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Computer Module JKSSB

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Computer Module JKSSB

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KNOWLEDGE OF

COMPUTERS

USEFUL FOR
ALL EXAMS OF JKSSB ; JKPSC- Assistant Registrar
Cooperative Societies.

© Vidhya Tutorials
“The right signal is that
technology is going to boost
(economic) development of our
nation”
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

Basic Applications of

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer
sciences.
Hardware & Software.
Input & output Devices.
CPU (Central processing unit )
Memory Units.
Operating System.
Open Source Technology.
Computer Virus and Anti-
Virus.
Firmware and Human-ware.
Knowledge of MS Word, MS
Excel, MS Access, MS
Powerpoint, PDF
Internet.
E-mail.
E-Governance (Role of
Information Technology in
Governance) in India.

SOCIAL MEDIAL LINKS

[Link]

9419595009 ; 6006367330.

@ vidhyatutorialsjkssb

[Link]@[Link]

Vidhya Tutorials

Coming Soon

TEAM VIDHYA TUTORIALS

PANKAJ SALARIA ABHIJEET SAINI PARBEENA ATTRI

HTTPS://[Link]/VIDHYA_TUTORIALSJKSSB
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“EDUCATION YOU CAN BELIEVE IN”

SYLLABUS…

ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Computers and Telecommunication

1. Concepts.
2. Applications.
3. Usage in communication and public relations.

ACCOUNTS ASSISTANT JUNIOR ASSISTANT

(FINANCE)

Knowledge of Computers 1. Fundamentals of computer sciences

1. Basic Applications of Computer and its component. 2. Hardware & Software
2. Fundamentals of computer sciences. 3. Input and output devices
3. Concept of Open Source Technologies. 4. Operating system
4. Input & output Devices. 5. M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, M.S. Access &
5. Operating system. PowerPoint Presentation
6. Knowledge of MS Word, MS Excel, MS Access, MS 6. Internet & e-mail
Powerpoint, PDF, Internet and E-mail.
7. Concept of Computer Virus and Anti-Virus.
8. Hardware & Software, Elements of Computers
Processing System.
9. Hardware , CPU, Peripherals, Storage Media, Software FINANCE SUB INSPECTOR
Definition, Role and Categories Firmware and
Human-ware.
10. Role of Information Technology in Governance. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
1. Fundamentals of computer sciences.
2. Hardware & Software.
3. Input and output devices.
4. Operating system.
5. M.S Word, M.S Excel, M.S Access and Powerpoint
Presentation.
6. E-mail & Internet .

AND MANY MORE …

HTTPS://[Link]/VIDHYA_TUTORIALSJKSSB
Basic Applications of Computer and its
component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

What is a computer?
The term computer was taken from the
Greek word compute means calculation
and the computer was a person or device
that did computation. A computer is a
machine used to manipulate data or
information and perform mathematical and
logical operations. Modern computers
perform a wide range of tasks, store
retrieve, and process information. Using a
computer we can create/modify
documents, send/receive emails, browse
information on the internet, and play video
games. After the invention of computer
science and technology became too
advanced. Today we can not imagine
growing our technology without computers.
COMPUTER stands for Common Operating Machine Purposely Used
for Technological and Educational Research. It is only a myth
because first this definition does not make any sense and second
when the computer were invented they were just calculating
machines which needs a lot of space for establishment.

Functions of Computers
A computer performs the following functions −
Receiving Input
Data is fed into computer through various input devices like keyboard, mouse, digital pens, etc.
Input can also be fed through devices like CD-ROM, pen drive, scanner, etc.
Processing the information
Operations on the input data are carried out based on the instructions provided in the programs.
Storing the information
After processing, the information gets stored in the primary or secondary storage area.
Producing output
The processed information and other details are communicated to the outside world through
output devices like monitor, printer, etc.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 06
Knowledge of Computers Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

COMPONENTS OF
THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM
The various components of the computer system are classified into two groups.
Hardware
Software
1. Hardware:
Hardware is the physical tangible component of the computer system. This type of component is
touchable. CPU, Mouse, Keyboard are examples of hardware components. So, the hardware of
the computer system are:

Input Device:
Input devices allow the user to enter data/information in the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Mouse, Keyboard, scanner, barcode reader are general examples of input devices.
Output Device:
Output devices input the processed data/information into human-readable form. Monitor,
speaker, projector, printer are general examples of output devices.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
The CPU is referred to as the brain of a computer system. It is used to processed
data/information and provides output to output devices. The CU (control unit), ALU (arithmetic
and logical unit), and registers are components of the CPU.
Storage:
In a computer, storage devices are used to store the data or information that entered into the
computer system and the output comes from processing the information or data.
Computer memory refers to storage area where data is stored. It is of two types Primary Memory
& Secondary Memory.

2. Software:
Software is a collection of programs (set of instructions), data, and protocols. It is not in
material form so we can not touch such types of components. The execution of software
programs is performed by hardware. Firmware, operating systems, applications are examples of
software.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 07
Basic Applications of Computer and its component. Knowledge of Computers
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

FEATURES OF
COMPUTER

Speed: A computer is a time-saving device. It performs several calculations and tasks

in few seconds that we take hours to solve. The speed of a computer is measure in
terms of GigaHertz and MegaHertz.

Accuracy: A calculation or task performed by a computer is accurate the chances of

occurring errors are minimal. The errors occur in a computer by entering wrong data
by a human being. A computer performs several tasks and calculations so quickly and
accurately.

Memory: A computer can store billions of records as per requirement and these
records can easily accessible with full accuracy. The storing capacity of computer
memory is measured in terms of Bytes, Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabyte(GB),
and Terabyte(TB).

Versatility: A computer can perform more than one task at the same time, this feature
is called versatility. For example, we can create our project using PowerPoint and
Wordpad while listening to music or we can design a website while listening to music.

Automation: Today the world is moving toward AI (Artificial Intelligence) based

technology. Once instructions are programmed, a computer can perform work
automatically. This feature of the computer replaces thousands of workers by
performing tasks automatically.

Reliability: A computer is a reliable device. The output results never differ until the
input is different. If an input is the same then output won’t be different.

Diligence: A human can not work for several hours without taking a rest whereas a
computer device never gets tired. A computer can perform millions of calculations
constantly with full accuracy without taking a rest.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 08
Knowledge of Computers Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

HISTORY OF
COMPUTER

© Vidhya Tutorials | 09
Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Knowledge of Computers
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
Classification of generations of computers
The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations.

First Generation of Computers

Basic Terms
The main characteristics of first generation of computers
(1940s-1950s) Vacuum tube – an electronic device that controls
the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It used as a
Main electronic component – vacuum tube switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older
Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes model radios, televisions, computers, etc.
Programming language – machine language Transistor – an electronic component that can be
Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to
control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions,
of heat. computers, etc.
Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often Integrated circuit (IC) – a small electronic circuit
taking up entire room). printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that
contains many its own circuit elements (e.g.
Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.).
Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc.
Microprocessor – an electronic component held on
Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s
computers produced between 1942 and1963. central processing unit (CPU) and other
associated circuits.
CPU (central processing unit) – It is often
referred to as the brain or engine of a computer
where most of the processing and operations take
Second Generation of Computers place (CPU is part of a microprocessor).
Magnetic drum – a cylinder coated with magnetic
material, on which data and programs can be
The main characteristics of second generation of stored.
computers (1950s-1960s) Magnetic core – uses arrays of small rings of
Main electronic component – transistor magnetized material called cores to store
Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / information.
disk Machine language – a low-level programming
language comprised of a collection of binary digits
Programming language – assembly language 1 2 3 (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and
Power and size – low power consumption, understand.
generated less heat, and smaller in size (in Assembly language is like the machine language
comparison with the first generation computers). that a computer can understand, except that
assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g.
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and
comparison with the first generation computers). 1s).
Input/output devices – punched cards and Memory – a physical device that is used to store
magnetic tape. data, information and program in a computer.
Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer
1107, etc. science that deals with the simulation and creation
of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in
computers (they think, learn, work, and react like
humans).

