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Java 4

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iamkshitizkafle

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12

Computer Engineering

Web Development
and
Database

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
Phone : 5639122/6634373/6635046/6630088
Website : [Link]
Feedback Copy

Technical and Vocational Stream

Learning Resource Material

Web Development and Database

(Grade 12)

Secondary Level

Computer Engineering

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
Publisher : Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

Layout by Khados Sunuwar

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any other form or by any means for
commercial purpose without the prior permission in writing of Curriculum
Development Centre.
Preface
The curriculum and curricular materials have been developed and revised on a regular
basis with the aim of making education objective-oriented, practical, relevant and job
oriented. It is necessary to instill the feelings of nationalism, national integrity and
democratic spirit in students and equip them with morality, discipline and self-reliance,
creativity and thoughtfulness. It is essential to develop in them the linguistic and
mathematical skills, knowledge of science, information and communication
technology, environment, health and population and life skills. it is also necessary to
bring in them the feeling of preserving and promoting arts and aesthetics, humanistic
norms, values and ideals. It has become the need of the present time to make them
aware of respect for ethnicity, gender, disabilities, languages, religions, cultures,
regional diversity, human rights and social values so as to make them capable of
playing the role of responsible citizens with applied technical and vocational
knowledge and skills. This Learning Resource Material for Computer Engineering has
been developed in line with the Secondary Level Computer Engineering Curriculum
with an aim to facilitate the students in their study and learning on the subject by
incorporating the recommendations and feedback obtained from various schools,
workshops and seminars, interaction programs attended by teachers, students and
parents.
In bringing out the learning resource material in this form, the contribution of the
Director General of CDC Dr. Lekhnath Poudel, Pro, Dr. Subarna Shakya, Bibha
Sthapit, Kumar Prasun, Yogesh Parajuli, Dr. Romakanta Pandey, Rajendra Rokaya,
Bimal Thapa, Dinesh Khatri is highly acknowledged. The book is written by Chandra
Praksha Timalsina and the subject matter of the book was edited by Badrinath
Timalsina and Khilanath Dhamala. CDC extends sincere thanks to all those who have
contributed in developing this book in this form.
This book is a supplimentary learning resource material for students and teachrs. In
addition they have to make use of other relevnt materials to ensure all the learning
outcomes set in the curriculum. The teachers, students and all other stakeholders
are expected to make constructive comments and suggestions to make it a more
useful learning resource material.

2076 BS Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Curriculum Development Centre
Content

Page No.
Unit 1 : Introduction to HTML 1
Unit 2 : JavaScript 17
Unit 3 : Cascading Style Sheet 40
Unit 4 : Introduction to PHP, MYSQL and APACHE 51
Unit 5 : Configuration of Apache and PHP 55
Unit 6 : Programming Structure of PHP 75
Unit 7 : Working with Form 102
Unit 8 : Conceptof database 109
Unit 9 : MySQL and PHP 124
Unit: 1
Introduction to HTML
Concept of WWW
WWW is a way of accessing information over the medium of the internet. WWW
is the collection of linked documents or pages stored on millions of computers and
distributed across the world. The www is distributed file management system with
programs to access and send information. The terms internet and www, which is a
service of internet, are many times used interchangeably. However, these are both
different; www is a body of information while the internet refers to physical
structure of global network. WWW is collection boundless information that uses
internet to be accessible worldwide.
Component of WWW and URL
The URL is uniform resource locator which refers the address of resource in
internet.
World
Widecountry
Protocol Web identity

[Link]
Domain name
Introduction to internet
Internet stands for international network. Internet is a network of network (global
network of computer). Millions of computers all over the world are connected
through the internet. Computer users on the internet can contact with one another
anywhere in the world. if computer is connected to the internet, one can connect to
millions of computers. in internet, a huge resources of information is accessible to
people across the world. Information in every field sharing from education, science,
health, medicine, history and geography to business, news etc. can be retrieved

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 1

through internet. one can also download program and software packages from
internet.
History of the internet
In 1969, the department of defence(DOD) of the united states of America started a
project to allow researchers and military personnel to communicate with each other
in an emergency. The project was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project
Agency network) and it is the foundation of the internet. To share hardware and
software resources, the military allowed universities to join the network, from
where the students caught up with it and developed much of the software, so
developed the network. later, in 1991, Tim burners-lee developed HTML and
formed internet.
Protocol
Protocol is set of rules and language for sending and receiving information over
internet. Due to protocol, computer can communicate each other in
network/internet. Example of protocol are : TCP/IP,HTTP,SMTP,FTP.
Web browser
A web browser is a software application used to locate into client computer and
display web pages. Example of web browser is internet explorer, opera mini,
Google chrome, Netscape navigator.
Search engine
A search engine helps user to locate or access the required information from internet
in an efficient manner. It is a web site which is used to search the information or
website using specific keyword. Examples are
http//[Link] .com
http//[Link]
http//[Link]
http//[Link] .com
http//[Link]

2 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

http//[Link] .com
http//[Link]
http//[Link] .com
http//[Link]
http//[Link]
HTML Editors
An HTML editor is a software tool to create and modify HTML documents. HTML
editors can be divided into three categories: Text editors WYSIWYG editors and
online editors. Examples of HTML editor are
 Dreamweaver
 Notepad ++
 Edit Plus
Basic HTML construct, Building blocks
HTML is a simple scripting language which is used to create hypertext documents
on the World Wide Web. It was invented by Tim Berners Lee in around 1990. It is
simply a collection of certain key words called 'Tags' that are helpful in writing the
document to be displayed using a browser on internet.
Basic structure of HTML
<html>
<head>
<title> title of webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
//Body Part// (//This is a comment//)
</body>
</html>
HTML elements are the building blocks of the HTML web page. The elements

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 3

consist of a pair of tags (starting and ending tags) and the textual or graphical
content inside of the tags.
HTML Tags, Attribute and Value
An HTML tag is commonly defined as a set of characters constituting a formatted
command for a Web page. HTML tags are paired tags (closed) and Singular tags
(Empty)
Paired tags (closed)
Paired tags is said to be a paired tag if the text is placed between a tag and its
companion tag. Inpaired tags, the first tag is referred to as Opening Tagand the
second tag is referred to as Closing Tag. Example of paired tags are <html>,
<head>, <body>, heading tags(<h1>- <h6>, <font>, <b> etc.
Singular tags (Empty)
Singular tags is said to be empty tag which does not have closing tags. Examples of
singular tags are <hr>, <br>,<!-->
Attributes are extra bits of information which can be added to a tag. The purpose
of attributes is to add additional style to the element. Values are the number or
character to determine the style of the attribute.
Syntax :< tag attribute =”value”>........................... </ tag>
Example : <font colour=”red”>this subject belongs to web and database of
computer engineering class 12<font >
Here,
Tag: font
Attribute: colour
Value: red
Heading tag
Heading tag are used to determine the level of heading in website. There are six
level of heading <H1> to <H6>

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Example:
<H1> this is heading</H1>
<H2>this is heading</H2>
<H3>this is heading</H3>
<H4>this is heading</H4>
<H5>this is heading</H5>
<H6>this is heading</H6>
Output

This is a heading
This is a heading
This is a heading
This is a heading
This is a heading

This is a heading

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading. A useful
heading attribute is “align”.
Paragraph tags
Paragraph tag is used to start the paragraph in webpage. Paragraphs are defined with
the <p> tag. Think of a paragraph as a block of text. You can use the align attribute
with a paragraph tag as well.
Example:
<p align =”left”>This is a paragraph</p>
<p align =”center”>This is another paragraph</p>
Output
This is a paragraph
This is another paragraph
Web Development and Database : Grade 12 5
Line Breaks <br>
The tag is used when you want to start a new line, but don't want to start a new
paragraph. The tag forces a line break wherever you place it. It is similar to single
spacing in a document.
Example
This <br> is a para<br> graph with line breaks

