation.

A = {[(3+4) x (7-2)] – [(12x3) – (24/4]}2

First, do the mathematical operations within ( ).

A = {[(7) x (5)] – [(36) – (6]}2

Second, do the mathematical operations within [ ].

A = {[35] – [30] }2

Third, do the mathematical operating indicated for the { }

A = {5}2
A = 25

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 13 of 86

Area may be defined as the number of unit squares equal in measure to the surface. In many
oilfield calculations, the area must be determined in order to solve the calculation. Area is usually
expressed in square inches (in2) or square feet (ft2).

This section review area calculations for (A) rectangle or square, (B) circle, (C) cross-section of
solid rod, (D) hollow tube, and (E) annulus.

A. Area of a rectangle or square.

Remembering back to our school days, we all know the formula for finding the area of a
rectangle or square. Keep in mind that a square is a rectangle in which all four sides have
the same length.

Since a square is a special rectangle, the same equation is used to find the surface area for
both the square and the rectangle.

AR = L x W

Where AR = area of a rectangle

L = length
W = width

Example 5.2.1

Problem: What is the area of a rectangle that

measures 4 inches long by 3 inches wide?

Solution: AR = L x W
= 4 inches x 3 inches
= 12 square inches

1 2 3 4 Width
5 6 7 8 3
9 10 11 12 Inches

Length 4 Inches

CAUTION: Length and width must be in the same units (inches, feet, etc.) before this formula
can be used. The area will be given using the corresponding square unit (inches x
inches = square inches; feet x feet = square feet, etc).

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 14 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
To use the conversion table shown in Table 5.2.1, locate the unit to be converted in the left-hand
column. Then locate the desired unit (the unit to which you want to convert to) across the top. The
place where the two columns intersect contains the conversion factor. Multiply the unit to be
converted by the conversion factor to obtain the desired unit.

Table 5.2.1
LINEAR CONVERSION FACTORS

Unit to be
Converted Foot (ft) Inch (in) Meter (m) Centimetre (cm) Millm (mm)

Foot (ft) 1 12 .3048 30.48 308.4

Inch (in) 0.8333 1 .0254 2.54 25.4
Meter (m) 3.281 39.37 1 100 1000
Centimetre (cm) .03281 .3937 .01 1 10
Millimeter (mm) .003281 .03937 .001 .1 1

Example 5.2.2

Problem: Convert 8.5 feet to inches.

Solution: (refer to table 5.2.1)

Find “foot” in the left-hand column and “inches” at the top. The two
columns meet at 12. There are 12 inches in a foot.

8.5 feet x 12 in/foot = 102 inches

Example 5.2.3

Problem: What is the area in square inches of a rectangle which

has a length of 7 feet and a width of 24 inches.

Solution: AR = L x W

Change feet to inches.

Area = (7 x 12 inches per foot) x 24 inches

= 84 inches x 24 inches
= 2016 square inches (in2)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 15 of 86

Due to the nature and design of oil field tools, most area calculations will be those involving
round or circular shapes. The area of a circle may be more difficult to visualize than the area of
a rectangle or square. However, the area of a circle can be determined very easily.

In school textbooks, the formula for finding the area of a circle is given as:

AC = Pi r2

Where:
AC = area of the circle
Pi = 3.1416 (Pi)
R = radius of the circle

The radius of a circle is defined as one-half of the diameter and may be expressed as:

Radius = diameter
2

Substituting this value (diameter/2) for radius into the formula, the formula now becomes:

AC = 3.1416 x diameter/2)2

To simply this formula, square the diameter term.

(diameter)2 = diameter x diameter = diameter2

( 2 ) 2x2 4

and substitute the simplified diameter term into the formula which now becomes:

AC = 3.1416 x diameter2 OR AC = 3.1416 x diameter2

4 4

Final simplification can be done by dividing 3.1416 by 4 (3.1416/4 = .7854). The formula now
becomes:

AC = .7854 x diameter2

The formula now expresses area in terms of diameter. Since “down hole” equipment is
cylindrical in shape and oil field tables list the diameter of casing, drill pipe, tubing etc., it is
easier and quicker to use this formula than the “textbook” formula. Regardless of which formula
is used, the area of a circle will calculate to the same value.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 16 of 86

AC = .7854 x diameter2
= .7854 x diameter x diameter
= .7854 x 3 inches x 3 inches
= 7.0686 inches2

Total area
= 7.0686 in2

DIAMETER
3 INCHES

Note: If the diameter is given in inches, the area will be in

square inches (in2); if the diameter is given in feet, the area will
be in square feet (ft2), etc.

Example 5.2.5

Problem: What is the bore area of a packer if the packer has a

3.25” ID mandrel?

Solution:
AC = .7854 x diameter2
.7854 x (3.25 in)2
.7854 x (3.25 in) x (3.25 in)
8.2957875 in2 (round answer to nearest thousandth)
8.296 in2

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 17 of 86

Cross-sectional area usually refers to the amount of surface exposed if an item is cut in half.
Cross-sectional area is expressed in square inches (in2).

There are two basic shapes to which cross-sectional area usually applies: (1) the solid rod or
bar and (2) the hollow tube or pipe.

1. Cross-sectional area of a solid rod or bar.

To find the cross sectional area of a solid rod or bar, the diameter must be known.
The cross-sectional area can be found by using the formula for finding the area of a
circle.

Example 5.2.6

What is the cross-sectional area of a solid rod which has a

diameter of 1.75 inches?

1.75” Diameter

A = d2 x (0.7854)
A = 1.75 x 1.75 x (0.7854)
A = 2.405 inches2

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 18 of 86

Up to this point, cross-sectional area calculations have been based on items which have
only one diameter – the outside diameter (OD). A pipe, however, has two diameters to
consider – the outside diameter (OD) and the inside diameter (ID). Both OD and the ID must
be known to find the cross-sectional area of the pipe. (OD and ID information is usually
obtained from pipe dimension tables).

Example 5.2.7

Problem: Find the cross-sectional area of a pipe which

has a 5.25” OD and a 4.20” ID.

Cross-sectional area = OD area – ID area

4.20”ID

5.25”OD

1. Calculate OD area.
OD area = 5.25 x 5.25 x .7854
= 21.6476 inches2

2. Calculate ID area.
ID area = 4.20 x 4.20 x .7854
= 13.8545 inches2

3. To find cross-sectional area, subtract ID area

from OD area.
Cross-sectional area
= 21.6476 in2 – 13.5845 in2
= 7.7931 inches2

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 19 of 86

When calculating forces above and below a packer, the annular area must be considered.
Annular area is the area between the casing ID and the tubing OD. To find annular area,
subtract the tubing OD area from the casing ID area.

1. Calculating annular area – 1 string.

Example 5.2.8

Problem: What is the annular area between 9 5/8”, 47#/ft

casing and 3 1/2", 9.3#/ft tubing? Find ID and OD in
tubing and casing tables.

Tubing OD Casing ID

1. Casing ID area = ID x ID x .7854

= 8.681” x 8.681” x .7854
= 59.1876 inches2

2. Tubing OD area = OD x OD x .7854

= 3.50” x 3.50” x .7854
= 9.6212 inches2

3. Annular area = casing ID area-tubing OD area

= 59.1876 in2 – 9.6212 in2
= 49.5664 inches2

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 20 of 86

If there is more than 1 tubing string in the casing, then the combined tubing OD areas
must be calculated and then subtracted from the casing ID area.

Example 5.2.9

Problem: What is the annular area for the following

conditions?

Casing = 9 5/8"; 47#ft

Tubing string #1 = 3 1/2"; 9.3#/ft
Tubing string #2 = 2 7/8"; 6.5#/ft

Annular Area

Casing ID

Tubing OD

1. Casing ID area = ID x ID x .7854

= 8.681” x 8.681” x .7854
= 59.1876 inches2

2. Tubing #1 OD area = OD x OD x .7854

= 3.50” x 3.50” x .7854
= 9.6212 inches2

3. Tubing #2 OD area = OD x OD x .7854

= 2.875 x 2.875 x .7854
= 6.4918

4. Annular area
= Casing ID area – (#1 OD area + #2 OD area)
= 59.1876 in2 – (9.6212 in2 + 6.4918 in2)
= 59.1876 in2 - 16.1130 in2
= 43.0746 inches2

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 21 of 86

Volume may be defined as the amount of space that something occupies. Many oilfield calculations
are concerned with the amount of liquid a particular space can hold. These spaces may have many
different shapes – rectangular, cylindrical, spherical, elliptical, conical, etc. In this section, we will
review the calculations to determine the volume of rectangular and cylindrical shaped objects. Keep
in mind that volume if one of the most important quantities that the serviceman has to calculate. In
the English system, volume is usually expressed in gallons, cubic feet or barrels.

This section reviews calculations for (A) rectangular volume, (B) cylindrical volume, and (C) annular
volume.

A. Rectangular volume.

To calculate the volume of a rectangular object, the length, width and height of the object
must be known.

The formula for finding the volume of a rectangular tank is:

V=LxWxH

Height

Length Width
Where:
V = volume of rectangular tank, L = length, W = width, H = height

Example 5.3.1
Problem: What is the volume of a rectangular tank that is 6 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet
high?

4 Feet

5 Feet
6 Feet

Solution: V =LxWxH
= 6 ft. x 5 ft. x 4 ft.
= 120 cubic feet (ft3)
Caution: In all volume calculations, the dimensions must be in the same units. If the
dimensions are not in the same units, they must be converted before volume can be
[Link].
Volume of aRefer to Table 5.2.1 for conversion factors.
cylinder

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 22 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
In order to find the volume of a cylinder, the diameter and height (or length) of the cylinder must
be known.