© Vidhya Tutorials | 10
Knowledge of Computers Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
Third Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s)

Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)
Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal,
COBOL, C, etc.)
Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation
computers (they were called minicomputers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the
second generation computers).
Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Fourth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present)

Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and
microprocessor.
VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)
RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element)
used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its
contents are lost when the computer is turned off).
ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that
permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are
retained even when the computer is turned off).
Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust,
Kotlin, etc.).
A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages
Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the
third generation computers).
Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor,
printer, etc.
Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.
Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 11
Basic Applications of Computer and its component. Knowledge of Computers
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
Fifth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the
future)
Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra
Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
Parallel processing method– use two or more microprocessors to run tasks
simultaneously.
Language – understand natural language (human language).
Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in
comparison with the fourth generation computers).
Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad),
touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise voice / speech), light scanner, printer,
etc.
Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

The computer – this amazing technology went from a government/business-only

technology to being everywhere from people’s homes, work places, to people’s
pockets in less than 100 years.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 12
Knowledge of Computers Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

CLASSIFICATION
OF COMPUTER

BASED ON SIZE
On the basis of size, computers are categorised as follows
Micro Computer
Microcomputers are small computer which are specifically designed for personal and office use. They
are usually inexpensive and have minimum storing and processing speed. Some common examples are
laptop or desktop, Hanheld/ Palmtop, Tablet Computer, Working Station Computer, etc.

Mini Computer
Minicomputers are more powerful than a microcomputer. They have faster memory with better-operating
speeds and large storage capacities than microcomputers. They are generally used as a server and are
capable of supporting up to 200 users. Minicomputers are IBM-17, DEC PDP-11, HP-9000, etc.

Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers are those types of computers which have very high memory and processing
speed. Hence Mainframe computers are used as a server since they can support thousands of users.
Mainframe computers are IBM-370, IBM-S/390, UNIVAC-1110, etc.

Super computer
Supercomputers are the most powerful computers which are used mainly for the purpose of difficult
problem-solving requirements. Hence Supercomputers are used in times of research, weather
forecasting and Weapon designing and much more.
The first successful supercomputer: CDC 6600
The fastest supercomputer in the world: Sunway TaihuLight of China
India’s first Super Computer: PARAM-8000 which was developed by CDAC Pune in 1998.
India’s fastest super computer: Shasra T which was manufactured by IIS (Indian Institute of
Science).

© Vidhya Tutorials | 13
Basic Applications of Computer and its component. Knowledge of Computers
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

CLASSIFICATION
OF COMPUTER
BASED ON WORK
On the basis of work, computers are categorised as follows

Analog Computer
It was Lord Kelvin who first introduced the Analog computer. In such a computer numerical data are
represented by physical variables which can be measured, for example, electrical voltage. A
thermometer is a very good example analog computer.

Digital Computer
A certain type of computer that accepts data and processes it in the form of numbers is popularly known
as a Digital Computer. In such a computer all the characters are converted into binary code.

Hybrid Computer
A computer which has the features of analogue, as well as the digital machine, is known as a
Hybrid Computer. The hybrid computer is generally noticed in the geological departments.

BASED ON PURPOSE
On the basis of purpose, computers are categorised as follows

General Purpose Computer

General purpose computers are those computers, which are used to solve variety of problems by
changing the program or instructions. e.g. To make small database, calculations, accounting,
etc.
Special Purpose Computer
Special purpose computers are those computers which are used to solve a single and dedicated
types of problem. e.g. Automatic aircraft landing, multimedia computer, etc.

© Vidhya Tutorials | 14
Knowledge of Computers Basic Applications of Computer and its component.
Fundamentals of computer sciences.

APPLICATIONS
OF COMPUTER
Some of the areas where computers are being used are as follows

Banking :- Computers are used in bank for electronic money transfer, making deposits,
voucher, bank sheet, etc.
Home :- Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching
movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet
access, etc. They provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from
home facility for corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online
educational support.
Medical Field :- Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history,
diagnosis, X-rays, live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical
devices to perform delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality
technologies are also used for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the
mother’s womb.
Government :- In government sectors, computers are used in data processing, maintaining a
database of citizens and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense
organizations have greatly benefitted from computers in their use for missile development,
satellites, rocket launches, etc.
Training :- Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save
money and improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of
time and travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations.
Arts :- Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts and culture. The fluid
movement of dance can be shown live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.
Science and Engineering :- Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic
process in Science and Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in area of
Research and Development (R&D). Topographic images can be created through computers.
Scientists use computers to plot and analyze data to have a better understanding of
earthquakes.
Education :- Computer is a very effective tool which can be used for teaching and learning,
result processing, student data processing, notes preparation, etc.
Entertainment :- Different types of entertainment fields such as multimedia, film making with
animation, graphics, audio and visual design are done with the help of computer.
Offices :- Computers are used for preparing reports, storing/deleting reports, updating
reports, etc. in office.
Advertisement :- Computers are used in the different fields of advertisement such as business
advertisement, film advertisement, education advertisement, etc.
Business :- Computers are used in business for accounting, keeping all records up-to date,
etc.

HARDWARE
HARDWARE REPRESENTS THE PHYSICAL AND TANGIBLE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER, I.E. THE
COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE SEEN AND TOUCHED.
EXAMPLES OF HARDWARE ARE THE FOLLOWING −
INPUT DEVICES − KEYBOARD, MOUSE, ETC.
OUTPUT DEVICES − PRINTER, MONITOR, ETC.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES − HARD DISK, CD, DVD, ETC.
INTERNAL COMPONENTS − CPU, MOTHERBOARD, RAM, ETC.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

FOLLOWING ARE THE ADVANTAGES POINTED BELOW.

IT WILL HELP TO ESTABLISH AN EFFECTIVE MODE OF COMMUNICATION THAT CAN HELP THE
ORGANIZATIONS TO IMPROVE THEIR BUSINESS STANDARDS.
IT WILL HELP TO MAKE THE TASK AUTOMATED AND HELP TO STORE THE HUGE CHUNKS OF DATA THAT
CAN BE BENEFICIAL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OR INDIVIDUAL.
THE USER CAN USE THE HARDWARE TO GIVE THE INSTRUCTION TO COMMAND AND CAN OBTAIN THE
OUTPUT AS PER THE GIVEN I9NSTRUCTION.
THE PROCESSING SPEED OF A HARDWARE DEVICE IS FAST WHICH WILL HELP TO EXECUTE MORE
OPERATIONS AT ONE TIME.
THE HARDWARE DEVICES ARE MULTIPROCESSING WHICH MEANS THE USER CAN USE MORE THAN ONE
HARDWARE DEVICE AT THE SAME TIME.
THE HARDWARE CAN BE INSTALLED VERY EASILY IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM AND ALSO CAN BE
UPGRADED AS PER THE USER REQUIREMENTS.

SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE IS A SET OF PROGRAMS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERFORM A WELL-DEFINED FUNCTION. A
PROGRAM IS A SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN TO SOLVE A PARTICULAR PROBLEM.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE −

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the computer
manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which
interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the
hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software −

Close to the system
Fast in speed
Difficult to design
Difficult to understand
Less interactive
Smaller in size
Difficult to manipulate
Generally written in low-level language

APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.
All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application
software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and
editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.