Output
This
is a para
graph with line breaks

Font tags
Font tag is used to defining the attribute of font to [Link] <font> tag defines
the font characteristics. Size, colour and type face are defined by the size, colour
and face attributes.
Example:
<font face=”arial” colour=”red” size=7>This page shows font colour</font>
List
HTML provides a simple way to show unordered lists (bullet lists) or ordered lists
(numbered lists).
Unordered Lists: An unordered list is a list of items marked with bullets (typically
small black circles). An unordered list starts with the<ul>tag. Each list item starts
with the<li>
Tag. Unordered list have some attribute like type. The values for this type attribute
are disc, square, circle. By default, circle is available in website.
Example
<ul type=”square”>
<li> coffee</li>

6 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

<li>milk</li>
</ul>
Output
 Coffee
 Milk
Ordered list
An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with different
numbers. An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the
<li>[Link] we do not use type attribute, items are marked with numbers. We use
type = “a” for lowercase letters list, type = “I” for roman numbers list, and type =
“i” for lowercase numbers list.
<ol>
<li>coffee</li>
<li>milk</li>
</ol>
Output
1. Coffee
2. Milk
HTML Link
HTML uses the anchor tag to create a link to another document or web page. The
Anchor Tag and the href Attribute An anchor can point to any resource on the Web:
an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a movie, etc. The syntax of creating an
anchor:
<a href=”url” Text to be displayed</a>
The <a>tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to tell
the address of the document or page we are linking to, and the words between the
open and close of the anchor tag will be displayed as a hyperlink.

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 7

There are three type of link used in HTML.
1. Inline: this link is used to link on different area of same page.
2. Internal: this link is used to link from one page to another page.
3. External: this link is used to link from one page to another page in web.
4. We can use name attribute to define a named anchor inside a HTML
document. Named anchor are invisible to the reader. For example, <a name =
“label”>Any content</a> defines a named anchor and we use the syntax <a
href = “#label”>Any content</a> to link to the named anchor. We can also
use named anchor to link to some content within another document. For
example,
<a href="[Link] to the Useful Tips section</a>.
For example:
1. Inline <a href=”#name”> name </a>
2. Internal <a href=”[Link]”> information</a>
3. External <ahref=”[Link]”> for click yahoo</a>
Images
Image is the most important part in website. HTML images are defined with
<img>tag. To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. We can
also use width and height attributes with img tag.
For example, <img src = “[Link]” width = “104” height = “142” />.
We can use alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image. For example, <img
src = “[Link]” width = “104” height = “142” alt = “My best photo”/>. The "alt"
attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser can't load
images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a
good practice to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page, to improve the
display and usefulness of your document for people who have text-only browsers.
For example
<img src=”[Link].” height=300, width=400>

8 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Figure: image
Table
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr>
tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td stands
for "table data," which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text,
images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc. For example,
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
Output
row 1, row 1,
cell 1 cell 2
row 2, row 2,
cell 1 cell 2

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 9

We use border attribute to display table with border as shown in the above example.
Headings in a table are defined with <th>tag. For example,
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Another Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
Output
Heading Another Heading
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Forms
Forms are used to select different types of user input. A form is an area that contains
different form elements (like text fields, text area fields, drop-down menus, radio
buttons, checkboxes etc.). Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter
information in a form. A form is defined with the <form>tag. For example,
<form>
input elements
</form>

10 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

The most commonly used form tag is <input>tag. The type of input is specified
with the type attribute within the <input> tag. For example,
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" />
<br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>
Output:
First name:
Last name:

Submit Rese

Another input type is radio button. Radio buttons are used when you want the user
to select one of a limited number of choices. For example,
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male
<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
<br/>
<input type="button" name="subbtn" value="Submit" />
<input type="button" name="subbtn" value="Reset " />
</form>
Output:
Male
Female
Another input type is checkboxes. Checkboxes are used when you want to select
one or more options of a limited number of choices. For example,
<form> I have a bike: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" />

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 11

<br /> I have a car: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" />
<br/>I have an airplane: <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value=
"Airplane" />
</form>
Output
I have a bike:
I have a car:
I have an airplane:
Another input type is submit button. When the user clicks on the "Submit" button,
the content of the form is sent to the server. The form's action attribute defines the
name of the file to send the content to. The file defined in the action attribute usually
does something with the received input. For example,
<form name="input" action=" [Link]" method="get"> Username: <input
type="text" name="user" /><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></form>
Output
Username: Submit

If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button,
the browser will send your input to a page called "[Link]". The page will show
you the received input.
Note: You can use other different form elements as well.
The method attribute of <form> tag specifies how to send form-data (the form-data
is sent to the page specified in the action attribute). We can use “get” and “post”
as values of method attribute. When we use get, form-data can be sent as URL
variables and when we use post, form-data are sent as HTTP post.
Notes on the "get" method
 This method appends the form-data to the URL in name/value pairs
 There is a limit to how much data you can place in a URL (varies between
browsers), therefore, you cannot be sure that all of the form-data will be

12 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

correctly transferred
 Never use the "get" method to pass sensitive information! (password or other
sensitive information will be visible in the browser's address bar)
Notes on the "post" method
 This method sends the form-data as an HTTP post transaction
 The "post" method is more robust and secure than "get", and "post" does not
have size limitations
We can create a simple drop-down box on an HTML page. A drop-down box
is a selectable list. See code below:
<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
Output

Volvo

HTML Frames
We can use frames to display more than one web page in the same browser window.
Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the
others. The disadvantages of using frames are:
 The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
 It is difficult to print the entire page
We use <frameset>tag to define how to divide the window into frames. Each
frameset defines a set of rows or columns. Within frameset, we use <frame>tag to
define what HTML document to put into each frame.
If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 13

prevent a user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.
Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.
Important
You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset>
tags. However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that
do not support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags.
Example 1
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" noresize="noresize"/>
<frame src="frame_b.htm"/>
<frame src="frame_c.htm"/>
<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not handle frames!</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
Example 2
<frameset rows="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm"/>
<frame src="frame_b.htm"/>
<frame src="frame_c.htm"/>
</frameset>
Example 3: Mixed Frameset
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm"/>
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_b.htm"/>
<frame src="frame_c.htm"/>
</frameset>
</frameset>

14 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Exercise:
1. How to comment HTML tags?
2. How to create a hyperlink?
3. What is the correct way to write address in an HTML document?
4. How to create an area inside an image-map?
5. Create an HTML document which uses article element?
6. Create an HTML document which uses aside element?
7. How to embed audio in a HTML document?
8. How to write bold text using HTML tags?
9. How to define a section that is quoted from another source?
10. How to define a clickable button?
11. How to define a table caption?
12. How to define a dialog box or window with an HTML tag?
13. How to emphasize text in an HTML document?
14. How to define a footer for a document or section?
15. How to define a label for an input element?

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 15

Unit: 2
JavaScript
Overviews of Java Script
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and
most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-
side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted
programming language with object-oriented capabilities. JavaScript is a dynamic
computer programming language. It is lightweight andmost commonly used as a
part of web pages, whose implementations allow
Client-sidescript to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
Interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities. JavaScriptis
an interpreted, client-side, event-based, object oriented scripting language that you
can use to add dynamic interactivity to your web pages.
Integrate JavaScript within HTML documents
There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML
document. However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML
file are as follows:
 Script in <head>...</head> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
 Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
Example of Script in <head>...</head> section.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
[Link]("hello world man"+'\n');
</script>
</head>

16 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

<body>
<h1> saraswati school</h1>
</body>
</html>
Example of Script in <body>...</body> section.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
[Link]("hello world");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Example of Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
[Link]("hello man");
</script></head<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
[Link]("hello world");
</script></body></html>
Example of Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head>
section.
<html>
<head>
<body>
<script src="[Link]">
</script>
</body>

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 17

</html>
You need another file with extension css
[Link]
[Link]("hello man");
Variables
Variables can be thought of as named containers. You can place data into these
containers and then refer to the data simply by naming the container. Like many
other programming languages, JavaScript has different type of variables.
Rules for naming variables are
 Variable names are case sensitive
 They must begin with a letter or the underscore character.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables
are declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
Data types in JavaScript
The data types of a language describe the basic elements that can be used within
that language. JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:

18 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

 Numbers, e.g., 123, 120.50 etc.
 Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.
 Boolean, e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each ofwhich
defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript
supports a composite data type known as object.
JavaScript Number Data types
JavaScript has only one Number (numeric) data types. Number data type can store
normal integer, floating-point values.
A floating-point represent a decimal integer with either decimal points or fraction
expressed (refer to another decimal number).
var num1 = 5; // Numeric integer value
var num2 = 10.5; // Numeric float value
var num3 = -30.47; // Negative numeric float value
var num4 = 5E4; // 5 x 10 Powers of 4 = 50000
var num5 = 5E-4 // 5 x 10 Powers of -4 = -50000
var num6 = 10 / 0; // Number divide by zero, result is: Infinity
var num7 = 10 / -0; // Number divide by negative zero, result is: -Infinity
var num8 = 10, num9 = 12.5; // Multiple variable declare and initialize
JavaScript String Data types
JavaScript string data type represent textual data surrounding to single/double
quotes. Each character is represent as a element that occupies the position of that
string. Index value 0, starting from first character of the string.
var name = 'Hello, I am run this town.!'; // Single quote
var name = "Hello, I am run this town.!"; // Double quote
Whatever quote you use to represent string, but you should take care that quote can't
repeat in string statement.
var name = "Hello, I'm run this town.!"; // Single quote use inside string
var name1 = ""; // empty string
Note : JavaScript empty string is different from the NULL value.

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 19

JavaScript Boolean Data types
JavaScript Boolean type can have two value true or false. Boolean type is use to
perform logically operator to determine condition/expression is true.
var val1 = true;
var val2 = false;
JavaScript Null
JavaScript Null specifies variable is declare but values of this variable is empty.
var str = null; // Value assign null
[Link](str == undefined); // Returns true
[Link](null == undefined); // Equality check Returns true
[Link](null === undefined); // Equality with type check Returns false
JavaScript empty variables boolean context return false.
var bool = Boolean();
[Link](bool); // Default Boolean context Returns false
var bool = Boolean(true);
[Link](bool); // Returns true
JavaScript undefined
JavaScript uninitialized variables value are undefined.
Uninitialized variable (value undefined) equal to null. JavaScript uninitialized
variables boolean context return false.
var str; // Declare variable without value. Identify
as undefined value.
[Link](str == null); // Returns true
[Link](undefined == null); // Returns true
var bool = Boolean(str); // str is undefined passed into Boolean
object
[Link](bool); // Boolean context Returns false

20 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Javascript comments
JavaScript supports following comments
 Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment andis
ignored by JavaScript.
 Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. Thismay
span multiple lines.
 JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence  is not recognized by JavaScript
So it should be written as //-->.
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

</script>
Conditional Statements
Conditional statement are statement which are used to perform different action for
different decision. You can use conditional statement in your code. We have
following conditional statements in java script.
 If statement
 If...else statement
 If...else if....else statement
 Switch statement

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 21

Example of if statement
<script type=”text/javascript”>
// write “good morning “ greeting if the time is less than 10
var d=new Date()
var time=[Link]()
if (time<10)
{
[Link](“<b> good morning</b>”)
}
</script>
Example of if...else statement
<script type=”text/javascript”>
// write “good morning “ greeting if the time is less than 10
var d=new Date()
var time=[Link]()
if (time<10)
{
[Link](“<b> good morning</b>”)
}
else
{
[Link](“<b>good day</b>”)
}
</script>
Example of if...else if......else statement
<script type=”text/javascript”>
// write “good morning “ greeting if the time is less than 10
var d=new Date()

22 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

var time=[Link]()
if (time<=10)
{
[Link](“<b> good morning</b>”)
}
else if(time>10 && time<16)
{
[Link](“<b>good day</b>”)
}
else
{
[Link](“<b>good evening</b>”)
}
</script>
For loop
The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three
important parts −
 The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value.
The initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.
 The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the
condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed,
otherwise the control will come out of the loop.
 The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 23

var count;
[Link]("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
for(count = 0; count < 10; count++) {
[Link]("Current Count : " + count );
[Link]("<br />");
}
[Link]("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in

24 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

this chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code block
repeatedly as long as an expression is true. Once the expression becomes false, the
loop terminates.
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
while (i<=5)
{
[Link]("The number is " + i);
[Link]("<br />"); i++; }
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
Function
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your
program. This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps
programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a
big program into a number of small and manageable functions. JavaScript allows
us to write our own functions as well. There is some step to use the function as in c
programming.

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 Function definition
 Function call
 Function return
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<script>
function myFunction()
{
[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph changed.";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>A Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo">A Paragraph</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>
</body>
</html>
Whenever click on try it button then, javascript call the function myfunction () and
display the “paragraph changed”.
Array
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value, at a time. An
array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the
values by referring to the array name. Each element in the array has its own ID so
that it can be easily accessed. The following code creates an Array object called
myCars:
var myCars=new Array();
Accessing the Array
You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the

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array and the index number. The index number starts at 0. In above initialized array,
the code line [Link](myCars[0]); will result in the following output: Saab
To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the array with a
specified index number:
myCars[0]="Opel";
Now, the following code line:
[Link](myCars[0]); will result in the following output: Opel.
Some methods associated with array
 concat( ): Joins two or more arrays, and returns a copy of the joined arrays
 join( ): Joins all elements of an array into a string
 pop( ): Removes the last element of an array, and returns that element
 push( ): Adds new elements to the end of an array, and returns the new length
 reverse( ): Reverses the order of the elements in an array
 shift( ): Removes the first element of an array, and returns that element
 sort( ): Sorts the elements of an array
 toString( ): Converts an array to a string, and returns the result
 unshift( ): Adds new elements to the beginning of an array, and returns the
new length
Example
Concat( ) : Joining Two Arrays
<script type="text/javascript"> var parents = ["Giri", "Pari"];
var children = ["Cactus", "Rose"]; var family = [Link](children);
[Link](family); </script>
The output will be :
Giri, Pari, Cactus, Rose
String Object in JavaScript
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text. String objects are
created with new String().

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 27

Syntax
var txt = new String(string);or more simply:
var txt = string;
Some methods associated with String object:
 toLowerCase( ): Converts a string to lowercase letters
 toUpperCase( ): Converts a string to uppercase letters
 concat( ): Joins two or more strings, and returns a copy of the joined strings
 charAt( ): Returns the character at the specified index
 indexOf( ): Returns the position of the first found occurrence of a specified
value in a string
 replace( ): Searches for a match between a substring (or regular expression)
and a string, and replaces the matched substring with a new substring
Examples
In the following example we are using the length property of the String object to
return the number of characters in a string:
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt="Hello World!";
[Link]([Link]);
</script>
The output of the code above will be: 12
In the following example we are using the toUpperCase( ) method of the String
object to display a text in uppercase letters:
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="hello its me webtech!";
[Link]([Link]());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:
HELLO ITS ME WEBTECH

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Example: IndexOf ( ) method
The index Of( ) method returns the position of the first occurrence of a specified
value in a string. This method returns -1 if the value to search for never occurs. The
indexOf( ) method is case sensitive.
Syntax
[Link](searchstring, start)
searchstring: Required. The string to search for.
start: Optional. The start position in the string to start the search. If omitted, the
search starts from position 0
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Patan world!";
[Link]([Link]("d") + "<br />");
[Link]([Link]("WORLD") + "<br />");
[Link]([Link]("world"));
</script>
Output
10 -16
Math Object in Javascript
The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. The Math object
includes several mathematical constants and methods. For example
var pi_value=[Link];
var sqrt_value=[Link](16);
Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math can be called
by using Math as an object without creating it.
Properties
 Math.E: Returns Euler's number (approx. 2.718)
 Math.LN2: Returns the natural logarithm of 2 (approx. 0.693)
 Math.LN10: Returns the natural logarithm of 10 (approx. 2.302)