The formula for finding the volume of a cylinder is:

V=AxH

Dia.

Height

Where:
V = volume of the cylinder
A = area of the cylinder’s end circle (diameter2 x .7854)
H = height of the cylinder

Substituting the equation for finding the area of a circle, the formula now becomes:

V = D2 x .7854 x H

Example 5.3.2

Problem: What is the volume (in cubic feet) of a cylinder which

is 16 feet in diameter and 20 feet high?
16 Feet

20 Feet

Solution: V = D2 x .7854 x H
= (16ft) 2 x .7854 x 20ft
= 256 ft2 x .7854 x 20ft
= 201.06 ft2 x 20 ft
= 4021.2 ft3

C. Annular volume.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 23 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Annular volume is the volume between a small cylinder inside a larger cylinder. Annular
volume is determined by subtracting the volume of the small cylinder from the volume of the
large cylinder.

The formula for finding annular volume is:

VA = VL – VS

Where:
VA = annular volume
VL = volume of the large cylinder
(DL2 x .7854 x H)
VS = volume of the small cylinder
(DS2 x .7854 x H)
OR
VA = (DL2 x .7854 x H)-(DS2 x .7854 x H)
OR
VA = H x .7854 x (DL2 – DS2)

Where:
VA = annular volume
H = height of the cylinder
DL = inside diameter of the large cylinder
DS = outside diameter of the small cylinder

ID of Large Cylinder

OD of Small Cylinder

Height

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 24 of 86

Problem: What is the annular volume between two cylinders 8

feet high if the inside diameter of the large cylinder is 3 feet
and the outside diameter of the small cylinder is 1 foot.

Cylinder ID 3ft

OD Cylinder 1ft

8 ft

Solution: Annular volume

= H x .7854 x (D2 lg cylinder-D2 sm cylinder)

VA = H x .7854 x (DL2 – DS2)

= 8 ft. x .7854 x (3 ft.2 – 1 ft.2)
= 8 ft. x .7854 x (9 ft.2 – 1 ft.2)
= 8 ft. x .7854 x (8 ft2)
= 50.266 ft.3

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 25 of 86

In oil field terms, capacity refers to the volume of fluid required to fill a specified length of open hole
or pipe. Since a well and the pipe in it are basically long cylinders, the formula for finding the
volume of a cylinder is used to find capacity. Capacity is commonly expressed in number of barrels
(bbls), cubic feet (ft3), or gallons (gal).

These three volumetric units are inter-related as shown:

Table 5.4.1

VOLUMETRIC EQUIVALENTS

1 BBL = 42 Gal
1 BBL = 5.6146 Ft3
1 Ft3 = 7.4805 Gal
1 Ft3 = .1781 BBLS
1 Gal = .02381 BBLS
1 Gal = .1337 Ft3

To convert a known volume in one unit to the equivalent volume in the desired unit, use the
following conversion factors.

Table 5.4.2

CHANGE INTO

__ barrels x 42 gal/bbl = gal

________ barrels x 5.6146 ft3/bbl = ______ ft3
________ ft3 x 7.4805 gal/ft3 = ______ gal
________ ft3 x .1781 bbl/ft3 = ______ bbl
________ gal x .02381 bbl/gal = ______ bbl
________ gal x .1337 ft3/gal = ______ ft3

There are many tables designed to aid in making oil field calculations. Whenever possible, these
tables should be used because they shorten the length of time and number of math steps required
to do a calculation thus increasing accuracy. One set of calculation tables is the Halliburton
Cementing tables or “Red Book” as it is commonly called. In this course, the Red Book will be used
for problem solving when possible. Topics included in this section are: (A) tubing capacity, (B)
casing capacity, (C) hole capacity, (D) capacity of a mixed string, (E) annular capacity, and (F)
height of fluid.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 26 of 86

Tubing capacity is the amount of fluid (volume) that can be contained inside a given length of
pipe. To find the tubing capacity, you need to know the outside diameter (OD in inches) of the
tubing, the weight of the tubing (pounds per foot in air), and the length of the tubing (in feet).
The formula used to determine tubing capacity is:

Tubing capacity = capacity factor of tubing x length of tubing.

Example 5.4.1
Problem: What is the capacity of a
string of 2 7/8” 6.5#/ft tubing
7200 feet long?

Solution:
Capacity = capacity factor of
tubing x length of tubing
2-7/8”
To find the capacity factor, use the 4.7lb/ft
Capacity section in the Red Book. Tubing 7200ft
Find the “capacity of tubing” table.
Look down the left-hand column,
size OD in inches, and find 2.875
(2 7/8). Notice there are several
listings for 2.875” OD pipe. Find
the line listing 6.5 pound/foot pipe.

Find the column labelled Barrels per Lin. ft. (barrels per linear foot).
Where the 6.5 lb/ft line intersects the barrels per lin. ft. column, you will
find the capacity factor for this size and weight pipe. Capacity factor =
.0058 bbls/lin. ft. (each foot of 2 7/8” 6.5#/ft pipe can hold .0058 bbls of
fluid).

Tubing capacity = .0058 bbls/ft x 7200 ft

= 41.76 bbls
= 42 bbls (rounded to nearest barrel)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 27 of 86

The casing capacity is found using the same procedure used for tubing capacity. The casing OD
(in inches), weight (lbs/foot in air), and length (feet) must be known. The formula for determining
casing capacity is:

Casing capacity = capacity factor of casing x length of casing (ft)

Example 5.4.2

Problem:
What is the casing capacity
of a well 2350’ deep which
has 7”, 23#/ft casing?
Solution:
Casing capacity = cap. factor
of casing x length.

Using the “capacity of casing”

table in the capacity
section of the Red Book, 7”,23lb/ft
find the capacity for 7”, Casing 2350ft
23#/ft casing .0394 bbl/ft.
Substitute the value of the
capacity factor and length
into the formula.

The formula now reads:

Casing capacity = .0394 bbl/ft x 2350’

= 92.59 bbls
= 93 bbls (rounded to nearest barrel)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 28 of 86

An oil or gas well is made by first drilling a hole in the earth’s crust. When the hole has been
drilled to a depth that enters or passes through the “pay zone”, casing then tubing is run into
the well and the well completed. The size (diameter) of the hole is dependent upon what
size drill bit was used to drill the hole. To calculate capacity of the hole, the diameter and
depth of the hole must be known. The formula for calculating hole capacity is:

Hope capacity = capacity factor of hole x depth of hole in feet

Example 5.4.3

Problem:
Calculate the capacity of a 6 inch
diameter hole that is 5280 feet
deep.

Solution:
Hole capacity = capacity factor of
hole x depth of hole

To find the capacity factor for a 6 6” Dia

inch hole, use the capacity Hole 5280ft
section of the Red Book. Locate
6.000” under the “diameter of
hole in inches” column. Find the
column labelled “Barrels per
linear foot”. The number listed
(.0350) at the intersection of the
6.000” line and the barrels per lin.
ft. column is the capacity factor
for a 6.000” diameter hole. Each
foot of a 6.000” diameter hole can
hold .0350 barrels of fluid.

Hole capacity = .0350 bbls/ft x 5280 ft

= 184.8 barrels
= 185 barrels (nearest whole barrel)
Note: Capacity of hole factors are based on a “smooth wall” uniform
hole. The actual capacity of a given hole depends upon the amount of
“wash-out” and wall “sloughing” that occurs during the drilling process.
These occurrences will increase the hole’s capacity. Under normal
conditions, the hole capacity calculated by the method used in this
example is accurate enough to use. If a high degree of accuracy is
required, as in open hole gravel packs, an open hole caliper log should
be used for capacity calculations.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 29 of 86

A string may be composed of two or more different size pipe. Capacity of a mixed string is
determined by:

First calculating the capacity of each size pipe, then add the capacities together for total
string capacity.

Example 5.4.4

Problem: Before setting the

packer, the fluid in the tubing
is to be displaced with
treated fluid. How many
barrels of treated fluid must
be pumped into the tubing to
accomplish this? 2-7/8” 6.5lb/ft
Tubing
6800ft

2-3/8” 4.7lb/ft
Tubing 9400ft

Solution:

1. The capacity for each size of tubing must first be calculated.

Capacity of 2 7/8”, 6.5#/ft tubing

= capacity factor x length
= .0058 bbls/ft x 6800 ft
= 39.44 bbls

Capacity of 2 3/8”, 4.7#/ft tubing

= capacity factor x length
= .0039 bbl/ft x (9400’ – 6800’)
= .0039 bbl/ft x (2600)
= 10.14 bbls

Total capacity = 39.44 bbls + 10.14 bbls

= 49.58 bbls

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 30 of 86

ENGLISH UNITS

Equations for Calculating Pipe Capacity

Barrels per Linear Foot = .0009714 x D2

Linear Feet per Barrel = 1029.4

Cubic Feet per Linear Foot = .005454 x D2

Linear Feet per Cubic Foot = 183.35

Gallons per Linear Foot = .0408 x D2

Linear Feet per Gallon = 24.51

D = Diameter in inches

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 31 of 86

Annular capacity refers to the volume between either types of tubular goods or between
tubular goods and the hole. Annular capacity is calculated in the same way as internal
capacity.

The Red Book has two sections which cover annular capacity. The first section (Volume and
Height between Tubing, Casing, Drill Pipe and Hole) is to be used when determining
capacity between a string of pipe and the hole. The pipe OD and hole diameter must be
known to use this section. The second section (Volume and Height between Tubings,
Tubing and Casing, Casings, Drill Pipe and Casings) is to be used when calculating annular
capacities between two strings of pipe (tubulars). To use this section, the OD of the inside
pipe and the OD and weight of the outside pipe must be known.