Examples of Application software are the following −

Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Office Suite Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows −

Close to the user
Easy to design
More interactive
Slow in speed
Generally written in high-level language
Easy to understand
Easy to manipulate and use
Bigger in size and requires large storage space

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Both of them must work together to
make a computer produce a useful output.
Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
Hardware without a set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is useless.
To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded into the hardware.
Hardware is a one-time expense.
Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.
Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different jobs.
A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
If the hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then the software is its 'soul'. Both are
complementary to each other.

COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
Computer architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a computer system as viewed by a
programmer. It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit that housed
electronic components. The computer architecture forms the backbone for building successful
computer systems. The first computer architecture was introduced in 1970.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
A COMPUTER CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING THREE MAIN COMPONENTS
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1. INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) UNIT
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
3. MEMORY UNIT

THE ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING SYSTEM ARE:-

Hardware: The physical components of a computer constitute its Hardware. These include keyboard,
mouse, monitor and processor. Hardware consists of input devices and output devices that make a
complete computer system.

Data: Data that the computer takes in and processes data can be of various types such as numbers,
texts, images etc.

Users: Human or other devices or programs that operates the computer with instructions.

Procedures: Computer processes data to generate information or data for another another process.

Input and output devices act as an interface between the user and the computer. A device sends
information to a computer system for processing, such device is called as an input device and a
device that receives and then reproduces or displays the results of that processing is called an
output device.

Most devices are either input devices or output devices because they can only accept data input
from a user and forward the same to the computer system or receive the output data from the
computer. There are some devices which are capable of both accepting input and handling
output, these types of devices are called I/O devices (input/output devices). Input-output devices
are also called as peripherals.

WHAT
ARE INPUT DEVICES
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or another
device. Input devices cannot receive data or signal from some other
devices. Various input devices are as listed below:
Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data into the computer.
The data send depends on the key pressed by the user.

Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a

cursor in a graphical user interface. It can move and select text, files,
folders etc. on our computer according to the user input.

Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and

sends the same to a computer.

Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.

Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.

Trackballs: trackball is an upside-down mouse which is encased within

a socket. It is a cursor control device.
Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various items and
feed the same to the computer.

Gamepad: Also known as joypad is the input controller for video

games.

Joystick: these input devices are used to control video games.

Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then
changes it into a digital signal and sends to the computer.

Electronic Whiteboard: It is a hardware device also known as the

interactive board. Electronic whiteboard transmits information written
on it to one or many computers.

OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a

document and send them to the computer.

OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device

which reads printed text and sends that to a computer.

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which

generally finds application is banks to process cheques.

WHAT ARE
OUTPUT DEVICES
A device that can receive data from a computer or another device and create output with that
data is called an output device. Examples of various output devices are as :

Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for receiving data from a computer
and displaying that information as text or images for users to see.

Printer: A printer is an output device that generates a hard copy of the electronic data stored
on a computer or any other device.

Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects the same information onto a
screen or a wall. A ,projector cannot directly accept data from a user and send that data to
another device.

Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then plays that sound signal and thus
we hear songs or music or any other audio.

PERIPHERALS [INPUT /
OUTPUT (I/O)] DEVICES
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or
another device and also sending data to other devices or
computers. That means devices which can be used as both input
device and output device are called Input / Output (I/O) devices.
Some examples of input/output devices are:
USB drive: Also known as a pen drive or flash stick works as
both an input device to the computer and as an output device.
USB drives receive or save data from a computer as an input
and it can also send data to a computer or another device.

Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one

computer to another computer or other devices using telephone
lines.

CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a

computer as input to copy onto and save into writable CD or
DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to transfer data to a computer.

Touch Screen: Touch screen is both an input and output device.

By touching the screen input is provided and is a screen, it is
used as an output device.

Headsets: Headset consists of the speaker as an output device

and microphone functions as an input device.

Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an

input device and a small printer to provide output.

It consists a set of registers, arithmetic logic unit and control unit, which together interpret and
execute instructions in assembly language.
The primary functions of the CPU are as follows :-
(i) The CPU transfers instructions and input data from main memory to registers, i.e. internal
memory.
(ii) The CPU executes the instructions in the stored sequence.
(iii) When necessary, CPU transfers output data from registers to main memory.

Central Processing Unit is often called

the brain of computer. The CPU is
fabricated as a single Integrated
Circuit (IC) and is also known as
microprocessor.
A CPU controls all the internal and
external devices and performs
arithmetic and logic operations.
The CPU consists of following main
sub-systems :-
1, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
2, Control Unit (CU)

1, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU contains the electronic circuitry that executes all

arithmetic and logical operations on the available data. ALU
uses registers to hold the data that is being processed.
Most ALUs can perform the following operations
(i) Logical operations (AND, NOT, OR, XOR) :- The function of the
logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,
selecting, matching, and merging of data.
(ii) Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division) :- The function of arithmetic section is to perform
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. All complex operations are done by making Registers
repetitive use of the above operations. These are used to quickly accept,
store and transfer data and

(iii) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a instructions that are being used

specified number of bit to the left or right with or without sign immediately by the CPU. These
registers are the top of the memory
extension). hierarchy and are the fastest way for
the system to manipulate data. The

(iv) Comparison operations (=, <, < =, >, > =). number and size of registers vary
from processor to processor.

CONTROL UNIT (CU)

A control unit drives the corresponding processing hardware by generating a set of signals
that are in sync with the master clock. The two major operations performed by the control
unit are instruction interpretation and instruction sequencing.
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations.
The main function of a control unit is to fetch the data from the main memory, determine the
devices and the operations involved with it, and produce control signals to execute the
operations.
Functions of this unit are :-
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of
a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of
the computer.
It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required
for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells.
Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For
example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types :-

Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main Memory
Secondary Memory

1. Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts
as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and
program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are
transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can
access them.
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as
follows −
Cache memory is faster than main
memory.
It consumes less access time as
compared to main memory.
It stores the program that can be
executed within a short period of
time.
It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are
as follows −
Cache memory has limited capacity.
It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main

Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on
which the computer is currently working. It has a limited
capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is
generally made up of semiconductor device. These
memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed resides in the main
memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

These are semiconductor memories.
It is known as the main memory.
Usually volatile memory.
Data is lost in case power is switched off.
It is the working memory of the computer.
Faster than secondary memories.
A computer cannot run without the primary
memory.

RAM ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the
memory from which we can only read but
internal memory of the CPU for storing
cannot write on it. This type of memory is
data, program, and program result. It is a
non-volatile. The information is stored
read/write memory which stores data
permanently in such memories during
until the machine is working. As soon as
manufacture. A ROM stores such
the machine is switched off, data is
instructions that are required to start a
erased.
computer. This operation is referred to as
bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in
RAM is of two types −
the computer but also in other electronic
[Link] RAM (SRAM)
items like washing machine and
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
microwave oven.

Types of ROMs
1. MROM (Masked ROM)
2. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

3. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read

Only Memory)
4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and

Programmable Read Only Memory).

Features of Motherboard
A motherboard comes with following features −
Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to function
properly.
Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

Components on Motherboard
Various components on motherboard are as
follows
1. CMOS Battery

2. Fan

3. SMPS

4. Processor Chip

5. BIOS Chip

6. Expansion Slot

7. PCI Slot

8. Buses

Memory Units

Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the

storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms of
Bytes.

