DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,

UNIVERSITYOFKARACHI,

M.S (Computational Mathematics)

Two Years Degree Program

Program Overview:
Two years M.S / [Link]. degree program in Computational Mathematics offers a deep dive into
the intersection of mathematical theory, algorithms, and computational techniques. Students
explore advanced topics in numerical analysis, optimization, mathematical modeling, and
simulation methods. The program emphasizes problem-solving skills, mathematical reasoning,
and computational proficiency, preparing graduates for roles in research, academia, and
industries such as finance, engineering, and technology. Through coursework, projects, and
research thesis, students develop expertise in areas like high-performance computing, data
analysis, machine learning, and mathematical software development, making them well-
equipped to tackle complex real-world problems with mathematical rigor and computational
precision.

Total Credit Hours: 30

Courses: 08 Courses (24 Credit Hours)
Thesis: 06 Credit Hours
 UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI
Course Structure of M.S in Computational Mathematics
M.S (First Year) Computational Mathematics
SEMESTER I SEMESTER II
Course Course Title Credit Course Course Title Credit
Code Hours Code Hours

CM-700.1 Fundamentals of Python Non-

Programming Credit

CM-701 Research Skills for 3+0 CM-702 High Performance Data 2+1
Computational Mathematics Analytics

CM-703 Applied Numerical Methods 2+1 CM-704 Machine Learning with 2+1
Python
CM-705 Computational Complexity 3+0 Elective-I
and Approximation
CM-707 Bayesian Theory 3+0 Elective-II

M.S (Second Year) Computational Mathematics

Semester III & IV

Course code Course Title Credit hours

CM- M.S Thesis 06

Electives/ Optional Courses

Course code Course Title Credit hours
CM-711 Advanced Stochastic Processes 3+0
CM-712 Dynamical Systems and Chaos 3+0
CM-713 Soft Computing 3+0
CM-714 Statistical Methods and Data Analysis 3+0
CM-715 Nature Inspired Optimization Algorithms 3+0
CM-716 Cryptography & Network Security 3+0
CM-717 Image Processing & Computer Vision 3+0
CM-718 Data processing for Big data 3+0
CM-719 Modeling, Simulation, and Monte Carlo 3+0
CM-700.1 Fundamentals of Python Programming (Non-Credit)
Introduction to Python, History and features of Python, Installation and setup of Python
environment, Python interactive shell and basic syntax, Variables and Data Types, Variables and
their types (integer, float, string, etc.), Variable assignment, naming conventions, and scope,
Type conversion and built-in functions for data type manipulation, Operators and Expressions,
Arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators, Operator precedence and associativity,
Expressions, statements, and operator chaining, Control Structures, Conditional statements
(if,elif, else), Loops (for, while) for iteration and looping control, Loop control statements
(break, continue) and nested loops, Function definition, parameters, and return values, List
comprehensions and dictionary comprehensions, Input / Output Operations, Reading and writing
files in Python (file handling).
Recommended books:
1. Charles R. Severance. (2016). Python for Everybody, 1st edition, University of Michigan.
2. Dawson. M. (2010). Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner, 3rd edition, Course
Technology.
3. John V. Guttag. (2016). Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python, 2nd
edition, The MIT Press.
4. Lott, S. F., & Phillips, D. (2021). Python Object-Oriented Programming: Build robust and
maintainable object-oriented Python applications and libraries, 4th edition: Packt. Publishing.
5. Paul Jones. (2016).Python: The Fundamentals of Python Programming, Create
Space Publishing.
CM-701 Research Skills for Computational Mathematics (3+0)
Understanding the research process, problem formulation, and research questions, Introduction
to academic writing, Research ethics, Citation practices, Conducting literature searches using
digital libraries and academic databases, Critical reading and evaluation of research papers,
books, and scholarly articles, Summarizing and synthesizing information, Understanding ethical
guidelines and standards in research, Addressing ethical issues related to data privacy,
intellectual property, and research integrity, Selecting appropriate data collection methods such
as simulations, numerical experiments, or data analysis, Problem Solving and Algorithm Design,
Analyzing mathematical problems, Formulating computational solutions, Designing algorithms,
pseudocode, and flowcharts for problem-solving, Exploring data analysis techniques for
computational mathematics research, Using statistical methods, data preprocessing, Data
cleaning, Visualizing data using graphs, plots, and interactive visualization tools, Introduction to
computational tools and software commonly used in research, Basics of mathematical modeling
and simulation techniques, Formulating mathematical models for real-world problems,
Simulating and analyzing model behavior using computational tools.
Recommended books:
1. Aguinis. H. (2024). Research Methodology: Best Practices for Rigorous, Credible, and
Impactful Research, 1st edition, SAGE Publications.
2. Kelly. A.D& Richard A. Lesh. (2000).Handbook of Research Design in Mathematics and
Science Education,1st edition, Rutledge.
3. Mukherjee. S.P. (2019). A Guide to Research Methodology: An Overview of Research
Problems, Tasks and Methods, 1st edition, CRC Press.
4. Singh. R.N. (2012). Research Methodology and Techniques in Mathematics, Centrum Press.
5. Uwe Flick. (2015). Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginner′s Guide to Doing a
Research Project, 2nd edition, SAGE Publications.
CM-702 High Performance Data Analytics (2+1)
Overview of data analytics concepts and techniques, Introduction to high-performance
computing and parallel processing, Motivation for combining data analytics with HPC, Data
preprocessing techniques (e.g., cleaning, transformation, integration), Exploratory data analysis
(EDA) methods, Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, Introduction to parallel computing
architectures, Techniques for managing and storing large-scale datasets, Distributed file systems
for distributed data storage, Parallel algorithms for machine learning (e.g., parallel gradient
descent, distributed training), Large-scale data mining techniques (e.g., frequent pattern mining,
clustering), Deep learning with distributed training frameworks (e.g., Tensor Flow, Py
Torch),Data visualization techniques for large-scale datasets, Interactive visualization tools and
libraries (e.g., [Link], Plotly), Interpretation and communication of data analysis results,
Applications of data analytics with HPC in various domains (e.g., finance, healthcare, scientific
research), Case studies demonstrating the use of HPC for solving real-world data analytics
problems.
Labs / Practicals:

• Overview of data analytics tools and libraries (e.g., Python with Num Py, pandas, scikit-
learn).
• Accessing and setting up HPC environments for data analytics tasks.
• Handling missing data and outliers.
• Data transformation and normalization techniques.
• Implementing data preprocessing pipelines using Python and HPC resources.
• Statistical analysis and visualization of large-scale datasets.
• Exploring data distributions, correlations, and patterns.
• Conducting EDA tasks using Python and parallel computing techniques.
• Training and evaluating machine learning models at scale.
• Applying parallel computing techniques to various machine learning tasks (e.g.,
classification, regression, clustering).
• Introduction to real-time data analytics frameworks (e.g., Apache Kafka, Apache Flink).
• Processing streaming data with low latency using HPC resources.
• Hands-on experience with real-time data analytics tools.

Recommended books:
1. Grandinetti.L, Mirtaheri.S.L, & Shahbazian.R. (2019). High-Performance Computing and
Big Data Analysis, 1st edition, Springer.
2. Khosrow Hassibi. (2014). High Performance Data Mining and Big Data Analytics, Create
Space Publishing.
3. Raj.P, Raman.A, Nagaraj.D, & Duggirala.S. (2015). High-Performance Big-Data Analytics:
Computing Systems and Approaches, 1st edition, Springer.
4. Severance. C, Dowd. K ,&McKinley. K. (1998). High Performance Computing, 2nd edition,
O'Reilly Media.
5. Thomas. J, Karagoz. P, & Ahamed. B. B. (2019). Deep Learning Techniques and
Optimization Strategies in Big Data Analytics, Wiley.
CM-703 Applied Numerical Methods (2+1)
Advanced methods for non-linear Equations; Convergence criterion for nonlinear Equations,
Newton-Raphson method and its variants, , Order of convergence of advance methods. Splines,
Cubic Splines. Romberg integration, Richardson extrapolation. Error estimation of integration
formulas, Gaussian quadrature. Radau integration, Pade approximation, Chebyshev
approximation, Chebyshev polynomial, Numerical Solution of ODE’S; Runge-Kutta Methods
upto order 4, Predictor–Corrector Methods, Haar wavelets, Haar wavelets methods for
Integration and differential Equations.
Labs/Practicals:

 To find the roots of non-linear equations through different methods.

