Chapter 10: Patterns of Reactivity

第10章：反应性规律
Study Notes | 学习笔记

🔑 The Big Idea 核心概念

•​ Different metals (不同的金属) react with oxygen, water, and acids at different speeds (不同速度)
•​ The more reactive (活性越强) the metal, the faster and more violent the reaction (反应越快越剧烈)
•​ By comparing reactions, we build a Reactivity Series (活动性序列) — metals ranked from most →
least reactive
•​ Examples: Sodium (钠) is so reactive it must be stored under oil; Gold (金) barely reacts at all!

PART 1: Metals + Oxygen 金属与氧气的反应

•​ When metals are heated in oxygen (氧气), they form metal oxides (金属氧化物)

metal + oxygen → metal oxide

金属 + 氧气 → 金属氧化物

What happens to different metals? 不同金属有什么反应？

Metal 金属 What happens with oxygen 与氧气的反应 Reactivity 活性

Sodium 钠 Burns quickly with yellow flame → white

powder (sodium oxide) 快速燃烧，留下白
⬆️ Very HIGH 很高
色粉末
Iron 铁 Glows, produces yellow sparks → black Medium 中等
powder 发光，产生黄色火花，留下黑粉
Copper 铜 Black powder forms slowly — no glow, no Low 低
flame 缓慢形成黑粉，无火焰
Gold 金 No change at all — not even after heating
完全无变化
⬇️ Very LOW 很低
⚡ Order of reactivity withSodium
oxygen (high → low): 与氧气活性顺序（高→低）:
> Iron > Copper > Gold
钠 > 铁 > 铜 > 金
PART 2: Metals + Water 金属与水的反应
•​ Metals were first tested with cold water (冷
水); if no reaction, tested with steam (水蒸气)
•​ A common product of these reactions is
hydrogen gas (H₂) (氢气), which pops when
a lit splint is held near it (燃着的木条靠近会发出
爆鸣声)

— apparatus for testing metal with steam

测试金属与水蒸气反应的装置

metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

金属 + 水 → 金属氢氧化物 + 氢气 (for reactive metals 适用于活性金属)

metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen

金属 + 水蒸气 → 金属氧化物 + 氢气 (for less reactive metals 适用于活性较低金属)

What happens to different metals? 不同金属有什么反应？

Metal 金属 Reaction with water 与水的反应 Products 产物
Potassium 钾 Floats, fizzes violently, bursts into PINK flame K hydroxide + H₂ 氢氧化钾+氢气
immediately 立即漂浮、剧烈冒泡、燃起粉红色火
焰 (see Fig 10.4)
Sodium 钠 Floats, fizzes fast, may burst into flame 漂浮、 Na hydroxide + H₂ 氢氧化钠+氢
快速冒泡，可能燃起火焰 气
Calcium 钙 Sinks, slow bubbles at first, water turns cloudy Ca hydroxide + H₂ 氢氧化钙+氢
下沉，气泡先慢后快，水变浑浊 气
Magnesium 镁 Cold water: very slow bubbles; Steam: fast H₂ Mg hydroxide / oxide + H₂
冷水极慢；水蒸气快速产生氢气
Iron 铁 Cold water: NO reaction; Steam: slow H₂ 冷水： Iron oxide + H₂ 氧化铁+氢气
无反应；水蒸气：缓慢产生氢气
Copper 铜 No reaction with cold water OR steam 与冷水 No reaction 无反应
和水蒸气均无反应

Order of reactivity with water (high → low): 与水活性顺序：

Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Iron > Copper
钾 > 钠 > 钙 > 镁 > 铁 > 铜
Test for hydrogen gas: hold a lit splint near it → SQUEAKY POP sound = hydrogen! 氢气检验：燃着的
木条靠近→听到爆鸣声=氢气！
PART 3: Metals + Hydrochloric Acid 金属与盐酸的反应
•​ Metals react with hydrochloric acid (HCl) (盐酸) to produce hydrogen gas (氢气) + a metal
chloride (金属氯化物) (salt 盐)
•​ More H₂ bubbles = more reactive (活性越强) metal
•​ Sodium & Potassium (钠和钾) react TOO violently with acids → dangerous, NOT tested (反应太剧
烈，危险，不做实验)