Secondary Memory (External

Memory)
This type of memory is also known as external memory or
non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are
used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly
does not access these memories, instead they are accessed
via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then
the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

These are magnetic and optical memories.

It is known as the backup memory.
It is a non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if power is
switched off.
It is used for storage of data in a computer.
Computer may run without the secondary
memory.
Slower than primary memories.

Motherboard

The motherboard serves as a single platform to

connect all of the parts of a computer together.
It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives,
optical drives, video card, sound card, and
other ports and expansion cards directly or via
cables. It can be considered as the backbone
of a computer.

An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that

manages computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs. The operating system is a
vital component of the system software in a computer system.

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer

user and computer hardware. An operating system is a
software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating
System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS,
etc.

Following are some of important functions of an operating

System.
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
1, MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory
is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address.

Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to
be executed, it must in the main memory. An Operating System does the following activities for
memory management −

Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are not in
use.
In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how much.
Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.

2. PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT

In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when and
for how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating System does the
following activities for processor management −
Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is
known as traffic controller.
Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

3. DEVICE MANAGEMENT

An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does the
following activities for device management −
Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.

4. FILE MANAGEMENT

A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
An Operating System does the following activities for file management −
Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often
known as file system.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.

5. SECURITY

By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents unauthorized access to

programs and data.

6. CONTROL OVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Recording delays between request for a service and response from the system.

7. JOB ACCOUNTING

Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.

8. ERROR DETECTING AIDS

Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.

9. COORDINATION BETWEEN OTHER SOFTWARES AND USERS

Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to

the various users of the computer systems.

Types of Operating System :-

Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
Batch Operating System
Single User Operating System
Multi User Operating System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Real Time Operating Sytem (RTOS)
Mobile Operating System
MS-DOS (Microsoft-Disk Operating System)
1. BATCH PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM
In this operating system, a number of jobs are put together and executed as a group. This
operating system is a responsible for scheduling the jobs according to priority and the
resource required.
e.g. Unix.

2. SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM

It is a type of operating system which allows only one user at a time. Operating system for
personal computer (PC) is a single user OS. They are designed to manage one task at a time.
e.g. MS-DOS, Windows 9X.

3. MULTI USER OPERATING SYSTEM

This OS allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. It is used in
computer networks that allows same data and applications to be accessed by multiple users
at the same time.
e.g. VMS.

4. MULTI-TASKING OPERATING SYSTEM

In this operating system, more than one processes can be executed concurrently. It also
allows the user to switch between the running applications. e.g. Linux, Unix, Windows 95.
Multi-tasking OS further classified into two types

[Link] Multitasking OS It is a type of multitasking that allows computer programs to

share operating system and underlying hardware resources.
2. Cooperative Multitasking OS It is the simplest form of multitasking. In it, each program can
control the CPU for as long as it need it.

5. TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM

This operating system allows multiple programs to simultaneously share the computer
resources. It provides to each process to be run on.
e.g. Mac OS.

6. REAL TIME OPERATING SYTEM (RTOS)

These operating systems are designed to respond to an event within a predetermined time.
They are often used in applications such as flight reservation system, military applications,
etc. is types of operating system increase the availability and reliability of the system.
e.g. Linux etc.

There are two types of real time operating system

1. Hard Real Time OS In this RTOS, all the tasks are required to be completed within the
specified time limits.
2. Soft Real Time OS In this RTOS, all the tasks are not required to be completed within the
specified time limits.

7. MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM

This OS operates on Smartphones, Tablets and Digital Mobile devices. It controls mobile
devices and its design supports wireless communication and different types of mobile
applications. It has built-in support for mobile multimedia formats.
e.g. Android, Symbian,iOS, BlackBerry.

8. MS-DOS (MICROSOFT-DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)

The DOS OS was developed by Microsoft in 1980 for micro computers. MS-DOS was the first
operating system that run on PC developed by IBM corporation in 1981. DOS is a single user
operating system. It is only operating system which can be loaded in the main memory of the
computer using a single disk.

Types of MS-DOS Commands

There are two kinds of MS-DOS command, Internal and External.

Internal Commands :- These commands are automatically loaded into main memory when the
booting process gets completed. e.g. DATE, TIME, VER, VOL, DIR, COPY, CLS, etc.

External Commands :- These commands require external files to be loaded in the computer to
run. e.g. Checking disk, comparing disk, formatting, etc.

The term open source refers to something people can Open source software refers to a
computer program or an application
modify and share because its design is publicly in which the source code is open and
accessible. available to the public:
for use, modification or
redistribution
under an open source licence
usually free of charge

WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGY?

In simple terms open-source software is software whose source code is published and
made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source
code without paying royalties or fees. Open-source code can evolve through community
cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers as well as large
companies.
Linux, Apache, MYSQL & PHP are the some of the open soucre software services Benefitz
use for the delevlopment and hosting of our popular BWEB Content Management Software.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Open source software is free. Open source can be harder to use and
Open source is flexible; developers adopt due to difficulty setting it up and
can examine how the code works and the lack of friendly user interfaces.
freely make changes to dysfunctional Open source can pose compatibility
or problematic aspects of the issues. When attempting to program
application to better fit their unique proprietary hardware with OSS, there is
needs. often a need for specialized drivers that
Open source is stable; the source are typically only available from the
code is publicly distributed, so users hardware manufacturer.
can depend on it for their long-term Open source software can pose liability
projects since they know that the issues. Unlike commercial software,
code’s creators cannot simply which is fully controlled by the vendor,
discontinue the project or let it fall open source rarely contains any
into disrepair. warranty, liability, or infringement
Open source fosters ingenuity; indemnity protection. This leaves the
programmers can use pre-existing consumer of the OSS responsible for
code to improve the software and even maintaining compliance with legal
come up with their own innovations. obligations.
Open source comes with a built-in Open source can incur unexpected
community that continuously modifies costs in training users, importing data,
and improves the source code. and setting up required hardware.
Open source provides great learning
opportunities for new programmers.

Types of open source software

Some popular open source software for business include:

Open source office software

Abiword - word processing tool
Open [Link] - business productivity suite
Libre Office - business productivity suite
CiviCRM - customer relationship management
vTiger CRM Open Source - customer relationship management
MySQL - database
Ingres - database

Open source accounting software

GNU cash - small business accounting and personal finance software
SQL Ledger - web-based enterprise resource planning system
Front Accounting - accounting and enterprise resource planning software
Compiere - accounting, CRM and ERP

Open source operating systems

GNU/Linux (various versions or distributions include Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Ubuntu and Red
Hat) - operating system
FreeBSD - operating system
Android - mobile phone platform

Open source website software

WordPress - blog hosting platform
Alfresco Community Editions - enterprise content management system
Joomla - enterprise content management system
Drupal - enterprise content management system
Magento - ecommerce website platform
PrestaShop - ecommerce website platform
Apache - web server software
NginX - web server software
PHP - web application scripting engine

Open source browsers and communication applications

Juice Receiver - podcasting
Mozilla Firefox - web browser
Mozilla Thunderbird - email client
Pidgin - instant messaging
Zimbra - email and collaboration server
FileZilla - FTP client
MediaWiki - information sharing platform

Open source IT security

Smoothwall - firewall and security tools
Wireshark (originally named Ethereal) - security application
KeePass - password management
Clam AV - antivirus software

Images/multi-media
GIMP - image processing/graphics editing
VLC - multimedia file playback
Ogg - open video and audio codecs
Blender - animation and video editor

Open source development tools

Ruby on Rails - rapid web application development
Eclipse - integrated development environment.