Example 5.4.5

Problem:
What is the annular volume of a
well which has 2 3/8”, 4.7# tubing
to a depth of 5750 feet inside 5
1/2”, 17# casing?

Solution: 5-1/2” 17lb/ft

Annular volume= volume Casing
factor x depth 5750ft

For this calculation use the Red 2-3/8” 4.7lb/ft

tubing
Book section entitled “Volume
and Height between Tubings,
Tubing and Casing, Casings, Drill
Pipe and Casing”. Find the table
for Volume and Height between
Tubing and Casing – inside
Tubing OD 2.375 – one string.
The volume factor is .0178 bbl/ft.

Annular volume = .0178 bbls/ft x 5750 ft

= 102.35 bbls

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 32 of 86

To this point, only one aspect of capacity has been considered that is the total volume or
capacity of the tubing, annulus, etc. The second aspect of capacity which must be
considered is the fluid level after a known volume of fluid has been added to the well.

To calculate the “new” level of fluid, the linear feet per barrel column is used to find the
height factor. The formula for finding the fluid level after a known amount of fluid is added to
the well is:

“New” fluid level = original fluid level – (height factor x barrels added)

Example 5.4.6

Problem:
A well has 2 7/8” 6.5#/ft
tubing. The fluid level is
10,400’. Where will the
fluid level be after 32
barrels of fluid is added to 4872ft New
the tubing? 2-7/8” 6.5lb/ft Level of
tubing Fluid

10,400ft
Original
Fluid Level

Solution:
”New” fluid level = original fluid level- (height factor x barrels added)

The height factor is 172.76’ per barrel (from the Red Book)

“New” fluid level

= 10400 ft – (172.76 ft/bbl x 32 bbls)
= 10400 ft – 5528.32 ft
= 4871.68 ft (from surface)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 33 of 86

Problem:
A well has 2 3/8”, 4.7#/ft tubing
inside 5 1/2", 17#/Ft casing. If
the “original” fluid level of the
casing is at 6500 feet, what will
be the “new fluid” level after 80
2-3/8” 4.7lb/ft 1998ft New
bbls of fluid are added to the
Tubing Level of Fluid
casing?
5-1/2” 17lb/ft
Casing
6500ft Original
Fluid Level

Solution:
“New fluid level” = “original” fluid level- (height factor x bbls added)

The height factor is 56.28’ per barrel (per Red Book)

“New” fluid level

= 6500 feet – (56.28 ft/bbl x 80)
= 6500 feet – 4502.4 feet
= 1997.6 feet (from surface)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 34 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Table 5.4.4 lists formulas to calculate volume and height between one string of pipe and the hole (or
casing). Formulas based on one pipe string.
Table 5.4.4

ENGLISH UNITS

Cubic feet per linear foot = (D2 – d2) 0.005454

Linear feet per cubic foot = 183.35

D2 – d2

Gallons per linear foot = (D2 – d2) 0.0408

Linear feet per gallon = 24.51

D2 – d2

Barrels per linear foot = (D2 – d2) 0.0009714

Linear feet per barrel = 1029.4

D2-d2

Where:
D = diameter of hole (or inside diameter of casing) in inches
D = outside diameter of the “inner” pipe in inches
Table 5.4.5 lists formulas to calculate volume and height between multiple tubing strings of uniform
size and hole (or casing). Formulas based on multiple strings of tubing having the same size (OD)
tubing.

Table 5.4.5
ENGLISH UNITS

Cubic feet per linear feet = [D2 – n(d2)] x 0.005454

Linear feet per cubic foot = 183.35

D2 – n(d2)

Gallons per linear foot = [D2 – n(d2)] x 0.0408

Linear feet per gallon = 24.51

D2 – n(d2)

Barrels per linear feet = [D2 – n(d2)] x 0.0009714

Linear feet per barrel = 1029.4

D2 – n(d2)
Where:
D = diameter of hole (or ID of casing) in inches
d = outside diameter of tubing in inches
n = number of tubing strings

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 35 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Table 5.4.6 lists formulas to calculate volume and height between multiple tubing strings of differing
size and hole (or casing). Formulas based on multiple strings having different size (OD) tubing.

Table 5.4.6

ENGLISH UNITS

Cubic feet per linear feet = [D2 – (d12 + d22 + …+dn2)] x 0.005454

Linear feet per cubic foot = 183.35

D2 – (d12 + d22 +…dn2)

Gallons per linear foot = [D2 – (d12 + d22 +…+ dn1)] x 0.0408

Linear feet per gallon = 24.51

D2 – (d12 + d22 +…+ dn2)

Barrels per linear feet = [D2 – (d12 + d22 +… dn2)] x 0.0009714

Linear feet per barrel = 1029.4

D2 – (d12 + d22 +… +dn2)

Where:
D = diameter of hole (or ID of casing in inches
d1 = OD of tubing string number 1 in inches
d2 = OD of tubing string number 2 in inches
dn = OD of tubing string number 3 in inches, etc., until all tubing string OD’s have been
entered.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 36 of 86

In well-site terminology, displacement has several meanings. Pump displacement, capacity

displacement, and pipe displacement are three commonly used terms referencing to displacement.
These three terms have one thing in common. They all refer to the volume of a fluid which is
replaced by a different fluid or a solid object. This section covers pipe displacement only.

Imagine, if you will, a well full of fluid. As pipe is run into the well, some of the fluid is forced out of
the well. The fluid forced out of the well is equal in volume to the pipe volume replacing (displacing)
the fluid.

In this section you will learn to calculate displacement volumes for:

A. Open-end pipe
B. Bull-plugged pipe

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 37 of 86

Since open-end pipe allows fluid to fill the inside of the pipe as the pipe is run into the well, only
the volume of steel of which the pipe is made displaces the well fluid. To calculate the amount
of fluid displaced, the pipe OD (inches), weight in air (lbs/ft), and length (feet) are needed. The
formula for calculating open-end pipe displacement in barrels is:

Displacement in barrels = displacement factor of pipe x length of pipe in feet

The displacement factor is found in the “Displacement Section” of the Red Book.

Example 5.5.1
Problem:
If a well is full of fluid, how many barrels of fluid
will be displaced by running 9600 ft of 2 7/8”, 6.5
lbs/ft, EUE 8 round tubing?

Solution:
Displacement= displacement factor x length

Displacement factor from Red Book = .00236

barrels per linear foot. 2-7/8”
6.5lb/ft
Tubing
Displacement= .00236 barrels/ft x 9600 ft 9600ft
= 22.656 barrels
= 23 barrels (nearest whole barrel)

B. Bull-plugged pipe displacement.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 38 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
When pipe which is bull-plugged or sealed on the bottom end is run into a well, the fluid cannot
fill the inside of the pipe. The “plugged” pipe will displace a volume equal to the volume of steel
of which the pipe is made plus the capacity of the pipe. To determine displacement of bull-
plugged pipe, the pile displacement (as if open ended) and pipe capacity must be calculated
separately then added.

The formula for bull-plugged pipe displacement calculation is:

Displacement (bull-plugged pipe) = displacement (open ended) + capacity of pipe

Example 5.5.2

Problem:
If a well is full of fluid, how many barrels of
fluid will be displaced by running 3400’ of 2
3/8”, 4.7 lb/ft, EUE 8 round tubing bull-
plugged on the bottom?

Solution:
Displacement (bull-plugged pipe)
= displacement (open-end) + capacity 2-3/8”
4.7lb/ft
Tubing
Displacement (bull-plugged pipe) 3400ft
= (displacement factor x length)
+ (capacity factor x length)
or
Displacement (bull-plugged pipe) Bull
= (displacement factor + capacity factor) x Plug
length

Displacement factor from “displacement” section in the Red Book = .00171 bbls per linear
foot.

Capacity factor from “capacity” section in the Red Book = .0039 barrels per lin. ft.

Substituting the displacement factor and capacity factor, the formula is now:

Displacement (bull-plugged pipe)

= (.00171 bbls/ft + .0039 bbls/ft) x 3400 feet
= .00561 bbls/ft x 3400 ft
= 19.074 barrels o r = 19 barrels (nearest whole barrel)

PRESSURE

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 39 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Pressure can be defined as the amount of thrust (force) per unit area. Pressure resulting from a
gas such as air is termed pneumatic pressure. Hydraulic pressure refers to pressure applied by a
liquid. Pressure is usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).

This section will cover calculations for:

A. Hydrostatic pressure
B. Applied pressure
C. Total pressure
D. Differential pressure
E. Forces produced by pressure

A. Hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is pressure created by the weight of a column of fluid. Since pressure is
expressed in pounds per square inch, it may be stated that hydrostatic pressure is the weight of
column of fluid on each square inch of area. A change in the height of the column or a change
in the density of the fluid will change the hydrostatic pressure. In other words, there are only two
factors which affect hydrostatic pressure:

1. Vertical height of the fluid column (ft)

2. Density of the fluid (lbs/gal)

Figure 5.6.1

1 ft

Fluid filled containers with the same hydrostatic pressure.

As figure 5.6.1 illustrates, hydrostatic pressure is not affected by the shape of the container. If the
fluid density in each container and the vertical height of each container is the same, the hydrostatic
pressure at the bottom of each container will be the same.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 40 of 86

3ft

2ft
1Gall

1ft 1Gall
1Gall

0.433psi 0.866psi 1.299psi

Containers with the same volume but different hydrostatic pressure.