●​ The test tube contains aluminium granules and dilute hydrochloric

acid (HCl).​
试管中含有铝颗粒和稀盐酸（HCl）。
●​ When aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas bubbles
are produced.​
当铝与盐酸反应时，会产生氢气气泡。
●​ The bubbles rising up show that a chemical reaction is taking place.​
气泡上升说明化学反应正在发生。
●​ The reaction forms aluminium chloride (solution) and hydrogen gas.​
该反应生成氯化铝溶液和氢气。
●​ The test tube holder is used for safety while handling the reaction.​
使用试管夹是为了安全操作实验。

metal + hydrochloric acid → metal chloride + hydrogen

金属 + 盐酸 → 金属氯化物 + 氢气

Specific examples 具体例子

magnesium + HCl → magnesium chloride + H₂

镁 + 盐酸 → 氯化镁 + 氢气 (fast 快速)

zinc + HCl → zinc chloride + H₂

锌 + 盐酸 → 氯化锌 + 氢气 (slow 慢)

iron + HCl → iron chloride + H₂

铁 + 盐酸 → 氯化铁 + 氢气 (slow 慢)

Metal 金属 Reaction with dilute HCl 与稀盐酸反应 Speed 速度

Magnesium 镁 Reacts quickly — lots of H₂ bubbles 快速反应 Fast⚡快
Zinc 锌 Reacts slowly — some H₂ bubbles 缓慢反应 Slow 🐢 慢
Iron 铁 Reacts slowly 缓慢反应 Slow 🐢 慢
Lead 铅 No reaction with dilute HCl; reacts slowly with concentrated HCl Very slow 极慢
稀盐酸无反应；浓盐酸慢速反应
Copper 铜 No reaction at all 完全无反应 No reaction ✗ 无反
应
PART 4: Displacement Reactions 置换反应
•​ A more reactive metal (活性更强的金属) can PUSH OUT (displace) (置换) a less
reactive metal (活性较弱的金属) from its salt solution (从盐溶液中)
•​ Think of it like a competition: (想象成竞争：) the stronger metal wins and takes the other
metal's place (强者赢得位置)

Example 1: Copper wire in Silver Sulfate solution 铜丝放入硫酸银溶液

•​ Copper is MORE reactive than silver (铜比银活性更强)

•​ Copper dissolves into solution (铜溶入溶液) → forms copper sulfate (硫酸铜)
•​ Silver (银) comes OUT of solution and settles on the wire (从溶液中析出，沉积在铜丝上)

copper + silver sulfate → copper sulfate + silver

铜 + 硫酸银 → 硫酸铜 + 银 (copper displaces silver 铜置换了银)

Example 2: Iron nail in Copper Sulfate solution 铁钉放入硫酸铜溶液

•​ Iron is MORE reactive than copper (铁比铜活性更强)

•​ Iron dissolves (铁溶解) → forms pale green iron sulfate solution (硫酸亚铁溶液（淡绿
色）)
•​ Copper (铜) comes out of solution and coats the nail (沉积在铁钉上)

iron + copper sulfate → iron sulfate + copper

铁 + 硫酸铜 → 硫酸亚铁 + 铜 (iron displaces copper 铁置换了铜)

⚡MORE
The rule: 规则:
reactive metal + less reactive metal's salt → MORE reactive metal's salt +
less reactive metal

💡 活性强的金属 + 活性弱的金属盐溶液 → 活性强的金属盐溶液 + 活性弱的金属

If a metal is LESS reactive, it CANNOT displace the other metal. 活性较弱的金属无法置
换活性较强的金属。
PART 5: The Reactivity Series 活动性序列
•​ Scientists compared all reactions (with O₂, water, acids, displacement) and ranked metals (科学家比
较了所有反应，对金属进行排序)
•​ Result = the Reactivity Series (活动性序列) — from MOST reactive at top to LEAST reactive at
bottom (从最活跃到最不活跃)