Difference between Open Source

Software and Closed Source Software

What is a Computer Virus?

A computer virus is a program which can harm our device and files
and infect them for no further use. When a virus program is executed,
it replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and instead
enters its own coding. This code infects a file or program and if it
spreads massively, it may ultimately result in crashing of the device.
Across the world, Computer viruses are a great issue of concern as
they can cause billions of dollars’ worth harm to the economy each
year.

Since the computer virus only hits the programming of the device, it is not visible. But there are
certain indications which can help you analyse that a device is virus-hit. Given below are such
signs which may help you identify computer viruses:
Speed of the System – In case a virus is completely executed into your device, the time taken
to open applications may become longer and the entire system processing may start
working slowly
Pop-up Windows – One may start getting too many pop up windows on their screen which
may be virus affected and harm the device even more
Self Execution of Programs – Files or applications may start opening in the background of
the system by themselves and you may not even know about them
Log out from Accounts – In case of a virus attack, the probability of accounts getting hacked
increase and password protected sites may also get hacked and you might get logged out
from all of them
Crashing of the Device – In most cases, if the virus spreads in maximum files and programs,
there are chances that the entire device may crash and stop working

TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUS 🦠

Boot Sector Virus – It is a type of virus that infects the boot sector of floppy disks or the
Master Boot Record (MBR) of hard disks. The Boot sector comprises all the files which are
required to start the Operating system of the computer. The virus either overwrites the
existing program or copies itself to another part of the disk.

Direct Action Virus – When a virus attaches itself directly to a .exe or .com file and enters
the device while its execution is called a Direct Action Virus. If it gets installed in the
memory, it keeps itself hidden. It is also known as Non-Resident Virus.

Resident Virus – A virus which saves itself in the memory of the computer and then infects
other files and programs when its originating program is no longer working. This virus can
easily infect other files because it is hidden in the memory and is hard to be removed from
the system.
© Vidhya Tutorials | 39
Knowledge of Computers
Computer Virus & Anti-Virus

Multipartite Virus – A virus which can attack both, the boot sector and the executable files
of an already infected computer is called a multipartite virus. If a multipartite virus
attacks your system, you are at risk of cyber threat.

Overwrite Virus – One of the most harmful viruses, the overwrite virus can completely
remove the existing program and replace it with the malicious code by overwriting it.
Gradually it can completely replace the host’s programming code with the harmful code.

Polymorphic Virus –Spread through spam and infected websites, the polymorphic virus are
file infectors which are complex and are tough to detect. They create a modified or
morphed version of the existing program and infect the system and retain the original
code.

File Infector Virus – As the name suggests, it first infects a single file and then later
spreads itself to other executable files and programs. The main source of this virus are
games and word processors.

Spacefiller Virus – It is a rare type of virus which fills in the empty spaces of a file with
viruses. It is known as cavity virus. It will neither affect the size of the file nor can be
detected easily.

Macro Virus – A virus written in the same macro language as used in the software program
and infects the computer if a word processor file is opened. Mainly the source of such
viruses is via emails.

What is an Anti-Virus?
An anti-virus is a software which comprises programs or set of programs which can detect
and remove all the harmful and malicious software from your device. This anti-virus software
is designed in a manner that they can search through the files in a computer and determine
the files which are heavy or mildly infected by a virus.

Given below is a list of few of the major antivirus software which is most commonly used:
Norton Antivirus
F-Secure Antivirus
Kaspersky Antivirus
AVAST Antivirus
Comodo Antivirus
McAfee Antivirus

These are few of the many anti-virus software widely used to remove viruses from a device.

What is a Firmware ?
Firmware is a software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device. It
provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with the other computer
hardware. Firmware is typically stored in the flash ROM of a hardware device. While ROM is
“read-only memory,” flash ROM can be erased and rewritten because it is actually a type of
flash memory.

Firmware can be thought of as “semi-permanent” since it

remains the same unless it is updated by a firmware updater.
You may need to update the firmware of certain devices, such
as hard drives and video cards in order for them to work with a
new operating system. CD and DVD drive manufacturers often
make firmware updates available that allow the drives to read
faster media. Sometimes manufacturers release firmware
updates that simply make their devices work more efficiently.

You can usually find firmware updates by going to the

“Support” or “Downloads” area of a manufacturer’s website.
Keeping your firmware up-to-date is often not necessary, but it
is still a good idea. Just make sure that once you start a
firmware updater, you let the update finish, because most
devices will not function if their firmware is not recognized.

What are the various types of firmware?

Firmware varies with the type of hardware devices. There’s
firmware in computer motherboards (it’s called BIOS or UEFI),
there’s firmware in hard disks, solid-state drives (SSDs),
CD/DVD/Blu-Ray drives, there’s firmware in network cards,
routers, access points, range extenders, there’s even firmware
in your gaming mouse and keyboard. And it's not just the
computer-based devices that contain firmware. Any device
capable of performing something useful has a firmware
attached to it, including TV, Washing Machine, and even a
Vehicle.

What is an Humanware ?
Humanware is hardware and software that emphasizes user capability and empowerment
and the design of the user interface. The process of building humanware generally consists of
these steps:
1. Define users (age, mindset, environmental context, previous product experience and

expectations, and so forth) and what they really want to do.

2. Identify tasks they will need to do or capabilities they will want.

3. Specify usability objectives (if possible, these should be measurable, such as how long to

do something or how many mouse clicks to get to a specified task point) for each task or
capability.
4. Build a prototype of the user interface (it can be a paper or simulated prototype if time is

short).
5. Test and verify or correct the prototype.

6. Provide the prototype and usability objectives to the program designers and coders.

7. Test the code against the prototype and objectives and, if necessary, redesign or recode

the software.
8. Test the product with users or valid test subjects and revise as necessary.

9. Get feedback from users and continually improve the product.

What is a Microsoft
Office ?
Microsoft Office, or simply Office, is a family of client software, server software, and services
developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in
Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity
applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and
Microsoft PowerPoint.

There are five packages of MS-Office

1. MS-Word(WordProcessingSoftware)
2. MS-Excel (Spreadsheet Software)
3. MS-PowerPoint (Presentation
Software)
4. MS-Access (Database Management
Software)
5. MS-Outlook (E-mail Client)

What is MS Word?
Used to make professional-quality documents, letters, reports,
etc., MS Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It
has advanced features which allow you to format and edit
your files and documents in the best possible way.

Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?

Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on
your personal computer:
Start → All Programs → MS Office →
MS Word.

What are the uses of MS Word?

MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create
documents, resumes, contracts, etc. This is one of the
most commonly used programs under the Office suite.

Components of MS Word.

(i) Title Bar :- It shows the name of the application and name of the file. It consists of three control
buttons, i.e.
Minimize (reduces the window but Word still active)
Restore (brings Word window to the maximum original size)
Close (Close the word window)
(ii) Standard Tool Bar :- It displays the symbol for the common operation like Open, Print, Save, etc.
(iii) Ribbon :- It is a set of tools and commands across the top of the screen. It consists of a panel
of commands which are organised into a set of tabs.

