DIRECTIONAL RELAY
DR. DEVESH SHUKLA
TORQUE EQUATION OF DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT
RELAY
INTERNAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF D-OC
CONSTANTPRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF DIRECTIONAL
POLAR CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY
INDUCTION BASED DIRECTIONAL RELAY
ENERGIZING VAB FOR OPERATION FOR
PROTECTION OF A PHASE
UNIVERSAL RELAYTORQUE EQUATION
The universal relay torque equation is given as follows:
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The differential relay is one that operates when the vector difference of
two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre-determinedvalue.
Thus a differential relay should have:
Twoor more similar electrical quantities
These quantities should have phase difference of 180 degree for operation of
relay.
The most common application of this relay is the current differential type.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The dotted line represents the equipment to be protected which may be a
transformer, an alternator, a bus etc.
Twosuitable CTs are connected in series as shown with the help of pilot wires.
The relay operating coil is connected between the mid-points (equipotential
points) of the pilot wire.
The voltage induced in the secondary of the CTs will circulate a current through
the combined impedance of the pilot wires and the CTs.
In case the operating coil is not connected between the equipotential points
(which are infinite), there will be difference current (sufficient during through
fault condition) through the operating coil of the relay and this may result in
maloperation of the relay.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
When the operating coil of the relay is not connected between the
equipotential points, even though the current through each CT is same, the
burden on the two CTs is unequal.
This causes the heavily loaded CTs to saturate during through fault, thereby
causing dissimilarity in the characteristics of the two CTs which results in
maloperation of the relay.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
This form of protection is
known as Merz-Price
protection
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The above form of protection was assumed on the fact that the two CTs used were
identical. But in practice this is not true.
Current transformers of the type normally used do not transform their currents so
accurately under transient conditions especially.
This is true because the short circuit current is offset, i.e., it contains d.c.
Components.
Suppose the two CTs under normal conditions differ in their magnetic properties
slightly in terms of different amounts of residual magnetism or in terms of unequal
burden on the two CTs, one of the CTs will saturate earlier during short circuit
currents (offset currents) and thus the two CTs will transform their primary current
differently even for a through fault condition.
This effect is more pronounced especiallywhen the scheme is used for the
protection of power transformers.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
The relay consists of an operating coil and a
restraining coil.
The operating coil is connected to the
mid-point of the restraining coil.
The operating current is a variable quantity
because of the restraining coil. Percentage Differential
Protection
Normally,no current flows through the
operating coil under through fault condition,
but owing to the dissimilarities in CTs, the
differential current through the operating coil
is (i1 – i2) and the equivalent current in the
restraining coil is (i1 + i2)/2.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The torque developed by the operating
The torque due to restraining coil
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: PERCENTAGE DIFF RELAY
It is clear from the characteristic that
except for the effect of the control spring
at low currents, the ratio of the
differential operating current to the
average restraining current is a fixed
percentage.
This is why it is known as percentage
differential relay.