Figure 5.6.2 illustrates that hydrostatic pressure is not a function of volume. Each container has the
same volume but a different vertical height. As a result of difference in height of each container, the
hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of each container will be different.

Figures 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 focus on the fact that shape and volume DOES NOT affect hydrostatic
pressure. As stated previously, column height and fluid density are the only two factors which affect
hydrostatic pressure.

Calculating hydrostatic pressure is of particular importance when working on a deep well or on a

well which has heavy (high density) fluid in the well. Certain tools may be limited as to the amount
of pressure they can withstand. Hydrostatic pressure exceeding the tool’s pressure rating could
have serious negative effects on the desired results.

The hydrostatic pressure at any depth in the well is pressure created by the weight of the fluid
column above that depth. Hydrostatic pressure can be calculated for any depth in the well by using
various methods. Two methods commonly used in the oil field to calculate hydrostatic pressure are
those involving (1) the fluid gradient or (2) a constant factor.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 41 of 86

Hydrostatic pressure can best be calculated using the fluid gradient tables. Section 240
“Calculations and Formulas” of the Red Book contains a fluid gradient table, “Hydrostatic
Pressure and Fluid Weight Conversion Tables”. The left-hand column of the table gives fluid
densities in pounds/gallons and the fourth column states pressure in psi for one foot of depth.
Table 5.6.1 lists fluid gradients for various weight fluids. The formula for calculating hydrostatic
pressure using the fluid gradient is:

Hydrostatic pressure (psi)

= Fluid gradient (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (feet)

Figure 5.6.3

Figure 5.6.3 illustrates total depth (TD)

and true vertical depth (TVD). True
vertical depth (TVD) is measured from
the bottom of the hole straight up to the
surface. Total depth (TD) is the
T
measured length of pipe required to o
reach the bottom of the well. In a Total Depth t
straight hole, total depth and true vertical & True a True
l Vertical
depth will be the same. In a deviated Vertical
hole, total depth will always be more than Depth D Depth
e
true vertical depth. In other words, true p
vertical depth will be equal to or less than t
total depth. h

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 42 of 86

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE GRADIENTS FOR VARIOUS WEIGHT FLUIDS

(where fluid weight is in lbs/gal and pressure is in psi/ft)

lbs/ psi/ lbs/ psi/ lbs/ psi/ lbs/ psi/ lbs/ psi/
gal ft gal ft gal ft gal ft gal ft

0.0 .000 4.0 .2078 8.0 .4156 12.0 .6234 16.0 .8312
0.1 .0052 4.1 .2130 8.1 .4208 12.1 .6286 16.1 .8364
0.2 .0104 4.2 .2182 8.2 .4260 12.2 .6338 16.2 .8416
0.3 .0156 4.3 .2234 8.3 .4312 12.3 .6390 16.3 .8468
0.4 .0208 4.4 .2286 8.33 .433 12.4 .6442 16.4 .8519
0.5 .0260 4.5 .2338 8.4 .4364 12.5 .6493 16.5 .8571
0.6 .0312 4.6 .2390 8.5 .4416 12.6 .6545 16.6 .8623
0.7 .0364 4.7 .2442 8.6 .4468 12.7 .6597 16.7 .8675
0.8 .0416 4.8 .2494 8.7 .4519 12.8 .6649 16.8 .8727
0.9 .0468 4.9 .2546 8.8 .4571 12.9 .6701 16.9 .8779
1.0 .05195 5.0 .2598 8.9 .4623 13.0 .6753 17.0 .8831
1.1 .0571 5.1 .2649 9.0 .4675 13.1 .6805 17.1 .8883
1.2 .0623 5.2 .2701 9.1 .4727 13.2 .6857 17.2 .8935
1.3 .0675 5.3 .2753 9.2 .4779 13.3 .6909 17.3 .8987
1.4 .0727 5.4 .2805 9.3 .4831 13.4 .6961 17.4 .9039
1.5 .0779 5.5 .2857 9.4 .4883 13.5 .7013 17.5 .9091
1.6 .0831 5.6 .2909 9.5 .4935 13.6 .7065 17.6 .9143
1.7 .0883 5.7 .2961 9.6 .4987 13.7 .7117 17.7 .9195
1.8 .0935 5.8 .3013 9.7 .5039 13.8 .7169 17.8 .9247
1.9 .0987 5.9 .3065 9.8 .5091 13.9 .7221 17.9 .9299
2.0 .1039 6.0 .3117 9.9 .5143 14.0 .7273 18.0 .9351
2.1 .1091 6.1 .3169 10.0 .5195 14.1 .7325 18.1 .9403
2.2 .1143 6.2 .3221 10.1 .5247 14.2 .7377 18.2 .9455
2.3 .1195 6.3 .3273 10.2 .5299 14.3 .7429 18.3 .9506
2.4 .1247 6.4 .3325 10.3 .5351 14.4 .7480 18.4 .9558
2.5 .1299 6.5 .3377 10.4 .5403 14.5 .7532 18.5 .9610
2.6 .1351 6.6 .3429 10.5 .5455 14.6 .7584 18.6 .9662
2.7 .1403 6.7 .3481 10.6 .5506 14.7 .7636 18.7 .9714
2.8 .1455 6.8 .3533 10.7 .5558 14.8 .7688 18.8 .9766
2.9 .1507 6.9 .3585 10.8 .5610 14.9 .7740 18.9 .9818
3.0 .1559 7.0 .3636 10.9 .5662 15.0 .7792 19.0 .9870
3.1 .1610 7.1 .3688 11.0 .5714 15.1 .7844 19.1 .9922
3.2 .1662 7.2 .3740 11.1 .5766 15.2 .7896 19.2 .9974
3.3 .1714 7.3 .3792 11.2 .5818 15.3 .7948 19.3 1.0026
3.4 .1766 7.4 .3844 11.3 .5870 15.4 .8000 19.4 1.0078
3.5 .1818 7.5 .3896 11.4 .5922 15.5 .8052 19.5 1.0130
3.6 .1870 7.6 .3948 11.5 .5974 15.6 .8104 19.6 1.0182
3.7 .1922 7.7 .4000 11.6 .6026 15.7 .8156 19.7 1.0234
3.8 .1974 7.8 .4052 11.7 .6078 15.8 .8208 19.8 1.0286
3.9 .2026 7.9 .4104 11.8 .6130 15.9 .8260 19.9 1.0338
4.0 .2078 8.0 .4156 11.9 .6182 16.0 .8312 20.0 1.0390
12.0 .6234

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 43 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Keep in mind that hydrostatic pressure is the weight of a vertical column of fluid above the point in
question. Therefore, when calculating the hydrostatic pressure in a well that is not completely full of
fluid, use the height of the column of fluid above the point in question, not the depth from the
surface to that point. To find the height of the fluid column, subtract the true vertical fluid level from
the true vertical depth of the point in question. (See Figure 5.6.4). When a well is not full of fluid,
the fluid level must be determined before any hydrostatic pressure calculations can be
accomplished.

Fig. 5.6.4

True Vertical
Fluid Level
(Equals)
True Vertical (Minus)
Height
Fluid Column
Height

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 44 of 86

Problem:
(A)
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the
bottom of a well that is 7800 feet deep?
This well is non-deviated and completely
full of a fluid which has a fluid gradient of
.5039 psi/ft.

(B) 3000ft
What is the hydrostatic pressure at 3000’?
7800ft

Solution:
(A) Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = fluid gradient (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (ft)

= .5039 psi/ft x 7800 ft

= 3930.42 psi
(notice the “ft” cancel out leaving psi)

(B) Hydrostatic pressure = fluid gradient (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (ft)
= .5039 psi/ft x 3000 ft
= 1511.7 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 45 of 86

Problem:
What is the hydrostatic
pressure at the bottom of a
non-deviated well, 9650 ft
filled with 9.5 lbs/gal brine?

9650ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = gradient factor (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (ft)

Use the pressure gradient table in the Red Book or Table 5.6.1 in this section to
determine the pressure gradient of 9.5 lbs/gal fluid.

Fluid gradient is .4935 psi/ft. Substitute fluid gradient and depth values into
equation.

Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = .4935 psi/ft x 9650 ft

= 4762.275 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 46 of 86

Problem:
A packer is set in a non-deviated well at
8175ft.
Fluid level in the annulus is at 2700 ft.
What is the hydrostatic pressure on the packer
if the annular fluid weighs 11.8lb/gal?
2700ft

8175ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure (psi)
= gradient factor (psi/ft) x fluid column height (ft)
= .6130 psi/ft (from table) x fluid column height (ft)

In order to complete this calculation, the vertical height of the fluid column must be
determined

Fluid column height = true vertical depth – true vertical fluid level.
= 8175 ft – 2700 ft
= 5475 ft

Substituting the value of the fluid column, the equation now becomes:

Hydrostatic pressure = .6130 psi/ft x 5475 ft

= 3356.175 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 47 of 86

Problem:
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the
bottom of a deviated well if the well is
filled with 10.8 lbs/gal fluid?
Total depth is 9400 feet. The TVD (true
vertical depth) of the well is 7100 feet.

7100ft
9400ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure = fluid gradient x true vertical depth

= .5610 psi/ft x 7100 ft

= 3983.1 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 48 of 86

In order to find hydrostatic pressure, the fluid gradient and true vertical depth must be known. If
the fluid gradient is not known and fluid gradient tables are unavailable, the fluid gradient can be
determined if the actual weight of the well fluid is known. The units normally used for well fluids
are pounds per gallon (lbs/gal), pound per cubic foot, or in the case of oil, the API gravity (oAPI).
The following sections (a, b and c) discuss how fluid gradients are found using fluid weight or
o
API gravity,

a. Pounds per gallon (lbs/gal)

If fluid water is given in pounds per gallon, hydrostatic pressure can be determined by the
formula:

Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = fluid weight (lbs/gal) x .052 (constant) x true vertical depth (ft)

The .052 constant is actually the fluid gradient for an imaginary liquid having a weight of one
pound per gallon.