(iv) Tab On the ribbon, it contains the buttons needed to edit characters, text and layout.
Home tab Consists of Clipboard (Cut, Copy, Paste), Font (Size, Color, Bold, Italic, Underline),
Paragraph (Bullets/ Numbering, Indent), Styles, Editing (Find and Replace).
Insert tab Consists of Pages (Cover Page, Blank Page, Page Break), Tables (Table), Illustrations
(Picture, ClipArt, Shapes, SmartArt, Chart), Links (Hyperlink, Book mark, cross-referenec),
Header & Footer, Text (TextBox, Date & Time, Object), Symbols (Equation, Symbol).
Page Layout tab Consists of Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange.
References tab Consists of Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions,
Index, Table of Authorities.
Mailings tab Consists of Create, Start Mail Mrge, Write and Insert Fields, Preview Results and
Finish.
Review tab Consists of Proofing (Spelling & Grammar, Thesaurus, Translate), Comments,
Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect.
View tab Consists of Document Views (Print Layout, Full Screen Reading), Show/Hide, Zoom,
Window, Macros, etc.

(v) Ruler :- It appears on the top of the document window. It allows to format the horizontal or
vertical alignment of text in a document.

(vi) Status Bar :- It displays the information such as page number, current page, current template,
column number and line number, etc.

(vii) Work Area :- It is the rectangular area of the document window that can be use to type the
text. It is also called as workplace.

(viii) Cursor :- It is also called insertion pointer. It denotes the place where text, graphics or any
other item would be placed when you type, overwrite or insert them.

Features of Microsoft Word

The features of MS-Word are described below

1. Text Editing :- It provides editing, adding and deleting text, modification of text content i.e.

cut, copy and paste.

When, we cut any text in our document, it will save in hard drive temporarily, till we paste it on any

other place.

2. Format Text :- It offers to modify the text in any of the available hundreds of text designs. It
formats text in various styles such as bold, italic, underline, etc.
3. Indentation :- It denotes the distance text boundaries and page margins. It offers three types

of indentation– positive, hanging and negative indent.

4. Page Orientation :- It facilitates selection of typed text printed or visible in horizontal view or

vertical view on a specified size of the page. Word offers Portrait–vertically oriented and
Landscape–horizontally oriented.
5. Find and Replace :- This feature allows flexibility and comfort to the user to replace a text

with a substituted text at all places.

6. Spell Check :- This facilitates automatic and manual checking of spelling mistakes and also

suggests a few possible alternate options for incorrect spelt words.

7. Thesaurus :- It contains a comprehensive dictionary and thesaurus feature offers synonym

options for a word.

8. Bullets and Numbering :- A list of bullets and numbering features used for tables, lists, pages

and tables of content. Bullets are arranged in unordered lists and numbering are arranged in
ordered lists.
9. Graphics :- It provides the facility of incorporating drawings in the documents which

enhances their usefulness.

10. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) :- It is a program integration technology that is used to

share information between programs through objects. Objects save entities like charts,
equations, video clips, audio clips, pictures, etc.
11. Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars :- They enable one to move up and down or left and right

across the window. The horizontal scroll bar is located above the status bar. The vertical
scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen to move up and down the document.
12. Save a Document :- When we create a new document, it will be saved into the hard drive. To

save a document, user has three common ways

To click on Save option from File menu.

Select Save button from Standard toolbar.

Pressing Ctrl + S key.

What is Microsoft Excel?

Excel is a computer program developed by the Microsoft company for Windows, macOS, Android,
and iOS. It is a part of Microsoft Office which includes other programs such as Word and
PowerPoint, Access, etc.
It is an electronic spreadsheet used to store, organize, and manipulate data. The data is stored
in cell/cells. It is usually organized into a series of columns and rows in a worksheet. The
collection of columns and rows is referred to as a table.

What is Excel for?

Excel is distinguished from all other office programs

because it allows us to work with numeric data. We can
perform basic arithmetic calculations with the numbers
stored in Excel. We also apply more complex mathematical
functions or use of statistical functions.
Excel makes it easier for us to work with numbers and
allows us to easily analyze them. It generates reports with
tools such as graphs and dynamic tables.

How to enter data in a worksheet?

You can enter data in a worksheet cell in two-

steps. these steps are as below:
Click on the cell where you want the insert the
data.
Start typing from the keyboard.

Microsoft Excel Window

Components :-
Active Cell : A cell which is currently selected. It will be highlighted by a rectangular box and its

address will be shown in the address bar. You can activate a cell by clicking on it or by using your

arrow buttons. To edit a cell, you double-click on it or use F2 to as well.

Columns : A column is a vertical set of cells. A single worksheet contains 16384 total columns. Every

column has its own alphabet for identity, from A to XFD. You can select a column clicking on its

header.

Rows : A row is a horizontal set of cells. A single worksheet contains 1048576total rows. Every row has

its own number for identity, starting from 1 to 1048576. You can select a row clicking on the row

number marked on the left side of the window.

Fill Handle : It’s a small dot present on the lower right corner of the active cell. It helps you to fill

numeric values, text series, insert ranges, insert serial numbers, etc.

Address Bar : It shows the address of the active cell. If you have selected more than one cell, then it

will show the address of the first cell in the range.

Formula Bar : The formula bar is an input bar, below the ribbon. It shows the content of the active cell

and you can also use it to enter a formula in a cell.

Title Bar : The title bar will show the name of your workbook, followed by the application name

(“Microsoft Excel”).

File Menu: The file menu is a simple menu like all other applications. It contains options like (Save,

Save As, Open, New, Print, Excel Options, Share, etc).

Quick Access Toolbar : A toolbar to quickly access the options which you frequently use. You can add

your favorite options by adding new options to quick access toolbar.

Ribbon Tab : Starting from the Microsoft Excel 2007, all the options menus are replaced with the

ribbons. Ribbon tabs are the bunch of specific option group which further contains the option.

Worksheet Tab : This tab shows all the worksheets which are present in the workbook. By default you

will see, three worksheets in your new workbook with the name of Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3 respectively.

Status Bar : It is a thin bar at the bottom of the Excel window. It will give you an instant help once you

start working in Excel.

Features of Microsoft Excel

1. Add Header and Footer

MS Excel allows us to keep the header and footer in our spreadsheet document.

2. Find and Replace Command

MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the workbook and also replace the existing

data with a new one.

3. Password Protection
It allows the user to protect their workbooks by using a password from unauthorized access to their

information.

4. Data Filtering
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a range. A filtered range displays

only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column. MS Excel provides two commands for filtering

ranges:

• AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria

• Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria

5. Data Sorting
Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel allows us to sort data either in

ascending or descending order.

6. Built-in formulae
MS Excel has got many built-in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc. We can use those formulae as per our

needs.

7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)

MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts, line graphs, etc. This helps us to

analyze and compare data very easily.

8. Automatically edits the result

MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the cells.

9. Formula Auditing
Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace the relationships between cells and formulas with

blue arrows. We can trace the precedents (the cells that provide data to a specific cell) or the dependents

(the cells that depend on the value in a specific cell).

What is MS Access?
Microsoft Access is a database
management system (DBMS) that combines
the relational Microsoft Jet Database
Engine with a graphical user interface and
software-development tools.

What are the uses of MS Access?

MS Access can be used to develop application software

and is generally used by data architects, software
developers and power users. Following are the major uses of MS
Access:
Manage accounts and bills
Store data in the form of tables and edit or customise them later
as per the requirement of the user
It can be used to make our websites
Comparing data or finding a relationship between the existing
data can be done using Access

Components of MS Access
Tables
A table in Access is an object comparable to any other tabulated data; which stores data in the

form of rows and columns.

When a new table is created, Access asks to define fields that are also identified as column

headings. Each field should possess a unique name and data type.

A Table can be considered similar to other tables in the database file. The appearance of the

table may seem similar to the one created in Excel with column heading and titles.

Tables include fields/columns to store various kinds of data, such as name or address,

furthermore, records or rows collect all the information about a particular instance of the subject,

such as all the data regarding a customer or employee, etc.