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 Math.LOG2E: Returns the base-2 logarithm of E (approx. 1.442)
 Math.LOG10E: Returns the base-10 logarithm of E (approx. 0.434)
 [Link]: Returns PI (approx. 3.14159)
 Math.SQRT1_2: Returns the square root of 1/2 (approx. 0.707)
 Math.SQRT2: Returns the square root of 2 (approx. 1.414)
Methods
 abs(x): Returns the absolute value of x
 ceil(x): Returns x, rounded upwards to the nearest integer
 floor(x): Returns x, rounded downwards to the nearest integer
 log(x): Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of x
 max(x,y,z,...,n): Returns the number with the highest value
 min(x,y,z,...,n): Returns the number with the lowest value
 pow(x,y): Returns the value of x to the power of y
 sqrt(x): Returns the square root of x
 random( ): Returns a random number between 0 and 1
 round(x): Rounds x to the nearest integer
 sin(x): Returns the sine of x (x is in radians)
 cos(x): Returns the cosine of x (x is in radians)
 tan(x): Returns the tangent of an angle
Examples
[Link]([Link](4.7));
Output: 5
[Link]([Link]());
Output: 0.19733826867061233
[Link]([Link]([Link]()*6));
Output: 3
Date Object in Javascript
The Date object is used to work with dates and times. Date objects are created with
the Date( ) constructor. We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods

30 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

available for the Date object. In the example below we set a Date object to a specific
date (14th January 2010):
var myDate=new Date();
[Link](2010,0,14);
And in the following example we set a Date object to be 5 days into the future:
var myDate=new Date(); [Link]([Link]()+5);
Note: If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year, the changes are handled
automatically by the Date object itself!
Methods
 getDate() Returns the day of the month (from 1-31)
 getDay() Returns the day of the week (from 0-6)
 getFullYear() Returns the year (four digits)
 getHours() Returns the hour (from 0-23)
 getMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds (from 0-999)
 getMinutes() Returns the minutes (from 0-59)
 getMonth() Returns the month (from 0-11)
 getSeconds() Returns the seconds (from 0-59)
 setDate() Sets the day of the month (from 1-31)
 setFullYear() Sets the year (four digits)
 setHours() Sets the hour (from 0-23)
 setMilliseconds() Sets the milliseconds (from 0-999)
 setMinutes() Set the minutes (from 0-59)
 setMonth() Sets the month (from 0-11)
 setSeconds() Sets the seconds (from 0-59)
 toString() Converts a Date object to a string
Examples
The Date object is also used to compare two dates. The following example
compares today's date with the 14th January 2010:
var myDate=new Date();

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[Link](2010,0,14);
var today = new Date(); if (myDate>today) { alert("Today is before 15th December
2011"); } Else { alert("Today is after 15th January 2011"); }
Examples
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayDate()
{
[Link]("demo").innerHTML=Date();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo">This is a paragraph.</p>
<button type="button" onclick="displayDate()">Display Date</button>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date();
[Link](d);
</script>
</body>
</html>

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Example: Displaying the clock
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function startTime()
{
var today=new Date();
var h=[Link]();
var m=[Link]();
var s=[Link]();
// add a zero in front of numbers<10
//m=checkTime(m);
//s=checkTime(s);
[Link]('txt').innerHTML=h+":"+m+":"+s;
t=setTimeout('startTime()',1000);
}
//to concat 0 if i is not double digit
/*function checkTime(i)
{
if (i<10)
{
i="0" + i;
}
return i;
} */
</script>
</head>
<body onload="startTime()">

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 33

<div id="txt"></div>
</body>
</html>
With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code after a specified time-interval.
This is called timing events It's very easy to time events in JavaScript. The two key
methods that are used are:
 setTimeout() - executes a code some time in the future
 clearTimeout() - cancels the setTimeout()
Note: The setTimeout() and clearTimeout() are both methods of the HTML DOM
Window object.
The setTimeout() method returns a value. In the syntax defined above, the value is
stored in a variable called t. If you want to cancel the setTimeout() function, you
can refer to it using the variable name. The first parameter of setTimeout() can be
a string of executable code, or a call to a function. The second parameter indicates
how many milliseconds from now you want to execute the first parameter.
Note: There are 1000 milliseconds in one second.
In above example the function startTime( ) get executed after each second, showing
the content of div tag getting refreshed each time so as to display the clock.
User defined objects in JavaScript:
We have seen that JavaScript has several built-in objects, like String, Date, Array,
and more. In addition to these built-in objects, you can also create your own.
An object is just a special kind of data, with a collection of properties and
methods.
Let's illustrate with an example: A person is an object. Properties are the values
associated with the object. The persons' properties include name, height, weight,
age, skin tone, eye color, etc. All persons have these properties, but the values of
those properties will differ from person to person. Objects also have methods.
Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. The persons' methods
could be eat(), sleep(), work(), play(), etc.

34 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

The syntax for accessing a property of an object is:
[Link]
You can call a method with the following syntax:
[Link]()
Note: Parameters required for the method can be passed between the parentheses.
There are different ways to create a new object:
Create a direct instance of an object
The following code creates an new instance of an object, and adds four properties
to it:
personObj=new Object();
[Link]="Jyoti";
[Link]="Joshi";
[Link]=25;
[Link]="black";
alternative syntax (using object literals):
personObj={firstname:"Jyoti", lastname:"Joshi", age:25, eyecolor:"black"};
Adding a method to the personObj is also simple.
The following code adds a method called eat() to the personObj:
[Link]=eat;
function eat( )
{
// code for the function
}
Event
When the page loads, it is called an event. When the user clicks a button, that click
too is an event. Other examples include events like pressing any key, closing a
window, resizing a window, etc. Some common examples of event are

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 35

Event Description
onchange An HTML element has been changed
onclick The user clicks an HTML element
onmouseover The user moves the mouse over an HTML element
onmouseout The user moves the mouse away from an HTML element
onkeydown The user pushes a keyboard key

Onclick Event Type

This is the most frequently used event type which occurs when a user clicks the left
button of his mouse. You can put your validation, warning etc., against this event
type.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">

</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button and see result</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

36 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Output
Click the following button and see result
Onmouseover and Onmouseout
These two event types will help you create nice effects with images or even with
text as well. The onmouseover event triggers when you bring your mouse over any
element and the onmouseout triggers when you move your mouse out from that
element.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">

</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:</p>
<div onmouseover = "over()" onmouseout = "out()">
<h2> This is inside the division </h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 37

Output
Mouse Over
How to get data from Form
To obtain a reference to a text input element, here is some sample code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="/action_page.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="fname" required>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<p>If you click submit, without filling out the text field,
your browser will display an error message.</p>
</body>
</html>
Concept of JQUERY
jQuery is a lightweight, "write less, do more", JavaScript library. The purpose of
jQuery is to make it much easier to use JavaScript on your [Link] takes a
lot of common tasks that require many lines of JavaScript code to accomplish, and
wraps them into methods that you can call with a single line of code. jQuery also
simplifies a lot of the complicated things from JavaScript, like AJAX calls and
DOM manipulation. The jQuery library contains the following features:
 HTML/DOM manipulation
 CSS manipulation
 HTML event methods
 Effects and animations
 AJAX
 Utilities

38 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Exercise
1. Write a JavaScript program to display the current day and time in the
following format. Sample Output : Today is : Tuesday. Current time is : 10
PM : 30 : 38
2. Write a JavaScript program to find the area of a triangle where lengths of the
three of its sides are 5, 6, 7.
3. Write a JavaScript program to determine whether a given year is a leap year
in the Gregorian calendar.
4. Write a JavaScript program to calculate multiplication and division of two
numbers (input from user).
Sample form

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 39

Unit: 3
Cascading Style Sheet
Webpage and CSS
CSS stands for cascading style sheets. It was first developed in 1997, as a way for
Web developers to define the look and feel of their web pages. It was intended to
allow developers to separate content from design and layout so that HTML could
perform more of the function without worry about the design and layout. It is used
to separate style from content.
CSS has a selector and one or more declarations. Selector is normally the HTML
element you want to style and each declaration consists of a property and value.
The property is the style attribute we want to use and each property has a value
associated with it.
Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation
of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone
technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
Basic Elements of CSS Design
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied
to the corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is made of three parts
Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be applied. This could be
any tag like <h1> or <table> etc.
 Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the
HTML attributes are converted into CSS properties. They could be color,
border, etc.
 Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example, color property can
have the value either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
Example:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
CSS implementation