1 lb/gal x 7.4805 gal/cu ft = 7.4805/cu ft

7.4805 lbs/cu ft / 144 sq in/ sq ft
= .0519479 lbs/sq in/ft or psi/ft
(rounded off = .052 psi/ft)

When using the .052 method, the calculated hydrostatic pressure will always be slightly
higher than actual because of the value .052 is slightly larger than .0519479. However,
results obtained using the .052 factor are accurate enough to use in most conditions.

Example 5.6.5

Problem:
What is the hydrostatic
pressure at the bottom of a
non-deviated well that is filled
with 12.3 lbs/gal fluid and
8000 feet deep (TVD)?

8000ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = fluid weight (lbs/gal) x .052 (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (ft)
= 12.3 lbs/gal x .052 psi/ft x 8000 ft
= 5116.8 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 49 of 86

When fluid weight is given in pounds per cubic foot (lbs/cu ft) hydrostatic pressure can be
calculated by using the formula:

Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = fld weight (lbs/cu ft) x .007 (constant) x true vertical depth (ft)

The .007 constant is actually the fluid gradient for an imaginary fluid having a weight of one
pound per cubic foot.

1 lb/cu ft / 144 sq in/ sq ft = .0069444 lbs/sq in/ft

or .0069444 psi/ft .007 (rounded off)

As in the lbs/gal method, the calculated hydrostatic pressure using .007 psi/ft will be slightly
higher than actual because the value .007 is slightly larger than .0069444.

Example 5.6.6

Problem:
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the
bottom of a non-deviated well, 8000 feet
deep, completely filled with 92 lbs/cu ft
fluid?

8000ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure = fld weight (lbs/cu ft) x .007 (constant) x true vertical depth (ft)
= 92 lbs/cu ft x .007 psi/ft x 8000 ft
= 5152 psi

o
c. API gravity
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 50 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
When oAPI gravity of the oil is given, the formula to find hydrostatic pressure is:

Hydrostatic pressure (psi)

= 61.27 x true vertical depth
131.5 + oAPI

Example 5.6.7

Problem:
What is the hydrostatic
pressure created by a 5700 ft
column of 30o API gravity oil?

30º API Oil

5700ft

Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure (psi) = 61.28 x true vertical depth (ft)
131.5 + oAPI

= 61.28 x 5700 feet

131.5 + 30

= .379 psi/ft x 5700 feet

= 2160.3 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 51 of 86

Applied pressure may be defined as pressure applied to a system with a pump or by the
formation. Unlike hydrostatic pressure, applied pressure does not increase or decrease with
depth change. If pressure is applied at the top of a well that same amount of pressure increase
will be felt at the bottom of the well. This means, for example, if 900 psi of pressure is applied to
the top of a tubing string, the same 900 psi will be felt at the bottom of the tubing string
regardless of the depth. This same 900 psi will also be felt at all points in between the top and
bottom. The reason applied pressure is felt throughout the entire system is because liquids are
incompressible. Since a liquid is incompressible, the volume for all practical purposes, will not
change when pressure is applied. The applied pressure is therefore transmitted through the
entire liquid. This is true for a liquid in a closed system, that is, no path through which the liquid
may flow.

The normal unit of applied pressure is pounds per square inch (psi).

C. Total pressure.

Total pressure is the sum of the hydrostatic pressure plus the applied. The formula for
calculating total pressure is:

Total pressure = hydrostatic pressure + applied pressure

Example 5.6.8
Problem: A non-deviated
well is completely filled with
9.6 lbs/gal fluid. What is the 1700psi
total pressure inside the
tubing at a point 8100 ft
deep if the applied pressure 9.6lb/gal Fluid
is 1700 psi?
8100ft

Solution:
Total pressure = hydrostatic pressure + applied pressure

= (fluid gradient x true vertical depth) + applied pressure

= fluid weight (lbs/gal) x .052 (psi/ft) x true vertical depth (ft) + applied pressure
= (9.6 lb/gal x .052 psi/ft x 8100) + 1700 psi
= 4043.52 psi + 1700 psi
= 5743.52 psi

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 52 of 86

Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two columns of fluid. In order for
differential pressure to exist, there must be a barrier between the fluid columns. Differential
pressure commonly exists across barriers such as tubing, casing, packers, etc. When a
differential pressure exist, it is necessary to state the direction in which the pressure is acting
(i.e. from below the packer to above the packer, or from inside the tubing to outside the tubing,
etc.)

Differential pressure may be calculated by several methods. This section focuses on the
method using total pressure. Using this method for calculating differential pressure, the total
pressure at point A and the total pressure at point B (a point directly across a barrier from point
A) must be determined. See Figure 5.6.9.

Figure 5.6.9

The differential pressure will act in the direction from the larger
pressure to the smaller pressure. The formula for differential pressure
is:

Differential pressure = total pressure (point A) - total pressure (point B)

A B

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 53 of 86

Problem:
In a non-deviated well, the casing is full of 11.5
lbs/gal mud and the tubing is full of 9 lbs/gal
fluid. A pump pressure of 1000 psi is applied
to the annulus to test the packer. 1000psi

(1) What is the differential across the packer if

the packer is at a depth of 5600 ft? 9lb/Gal
Fluid 3000ft
D C
(2) What is the differential across the tubing at 11.5lb/Gal
a depth of 3000 feet? Fluid
5600ft
A

Solution:
(1) Differential pressure = total pressure A – total pressure B

Total pressure A = hydrostatic pressure + applied pressure

= (11.5 lbs/gal x .052 psi/ft x 5600 ft) + 1000 psi
= 3348.8 psi + 1000 psi
= 4348.8 psi
(Continued on next page)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 54 of 86

Since no pressure is applied to the tubing, the total pressure at point B is equal to the
hydrostatic pressure at point B.

Total pressure B = hydrostatic pressure

= fluid gradient x true vertical depth
= 9 lbs/gal x .052 psi/ft x 5600 ft
= 2620.8 psi

Differential pressure = 4348.8 psi – 2620.8 psi

= 1728 psi (from above the packer to below the packer)

(2) Differential pressure = total pressure C – total pressure D

Total pressure C = hydrostatic pressure + applied pressure
= (fluid gradient x true vertical depth) + applied pressure
= (11.5 lbs/gal x .052 psi/ft x 3000 ft) + 1000 psi
= 2794 psi

Since no pressure is applied to the tubing, the total pressure at point D is equal to the
hydrostatic pressure at point D.

Total pressure D = hydrostatic pressure

= fluid gradient x true vertical depth
= 9 lbs/gal x .052 psi/ft x 3000 ft
= 1404 psi

Differential pressure = total pressure C – total pressure D

= 2794 psi – 1404 psi
= 1390 psi (acting from the annulus to the tubing)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 55 of 86

A force is produced when pressure is applied to a given area and has a push (or pull) effect upon
that area. The usual unit for force is pounds (lbs). The formula used for calculating force
produced by pressure is:

Force (lbs) = Pressure (lbs/in2) x Area (in2)

Or F = P x A

Example 5.6.11

Problem:
What is the force acting upon an 100lb
100lb
area of 9 square inches if the 100lb
pressure is 100 psi? 100lb
100lb
100lb
Solution: 100lb
100lb
F=PxA 100lb
= 100 psi x 9 sq in 900lb
of
= 900 lbs Force
Note: The square inches cancel
leaving pounds.

n.
3i

n.
1in. 1i
3in.

1. Piston area force.

Many down hole and surface tools use hydraulic pressure acting upon a piston area. The
force generated by hydraulic pressure acting on a piston area can be calculated using the
same equation as previously mentioned.

Force (lbs) = Pressure (lbs/in2) x Area (in2)

Or F = P x A

If any two of the three values for this formula is known, the third value can be
determined by transposing the formula. Thus the formula for area is:

A=F/P

and the formula for pressure is:

P=F/A

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 56 of 86

Problem:
What is the upward force generated by the Weight
hydraulic cylinder’s piston if 2500 psi is
applied and the piston diameter is 5
inches?

Solution:
P = 2500 psi
A = 5” x 5” x .7854 = 19.635 in2
F=PxA 5 in.
= 2500 psi x 19.635 in2
= 49087.5 lbs 2500psi

If this was a hydraulic jack, it would be capable of lifting 49087.5 pounds of weight when 2500 psi is
applied to the piston area.

Example 5.6.13

Problem: A hydraulic set packer has a piston area of 11.2 square inches. How much setting
force is generated if 1900 psi is applied to the tubing and packer?