 Curve fitting by least square approximations.
 To solve the system of linear equations.
 To find numerical solution of ordinary differential equations.
 Numerical differentiation formulae based on interpolation polynomials.
 Error estimation of integration formulas.
 Evaluating Gaussian Formulae

Recommended books:
1. Curtis F. Gerald (Author), Patrick O. Wheatley. (1989). Applied Numerical Analysis, 4th
edition, Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
2. Gerald. (2003). Applied Numerical Analysis, 7th edition, Pearson.
3. Richard W. Hamming. (2012). Introduction to Applied Numerical Analysis, Dover
Publications.
4. Steven Chapra. (2006). Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and
Scientists, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill.
5. Sudhir Kumar Pundir. (2023). Applied Numerical Analysis, CBS Publishers.
CM-704 Machine Learning with Python (2+1)
Definition of machine learning and its applications, Types of machine learning: supervised
learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, Historical overview and key milestones
in machine learning, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Python libraries suitable for
Machine Learning, Linear regression, Ordinary least squares, Gradient descent, Logistic
regression and classification algorithms, Support vector machines (SVM), Decision trees,
Random forests, Evaluation metrics, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score,Unsupervised
Learning, Clustering algorithms, K-means, Hierarchical clustering, Dimensionality reduction
techniques, Principal component analysis (PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding,
Basics of artificial neural networks (ANNs), Perceptron, Activation functions, Feed forward
networks, Training neural networks, Back propagation, Stochastic gradient descent,
Regularization techniques, Convolutional neural networks, Recurrent neural networks, Cross-
validation techniques, k-fold cross-validation, Leave-one-out cross-validation, Model selection
and hyper parameter tuning.
Labs/Practicals:
 Implement supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning algorithms using
Python libraries like Scikit-learn and Tensor Flow.
 Implement linear regression models using Python's Num Py and Scikit-learn libraries.
 Use gradient descent algorithms in Python to optimize model parameters.
 Evaluate model performance using Python's evaluation metrics such as mean squared
error (MSE) and R-squared.
 Develop logistic regression models for binary classification tasks using Python.
 Utilize Python libraries like Scikit-learn to implement support vector machines
(SVM) and decision trees for classification.
 Perform dimensionality reduction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and t-
distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) in Python.
 Build artificial neural networks (ANNs) using Python frameworks like Tensor Flow
or Keras.
 Implement activation functions, feed forward networks, and back propagation in
Python for training ANNs.
 Fine-tune model hyper parameters in Python using techniques like grid search or
random search for improved performance.

Recommended books:
1. Artasanchez. A, &Joshi. P. (2020).Artificial Intelligence with Python, 2nd edition, Packt
Publishing.
2. Ethem Alpaydin. (2020). Introduction to Machine Learning,4th edition, The MIT Press.
3. Müller. A, & Guido. S. (2016).Introduction to Machine Learning with Python, 1st edition,
O'Reilly Media.
4. Raschka. S, &Mirjalili. V. (2019).Python Machine Learning: Machine Learning and Deep
Learning with Python, 3rd edition, Packt Publishing.
5. Wes McKinney. (2022).Python for Data Analysis, 3rd edition, O'Reilly Media.
CM-705 Computational Complexity and Approximation (3+0)

Overview of optimization problems in data science (e.g., machine learning, deep learning,
statistical modeling), Challenges and considerations when dealing with large-scale datasets,
Introduction of computational approximation properties, Evaluate approximation algorithms,
Basics of convex sets and convex functions, Convex optimization problems and formulations,
Gradient descent and its variants (e.g., stochastic gradient descent, mini-batch gradient descent),
Proximal gradient methods, Mini-batch and online optimization techniques, Convergence
analysis and convergence rates, Distributed computing frameworks for optimization (e.g., Map
Reduce, Apache Spark), Parallel and distributed optimization algorithms, Consensus
optimization methods, Asynchronous and decentralized optimization, Scalability considerations
and communication overhead, Challenges and opportunities in non-convex optimization for data
science, Local vs. global optimization methods, Robust optimization techniques, Adversarial
machine learning and optimization, Bias and discrimination mitigation, Ethical considerations in
optimization for data science.