40 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

We can use style sheets in three different ways in HTML document. They are :
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline stylesheet
External Style Sheet
If we want to apply the same style to many pages, we use external style sheet. With
an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing
one style sheet file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link>tag. The
<link> tag goes inside the head section. For example,
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="[Link]" />
</head>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain
any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example
of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;} /*Note: Do not leave space between property value and
units*/
body {background-image:url("[Link]");}
Internal Style Sheet
If you want a unique style to a single document, an internal style sheet should be
used. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the
<style>tag. For example,
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:red;}
p {margin-left:20px;}

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 41

body {background-image:url("images/[Link]");}
</style>
</head>
Inline Styles
If you want a unique style to a single element, an inline style sheet should be used.
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with
presentation. To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The
style attribute can contain any CSS property. For example,
<p style="color:yellow;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>
Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the
source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers. A CSS comment
begins with "/*", and ends with "*/".
HTML, Id and Class Selectors
The selector which uses HTML tag as selector is called HTML selector. The id
selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element. The id selector uses
id attribute of the HTML element and is defined with “#”. For example,
<head>
<style type="text/css">
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>

42 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>
</body>
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id
selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements. This allows you
to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class. The class
selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a ".". For example,
<head>
<style type="text/css">
.center
{
text-align:center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">Center-aligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Center-aligned paragraph.</p>
</body>
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a
class. For example,
<head>
<style type="text/css">
[Link]
{
text-align:center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 43

<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph will be center-aligned.</p>
</body>
Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One
Styles can be specified:
 inside an HTML element
 inside the head section of an HTML page
 in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML
document.
CSS Background
Inline
<h1 style="background-color:red">abc</h1>
internal
body{background-color:red}
External
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="[Link]" />
</head>
<body>
<p>This is background </p>
<H1>This is thick</H1>
<H2>This is thick</H2>
<H3>This is thick</H3>
<H4>This is thick</H4>
</body>
</html>

44 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

[Link]
body{
background: blue
}
CSS Text properties
The CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a
text. The font-size property sets the size of the text. The font-style property is
mostly used to specify italic text. The font family of a text is set with the font-
family property.
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1{color:black; font-size: 40px;}
h2{color:red;font-family:century;font-style:italic}
h3{color:blue}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Ministry of Education science and Technlogy</h1>
<h2>Nepal</h2>
<h3>Technical and Vocational Education </h3>
</body>
</html>
Background and Images CSS
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 45

46 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

}
ul.b {
list-style-type: square;
}
ol.c {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
ol.d {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Example of unordered lists:</p>
<ul class="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ul>
<ul class="b">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ul>
<p>Example of ordered lists:</p>
<ol class="c">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
Web Development and Database : Grade 12 47
</ol>
<ol class="d">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
Links
With CSS, links can be styled in different ways. In addition, links can be styled
differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
 a:link - a normal, unvisited link
 a:visited - a link the user has visited
 a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
 a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: red;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: green;

48 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

}

/* mouse over link */

a:hover {
color: hotpink;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p><b><a href="[Link]" target="_blank">This is a link</a></b></p>
<p><b>Note:</b> a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS
definition in order to be effective.</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order
to be effective.</p>
</body>
</html>
Basic design of layout
A website is often divided into headers, menus, content and footer. There are
different layout use for designing the website. However, the structurebelow is one
of the most common.

Header

Navigation Menu

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 49

Content Main content Content

Footer
Figure: layout of webpage
Exercise
1. What is CSS?What are advantages of using CSS?
2. What are the three main ways to add CSS to a webpage? Describe the
advantages and disadvantages of each method.
3. List the basic layout components of the CSS box model with a brief
description for each.
4. Describe the following common CSS units of length: cm, em, in, mm, pc, pt,
and px.
5. How do you define a pseudo class in CSS? What are they used for?

50 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

Unit: 4
Introduction to PHP, MYSQL and APACHE
Introduction of Static and Dynamic Website
Static Website
Static website is a most basic type of website which is easiest to create. These
websites do not require any Web programming (like PHP, [Link]) or database
design (like MySQL). A static site can be built by simply creating a few HTML
pages and publishing them to a web server. Since static websites contain fixed code,
the content of each page does not change unless it is manually updated. Visitor can't
change content of website (Eg: login registration will not be there).
Dynamic Website
A dynamic website is a site that contains dynamic pages such as templates, contents,
scripts etc. The dynamic website displays various content types every time it is
browsed. The web page can be changed with the reader that opens the page,
character of consumer interplay, or day time. A dynamic site is one that is written
using a server-side scripting language such as PHP, ASP, JSP etc.
Server-Side Scripting Language
Server-side scripting is a technique used in web development which involves
employing scripts on a web server which produce a response customized for each
user's (client's) request to the website. The alternative is for the web server itself to
deliver a static web page. Server-side scripts provide an interface to the user and
are used to limit access to proprietary data and help keep control of the script source
code.
Many languages may be used to create these scripts. They include but are not
limited to the examples below:
PHP, ASP, Java, JavaScript (using SSJS (Server-side JavaScript) e.g., [Link]),
Perl, Python, R, Ruby etc.

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Web Server
A web server is server software/hardware dedicated to running said software, that
can satisfy World Wide Web client requests. A web server can, in general, contain
one or more websites. A web server processes incoming network requests over
HTTP and several other related protocols. The basic function of a web server is to
host websites and to deliver web content from its hosted websites over the internet.
During the delivery of web pages, web servers follow a network protocol known as
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most frequently HTML
documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in addition to the
text content.
Process on web server
When the URL of a website is processed from browser, the browser connects to the
server and sends a request for the page. After the complete processing, the servers
send back the requested page. Finally, the user is able to view the page on the
computer screen. So, basically there are three processes involved in the complete
scenario.
1. Establishing a connection
2. Sending a request
3. Responding to the request

Figure : Process of web server

Introduction of Apache
Apache is the most widely used web server software. Developed and maintained by
Apache Software Foundation, Apache is an open source software available for free.
It runs on 67% of all webservers in the world. It is fast, reliable, and secure. It can

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be highly customized to meet the needs of many different environments by using
extensions and modules. Most WordPress hosting providers use Apache as their
web server software. However, WordPress can run on other web server software as
well.
PHP
Hypertext Pre-processor is a general-purpose programming language originally
designed for web development. PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful
tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free,
and efficient. It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994; the PHP
reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group.
The major difference between HTML and PHP is that, HTML is a language used
to describe to a browser how to display text and other objects in a browser window.
It is not a programming language. HTML works on a client computer (the system
on which the page is being viewed). PHP is a scripting language, and can be used
to create dynamic web pages written in HTML.
MySQL
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system. Its name is a
combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter, and
"SQL", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language.
Introduction to WAMP
WAMP is sometimes used as an abbreviated name for the software stack Windows,
Apache, MySQL, PHP. It is derived from LAMP which stands for Linux, Apache,
MySQL, and PHP. As the name implies, while LAMP is used on Linux servers,
WAMP is used on Windows servers.
Installing Apache, PHP, MySQL
There are many software which covers the all these software like Apache,Mysql
and PHP. WAMP is such type of software. WAMP is a variation of LAMP for
Windows systems and is often installed as a software bundle (Apache, MySQL, and
PHP). It is often used for web development and internal testing, but may also be

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used to serve live websites. Step by step for the installation
1. Download the WAMP Server
I’ll give you simple steps for ‘Installation of WAMP Server’. We need to download
the WAMP server Package .exe file from official WAMP server page. Choose file
with Config of your system.
Start Setup Wizard

2. You’ll get below Setup Wizard window, When you Run WAMP server .exe
file. It shows config of WAMP. Click ‘Next’ button to continue.
You’ll get below Setup Wizard window, When you Run WAMP server .exe file. It
shows config of WAMP. Click ‘Next’ button to continue.
1. Follow the instruction
2. Finally click on ok