Solution: P = 1900 psi

A = 11.2 in2
F =PxA
= 1900 psi x 11.2 in2
= 21280 pounds

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 57 of 86

Packers are rated according to the maximum differential pressure they can withstand when
set in a well and still retain their integrity. However, differential pressure is measured in
pounds per square inch and does not reflect the total force applied to the packer itself. To
determine the force a packer is subjected to, you must know the pressure (or differential
pressure) acting upon the packer and the amount of packer area exposed to that pressure.
To determine the amount of packer area exposed to pressure, subtract the packer mandrel
ID area from the casing ID area in which the packer is set. The total force trying to push the
packer up or down in the well can then be determined using the force formula:

F=PxA

Example 5.6.14

Problem:
A packer with a 2.38” ID mandrel is
set in 7” 26 lbs/ft casing. During a
treatment job, a differential of 3150 7” 26lb/ft
psi was created acting from below Casing
the packer upward. What was the
total force pushing upward on the
packer?
2-3/8” ID

3150psi
Differential

Solution:
P = 3150 psi
A = (6.276”)2 x .7854 – (2.38)2 x .7854
= 26.487 in2
F =PxA
= 3150 psi x 26.487 in2
= 83,434 pounds of force upward

Under these conditions, there would be a force of 83,434 pounds trying to

push the packer up-hole.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 58 of 86

Some packers are designed so they can be set in tension. That is, once the packer is set, the
production tubing is pulled upward until the desired tension is achieved. This practice is standard
for wells in which rod pumps are used in order to straighten the production string reducing friction
and wear between the tubing and “sucker” rods. For space-out purposes, it is necessary to
determine the length the pipe will stretch in order to retain the desired tension on the tubing string.

There are several methods to determine pipe stretch. However, all of these methods are based on
the assumption that the pipe has not been stretched beyond its elastic limit. If the pipe has not
been stretched beyond its elastic limit, it will return to its original shape when the tension is
released. If a pipe is stretched beyond its elastic limit, it will not return to its original shape and will
part (or separate) when its tensile limit is exceeded.

In this section, we will discuss:

A. Tensile strength of pipe

B. Calculations for pipe stretch

A. Tensile strength of pipe

Tensile strength of pipe refers to the amount of tension (or pull) the pipe can withstand
before it exceeds its elastic limit and “pulls into” or parts. The amount of tension required to
reach the elastic limit of a pipe is called the joint yield.

When dealing with new pipe, the joint yield is determined by two factors: (1) the grade of
steel of which the pipe is made and (2) the cross-sectional area of the pipe at its weakest
point.

Pipe is rated according to the grade of steal in the pipe. The different grades of pipe indicate
minimum yield in pounds per square inch of tensile pull. For example, a N-80 grade pipe is
made of steel which has a minimum yield of 80,000 pounds per square inch (80 x 1000
lbs/sq in). The most common grades of pipe are H-40, J-55, N-80, and P-105.

To determine the joint yield of a certain pipe, multiply the grade in thousands of pounds
times the cross-sectional area in square inches of the pipe wall. The cross-sectional area is
the difference in area between the pipe’s OD and ID area.

Example 5.7.1

Problem: What is the joint yield of 2 7/8”, 6.5#/ft, J-55,

EUE 8 round tubing?

Solution: Joint yield

= grade x cross-sectional area
= grade x (OD2 – ID2) .7854
= 55 000 x (2.8752 – 2.4412) .7854
= 55,000 lbs/in2 x 1.818 in2
= 99,660 lbs (99,700 lbs)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 59 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
The “Dimensions and Strengths” section of the Halliburton Red Book lists the joint yield
(minimum yield) for various sizes and grades of pipe.

Remember, values obtained by calculations or from the Halliburton Red Book are for “new”
pipe. Used or old pipe will have a lower minimum yield than new pipe and safety factors for
maximum pull on the pipe should be discussed with the company representative on location.

B. Calculating pipe stretch.

Determining the amount a pipe will stretch is necessary for spacing out purposes when a
packer is set and the tubing is to be placed in tension. Pipe stretch may also be used to
determine the depth at which pipe is stuck.

The amount of pipe stretch is dependent upon three factors:

(1) The length of pipe being stretched

(2) The amount of tension (pull being exerted on the pipe)
(3) The cross-sectional area of pipe

NOTE: Pipe stretch is not affected by the grade of steel of which the pipe is
made.

There are several methods by which pipe stretch can be determined. This section will cover
calculating pipe stretch using a:

(1) graph (or chart)

(2) table
(3) formula

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 60 of 86

Problem:
A packer on the end of 2 3/8” 20,000 lb Pull
4.7#/ft, N-80, EUE 8Rtubing is set at
8,000 ft. How much will the pipe
stretch if 20,000 lbs of tension is
pulled on the pipe?

2-3/8” 4.7lb/ft
tubing 8000ft

Solution #1: Stretch chart

Step 1 - Find the “Tubing Stretch Chart for 2 3/8”OD, EU or NU API Tubing”, Figure 5.7.1

Step 2 - Look along the horizontal axis of the graph (depth -- feet) and locate 8,000.

Step 3 - Find 20,000 Angled Line (pull on tubing -- pounds).

Step 4 - Locate the point where the 8,000’ depth line and 20,000 lbs. pull on tubing line
intersect.

Step 5 - Take a horizontal line from this point to the 2-3/8” scale and read stretch.

Step 6 - Answer = 50 inches.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 61 of 86

Step 1 - Find Table 5.7.1 “Stretch Data for Drill Pipe, Tubing and Casing” from Red Book.

Step 2 - The equation for finding pipe stretch using this table is:
S= LxPxC
1000 x 1000

Where:
S = stretch in pipe (inches)
L = length of pipe (feet)
P = pull on the pipe (pounds)
C = constant for given pipe size and weight being stretched from Table 5.7.1

Step 3 - Find the correct tubing size and weight on the table under the “Size of Tubing,
Drill Pipe or Casing” columns.

Step 4 - Find the factor for “C” to be used in the equation. Use the bold printed factor for
1000’ of pipe suspended in well. In this case, the factor “C” is 0.310. This factor
means that each 1000’ of 2 3/8” 4.7# tubing will stretch .310” for every 1000 lbs
of force pulled on the tubing.

Step 5 - Substitute given values into the equation and solve:

S= LxPxC
1000 x 1000

= 8000 ft x 20000 lbs x .310

1000 x 1000

= 8 x 20 x .310
= 49.6 inches

Step 6 - Answer = 50 inches (rounded off)

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 62 of 86

Step 1 - Hooke’s Law is the formula used to calculate stretch of steel and it reads:

S= FxL
AxE

where:
S = stretch (in inches)
F = force pulled (in pounds)
L = length of pipe (in inches)
A = cross-sectional area – OD area minus ID area (in sq in)
E = elasticity factor for steel – a constant (30,000,000)

Step 2 - Substitute values into formula and solve:

S= FxL
AxE

= 20,000 lbs x 8,000 ft x 12 in/ft

(2.375 OD2 – 1.995 ID2) .7854 x 30,000,000

= 2 x 8 x 12
1.304 x 3

= 192
3.912

= 49.079 inches

Step 3 - Answer = 49.079 inches

Notice the answers obtained using these three different methods were all very similar -- 50 inches,
49.6 inches, and 49.0 inches. Therefore, any of the three methods, if used correctly, will provide
accurate determination of pipe stretch.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 63 of 86

Diagonal Lines Represent Pull on Pipe in Pounds

2-3/8” 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000

Change in Tubing Length (∆L) in Inches
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
100
20,000
90
2-1/16” 18,000
80
100 16,000
1.900” 70
90 14,000
1.660” 100 60
80
100 90 12,000
70
90 80 50
10,000
80 70 60
1.316”
40
100 70 60 50 8000
90
60
80 50
30
1.050” 40
70 50 6000
100 40
90 60 5000
40 30
80 20
50 30 4000
70
30
60 40 15
20
3000
50 20
30 2500
20 15
40 10
15 9 2000
15 8
30 20
10
7
1500
9
10
6
15 8
10 9
20 8 7 5
9
1000
8 7 6
4
15 10 7 6
5
9
6
8 5 3
4
7 5
10 4
9 6 500
4 3
8 2
5 3
7
3
6 4 1.5
2

5 2
3
2 1.5
4 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
lb/ft 1.2 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.25 4.7
Depth in Thousands of Feet

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 64 of 86

Change in Tubing Length (∆L) in Inches Diagonal Lines Represent Pull on Pipe in

80,000 70,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000

3-1/2” 4” 4-1/2”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
100 70
80 40,000
90
70 60 35,000
2-7/8” 80

100 70 60 50 30,000
90
60 50 25,000
2-3/8” 80 40
100 70 50
40 20,000
90
60 30 18,000
80 40
16,000
70 50 30
14,000
60 30
40 20 12,000
50
20
10,000
30 15
40 20
8,000
15

30 15
20 10 6,000
9
10
8 5,000
15 9
20 10 7
8
9 4,000
7 6
8
15
10 7 6 5 3,000
9 6 5
8 4 2,500
10 7 5
4 2,000
9
6 3
8 4

7 5 3 1,500

6 3
4 2
5
2 1,000
3 1.5
4 2

1.5

3 1.5
2 1
0.9
1
0.8
1.5 0.9
2 1
Lb/ft 4.7 6.5 9.2 11.0 12.75 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
Depth in Thousands of Feet

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 65 of 86

Stretch Data for Drill Pipe, Tubing and Casing

Size of Stretch Per Pull Above Stretch Due to Own
Tubing, D.P. Length of Pipe 1000lb Weight of Pipe Weight Suspended
Or Casing Suspended in Pull Above per in. Stretch in Water,
Well, Wt. of Pipe of Pipe, Inches
Feet Inches Pounds
Factor C
500 .115 6,450 .14
2.375” 1,000 .310 3,225 .56
2,000 .620 1,612 2.22
Upset Tubing 3,000 .930 1,075 5.00
4.7 #/ft 4,000 1.240 806 8.88
5,000 1.550 644 13.88
10,000 3.100 322 55.51
500 .110 9,080 .14
2.875” 1,000 .220 4,540 .56
2,000 .440 2,270 2.22
Upset Tubing 3,000 .660 1,513 5.00
6.5 #/ft 4,000 .880 1,135 8.88
5,000 1.100 908 13.88
10,000 2.200 454 55.51
500 .0772 12,960 .14
3.50” 1,000 .1544 6,480 .56
2,000 .3088 3,240 2.22
Upset Tubing 3,000 .4632 2,160 5.00
9.30 #/ft 4,000 .6176 1,620 8.88
5,000 .7720 1,296 13.88
10,000 1.5440 648 55.51
500 .070 14,300 .14
2.875” 1,000 .140 7,150 .56
2,000 .280 3,575 2.22
Drill Pipe 3,000 .420 2,383 5.00
10.40 #/ft 4,000 .560 1,787 8.88
5,000 .700 1,430 13.88
10,000 1.400 715 55.51

Formula for Determining Stretch in Pipe S = L x P x C (Use to set Tension Packer

1000 x 1000 with no weight indication).