Recommended books:
1. Ausiello. G, Crescenzi. P, Kann. V, Marchetti. S, Gambosi. G, & Spaccamela. A. M. (1999).
Complexity and Approximation, Springer.
2. Ding-Zhu Du, & Kerlo. K. (2014).Theory of Computational Complexity, 2nd edition, Wiley.
3. Kreinovich.V, Lakeyev. A. V, Rohn.J, Kahl. P.T, Kahl. P, Rohn. J, & Lakeyev. A. (1997).
Computational Complexity and Feasibility of Data Processing and Interval Computations,
Springer.
4. Papadimitriou. C.H, & Steiglitz. K. (1998).Combinatorial Optimization: Algorithms and
Complexity, Dover Publications.
5. Vijay V. Vazirani. (2001). Approximation Algorithms, 1st edition, Springer.
CM-707 Bayesian Theory (3+0)
Overview of Bayesian reasoning and inference, Motivation for Bayesian approaches in data
analysis and decision-making, Introduction to Bayesian modeling, Prior, likelihood, and
posterior distributions, Bayesian interpretation of probability, Maximum a posteriori (MAP)
estimation, Bayesian estimation using conjugate priors, Bayesian estimation of parameters in
common distributions, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, Gibbs sampling,
Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, Practical considerations in implementing MCMC algorithms,
Introduction to hierarchical modeling, Estimation of hyper parameters in hierarchical models,
Applications of hierarchical models in various domains, Bayes factors and model comparison,
Information criteria (e.g., AIC, BIC) for model selection, Cross-validation and other model
validation techniques, Introduction to Bayesian time series models, Bayesian dynamic linear
models (DLMs), Applications of Bayesian time series analysis in forecasting and anomaly
detection, Bayesian linear regression, Bayesian generalized linear models (GLMs), Applications
of Bayesian regression in predictive modeling and inference, Nonparametric Bayesian methods
(e.g., Dirichlet process, Gaussian process priors), Bayesian spatial statistics, Bayesian methods
for big data and streaming data analysis, Introduction to Bayesian decision theory, Utility theory
and decision-making under uncertainty, Applications of Bayesian decision theory in real-world
decision problems.

Recommended books:
1. Bernardo.J,& Smith.A. (2000).Bayesian Theory, 1st edition, Wiley.
2. Dellaportas.P, Polson.N.G, David A., &Stephens.S.P. (2015).Bayesian Theory and
Applications,Oxford University Press.
3. James O. Berger. (1985).Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd edition,
Springer.
4. Sumio Watanabe. (2018). Mathematical Theory of Bayesian Statistics, 1st edition, Chapman
and Hall/CRC.
5. Wolfgang von der Linden. (2014).Bayesian Probability Theory: Applications in the Physical
Sciences, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press.
 Electives/ Optional Courses
CM-711 Advanced Stochastic Processes (3+0)
Definition and properties of martingales, Optional stopping theorem and applications,
Martingale convergence theorems, Applications in finance, Gambling, and modeling,
Renewal processes, Renewal functions, Key renewal theorems (Wald's identity, Key
Renewal Theorem), Applications in reliability theory, Queuing theory, Introduction to
stochastic calculus, Stochastic integration, Ito's lemma, Diffusion processe, Stochastic
differential equations (SDEs), Introduction to Brownian motion, Poisson process,
Relationship between Poisson processes and renewal processes, Applications in queuing
theory, Telecommunications, and finance, Introduction to continuous-time Markov chains,
Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, Stationary distributions and limiting behavior.

