Lecture: 1

Professor Bijoy Krishna Roy

 EEE 243 Electrical Circuits (DC and AC) Credit: 3.0
DC Circuits: AC circuit:
[Link] variables and elements: Voltage, current, [Link] functions: Instantaneous current,
power, energy, independent and dependent voltage, power, effective current and voltage,
average power,
sources, resistance. [Link] and complex quantities, impedance,
[Link] laws: Ohm's law, Kirchhoff’s current and real and reactive power, power factor.
voltage laws. [Link] of single phase AC circuits: Series and
[Link] resistive circuits: Series and parallel parallel RL, RC and RLC circuits,
circuits, voltage and current division, wye-delta [Link] and mesh analysis,
transformation. [Link] of network theorems in AC
circuits,
[Link] of circuit analysis: Nodal and mesh [Link] with non-sinusoidal excitations,
analysis including super node and super mesh. transients in AC circuits, passive filters.
[Link] theorems: Source transformation, [Link] in AC circuits: Series and parallel
Thevenin's, Norton's and superposition theorems resonance.
with applications in circuits having independent [Link] coupled circuits.
[Link] of three phase circuits: Three phase
and dependent sources, supply, balanced and unbalanced circuits,
[Link] power transfer condition and [Link] calculation.
reciprocity theorem.
 Electric Charge and Field
Electric charge is a fundamental physical property of matter causing attraction or
repulsion (electrostatic force), measured in coulombs, with positive and negative
types.
Like charges repel, while opposite charges attract.
Key Aspects of Electric Charge:
Types of Charge: There are two types: positive (+) and negative (−). Objects with an
excess of electrons are negatively charged, while those with a deficiency are
positively charged.
Fundamental Unit: The smallest
−19
unit of charge is the elementary charge (𝑒), which
is approximately 1.602×10 C. A single proton has a charge of +𝑒, and a single
electron has a charge of −𝑒
Quantization and Conservation: Charge exists in discrete packets (𝑄=𝑛×𝑒), where 𝑛
is an integer, it means charge cannot be divided into fraction of an electron charge.
The total charge in an isolated system remains constant.
Methods of Charging: Rubbing two materials together can transfer electrons,
creating opposite charges.
Electric Charge and Field
 Electricity
Electric current: An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as
electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor.
Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge through a
conductor.
𝑄
Electric current I = 𝐶𝑠 −1 ; Unit of current is Ampere (A).
𝑡
Electric current depends on the difference between the charged condition
of two points and the conditions of the pathway through which the charge
is flowing.
Electric Current always flows from
+ (positive) terminal of battery to
– (negative) terminal through external circuit
 Electric Potential
Electric potential: The level of charged condition of a body is known as electric potential.
When a body is charged it gets the ability to do some work. Electric potential is the
measurement of the ability of a charged body to do work. The current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the difference of electric potential between the two
ends of the conductor.
The electric current passing from one point to another through a path depends on the
potential difference between two points.
Potential Difference: The potential difference between two points in an electric
circuit is defined as the work done to move unit charge from one point to the
another point of that circuit.
Unit of potential difference is Volt (V)
Resistance: An obstruction to flow of electricity in a material is called resistance of
that material. Unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω).
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
Electric circuit: The path in which electric current can flow from the source to the
load and then back to the other terminal of the source is called an electric circuit.
An electrical circuit is a continuous, closed path that allows electricity (electrons) to
flow. It provides the route for electrical energy to move from a power source to a
device that performs work.
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
The electric circuit can be categorized in three different ways:

1. Open circuit
2. Closed circuit
3. Short circuit
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
Closed Circuit: A circuit which has a return
path for current to flow in it (i.e.
completed circuit) is known as
closed circuit.