Formula for Determining Pull of Pipe P = 1000 x 1000 x S

CxL

Formula for Free Pipe L = S x 1000 x 1000

PxC

Where L = Length of Pipe in Feet

S = Stretch Pulled in Pipe in Inches
P = Pull on Pipe to get the Stretch “S” in Inches.
C = Constant for given Pipe Size and Weight being Stretched.
(For this equation use C factor at Pipe Length of 1000 ft.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 66 of 86

Stretch Data for Drill Pipe, Tubing and Casing

Size of Stretch Per Pull Above Stretch Due to Own
Tubing, D.P. Length of Pipe 1000lb Weight of Pipe Weight Suspended
Or Casing Suspended in Pull Above per in. Stretch in Water,
Well, Wt. of Pipe of Pipe, Inches
Feet Inches Pounds
Factor C
500 .055 18,200 .14
3.500” 1,000 .110 9,100 .56
2,000 .220 4,550 2.22
Drill Pipe 3,000 .330 3,033 5.00
13.30 #/ft 4,000 .440 2,275 8.88
5,000 .550 1,820 13.88
10,000 1.100 910 55.51
500 .045 22,200 .14
4.500” 1,000 .090 11,100 .56
2,000 .180 5,500 2.22
Drill Pipe 3,000 .270 3,700 5.00
16.60 #/ft 4,000 .360 2,775 8.88
5,000 .450 2,220 13.88
10,000 .900 1,110 55.51
500 .0402 24,800 .14
5.50” 1,000 .0804 12,400 .56
2,000 .160 6,230 2.22
Casing 3,000 .240 4,133 5.00
17 #/ft 4,000 .320 3,100 8.88
5,000 .402 2,480 13.88
10,000 .804 1,240 55.51
500 .0301 33,220 .14
7.000” 1,000 .0602 16,610 .56
2,000 .120 8,305 2.22
Casing 3,000 .181 5,537 5.00
23 #/ft 4,000 .241 4,152 8.88
5,000 .301 3,322 13.88
10,000 .602 1,661 55.51

Note: The above figures apply only to steel pipe that has not been stretched or is not
being stretched beyond its elastic limit.

Example
A 5-1/2” PHL packer with 2-3/8” 4.7#/ft tubing set at 15,000ft will not release with
Correct pulling force, they casing may have collapsed above packer. Pick up pipe weight
and mark pipe. Pull 20,000lb above pipe weight, mark pipe and measure stretch, e.g. 25”.

S = 25 inches
P = 20,000lb
C = 0.31 (C factor from table at 1000ft)

L 25 x 1000 x 1000 L = 4032 Feet

20,000 x 0.31

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 67 of 86

Many mechanical retrievable packers are compression set, that is, their pack-off depends on pipe
weight on the packer in order to retain a pressure tight annular seal. These packers have
minimums for the amount of pipe weight required to form an effective annular seal.

Pipe weight on a packer is achieved by continued lowering of the pipe into the well after the packer
has been set in the casing. When set, the packer’s slips “bite” into the casing preventing it from
moving downhole. Continued lowering of the pipe places weight upon the packer thus compressing
the elements outward against the casing wall to form a seal.

The term “slack-off” in this case refers to lowering pipe into the well. After a packer is set, the more
the pipe is slacked-off, the more weight will be placed upon the packer. In order to place the
desired weight upon a packer, the number of inches of slack-off must be calculated. Slack-off
calculations are used to indicate the amount of weight being set on tools taking into consideration
the number of inches of pipe travel required to achieve the desired setting weight.

To calculate slack-off travel required, the following must be known:

1. Desired weight on the packer

2. Setting depth of the packer
3. Size of the pipe or tubing
4. Casing size

Topics included in this section are:

A. Using slack-off data

B. Calculating slack-off factors
C. Travel required for slack-off force
D. Weight reaching packer

A. Slack-off Data for Tubing and Drill Pipe

The following data and formula is used to determine the number of inches of slack-off
required in order to set down the weight desired.

Size of Tubing or Drill Pipe Slack-off Factor

1.900 OD (1 1/2" Nom.) EUE tubing 0.68

2.375 OD (2” Nom.) EUE tubing 0.39
2.875 OD (2 1/2” Nom.) EUE tubing 0.26
3.500 OD (3” Nom.) EUE tubing 0.17
2.875 OD 10.40 lb/ft Drill Pipe 0.16
3.500 OD 13.30 lb/ft Drill Pipe 0.12
Required slack (in) = Desired Weight x Packer Depth x Factor
1000 1000

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 68 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
The slack-off factor represents the number of inches of slack-off required in order to obtain 1000
pounds weight on a packer for 1000 feet of depth. An allowance is included for coiling and friction
effects.

Example 5.8.1
Weight desired on packer = 15000 lbs
Depth of packer set = 5000 ft
Size of tubing = 2 3/8 8rd EUE
Slack-off factor for = 0.39
2 3/8 OD EUE (table)

15,000 x 5,000 x 0.39 = 29.25 inches

1000 1000

Note: The setting stroke required to set any particular tool is not included in these figures and must
be added to data.

B. Calculating Slack-off Factor

To calculate the slack-off factor for pipe not listed in part A above, first multiply the cross-
sectional area of known pipe by the factor for that pipe. Then divide your answer by the
cross-sectional area of the unknown pipe.

Example 5.8.2

Problem: What is the slack-off factor for 4 1/2", 16.60 lbs/ft drill pipe?
We will use 2 7/8”, 6.5#/ft pipe as the known pipe.

Solution: Factor
= cross sec. area (known pipe) x factor (known pipe)
cross-sectional area (unknown pipe)

= (2.8752 – 2.4412) .7854 x .26

(4.52 – 3.8262) x .7854

= 1.812 x .26
4.407

= .1069

Therefore, .1069 is the slack-off factor for the drill pipe.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 69 of 86

Factors which must be considered when slacking weight onto a packer include (1) the
compression of steel, (2) the number of inches lost due to buckling of the pipe inside a
casing, and (3) the actual amount of weight that has reached bottom.

1. Steel Compression – Steel compresses at the same rate that it stretches. If a piece of
steel is stretched from a neutral point to 20,000 #, and this is equal to 6 inches of stretch,
then it (the steel) can be compressed under a 20,000 # load, and this would equal 6
inches of compression. If this were all that was involved, one could use the stretch
charts and substitute compression for stretch and read compression in inches. In a well,
it does not work this way. All charts in this publication are so calculated as to account for
stretch and compression.

2. Buckling – Any pipe has a tendency to buckle in the annular space in a well when weight
is slacked off onto the tubing or drill pipe. While slacking off, inches are lost due to (1)
transferring weight to the pipe from the surface and (2) due to the tubing moving
sideways and resting against the inside of the casing. The number of inches required to
slack off and also account for buckling will be dependent upon the different sizes of
tubing and casing used. Visualizing a 2 3/8” tubing inside a 7” casing, the amount of
inches slacking off due to buckling is considerable.

3. The problem concerning the actual amount of weight that has reached bottom is
considered in a separate article in the next section (D).

The following charts contain information on the number of inches required to slack off in
order to account for compression of steel and buckling. To use these charts, follow the
procedure outlined below:

(1) Determine the number of pounds of slack required.

(2) Find (1) on the line labelled “Slack-off Force – 1000 lbs”.
(3) Read upward to the correct depth line and then read left to the line labelled “Inches
of Slack-off; Steel Compression”.

The same procedure is followed to determine the number of inches of slack-off that will be
necessary to correct for buckling.

By adding the number of slack-off inches accounting for buckling to the number of slack-off
inches accounting for steep compression, the total number of slack-off inches is determined.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 70 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 71 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 72 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 73 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
D. Weight Reaching Packer

How much weight actually reaches the packer?

The tubing buckles into a spiral inside the casing and friction between it and the casing does
not allow all of the weight to reach bottom. As more of the tubing comes in contact with the
casing, a point is reached where there is sufficient friction to hold up the rest of the string of
tubing, thus not allowing any additional weight to reach bottom. The larger the casing in
relation to the tubing, the greater the friction will be. Since the friction resulting between the
tubing and the casing will sustain any additional weight, it is necessary to assume a
coefficient of friction.

This coefficient of friction is an important factor which must be considered during the
completion of a well while using some packers. Given figures accompany a packer which
states the amount of weight necessary to be placed upon the packer in order to pack off a
packing element. This weight is necessary to set a compression-type packer. The following
charts, which were calculated mathematically including such factors as the coefficient of
friction, determine the amount of weight that actually reaches bottom. These charts are not
absolutely accurate since friction will vary depending on prevailing conditions such as fluid in
the well, rust, use of tubing, etc. However, this is the best information that is currently
available and it is considered reasonably accurate.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 74 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 75 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
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© Halliburton 2007
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© Halliburton 2007
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 81 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
BUOYANCY EFFECTS ON TUBING WEIGHT

Buoyancy is an upward force exerted on an object by a fluid. Because the fluid exerts an upward
force on anything places in it, the object will be lighter in a fluid than in air. Buoyancy is actually a
comparison of the relative densities of the object and the fluid in which the object is placed. Density
is weight per unit volume (example lbs/gal). Buoyancy represents the upward force on an object
placed in a fluid equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. If an object displaces its weight in fluid
before it is submerged, it will be buoyant and float. This explains why objects such as wood, ocean
going ships, and even large diameter pipe will float.