Recommended books:
1. David Applebaum. (2009). Lévy Processes and Stochastic Calculus, 2nd edition, Cambridge
University Press.
2. Emanuel Parzen. (2015).Stochastic Processes, 2nd edition, Dover Publications.
3. Kroese.D.P, & Botev.Z. (2023).An Advanced Course in Probability and Stochastic
Processes, 1st edition, Chapman and Hall/CRC.
4. Robert G. Gallager . (2014). Stochastic Processes: Theory for Applications, 1st edition,
Cambridge University Press.
5. Speyer.J.L, & Chung.W.H. (2008).Stochastic Processes, Estimation, and Control, Wiley.
CM-712 Dynamical Systems and Chaos (3+0)
Overview of dynamical systems theory, Classification of dynamical systems (e.g., linear vs.
nonlinear, discrete vs. continuous), Concepts of stability, Attractors, and bifurcations,
Analysis of one-dimensional maps and flows, Fixed points and their stability, Periodic orbits
and bifurcations (e.g., period-doubling bifurcation, saddle-node bifurcation), Stability
analysis of linear systems, Lyapunov stability theory, Phase space analysis and eigenvalue
analysis, Definition and characteristics of chaos, Chaotic attractors (e.g., Lorenz attractor,
Rossler attractor), Routes to chaos (e.g., period doubling, intermittency), Chaotic behavior in
discrete maps (e.g., logistic map, Henon map), Chaotic behavior in continuous flows,
Introduction to chaos control methods (e.g., OGY method, delayed feedback control),
Synchronization and its application, Introduction to fractals and self-similarity, Fractal
dimension and box-counting dimension, Applications of fractals in dynamical systems and
chaos.

Recommended books:
1. Alligood.K.T, Yorke.J.A, & Sauer.T.D. (1996). Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical
Systems, Springer.
2. Broer.H, & Takens.F. (2010). Dynamical Systems and Chaos, 2nd edition, Springer.
3. David Feldman. (2019). Chaos and Dynamical Systems, Princeton University Press.
4. Hirsch.M.W, Smale.S, & Devaney.R.L. (2012). Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems,
and an Introduction to Chaos, 3rd edition, Academic Press.
5. Stephen Wiggins. (2003). Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos,
2nd edition, Springer.
CM-713 Soft Computing (3+0)
Overview of soft computing paradigms, Comparison with traditional computing approaches,
Applications in engineering, Data analysis, Optimization, Introduction to fuzzy sets and
fuzzy logic, Fuzzy inference systems (Mamdani and Sugeno models), Fuzzy control systems
and their applications, Basics of artificial neural networks (ANNs), Multilayer perceptrons
(MLPs), activation functions, and training algorithms, Radial basis function networks, self-
organizing maps (SOMs), Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and learning
algorithms, Basics of swarm intelligence algorithms, Combining soft computing techniques
with traditional algorithms, Ensemble learning methods (e.g., neural network ensembles,
genetic programming ensembles), Applications and advantages of hybrid and ensemble
approaches, Soft computing techniques for classification and clustering, Feature selection
and dimensionality reduction using soft computing approaches, Applications in image
processing, text mining, and bioinformatics, Case studies and real-world applications across
different domains.

Recommended books:
1. Barua.K, & Chakrabarti.P. (2019).Fundamental of Soft Computing, BPB Publications.
2. Matthew.N, Adebo.P, & Chukwu.U.C. (2023).Soft Computing And Its Applications,
Springer.
3. Sivanandam.S, & Deepa.S.N. (2018).Principles of Soft Computing, 3rd edition, Wiley.
4. Sushil Kumar Singh. (2012). Soft Computing: Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic
Algorithms, 1st edition, Galgotia Publishers.
5. Vojislav Kecman. (2001). Learning and Soft Computing: Support Vector Machines, Neural
Networks, and Fuzzy Logic Models, 1st edition, Bradford Publishing.
CM-714 Statistical Methods and Data Analysis (3+0)
Definition of statistics and its importance in data analysis, Types of data (categorical,
numerical), Descriptive vs inferential statistics, Data visualization techniques (histograms,
box plots, scatter plots), Discrete probability distributions, Continuous probability
distributions, Properties of probability distributions, Estimation techniques (point estimation,
interval estimation), Hypothesis testing principles, Parametric vs non-parametric tests,
Correlation and Regression Analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Simple linear
regression analysis,
Multiple linear regression analysis, Assumptions of regression analysis and model
diagnostics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank
test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Time Series Analysis,
Components of time series data (trend, seasonality, cyclicality, irregularity), Time series
decomposition, Forecasting techniques (moving average, exponential smoothing, ARIMA,
SARIMA models), Challenges and opportunities in big data analysis, Tools and techniques
for handling large datasets (Hadoop, Spark), Data preprocessing and feature engineering for
big data analytics, Data privacy and security concerns, Ethical considerations in data
collection and analysis.