One can also define Primary Key in a table. This helps retrieve data more quickly.

Queries
Queries are an approach for searching and compiling data from one or more tables. Once a table

is designed and the user or programmer is scanning for a calculated output, then it is called

queries.

Running a query means requesting a detailed question of your database. This may include filtering,

calculating, sorting, updating, etc.

When you construct a query in Access, you are defining special search provisions(limitations) to

find exactly the data you want. Queries can pick from one or more relevant Tables and other

Queries.

Types of Query that can be used are; SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Forms
A user interface for a database application can be performed using forms. This implies forms assist the

user to display live data from the table, which is mainly used to ease the process of data entry, editing,

modifying, and viewing records.

Report
A report is an object in the desktop database. Once all the information is inserted into the database,

it can be interpreted or examined using a report.

Users can customize or modify the report look as per the requirement.

A report allows formatting, printing, calculating, and summarizing the chosen data. Users can also

view a report before printing it.

As forms are employed for input purposes, the same way reports are used for output.

Macros
Macros are mini computer programming constructs using predefined actions which can automate

tasks on an Access report.

Multiple tasks like moving to another record, searching, or running a formula can be assigned and

they will work whenever the macros option is chosen on a report.

An Access Macro is a script for creating some jobs. For instance, to create a button that initiates a

report, one can apply a macro that will fire OpenReport action.

Users can use macros to open tables, initiate and administer queries, print or observe reports and can

also involve simple conditions in macros to specify when one or more actions in the macro should be

executed or skipped.

Data( editing existing records, inserting new records, or deleting records) macros can be attached

directly to table events.

Module
Modules are a set of pre-defined instructions created by a programmer in the database employing

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). They can be applied throughout the database.

Modules give a more discrete flow of operations and allow the users to trap errors.

Everything that can be performed in a macro can also be executed in a module, but in a module, the

prompt feature of what is needed for each action is missing.

Modules are considerably more powerful and are essential than macros if the user plans to write code

for a multi-user environment.

What is MS PowerPoint?

PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program that

allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows.

How to open MS PowerPoint on a

personal computer?
Follow the steps below to open MS PowerPoint on a
personal computer:
1. Click on the start button

2. Then choose “All Programs”

3. Next step is to select “MS Office”

4. Under MS Office, click on the “MS PowerPoint”

A blank presentation is open on the screen.

According to the requirement, a person can modify
the template for a presentation and start using the
program.

What all elements can

be added to a slide?
The following elements can be added to a
Powerpoint slide:
1. Clip Art

2. Graphs

3. Tables

4. Photographs

5. Charts

6. Media Clips

7. Videos

All these elements are mainly used to enhance

presentation skills and make the slide more
interactive.

Features of
MS PowerPoint
There are multiple features that are available in MS PowerPoint which can customise and
optimise a presentation. The same have been discussed below.

Slide Layout
Multiple options and layouts are available based on which a presentation can be created. This option

is available under the “Home” section and one can select from the multiple layout options provided.

Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.

Under the “Insert” category, multiple options are available where one can choose what feature they

want to insert in their presentation. This may include images, audio, video, header, footer, symbols,

shapes, etc.

Slide Design
MS PowerPoint has various themes using which background colour and designs or textures can be

added to a slide. This makes the presentation more colourful and attracts the attention of the people

looking at it.

This feature can be added using the “Design” category mentioned on the homepage of MS

PowerPoint. Although there are existing design templates available, in case someone wants to add

some new texture or colour, the option to customise the design is also available. Apart from this, slide

designs can also be downloaded online.

Animations
During the slide show, the slides appear on the screen one after the other. In case, one wants to add

some animations to the way in which a slide presents itself, they can refer to the “Animations”

category.

Apart from all these options; font size, font style, font colour, word art, date and time, etc. can also
be added to a PPT.

Internet is the connection of millions of computers

spread all over the world. It is the world largest
computer network. It is the network of networks.
It is a public network so it is not owned by a
particular user organization or government.
However, it is controlled by internet authority.
Internet is initiated by US army. It was used for their
internal communication but later, it become popular
and used all over the world.

Uses of internet

1) Online communication: – It is used for online communication.

2) It is helpful for online business through e-commerce.
3) It is helpful for video conference.
4) It is helpful for e-ticketing, online reservation.
5) It helps to find information about various things.
6) It is used for entertainment.
7) It is used for downloading the video files, music files.
8) It is used for online job.
9) Advertisement.

SOME TERMS
RELATED WITH INTERNET ARE:
1) Browser:-
A browser is internet based application software used to access a webpage. It sends request to
the web server and displays the received HTML files in proper format user interact with the
internet by using browser.
e.g. Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape, Safari, etc.

2) Search Engine:-
It is also internet based application software. It can be used to access the required information
or webpage address from the internet. A search engine maintains the record of all the websites
and their contents. When the user requests by providing the keywords, it provides a list of
websites and their links from its database. [Link] is the most common search engine at
present. Other search engine includes [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],
etc.

3) Messenger Service:-
A messenger is also internet based application software. It is used for communication. Such as
text chat, audio-video chat, conference call, transmitting data and files, offline messages, etc.
Some of the common messengers used are MSM messenger, Yahoo messenger, Google talk,
AOL, Skype, etc.

4) Webpage:-
It is the fundamental unit of web. It is used to provide text emails, audio, video to the users.
Webpage is developed by using scripting and web based programming language. Webpage are
of two types:
a) Static
b) Dynamic
A static webpage is developed by using HTML.
Dynamic webpage is developed by using programming language like PHP, ASP, C#, etc along
with HTML.

5) Website:-
A website is a location used for storing webpage. User access the webpage by using the
website address. For e.g. [Link], [Link], etc.

6) Web server:-
Web server is a program required to host webpage so that it can be accessed through the
internet. To host webpage, the computer should have web server running, dedicated internet
connection and the computer should be running all the time. The common web servers used are
IIS (Internet Information Service) and Apache (for Linux based system).

SOME TERMS RELATED WITH

INTERNET ARE:
7) URL (Uniform Resource Locator):-
It is a complete website address which is used to specify domain name, website location, and
the protocol used for communication. A complete URL is provided to access a web site.
e.g. [Link] [Link] Type of organization:-
.com
.org
8) Domain name system (DNS)
.edu
A domain name system is the process of using domain name to .gov
access a computer or website such as [Link] is a domain .net
name. Domain names are easier to remember and access .mil
compared to IP address. However, communication is done through .biz
IP address. An IP address is a numerical value such as [Link]. .tv
Country wise:-
It is used to identify a particular computer on a network. Since,
.np
these IP addresses are difficult to remember, domain names are .in
used in place of IP address. A DNS translates domain name into .sl
corresponding IP address. Domain names are classified on the .pk
basis of type of organization and the country wise. .uk
.au

9) Protocol:-
A protocol is a rule or standard defined to be used by all the components. Network protocol can be

defined as the rules used for communication between two or more devices.

Some of the common network protocols used are:-

• HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secured)

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• POP (Post Office Protocol)

• IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol)

• IP (Internet Protocol)

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

• VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

• HTTP:
It is used for the communication of hypertext document. WebPages are the example of
hypertext document. It is developed by using HTML and contains hyperlink.

• FTP:
o It is used for the transmission of files like document image, audio, video, software,
games, etc.

• HTTPS:
o It is used for the transmission of hypertext document by providing higher security. It is
mainly used by banking sector, e-commerce, and other electronic payment system where
higher security is required. It uses encryption and decryption technique to provide security.