In this unit we will cover calculation to determine.

A. String weight in air

B. Buoyancy factors
C. String weight in fluids.

A. Pipe String Weight in Air

Tubing weight is given by the manufacturer in terms of pounds per foot of length. The
weight of the entire string of tubing is found by multiplying the pounds per foot of the tubing
times the length of the tubing in feet.

Example 5.9.1

Problem: What is the weight in air of 6750 feet 2 7/8”,

6.5 lbs/ft tubing?

Solution:
Weight (air) = tubing weight x length
= 6.5 lbs/ft x 6750 ft
= 43,875 lbs

Some completions require a tapered string. Fig. 5.9.1.

A tapered string is one which uses more than one
size of tubing. The larger tubing is run on top of the
smaller tubing, see Figure 5.9.1. To determine the
weight in air of a tapered string, the weight per foot
times the length must be calculated for each size
tubing then added together.

Weight (air) = (wt1 x length2) + (wt2 x length2) + …

Example 5.9.2
Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 82 of 86
© Halliburton 2007
Problem: What is the weight in air of a
tapered string 11000’ long consisting of
4000’ of 2 7/8” 6.5#/ft tubing above 7000’ of
2 3/8”, 4.7#/ft tubing?

Solution: wta 2-7/8” 6.5lb/ft 4,000ft

r= (lbs/ft1 x length1) + (lbs/ft2 x length2)
= (6.5 lbs/ft x 4000 ft) + (4.7 lbs/ft x 7000 ft)
= 26000 lbs + 32900 lbs
= 58900 lbs
2-3/8” 4.7lb/ft 7,000ft

B. Buoyancy Factor

Buoyancy factors are used to determine the weight of a string of pipe when suspended in
fluid. The buoyancy factor (BF) is the percentage of an object’s weight (in air) retained when
placed in a liquid. In order to circulate the buoyancy factor, the density of the object and the
density of the liquid in which the object is placed must be known. Most oilfield buoyancy
calculations will involve objects made of steel (tubing, casing, etc.) and a liquid of which the
density in lbs/gal is known (well bore liquids, cement slurries, etc.).

One method of calculating the buoyancy factor uses the following formula:

BF = DJ - DL
DJ
Where:
BF = buoyancy factor
DJ = density of object (lbs/gal) for steel 65.42061 lbs/gal
DL = density of liquid (lbs/gal)

Example 5.9.3
Problem:
What is the buoyancy factor when a string of N-80 tubing is run in a well which contains 12
lbs/gal mud? Round off density of steel to 65.42 lbs/gal.

Solution: BF = DJ – DL
DJ

= 65.42 – 12.0
65.42

= 53.42
65.42

= .8166
Buoyancy Factors can also be obtained by referring to the “Displacement” section of the Halliburton
Red Book of which a copy is shown in Table 5.9.1. Below

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 83 of 86

© Halliburton 2007
Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe in Various Weight Fluids
(Fluid Density – lb/gal.)
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy
Lb/Gal. Factor Lb/Gal. Factor Lb/Gal. Factor
6.0 .9083 11.0 .8319 16.0 .7555
6.1 .9068 11.1 .8304 16.1 .7540
6.2 .9053 11.2 .8289 16.2 .7524
6.3 .9037 11.3 .8273 16.3 .7509
6.4 .9022 11.4 .8258 16.4 .7494
6.5 .9007 11.5 .8243 16.5 .7479
6.6 .8991 11.6 .8227 16.6 .7463
6.7 .8976 11.7 .8212 16.7 .7448
6.8 .8961 11.8 .8197 16.8 .7433
6.9 .8946 11.9 .8182 16.9 .7417
7.0 .8930 12.0 .8166 17.0 .7402
7.1 .8915 12.1 .8151 17.1 .7387
7.2 .8900 12.2 .8136 17.2 .7372
7.3 .8884 12.3 .8120 17.3 .7356
7.4 .8869 12.4 .8105 17.4 .7341
7.5 .8854 12.5 .8090 17.5 .7326
7.6 .8839 12.6 .8075 17.6 .7311
7.7 .8823 12.7 .8059 17.7 .7295
7.8 .8808 12.8 .8044 17.8 .7280
7.9 .8793 12.9 .8029 17.9 .7265
8.0 .8778 13.0 .8013 18.0 .7249
8.1 .8762 13.1 .7998 18.1 .7234
8.2 .8747 13.2 .7983 18.2 .7219
8.3 .8732 13.3 .7968 18.3 .7204
8.33* .8727 13.4 .7952 18.4 .7188
8.4 .8716 13.5 .7937 18.5 .7173
8.5 .8701 13.6 .7922 18.6 .7158
8.6 .8686 13.7 .7906 18.7 .7142
8.7 .8671 13.8 .7891 18.8 .7127
8.8 .8655 13.9 .7876 18.9 .7112
8.9 .8640
9.0 .8625 14.0 .7861 19.0 .7097
9.1 .8609 14.1 .7845 19.1 .7081
9.2 .8594 14.2 .7830 19.2 .7066
9.3 .8579 14.3 .7815 19.3 .7051
9.4 .8564 14.4 .7800 19.4 .7035
9.5 .8548 14.5 .7784 19.5 .7020
9.6 .8533 14.6 .7769 19.6 .7005
9.7 .8518 14.7 .7754 19.7 .6990
9.8 .8502 14.8 .7738 19.8 .6974
9.9 . . 8487 14.9 .7723 19.9 .6960
20.0 .6944
10.0 .8472 15.0 .7708
10.1 .8457 15.1 .7693
10.2 .8441 15.2 .7677
10.3 .8426 15.3 .7662
10.4 .8411 15.4 .7647
10.5 .8395 15.5 .7631
10.6 .8380 15.6 .7616
10.7 .8365 15.7 .7601
10.8 .8350 15.8 .7586
10.9 .8334 15.9 .7570
For Open Ended Pipe
Pipe Wt (in Fluid) = Pipe Wt (in Air) x Buoyancy Factor
Weight of Water at 680F (200 C)

Note: Buoyancy factors can be used only when a uniform string of open-end pipe is suspended in a
fluid of uniform density.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 84 of 86

Since a liquid will create an upward force on an object placed in it, a string of pipe will weight
less in liquid than in air. As a string of pipe is lowered into a well, the weight of that string is
shown on the rig’s weight indicator. Comparing the actual weight indicator reading to the
calculated value the weight indicator should show, may be very helpful in understanding what is
happening down hole. The difference in readings may be due to compression or tension on a
packer, frictional drag between tubing and casing, or unbalanced fluid column.
In this section, we will deal with calculations for determining string weight for a uniform string.

When considering an open-end uniform string (only one size and weight tubing), the buoyance
factor method may be used. To find string weight in fluid, multiply the string weight in air by the
buoyancy factor for that weight fluid. The equation is:

WF = WA x L) x BF
Where:
WF = pipe weight in fluid
WA = pipe weight in air (lbs/ft)
L = length of pipe
BF = buoyancy factor

Example 5.9.4

Problem:
If suspended in 12.5 lbs/gal mud,
how much will 9000 ft of 2 7/8”, 6.5
lbs/ft tubing weigh?

2-7/8” 6.5lb/ft
Tubing
9000ft

12.5lb/gal. Mud

Solution:

WF = (WA x L) x BF
= (6.5 lb/ft x 9000) x .8090
= 47326.5 lbs

Note: Weight indicator reading shows the string weight plus the weight of the traveling block.

Another method for calculating tubing weight in fluid is called the Area-Pressure method and uses
the formula “Force = Pressure x Area” as a basis. To use this method, the total pressure
(hydrostatic + pump) at a given depth and the cross-sectional or effective area of the string that the
pressure will be working on must be determined. Multiplying the pressure times the area will give
the force pushing upward on the string thus reducing its weight.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 85 of 86

Problem:
If suspended in 12.5 lbs/gal mud, how
much will 9000 ft of 2 7/8”, 6.5 lbs/ft
tubing weigh?

2-7/8” 6.5lb/ft
Tubing
9000ft

12.5lb/gal. Mud

Solution:
WF = weight in air – force upward
= (wt/ft x ft) – (pressure x cross-sec. area)

Weight in air = 6.5 lbs/ft x 9000 ft

= 58,500 lbs (downward force)

Force upward = pressure x area

Pressure = 12.5 lbs/gal x .052 x 9000’

= 5,850 psi

Cr-sec. area = OD area – ID area

= (OD2 – ID2) x .7854
= (2.8752 – 2.4412) x .7854
= 1.812 in2

Force upward = 5,850 psi x 1.812 in2

= 10,600.2 lbs (upward force)

Weight = weight in air – upward force

= 58,500 lbs – 10600.2 lbs
= 47,899.8 lbs

Note: Using the buoyancy factor method the string weight was 47326.5 pounds. The difference
between the two methods shown is the buoyancy method accounts for the string’s collars and
upsets. In the other hand, the area-pressure method does not account for collars and upsets.
Since this effect is usually minimal, either value obtained is satisfactory for use in normal on-location
calculations.

Completions 1 Section 5 Calculations Page 86 of 86

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