Formulae of Pure Mathematics - 3

1. Trigonometry
Formulae:
1. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

(i) ( )

(j) ( )

2.

√ √
0 1
√
√ √
1 0
√
√
0 1 √
√

3. (a) Maximum value of

(b) Minimum value of
4. (a) Maximum value of
(b) Minimum value of
5. (a) Maximum value of –
(b) minimum value of –
6. ( ) for
Range of ( ) is ( ) .
7. ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(a) (i) maximum value of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) is ( )
(ii) minimum value of
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) is ( )
(b) Amplitude of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8. (a) Period of is
and the period of
(b) Period of –

is and the period of is

9. ( )
10. ( )
11. ( )
12. ( )

13. ( )

14. ( )

15.

16. √ . /

17. √ . /

18. √ . /

19. √ . /
 }(+ve)
Second First Quadrant All (+ve)

Third Fourth
}(+ve) }(+ve)

* To solve the trigonometric equations:

[* Working steps: (i) Angle same (ii) Same trigonometric ratios (iii) Converting linear equations (iv) To find the basic
angle
(v) find the answers between the given angle limit.]
(a) In

(b) In
 2. Modulus & Straight line graph
Modulus function:
The modulus of x written as | | is defined as:

| | {

Straight line graph:

1. Midpoint of A and B is . /
( )
2. Distance between A and B is √( ) ( )

3. Area of | | ( )

*( ) ( )+ ( )
4. When A, B and C lie on a straight line then area of

5. If the gradient of line AB is

and the gradient of line BC is

(a) When the line AB is parallel to line BC then

(b) When the lines AB and BC are perpendiculas
Then
6. (a) Gradient of and the line which is parallel to is zero.

(b) Gradient of and the line which is parallel to is infinity . /

7. The equation of the line AB is ( )

8.
9.
( ) ( )

. /
( )

( )
10. (a) When P(a, b) be the centre
and r be the radius of the circle
Then the equation of the circle is ( ) ( )

(b) When the equation of the circle is

then the centre of the circle is ( ) and radius is

√
 3. Logarithms:
*

*
Formulae:

. /

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.
 4. Binomial
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ………….. ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ……………….. ( )
When n is a positive integer.
( ) ( )( )
3. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Infinite terms)
( ) ( )( )
4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Infinite terms)

When n is not a positive integer

5. (a) ( )

(b) ( )

(c) ( )

(d) ( )

6. The exp, ( ) is valid where | |

( ) ( )( ) n ( )( )( )
*n n
,
 5. Differentiation

* represent differentiating with respect to x.

Formulae:

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( )

4. ( ) ( )

5. ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
6. . /

7. ( ) ( )

8. ( ) * ( )+

9. ( )

10. * ( )+ ( )

11. * ( )+ * ( )+ ( )

12. ( )

13. * ( )+ ( )

14. * ( )+ * ( )+ ( )

15. ( )

* ( )+ ( )

17. * ( )+ * ( )+ ( )

18. represent the gradient of the tangent of the curve of any point.

19. For stationary / turning point,

20. ( )

Then the point A is a minimum point.

(b)

Then the point B is a maximum point.

(c) For point C, then the point C is a point of inflection.

 . Change :

Rate of change : (i)

(ii)

(iii)

* ( )

* ( ) ( )

* ( )

* * ( )+
( )
 6. Integrations

* () represent integrating with respect to x

Formulae:

3.

( )
( )
( )

| | |

( )
( )
| | ( )|

7.

8.

9.

10. ( ) ( )

11.

12. ( ) ( )

13.

14.

15. Area ( )

for * ( )+

16. ( )

for * ( )+

17. Area A= * ( ) ( )+

for ,* ( )+ * ( )+ -

* ( )+
18. ( )* ( )+

19. ( )

20. . /

21. . / . /
 7. Differential Equation:
*What is a differential equation?

An equation that has a derivative such as as one of its terms is called a differential equation. When the
equation has the first derivative as one of its terms, it is called a first order differential equation. For example, the
equation is an alternative way of representing the relationship , where C is a constant.

*General procedure to solve a differential equation using the technique of separating the variables

 Separate the variables ( ) ( )

 Integrate both sides ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 Solve to find a general solution.
 Substitute any given conditions to find a particular solution
 Check your answer by differentiating.

Other points to remember

 Take care with modulus signs in expressions such as | ( )|

 When finding a general solution, check to see if any values excluded when the variables are separated are
possible solutions.
 8. Factors theorem.

When ( ) is divided by ( ) then the remainder . /

When . / then ( ) is a factor of ( )

 9. Complex number:

1. √
2. Cartesian form where x and y are real values.
3. If
(a) ( ) ( )

(b) ( ) ( )

(c) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(d)

(e) | | √

(f) Arg ( ) . /

(g) | | | || | ( )

(h) | | | | . /

4. Modulus – argument form, ( )

5. Exponential form,
6.
(a) | | is the circumference of a circle with centre (a,b) and redius r.

( )

(b) | | is all points with in a circle with centre (a,b) and redius r, but the circumference is not included

( )

(c) | | is all points within a circle with centre (a,b) and redius r or the circumference of the circle

( )
(d) | | | | The locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (a,b) and (c,d)
Im. axis.

(a, b)

(c, d)

o Real Axis

(e) | | | |, is all points such that nearer to (a,b) than (c,d) and included the points on the boundary line.

Im. axis.

(a, b)

(c, d)

o Real Axis

(f) | | | | is all points such that nearer to (a, b) that (c, d)

Im. axis.

(a, b)

(c, d)

o Real Axis

(g) Arg ( )

( )
 10. Vectors

1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

if (a)
(b) ||

(c) Direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is same as the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

2. When ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are parallel, Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
where is a constant

3. a ,b
(i) when a is parallel to b then

(ii) |a| √

(iii) When the angle between a and b is , then

| || |

(iv) When a and b are perpendicular then a . b = 0

(v) When a and b are parallel then a . b | || |

4.
* ( )

Position vector of point A is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( )

* A Point on the line, ( ) b ( ) that is parallel

to the line,
The vector equation of the line is R (x, y, z)
b
r a+tb
r
a
 11. Numerical Method

 The process of finding a sequence of values that become closer and closer to a point of intersection of
( ) is called an iterative process.
 Each time you generate a value of x you carry out an iteration.
 When the point of intersection is at and your iterations are values that are getting closer and closer to ,
you are converging to
 Start with work out ( ) Is it accurate enough? yes → Stop, No →
 Let ( ) work out ( ) Is it accurate enough? yes → Stop, No →
 Let ( ) work out ( ) Is it accurate enough? yes → Stop, No →

 Let ( ) work out ( ) Is it accurate enough? yes → Stop.

 The relationship ( ) is called an iterative formula
 The sequence of values of x given by this formula are called
 When the value found is accurate enough, then it is usually given a particular name such as .
 The success and speed of the iterative process depends on the function chosen for ( ) and the value chosen
for .
 *Quadratic
* When ( )
√
Then

1. When then eq. (1) has real and equal roots.

2. When then the eq. (1) has real and distinct roots.
3. When then the eq. (1) has no real roots.

4. When , then the eq. has real roots.

* Complete square:

{ }

{. / . / }

. /

. /

* Inequality: If
Then (i) , when

(ii) , when

(iii)