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Unit: 5
Configuration of Apache and PHP
Apache server has a very powerful, but slightly complex, configuration system of
its own. After installing the WAMP software on your computer, start to configure
the [Link] WAMPServer is installed, it’s time to configure the server
environment as per your requirements. Single left-click on the WAMPServer icon
shows a menu– localhost, phpMyAdmin, www directory, Apache, PHP,
MySQL, webGrind, Start All Services, Stop All Services, Restart All Services,
and Put Online/Offline.
You can also access
[Link]
and
[Link]
on your browser. phpMyAdmin is used to manage MySQL databases and related
operations.
[Link] basic (localhost://[Link])
The PHP configuration file, [Link], is the final and most immediate way to affect
PHP's functionality. The [Link] file is read each time PHP is [Link] other
words, whenever httpd is restarted for the module version or with each script
execution for the CGI version. If your change isn.t showing up, remember to stop
and restart httpd. If it still isn.t showing up, use phpinfo() to check the path to
[Link].
Installation is the first step in making Apache functional. Before you begin, you
should have a clear idea of the installation’s purpose. This idea, together with your
paranoia level, will determine the steps you will take to complete the process. The
system-hardening matrix presents one formal way of determining the steps. Though
every additional step you make now makes the installation more secure, it also
increases the time you will spend maintaining security. As a rule of thumb, if you
are building a high profile web server—public or not—always go for a highly

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secure installation.
Though the purpose of this chapter is to be a comprehensive guide to Apache
installation and configuration, you are encouraged to read others’ approaches to
Apache hardening as well. Every approach has its unique points, reflecting the
personality of its authors. Besides, the opinions presented here are heavily
influenced by the work of others. The Apache reference documentation is a resource
you will go back to often. In addition to it, ensure you read the Apache Benchmark,
which is a well-documented reference installation procedure that allows security to
be quantified. It includes a semi-automated scoring tool to be used for assessment.
The following is a list of some of the most useful Apache installation documentation
encountered:
 Apache Online Documentation ([Link]
 Apache Security Tips ([Link]
2.0/misc/security_tips.html)
 Apache Benchmark ([Link]
us/?route=[Link]
ache)
 “Securing Apache: Step-by-Step” by Artur Maj
([Link]
 “Securing Apache 2: Step-by-Step” by Artur Maj
([Link]
Installation
The installation instructions, given in this chapter, are designed to apply to both
active branches (1.x and 2.x) of the Apache web server running on Linux systems.
If you are running some other flavor of Unix, I trust you will understand what the
minimal differences between Linux and your system are. The configuration advice
given in this chapter works well for non-Unix platforms (e.g., Windows) but the
differences in the installation steps are more noticeable:
 Windows does not offer the chroot functionality or an equivalent.
 You are unlikely to install Apache on Windows from source code. Instead,

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download the binaries from the main Apache web site.
 Disk paths are different though the meaning is the same.
Source or Binary
One of the first decisions you will make is whether to compile the server from the
source or use a binary package. This is a good example of the dilemma mentioned
at the beginning of this chapter. There is no one correct decision for everyone or
one correct decision for you alone. Consider some pros and cons of the different
approaches:
 By compiling from source, you are in the position to control everything. You
can choose the compile-time options and the modules, and you can make
changes to the source code. This processwillconsume a lot of your time,
especially if you measure the time over the lifetime of the installation (it is
the only correct way to measure time) and if you intend to use modules with
frequent releases (e.g., PHP).
 Installation and upgrade is a breeze when binary distributions are used now
that many vendors have tools to have operating systems updated
automatically. You exchange some control over the installation in return for
not having to do everything yourself. However, this choice means you will
have to wait for security patches or for the latest version of your favorite
module. In fact, the latest version of Apache or your favorite module may
never come since most vendors choose to use one version in a distribution
and only issue patches to that version to fix potential problems. This is a
standard practice, which vendors use to produce stable distributions.
 The Apache version you intend to use will affect your decision. For example,
nothing much happens in the 1.x branch, but frequent releases (with
significant improvements) occur in the 2.x branch. Some operating system
vendors have moved on to the 2.x branch, yet others remain faithful to the
proven and trusted 1.x branch.
Note
The Apache web server is a victim of its own success. The web server from the 1.x
branch works so well that many of its users have no need to upgrade. In the long
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term this situation only slows down progress because developers spend their time
maintaining the 1.x branch instead of adding new features to the 2.x branch.
Whenever you can, use Apache 2!
This book shows the approach of compiling from the source code since that
approach gives us the most power and the flexibility to change things according to
our taste. To download the source code, go to [Link] and pick
the latest release of the branch you want to use.
Downloading the source code
Habitually checking the integrity of archives you download from the Internet is a
good idea. The Apache distribution system works through mirrors. Someone may
decide to compromise a mirror and replace the genuine archive with a trojaned
version (a version that feels like the original but is modified in some way, for
example, programmed to allow the attacker unlimited access to the web server).
You will go through a lot of trouble to secure your Apache installation, and it would
be a shame to start with a compromised version.
If you take a closer look at the Apache download page, you will discover that though
archive links point to mirrors, archive signature links always point to the main
Apache web site.
One way to check the integrity is to calculate the MD5 sum of the archive and to
compare it with the sum in the signature file. An MD5 sum is an example of a hash
function, also known as one-way encryption. The basic idea is that, given data (such
as a binary file), a hash function produces seemingly random output. However, the
output is always the same when the input is the same, and it is not possible to
reconstruct the input given the output. In the example below, the first command
calculates the MD5 sum of the archive that was downloaded, and the second
command downloads and displays the contents of the MD5 sum from the main
Apache web site. You can see the sums are identical, which means the archive is
genuine:
$ md5sum [Link]
8b251767212aebf41a13128bb70c0b41 [Link]

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$ wget -O - -q [Link]
8b251767212aebf41a13128bb70c0b41 [Link]
Using MD5 sums to verify archive integrity can be circumvented if an intruder
compromises the main distribution site. He will be able to replace the archives and
the signature files, making the changes undetectable.
A more robust, but also a more complex approach is to use public-key cryptography
for integrity validation. In this approach, Apache developers use their cryptographic
keys to sign the distribution digitally. This can be done with the help of GnuPG,
which is installed on most Unix systems by default. First, download the PGP
signature for the appropriate archive, such as in this example:$ wget
[Link]

Attempting to verify the signature at this point will result in GnuPG complaining
about not having the appropriate key to verify the signature:
$ gpg [Link]
gpg: Signature made Tue 29 Jun 2004 01:14:14 AM BST using DSA key ID
DE885DD3
gpg: Can't check signature: public key not found
GnuPG gives out the unique key ID (DE885DD3), which can be used to fetch the key
from one of the key servers (for example, [Link]):
$ gpg --keyserver [Link] --recv-key DE885DD3
gpg: /home/ivanr/.gnupg/[Link]: trustdb created
gpg: key DE885DD3: public key "Sander Striker <striker@[Link]>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
This time, an attempt to check the signature gives satisfactory results:
$ gpg [Link]
gpg: Signature made Tue 29 Jun 2004 01:14:14 AM BST using DSA key ID
DE885DD3
gpg: Good signature from "Sander Striker <striker@[Link]>"
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gpg: aka "Sander Striker <striker@[Link]>"
gpg: aka "Sander Striker <striker@[Link]>"
gpg: aka "Sander Striker <striker@[Link]>"
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
Primary key fingerprint: 4C1E ADAD B4EF 5007 579C 919C 6635 B6C0 DE88
5DD3
At this point, we can be confident the archive is genuine. On the Apache web site,
a file contains the public keys of all Apache developers
([Link] You can use it to import all their
keys at once but I prefer to download keys from a third-party key server. You should
ignore the suspicious looking message (“no ultimately trusted keys found“) for the
time being. It is related to the concept of web of trust.
Downloading patches
Sometimes, the best version of Apache is not contained in the most recent version
archive. When a serious bug or a security problem is discovered, Apache developers
will fix it quickly. But getting a new revision of the software release takes time
because of the additional full testing overhead required. Sometimes, a problem is
not considered serious enough to warrant an early next release. In such cases, source
code patches are made available for download at
[Link] Therefore, the complete
source code download procedure consists of downloading the latest official release
followed by a check for and possible download of optional patches.
Static Binary or Dynamic Modules
The next big decision is whether to create a single static binary, or to compile
Apache to use dynamically loadable modules. Again, the tradeoff is whether to
spend more time in order to get more security.
 Static binary is reportedly faster. If you want to squeeze the last bit of
performance out of your server, choose this option. But, as hardware is

