Unit-1: Networking
These notes cover the complete basics of networking in simple language for school exams.
1. Internet
The Internet is a global network of millions of computers connected together. It allows users to
communicate, share information, access websites, watch videos, study online, shop, pay bills and
use many digital services. Advantages include fast communication, worldwide connectivity, online
education and business. Disadvantages include cybercrime, malware, privacy issues and internet
addiction.
2. History of Internet
1969: ARPANET developed. 1973: TCP/IP designed. 1983: TCP/IP adopted as standard. 1989:
Tim Berners-Lee proposed the World Wide Web. 1991: WWW became public. Today the Internet
connects billions of people.
3. Internet Terminology
Website: Collection of web pages. Webpage: A single document on the web. Homepage: First page
of a website. URL: Address of a webpage. ISP: Company providing Internet access. Browser:
Software such as Chrome or Firefox. Search Engine: Google, Bing, Yahoo used to search
information.
4. Internet Protocols
Protocols are rules for communication. TCP/IP transfers data reliably. HTTP loads websites.
HTTPS securely loads websites using encryption. FTP transfers files. SMTP sends email. POP3
and IMAP receive email.
5. HTTP and HTTPS
HTTP transfers web pages but does not encrypt data. HTTPS encrypts information, making it safe
for online banking, shopping and login pages.
6. E-Mail Protocols
SMTP sends emails from sender to server. POP3 downloads emails to one device and may remove
them from the server. IMAP keeps emails on the server and synchronizes them across multiple
devices.
7. Difference between POP3 and IMAP
POP3: Offline access, single device, downloads emails. IMAP: Online synchronization, multiple
devices, emails remain on server.
8. Services Available on the Internet
Email, e-learning, online banking, cloud storage, video conferencing, social networking, online
shopping, ticket booking, entertainment and digital payments.
9. Mobile Technologies
2G enabled voice and SMS. 3G introduced mobile internet. 4G provides high-speed internet and
HD streaming. 5G offers ultra-fast speed, low latency and supports smart devices.
10. Remote Login Protocols
Telnet allows remote login but is insecure because data is sent as plain text. SSH (Secure Shell)
encrypts data and is widely used for secure remote administration.
11. Web Services
Web services allow different applications to exchange information over the Internet. Examples
include Google Maps API, payment gateways, weather services and online booking systems.
Benefits include interoperability, automation and easy data sharing.
Important Questions
1. Define Internet.
2. Explain the history of the Internet.
3. What are Internet protocols?
4. Differentiate HTTP and HTTPS.
5. Explain POP3 and IMAP.
6. Explain web services.
7. Write a note on mobile technologies.
8. Explain remote login protocols.