Rank 排名 Metal 金属 With Oxygen 与氧气 With Water 与水 With Acid 与酸

1 ↑ MOST Potassium 钾 (K) Oxide forms very H₂ with cold water Violent reaction
最活跃 vigorously 剧烈形成氧化 冷水产生氢气 剧烈反应
物
2 Sodium 钠 (Na) ↑ same as potassium 同 H₂ with cold water Violent reaction
上 冷水产生氢气 剧烈反应
3 Calcium 钙 (Ca) ↑ same 同上 H₂ with cold water Rate decreases ↓
冷水产生氢气 速率递减
4 Magnesium 镁 ↑ same 同上 H₂ with steam only Rate decreases ↓
(Mg) 仅水蒸气产生氢气
5 Aluminium 铝 (Al) ↑ same 同上 H₂ with steam only Rate decreases ↓
仅水蒸气
6 Zinc 锌 (Zn) ↑ same 同上 H₂ with steam only Rate decreases ↓
仅水蒸气
7 Iron 铁 (Fe) Oxide forms slowly 缓慢 H₂ with steam only Rate decreases ↓
形成氧化物 仅水蒸气
8 Tin 锡 (Sn) Oxide without burning 无 No reaction 无反 Very slow 极慢
燃烧形成氧化物 应
9 Copper 铜 (Cu) Oxide without burning 同 No reaction 无反 No reaction 无反
上 应 应
10 Silver 银 (Ag) NO reaction 无反应 No reaction 无反 No reaction 无反
应 应
11 ↓ Gold 金 (Au) NO reaction 无反应 No reaction 无反 No reaction 无反
LEAST 最 应 应
不活跃
Mind Map: What reacts with what? 思维导图：什么与什么反应？

METAL 金属
├── + Oxygen 氧气 → Metal Oxide 金属氧化物 (e.g. Na → Na₂O, Fe → Fe₃O₄)
├── + Water 水 → Metal Hydroxide 金属氢氧化物 + H₂ (reactive metals only 仅活性金属)
├── + Steam 水蒸气 → Metal Oxide 金属氧化物 + H₂ (less reactive metals 活性较低金属)
├── + HCl 盐酸 → Metal Chloride 金属氯化物 + H₂ (not Cu, Ag, Au 铜银金不反应)
└── + Salt solution 盐溶液 → Displacement 置换 (only if MORE reactive 仅活性更强时)

Key Formulas Summary 关键公式总结

Reaction Type 反应类型 Formula 公式 Chinese 中文
Metal + Oxygen metal + O₂ → metal oxide 金属 + 氧气 → 金属氧化物
Metal + Water (reactive) metal + H₂O → metal hydroxide 金属 + 水 → 金属氢氧化物 + 氢
+ H₂ 气
Metal + Steam (less reactive) metal + H₂O(steam) → metal 金属 + 水蒸气 → 金属氧化物 +
oxide + H₂ 氢气
Metal + HCl metal + HCl → metal chloride + 金属 + 盐酸 → 金属氯化物 + 氢
H₂ 气
Displacement A + B-salt → A-salt + B (if A A + B盐溶液 → A盐溶液 + B（A活
more reactive) 性更强时）

Tests to Remember 记住的检验方法

What to test 检验什么 Method 方法 Positive result 阳性结果
Hydrogen gas 氢气 Hold a lit splint near gas 将燃着 Squeaky POP sound 爆鸣声
木条靠近气体
Reactivity of metals 金属活性 Compare speed of H₂ bubbles Faster bubbles = more reactive
with acid 比较与酸反应产生氢气 气泡越快=活性越强
气泡的速度
Oxygen consumption 氧气消耗 Glowing splint test 用余烬木条 Relights if O₂ present 遇氧复燃

📚 Key Vocabulary 关键词汇

English 英文 Chinese 中 Meaning 含义
文
Reactivity 活性 活性/反应性 How fast/easily a metal reacts 金属反应的快慢程度
Reactivity series 活动性序 活动性序列 Metals ranked from most to least reactive 金属按活性从
列 大到小排列
Metal oxide 金属氧化物 金属氧化物 Metal + oxygen product 金属与氧气的产物
Metal hydroxide 金属氢氧化 金属氢氧化物 Metal + water product 金属与水的产物
物
Metal chloride 金属氯化物 金属氯化物 Metal + HCl product (a salt) 金属与盐酸的产物
(盐)
Hydrogen 氢气 (H₂) 氢气 Gas produced in many metal reactions 许多金属反应产
生的气体
Displacement reaction 置换 置换反应 More reactive metal pushes out less reactive metal 活
反应 性强的金属把活性弱的金属从盐中置换出来
Hydrochloric acid 盐酸 盐酸 (HCl) The acid used in these experiments 实验中使用的酸
Salt solution 盐溶液 盐溶液 A metal compound dissolved in water 金属化合物溶于
水
Tarnish 失去光泽 变暗/失去光 Surface dulls due to slow oxidation 表面因缓慢氧化而变
泽 暗
Vigorously 剧烈地 剧烈地 Very fast/forceful reaction 反应非常快速剧烈