• SMTP, POP & IMAP:

o These protocols are used for email communication for sending and receiving emails.

• IP:
o It is the most common protocol used in internet to identify a particular system. It is used
along with TCP in internet (TCP/IP).

• TCP:
o It is connection oriented protocol i.e. connection is maintained throughout
communication. It provides reliable transmission so it is slower than UDP. It is the common
protocol used in internet for transmission of hypertext documents, files and email
message.

• UDP:
o It is connectionless protocol. It doesn’t provide reliable transmission but it is faster than
TCP. So, UDP is preferred for transmitting real time, multimedia data.

• VOIP:
o It is used for transmission of voice signal through internet. It is the cheaper and faster
medium of communication mainly for a long distance.

Email service is used for transmitting electronic or soft-

copy documents, message by using electronic devices like
computer, computer network, internet, etc. present e-mail
service is based on stored and forward concept i.e. email
sent by the sender is stored in email server before
forwarding it to the receiver. It doesn’t require the sender
and receiver to be connected at the same time.
Traditionally, the older concept of email required both
sender and receiver to be connected at the same time.
It uses protocols like SMTP, POP, IMAP, etc.

Features of e-mail:
i. It is faster and cheaper medium of communication.
ii. It is reliable.
iii. It is secured communication.
iv. It can be used for transmitting text, image, audio, video.
v. Same message can be sent to multiple users at the same time by using CC (Carbon
Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy).
vi. It may or may not use internet directly.

Types:
Types:
1. Web based email
2. POP email service

1. Web based email:

It is the internet based mailing system. It requires internet connection and a browser to send or

receive the message. Email providers like [Link], [Link], [Link], etc. provide internet

based email. It is the most widely used email service.

2. POP email service:

This email service is provided by local email or network providers. It requires connection to the e-mail

provider and email client software like:

i) Outlook express

ii) Thunderbird

iii) Eudora

iv) Kmail, etc.

It can be used from the system with email client software and proper setting to connect email

providers.

IN INDIA

The application of information technology and

communication for the purpose of governance is commonly
known as e-governance. Through e-governance,
information can be distributed to the public in a
transparent manner.

What is e-Governance?
Electronic governance or e-governance is adopted by countries across the world. In a fast-
growing and demanding economy like India, e-governance has become essential. The rapid
growth of digitalisation has led to many governments across the globe to introduce and
incorporate technology into governmental processes. Electronic governance or e-
governance can be defined as the usage of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) by the government to provide and facilitate government services, exchange of
information, communication transactions and integration of various standalone systems
and services.
In other words, it is the use of technology to perform government activities and achieve the
objectives of governance. Through e-governance, government services are made available
to citizens and businesses in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. Examples of
e-governance include Digital India initiative, National Portal of India, Prime Minister of
India portal, Aadhaar, filing and payment of taxes online, digital land management
systems, Common Entrance Test etc.
© Vidhya Tutorials | 64
Knowledge of Computers E-GOVERNANCE
(ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN GOVERNANCE)

IN INDIA

TYPES OF INTERACTIONS IN
E-GOVERNANCE
e-Governance can take place in four major types of interactions, apart from the processes and
interactions in the back-office, within the government framework:

Government to Government (G2G)

Information is exchanged within the government i.e., either, between the central government,
state government and local governments or between different branches of the same
government.

Government to Citizen (G2C)

The citizens have a platform through which they can interact with the government and get
access to the variety of public services offered by the Government.

Government to Businesses (G2B)

The businesses are able to interact with the government seamlessly with respect to the
services of the government offered to businesses.

Government to Employees(G2E)
The interaction between the government and its employees occurs in an efficient and speedy
manner.

IN INDIA

OBJECTIVES OF E-GOVERNANCE
The objectives of e-governance can be listed down as given below:
To support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses.
To make government administration more transparent and accountable while addressing
the society’s needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective
interaction between the people, businesses, and government.
To reduce corruption in the government.
To ensure speedy administration of services and information.
To reduce difficulties for business, provide immediate information and enable digital
communication by e-business.

While e-governance provides the advantages of convenience, efficiency and transparency, it

also has problems associated with it. They are as follows:
Lack of computer literacy: India is still a developing country and a vast majority of the
citizens lack computer literacy which hinders the effectiveness of e-governance.
Lack of accessibility to the internet or even computers in some parts of the country is a
disadvantage to e-governance.
e-Governance results in a loss of human interaction. As the system becomes more
mechanised, lesser interaction takes place among people.
It gives rise to the risk of personal data theft and leakage.
e-Governance leads to a lax administration. The service provider can easily provide
excuses for not providing the service on technical grounds such as “server is down” or
“internet is not working”, etc.

IN INDIA

E-GOVERNANCE IN
THE INDIAN CONTEXT
e-Governance in India is a recently developed concept. The launch of National Satellite-Based
Computer Network (NICENET) in 1987 and subsequent launch of the District Information System
of the National Informatics Centre (DISNIC) programme to computerise all district offices in the
country for which free hardware and software was offered to the State Governments provided
the requisite impetus for e-governance.
e-Governance thereafter developed with the growth of technology. Today, there are a large
number of e-Governance initiatives, both at the Union and State levels. In 2006, the National e-
Governance Plan(NeGP) was formulated by the Department of Electronics and Information
Technology and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances that aims at
making all government services accessible to the common man, ensure efficiency,
transparency and reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of
the common man.

IN INDIA

The NeGP has enabled many e-governance initiatives like:

Digital India was launched in 2015 to empower the country digitally. Its main components
are:
Developing a secure and stable digital infrastructure
Delivering government services digitally
Achieving universal digital literacy
Aadhaar is a unique identification number issued by UIDAI that serves as proof of identity
and address on the basis of biometric data. It is being used to provide many benefits to the
members of the society. One can e-signdocuments using Aadhar.
[Link] is a national citizen engagement platform where people can share ideas and be
involved with matters of policy and governance.
UMANG is a Unified Mobile Application which provides access to central and state
government services including Aadhar, Digital Locker, PAN, Employee Provident Fund
services, etc.
Digital Locker helps citizens digitally store important documents like mark sheets, PAN,
Aadhar, and degree certificates. This reduces the need for physical documents and
facilitates easy sharing of documents.
PayGov facilitates online payments to all public and private banks.
Mobile Seva aims at providing government services through mobile phones and tablets. The
m-App store has over 200 live applications which can be used to access various
government services.
Computerisation of Land Records ensures that landowners get digital and updated copies
of documents relating to their property.

IN INDIA

In addition to the above, State level e-governance initiatives include:

E-Seva (Andhra Pradesh) facilitates payment of utility bills, issuance of certificates, licenses
and permits.
Khajane Project(Karnataka) digitalized the treasury system of the state.
FRIENDS (Kerala) is a single-window facility to pay taxes and other financial dues to the State
government.
Lokvani Project (Uttar Pradesh) is a single-window solution relating to the handling of
grievances, land record maintenance and providing a mixture of essential services.

IN INDIA

e-Governance
Portal of India
The Indian e-governance portal is [Link] On this portal, one can get
comprehensive information regarding the National Conference on e-Governance and reports
on earlier conferences.
Additionally, the portal provides links to the following important pages:
Digital India
National Portal of India: It is developed to provide access to information and services being
provided by the government
PM India Website: provides information relating to the Prime Minister’s Office.
United Nations e-governance website

NOTE:- _____________________________
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____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
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© Vidhya Tutorials
VIDHYA TUTORIALS
“EDUCATION YOU CAN BELIEVE IN”

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