Recommended books:
1. Lyman.R.O,& Longnecker.M.T. (2015).An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data
Analysis, 7th edition, Cengage Learning.
2. Siegmund Brandt. (2014). Data Analysis: Statistical and Computational Methods for
Scientists and Engineers, 4th edition, Springer.
3. R. Gnanadesikan. (1997).Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of Multivariate
Observations, 2nd edition, Wiley.
4. Jim Frost. (2020).Introduction to Statistics: An Intuitive Guide for Analyzing Data and
Unlocking Discoveries, Jim Publishing.
5. John Mandel. (1999).The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Dover Publications.
CM-715 Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms (3 + 0)
Overview of optimization problems, Classification of optimization problems, objective
function, search space, solution representation, Introduction to evolutionary computation,
Genetic algorithms (GAs), including representation, selection, crossover, and mutation,
Genetic programming and evolutionary strategies, Basics of swarm intelligence algorithms,
Particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), Bee colony optimization
and other swarm-based algorithms, Introduction to firefly algorithm (FA), Attraction-
repulsion mechanisms in firefly behavior, Application of FA to optimization problems,
Principles of cuckoo behavior and brood parasitism, Cuckoo search algorithm (CS) and its
variants, Applications of CS in optimization and parameter estimation, Case studies and real-
world applications in various domains (e.g., engineering design, data mining, image
processing), Comparative studies and benchmarking of nature-inspired algorithms,
Challenges and future directions in nature-inspired optimization research.

Recommended books:
1. Bottou.L, Curtis.F, &Nocedal.J. (2016). Optimization Methods for Large-Scale Machine
Learning, SIAM publications.
2. Jeyakumar.V& Rubinov.A.M. (2005). Continuous Optimization: Current Trends and Modern
Applications, Springer.
3. Roberto Cominetti, Francisco Facchinei &Jean B. Lasserre. (2012). Modern Optimization
Modelling Techniques, Springer.
4. Ross Baldick. (2009). Applied Optimization: Formulation and Algorithms for Engineering
Systems, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press.
5. Xin-She Yang. (2020).Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms, 2nd edition, Academic
Press.
CM-716 Cryptography & Network Security (3+0)
Overview of cryptography and its importance in network security, Historical development of
cryptographic techniques, Cryptographic goals, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication,
Non-repudiation, Substitution ciphers, Symmetric encryption algorithms: DES, AES, 3DES,
Block cipher modes of operation: ECB, CBC, CTR, Stream ciphers and their application,
Public-key cryptography, RSA algorithm for public-key encryption and digital signatures,
Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and its variants, Cryptographic hash functions like
SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, HMAC construction for generating MACs, Secure
communication protocols, Secure email protocols, Wireless network security protocols,
Threats and vulnerabilities in wireless networks, Mobile device security, encryption,
authentication, remote wipe, Mobile network protocols and security mechanisms.