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becoming faster and faster, the differences between the two versions will no
longer make a difference.
 A static server binary cannot have a precompiled dynamic module backdoor
added to it. (If you are unfamiliar with the concept of backdoors, see the
sidebar Apache Backdoors.) Adding a backdoor to a dynamically compiled
server is as simple as including a module into the configuration file. To add a
backdoor to a statically compiled server, the attacker has to recompile the
whole server from scratch.
 With a statically linked binary, you will have to reconfigure and recompile
the server every time you want to change a single module.
 The static version may use more memory depending on the operating system
used. One of the points of having a dynamic library is to allow the operating
system to load the library once and reuse it among active processes. Code that
is part of a statically compiled binary cannot be shared in this way. Some
operating systems, however, have a memory usage reduction feature, which
is triggered when a new process is created by duplication of an existing
process (known as forking). This feature, called copy-on-write, allows the
operating system to share the memory in spite of being statically compiled.
The only time the memory will be duplicated is when one of the processes
attempts to change it. Linux and FreeBSD support copy-on-write, while
Solaris reportedly does not.
Downloading Apache for Windows
Information on the latest versions of Apache can be found on the web site of the
Apache web server at [Link] There you will find the
current release, as well as more recent alpha or beta test versions, and a list of HTTP
and FTP mirrors from which you can download the Apache web server. Please use
a mirror near to you for a fast and reliable download.
For Windows installations you should download the version of Apache for
Windows with the .msi extension. This is a single Microsoft Installer file, which
contains a ready-to-run build of Apache. There is a separate .zip file, which
contains only the source code, see the summary above.

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Installing Apache for Windows
You need Microsoft Installer 2.0 or above for the installation to work. For Windows
NT 4.0 and 2000 refer to Microsoft's article KB 292539. Windows XP and later do
not require this update. The Windows 98/ME installer engine appears to no longer
be available from Microsoft, and these instructions no longer detail such
prerequisites.
Note that you cannot install two versions of Apache 2.2 on the same computer with
the binary installer. You can, however, install a version of the 1.3 series and a
version of the 2.2 series on the same computer without problems. If you need to
have two different 2.2 versions on the same computer, you have to compile and
install Apache from the source.
Run the Apache .msi file you downloaded above. The installation will ask you for
these things:
1. Network Domain. Enter the DNS domain in which your server is or will be
registered in. For example, if your server's full DNS name is
[Link], you would type [Link] here.
2. Server Name. Your server's full DNS name. From the example above, you
would type [Link] here.
3. Administrator's Email Address. Enter the server administrator's or
webmaster's email address here. This address will be displayed along with
error messages to the client by default.
4. For whom to install Apache Select for All Users, on Port 80, as a
Service - Recommended if you'd like your new Apache to listen at port 80
for incoming traffic. It will run as a service (that is, Apache will run even if
no one is logged in on the server at the moment) Select only for the
Current User, on Port 8080, when started Manually if you'd like to
install Apache for your personal experimenting or if you already have another
WWW server running on port 80.
5. The installation type. Select Typical for everything except the source code
and libraries for module development. With Custom you can specify what to

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install. A full install will require about 13 megabytes of free disk space. This
does not include the size of your web site(s).
6. Where to install. The default path is C:\Program Files\Apache Software
Foundation under which a directory called Apache2.2 will be created by
default.
During the installation, Apache will configure the files in the conf subdirectory to
reflect the chosen installation directory. However, if any of the configuration files
in this directory already exist, they will not be overwritten. Instead, the new copy
of the corresponding file will be left with the extension .default. So, for example,
if conf\[Link] already exists, it will be renamed as
conf\[Link]. After the installation you should manually check to
see what new settings are in the .default file, and if necessary, update your
existing configuration file.
Also, if you already have a file called htdocs\[Link], it will not be
overwritten (and no [Link] will be installed either). This means it
should be safe to install Apache over an existing installation, although you would
have to stop the existing running server before doing the installation, and then start
the new one after the installation is finished.
After installing Apache, you must edit the configuration files in the conf
subdirectory as required. These files will be configured during the installation so
that Apache is ready to be run from the directory it was installed into, with the
documents server from the subdirectory htdocs. There are lots of other options
which you should set before you really start using Apache. However, to get started
quickly, the files should work as installed.
Customizing Apache for Windows
Apache is configured by the files in the conf subdirectory. These are the same files
used to configure the Unix version, but there are a few different directives for
Apache on Windows. See the directive index for all the available directives.
The main differences in Apache for Windows are:
 Because Apache for Windows is multithreaded, it does not use a separate

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process for each request, as Apache can on Unix. Instead there are usually
only two Apache processes running: a parent process, and a child which
handles the requests. Within the child process each request is handled by a
separate thread.
The process management directives are also different:
MaxRequestsPerChild: Like the Unix directive, this controls how many requests
(actually, connections) which a single child process will serve before exiting.
However, unlike on Unix, a replacement process is not instantly available. Use the
default MaxRequestsPerChild 0, unless instructed to change the behavior to
overcome a memory leak in third party modules or in-process applications.
Warning: The server configuration file is reread when a new child process is
started. If you have modified [Link], the new child may not start or you
may receive unexpected results.
ThreadsPerChild: This directive is new. It tells the server how many threads it
should use. This is the maximum number of connections the server can handle at
once, so be sure to set this number high enough for your site if you get a lot of hits.
The recommended default is ThreadsPerChild 150, but this must be adjusted to
reflect the greatest anticipated number of simultaneous connections to accept.
 The directives that accept filenames as arguments must use Windows
filenames instead of Unix ones. However, because Apache may interpret
backslashes as an "escape character" sequence, you should consistently use
forward slashes in path names, not backslashes. Drive letters can be used; if
omitted, the drive of the SystemRoot directive (or -d command line option)
becomes the default.
 While filenames are generally case-insensitive on Windows, URLs are still
treated internally as case-sensitive before they are mapped to the filesystem.
For example, the <Location>, Alias, and ProxyPass directives all use case-
sensitive arguments. For this reason, it is particularly important to use the
<Directory> directive when attempting to limit access to content in the
filesystem, since this directive applies to any content in a directory, regardless

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of how it is accessed. If you wish to assure that only lowercase is used in
URLs, you can use something like:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} [A-Z]
RewriteRule (.*) ${lowercase:$1} [R,L]

 When running, Apache needs write access only to the logs directory and any
configured cache directory tree. Due to the issue of case insensitive and short
8.3 format names, Apache must validate all path names given. This means
that each directory which Apache evaluates, from the drive root up to the
directory leaf, must have read, list and traverse directory permissions. If
Apache2.2 is installed at C:\Program Files, then the root directory, Program
Files and Apache2.2 must all be visible to Apache.
 Apache for Windows contains the ability to load modules at runtime, without
recompiling the server. If Apache is compiled normally, it will install a
number of optional modules in the \Apache2.2\modules directory. To
activate these or other modules, the new LoadModule directive must be used.
For example, to activate the status module, use the following (in addition to
the status-activating directives in [Link]):
LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so
Information on creating loadable modules is also available.
 Apache can also load ISAPI (Internet Server Application Programming
Interface) extensions such as those used by Microsoft IIS and other Windows
servers. Note that Apache cannot load ISAPI Filters, and ISAPI Handlers
with some Microsoft feature extensions will not work.
 When running CGI scripts, the method Apache uses to find the interpreter for
the script is configurable using the ScriptInterpreterSourcedirective.
 Since it is often difficult to manage files with names like .htaccess in
Windows, you may find it useful to change the name of this per-directory
configuration file using the AccessFilename directive.
 Any errors during Apache startup are logged into the Windows event log