Open Circuit: A circuit which has no return

path for current to flow in it (i.e. which is
not completed) is known as an open
circuit.
In other words, a circuit where voltage
tends to the EMF (of generating source)
and no current is flowing at all is called an
open circuit.
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
Short Circuit: A short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows an electric
current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical
impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit.
In an 'ideal' short circuit there is no resistance and thus no voltage drop
across the connection.
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
Basic Properties of Electric Circuits:
• A circuit is always a closed path.
• A circuit always contains at least an energy source which acts as a
source of electrons.
• The electric elements include uncontrolled and controlled source of
energy, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
• In an electric circuit flow of electrons takes place from negative
terminal to positive terminal.
• Direction of flow of conventional current is from positive to negative
terminal.
• Flow of current leads to potential drop across the various elements.
 Electric Circuit or Electrical Network
Electric circuits can be further categorized according to
their structural features:

• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Series Parallel Circuits
 Series Circuit
When all elements of a circuit are connected one after another in tail
to head fashion and due to which there will be only one path of flowing
current then the circuit is called series circuit. The circuit elements then
are said to be series connected. In the series electrical circuit, same
current flows through all element connected in series.
 Parallel Circuit
In a circuit if components are connected in such a way that the voltage drop
across each component is same then it is called a parallel circuit. In parallel
circuit the voltage drop across each component is same but the currents
flowing through each component may differ. The total current is the sum of
currents flowing through each element.
In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same for all elements.
 Series Parallel Circuit
An electrical circuit in which some of the elements are connected in
series and some of the elements are connected in parallel is called a
series parallel circuit. Most of the practical circuits are series parallel
circuits.
 Components in a Circuit

Main two types of components

1. Active components
2. Passive components

An active component supplies energy to an electric circuit, and

hence has the ability to electrically control the flow of charge.
A passive component can only receive energy, which it can either
dissipate or absorb.
 Active Components
Active components are electronic devices that need an external
power source to work. They actively control and manipulate the flow of
electric current in a circuit. These components can amplify, switch, or
generate electrical signals.
Active components require an external source of power to operate in
a circuit. An active component is an electronic component that supplies
energy to a circuit. These components supply electrical energy to the circuit
or provide power gain in the circuit. Active components, can amplify, can
carry energy in one way or another, e.g. Integrated Circuit, battery, Diode
etc. Active components make use of an external power source to add power
to a system. Active components are useful because they often enable a small
amount of electricity to control a larger quantity.
 Active Components
An active component is an electronic component which supplies
energy to a circuit. Active elements have the ability to electrically control
electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge). All electronic circuits must contain at
least one active component.

Common examples of active components are:

1. Voltage sources
2. Current sources
3. Generators
4. All different types of transistors
5. Diodes
6. Integrated circuits (IC)s
 Active Components
Characteristics of Active Components
 Active Components require an external power supply to operate.

 Active Components produce energy in form of current or voltage.

 Active components can power gain in the electric circuit.

 Active components can control the flow of current.

 Active components receive energy in the forms of thermal energy,

chemical energy, hydraulic energy, and delivers in the circuit in the
form of electrical energy.
 Active Components
Voltage Source: A voltage source is an example of an active component
in a circuit. When current leaves from the positive terminal of the
voltage source, energy is being supplied to the circuit. As per the
definition of an active element, a battery can also be considered as an
active element, as it continuously delivers energy to the circuit during
discharging.
 Active Components
Current Source: A current source is considered an active
component. The current supplied to the circuit by an ideal
current source is independent of circuit voltage. As a current
source is controlling the flow of charge in a circuit, it is
classified as an active element.
 Active Components
Diode: Diode is a one way valve for electricity. Diodes allow the
current to pass through one way if it is forward biased (the anode
with the positive terminal and the cathode with the negative one),
and it prevents it from passing when it is reverse biased.
Diodes consist of semiconductor materials, either silicon or
germanium.
It is a two terminal semiconductor device, these two terminals are
called the anode and cathode.
It lets the electricity to flow only in one direction.
Current flow through diode only when positive voltage is applied
to anode and negative voltage is connected to cathode
If these voltages are reversed, then the current will not flow.
 Active Components
Transistor:
A transistor is a fundamental semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electrical signals and power. It is the building block of modern electronics, acting
essentially as a microscopic electronic switch or valve that controls the flow of
electricity within a circuit.
Transistors are able to amplify the power of a signal.
They are used in amplifiers.
They are used in digital logic circuits.
They are used in voltage regulators.
They are used in Logic Circuits
They are used in Temperature Control Systems
It is used in converters.
They are used in automatic switches
 Passive Components
A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive
energy. This energy can either dissipate, absorb or store in it as an electric
field or a magnetic field.