Recommended books:
1. Behrouz A. Forouzan. (2007).Cryptography & Network Security, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill
Education.
2. Katz, J., &Lindell, Y. (2014). Introduction to Modern Cryptography, 2nd edition, Taylor &
Francis.
3. Maria.G, Baldoni.M.W, &Ciliberto.C. (2008). Number Theory, Elementary cryptography
and codes, 2nd edition, Springer.
4. Weish D. (1998). Codes and Cryptography, Clarenelon press.
5. William Stallings. (2022). Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 2 nd
edition, Pearson Education.
CM-717 Image Processing & Computer Vision (3+0)
Basics of digital image representation, Pixels, Color spaces, Image formats, Image
acquisition techniques, Overview of image processing tasks and applications, Point
processing techniques, Histogram equalization, Contrast stretching, Spatial domain filtering,
Convolution, Smoothing, Sharpening, Frequency domain filtering, Fourier transform, Low-
pass and high-pass filtering, Degradation model and restoration process, Image degradation
and noise models, Restoration techniques: inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, total variation
regularization, Thres holding techniques, Global thres holding, Adaptive thres holding, Edge
detection algorithms, Corner detection algorithms, Harris corner detector, Shi-Tomasi
corner detector, Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and Speeded-up robust features
(SURF), Optical flow estimation methods, Lucas-Kanade, Horn-Schunck, Object tracking
techniques, Kalman filter, Particle filter, Multi-object tracking and data association, Image
registration techniques, Affine transformation, Elastic registration.
Recommended Textbooks:
1. Arcangelo.D, & Distante.C. (2020).Handbook of Image Processing and Computer Vision, 1st edition,
Springer.
2. Burger.W, & Burge.M.J. (2009).Principles of Digital Image Processing, Springer.
3. J. R. Parker. (2010).Algorithms for Image Processing and Computer Vision, 2nd edition, Wiley.
4. Nixon.M, & Aguado.A. (2019).Feature Extraction and Image Processing for Computer Vision, 4th
edition, Academic Press.
5. Richard Szeliski. (2022).Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, 2nd edition, Springer.

CM-718 Data Processing for Big data (3+0)

Definition and characteristics of big data, Challenges in big data processing, Overview of big
data analytics and its applications, Data sources and collection methods, Sensors, Social
media, Web scraping, Data preprocessing techniques, Cleaning, Integration, Transformation,
Introduction to distributed computing paradigms, Overview of big data platforms, Hadoop,
Spark, Flink, Distributed file system, NoSQL databases: Key-value stores, Document stores,
Column-family stores, Graph databases, Data modeling and schema design for NoSQL
databases, CAP theorem and consistency models, Stream processing frameworks,
Visualization techniques for big data, Heatmaps, Scatter plots, Treemaps, Exploratory data
analysis (EDA) on large datasets, Interactive visualization tools and dashboards, Scalability
challenges in big data processing, Performance optimization techniques: data partitioning,
caching, parallelism, Monitoring and tuning big data systems, Challenges and threats in big
data security, Access control and encryption techniques, Privacy-preserving data mining and
anonymization methods.

Recommended books:
1. Brian Paul. (2023). Big Data Processing for Beginners, Wiley.
2. Dawn E. Holmes. (2018). Big Data: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press.
3. Janev.V, Graux.D, Jabeen.H, & Sallinger.E. (2020). Knowledge Graphs and Big Data
Processing, 1st edition, Springer.
4. Kumar.V.N, & Shindgikar.P. (2018). Modern Big Data Processing with Hadoop, 1st edition,
Packt Publishing.
5. Mohammed Guller. (2015).Big Data Analytics with Spark, 1st edition, APress
CM-719 Modeling, Simulation, and Monte Carlo (3+0)
Definition and importance of modeling and simulation, Types of models (physical,
mathematical, conceptual),
Simulation vs analytical methods, Probability theory and random variables, Statistical
distributions (uniform, normal, exponential, etc.), Stochastic processes (Markov chains,
Poisson processes), Monte Carlo integration and sampling techniques, Simulation Modeling
Process, Problem formulation and model conceptualization, Model development and
validation, Input data collection and analysis, Output analysis and interpretation, Discrete
Event Simulation, Event scheduling and time advance mechanisms, Simulation clock and
event-driven simulation, Introduction to Monte Carlo simulation, Monte Carlo integration for
numerical integration, Random number generation and pseudo-random number generators,
Variance reduction techniques, Techniques for model validation (comparison with real-world
data, sensitivity analysis), Model verification and correctness testing, Model calibration and
optimization.

Recommended books:
1. George S. Fishman A. (2005). First Course in Monte Carlo, 1st edition, Duxbury Press.
2. Kroese. D.P, Taimre.T, &Botev.I. (2011). Hand Textbooks of Monte Carlo Methods, 1st
edition, Wiley.
3. Liu.J.S, & Owen. A.B. (2008). Monte Carlo Strategies in Scientific Computing, Springer.
4. Paul Glasserman. (2003). Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering, 3rd edition,
Springer.
5. Thomas C. M. Lee. (2013). Monte Carlo Simulation and Resampling Methods for Social
Science, 1st edition, SAGE Publications.