Passive components cannot amplify, oscillate, or generate an electrical

signal.

Common examples of passive components include:

1. Resistors
2. Inductors
3. Capacitors
4. Transformers
 Passive Components
Properties of Passive Components
Passive electronic components do not generate electrical power. They only
dissipate power (in resistive components) or store unused power (in reactive
components).
All passive electronic components function without a power source. They
only influence the flow of power and the electrical output cannot be
modified by some external power source.
Passive components act as load in the circuit.
Passive components cannot provide power gain.
Passive components receive electrical energy and either convert it into other
forms such as heat, light, rotation, etc., or store it in the magnetic field or
electric field.
Passive components cannot control the current flow in the circuit.
A passive element can only absorb electrical power. It is not capable of
delivering power.
 Passive Components
Resistors:
Resistors control the flow of current by offering resistance. They are used to limit
current, divide voltage, and set biasing conditions in electronic circuits.
Resistors oppose the flow of electrical charge or electrical current.
Resistance is measured in ohm.
The opposition to the flow of electrical current through the material is known as
the resistance of that material.

Applications of Resistors
• It is used in Potential Divider.
• It helps in Biasing Circuits.
• It is used in Feedback Networks.
• It is used in Amplifiers.
• It is used in Current controlling devices.
• It is used in Coupling Networks.
• It is used in DC Power Supplies.
 Passive Components
Capacitors:
Capacitors store and release electrical energy. They are
commonly used for decoupling, filtering, and energy storage in
electronic circuits.
It is used to pass AC and block DC.
It opposes the flow of direct current.
It consists of two conducting parallel plates separated by
dielectric.
 Passive Components
Applications of Capacitors
• It is used for storage of energy.
• It is used in filter circuits to minimize the repel voltage.
• It is used in tuning circuits for selection of frequency.
• It is used in timing circuits to select the time.
• It is used in Amplifiers.
 Passive Components
Inductors:
Inductors store and release magnetic energy. They are used for
applications such as filtering, energy storage, and impedance matching.
• All inductors are coiled structures and insulated wire wrapped around
the area.
• Inductors work on electromagnetic induction.
• It is used to decrease the electric spikes in electronic circuits.

Applications of Inductors
• It is used in minimizing alternating current in the circuits.
• It is used in RF choke in the oscillator.
• It is used in LC resonance.
• It is used in Radio Transmitter and receiver.
 Passive Components
Transformers
A transformer is also a passive electronic component. A transformer is used to
transfer electrical power from one circuit to another via magnetic media i.e.
magnetic core.
• It has two windings on a core. The winding to which input power is given is called
the primary winding.
• The winding which delivers power to the load is the secondary winding.
• When transformers step up or step down voltage, power, and energy remain the
same on the primary and secondary sides. As energy is not being amplified.
• Transformers are often used to raise voltage levels and keep the power constant.
Applications of Transformers
• It is used to raise voltage levels.
• It is used in power generation
• It is used in transmission and distribution.
• It is used in lighting, audio systems, and electronic equipment.
Active Components
Passive Components
Actives versus Passive Components
 Bilateral Elements
Conduction of current in both directions in a circuit element with same
magnitude is termed as a bilateral circuit element. It offers some
resistance to current flow in both directions. Examples: Resistors,
inductors, capacitors etc.
This figure shows that a bilateral circuit element can conduct from both
sides and offer same resistance for current from either side.
 Unilateral Elements
The unilateral circuit element does not offer same resistance to the current of
either direction. The resistance of the unilateral circuit element is different for
forward current than that of reverse current. Examples: diode, transistor etc.
The figure above shows a diode as a unilateral circuit element. When diode is
forward biased it offers very small resistance and conducts. While it is reverse
biased, it offers very high resistance and doesn’t conduct. The circuit element can
be categorized in another manner, such as lumped and distributed circuit elements.
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