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when running on Windows NT. This mechanism acts as a backup for those
situations where Apache is not yet prepared to use the [Link] file. You
can review the Windows Applicat Event Log by using the Event Viewer, e.g.
Start - Settings - Control Panel - Administrative Tools - Event Viewer.
Running Apache as a Service
You can install Apache as a service automatically during the installation. If you
chose to install for all users, the installation will create an Apache service for you.
If you specify to install for yourself only, you can manually register Apache as a
service after the installation. You have to be a member of the Administrators group
for the service installation to succeed.
Apache comes with a utility called the Apache Service Monitor. With it you can
see and manage the state of all installed Apache services on any machine on your
network. To be able to manage an Apache service with the monitor, you have to
first install the service (either automatically via the installation or manually).
You can install Apache as a Windows NT service as follows from the command
prompt at the Apache bin subdirectory:
[Link] -k install

If you need to specify the name of the service you want to install, use the following
command. You have to do this if you have several different service installations of
Apache on your computer.
[Link] -k install -n "MyServiceName"

If you need to have specifically named configuration files for different services, you
must use this:
[Link] -k install -n "MyServiceName" -f "c:\files\[Link]"

If you use the first command without any special parameters except -k install,
the service will be called Apache2.2 and the configuration will be assumed to be
conf\[Link].

Removing an Apache service is easy. Just use:

[Link] -k uninstall

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The specific Apache service to be uninstalled can be specified by using:
[Link] -k uninstall -n "MyServiceName"

Normal starting, restarting and shutting down of an Apache service is usually done
via the Apache Service Monitor, by using commands like NET START Apache2.2
and NET STOP Apache2.2 or via normal Windows service management. Before
starting Apache as a service by any means, you should test the service's
configuration file by using:
[Link] -n "MyServiceName" -t

You can control an Apache service by its command line switches, too. To start an
installed Apache service you'll use this:
[Link] -k start

To stop an Apache service via the command line switches, use this:
[Link] -k stop

or
[Link] -k shutdown

You can also restart a running service and force it to reread its configuration file by
using:
[Link] -k restart

By default, all Apache services are registered to run as the system user (the
LocalSystem account). The LocalSystem account has no privileges to your
network via any Windows-secured mechanism, including the file system, named
pipes, DCOM, or secure RPC. It has, however, wide privileges locally.
Never grant any network privileges to the LocalSystem account! If you need
Apache to be able to access network resources, create a separate account for
Apache as noted below.
It is recommended that users create a separate account for running Apache
service(s). If you have to access network resources via Apache, this is required.
1. Create a normal domain user account, and be sure to memorize its password.

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2. Grant the newly-created user a privilege of Log on as a service and Act
as part of the operating system. On Windows NT 4.0 these privileges
are granted via User Manager for Domains, but on Windows 2000 and XP
you probably want to use Group Policy for propagating these settings. You
can also manually set these via the Local Security Policy MMC snap-in.
3. Confirm that the created account is a member of the Users group.
4. Grant the account read and execute (RX) rights to all document and script
folders (htdocs and cgi-bin for example).
5. Grant the account change (RWXD) rights to the Apache logs directory.
6. Grant the account read and execute (RX) rights to the [Link] binary
executable.
It is usually a good practice to grant the user the Apache service runs as read and
execute (RX) access to the whole Apache2.2 directory, except the logs
subdirectory, where the user has to have at least change (RWXD) rights.
If you allow the account to log in as a user and as a service, then you can log on
with that account and test that the account has the privileges to execute the scripts,
read the web pages, and that you can start Apache in a console window. If this
works, and you have followed the steps above, Apache should execute as a service
with no problems.
Error code 2186 is a good indication that you need to review the "Log On As"
configuration for the service, since Apache cannot access a required network
resource. Also, pay close attention to the privileges of the user Apache is configured
to run as.
When starting Apache as a service you may encounter an error message from the
Windows Service Control Manager. For example, if you try to start Apache by
using the Services applet in the Windows Control Panel, you may get the following
message:
Could not start the Apache2.2 service on \\COMPUTER
Error 1067; The process terminated unexpectedly.

You will get this generic error if there is any problem with starting the Apache

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service. In order to see what is really causing the problem you should follow the
instructions for Running Apache for Windows from the Command Prompt.
If you are having problems with the service, it is suggested you follow the
instructions below to try starting [Link] from a console window, and work out
the errors before struggling to start it as a service again.
Running Apache as a Console Application
Running Apache as a service is usually the recommended way to use it, but it is
sometimes easier to work from the command line (on Windows 9x running Apache
from the command line is the recommended way due to the lack of reliable service
support.)
To run Apache from the command line as a console application, use the following
command:
[Link]

Apache will execute, and will remain running until it is stopped by pressing
Control-C.
You can also run Apache via the shortcut Start Apache in Console placed to Start
Menu --> Programs --> Apache HTTP Server [Link] --> Control Apache
Server during the installation. This will open a console window and start Apache
inside it. If you don't have Apache installed as a service, the window will remain
visible until you stop Apache by pressing Control-C in the console window where
Apache is running in. The server will exit in a few seconds. However, if you do
have Apache installed as a service, the shortcut starts the service. If the Apache
service is running already, the shortcut doesn't do anything.
You can tell a running Apache to stop by opening another console window and
entering:
[Link] -k shutdown

This should be preferred over pressing Control-C because this lets Apache end any
current operations and clean up gracefully.
You can also tell Apache to restart. This forces it to reread the configuration file.

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Any operations in progress are allowed to complete without interruption. To restart
Apache, either press Control-Break in the console window you used for starting
Apache, or enter
[Link] -k restart

in any other console window.

Note for people familiar with the Unix version of Apache: these commands provide
a Windows equivalent to kill -TERM pid and kill -USR1 pid. The command
line option used, -k, was chosen as a reminder of the kill command used on Unix.
If the Apache console window closes immediately or unexpectedly after startup,
open the Command Prompt from the Start Menu --> Programs. Change to the folder
to which you installed Apache, type the command [Link], and read the error
message. Then change to the logs folder, and review the [Link] file for
configuration mistakes. If you accepted the defaults when you installed Apache, the
commands would be:
c:
cd"\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2\bin"
[Link]

Then wait for Apache to stop, or press Control-C. Then enter the following:
cd ..\logs
more < [Link]

When working with Apache it is important to know how it will find the
configuration file. You can specify a configuration file on the command line in two
ways:
 -f specifies an absolute or relative path to a particular configuration file:
[Link] -f "c:\my server files\[Link]"

or
[Link] -f files\[Link]

 -n specifies the installed Apache service whose configuration file is to be

used:

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[Link] -n "MyServiceName"

In both of these cases, the proper ServerRoot should be set in the configuration
file.
If you don't specify a configuration file with -f or -n, Apache will use the file name
compiled into the server, such as conf\[Link]. This built-in path is relative
to the installation directory. You can verify the compiled file name from a value
labelled as SERVER_CONFIG_FILE when invoking Apache with the -V switch, like
this:
[Link] -V

Apache will then try to determine its ServerRoot by trying the following, in this
order:
1. AServerRoot directive via the -C command line switch.
2. The -d switch on the command line.
3. Current working directory.
4. A registry entry which was created if you did a binary installation.
5. The server root compiled into the server. This is /apache by default, you can
verify it by using [Link] -V and looking for a value labelled as
HTTPD_ROOT.
During the installation, a version-specific registry key is created in the Windows
registry. The location of this key depends on the type of the installation. If you
chose to install Apache for all users, the key is located under the
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hive, like this (the version numbers will of course vary
between different versions of Apache:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Apache Software
Foundation\Apache\2.2.2

Correspondingly, if you chose to install Apache for the current user only, the key is
located under the HKEY_CURRENT_USER hive, the contents of which are dependent
of the user currently logged on:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Apache Software Foundation\Apache\2.2.2

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This key is compiled into the server and can enable you to test new versions without
affecting the current version. Of course, you must take care not to install the new
version in the same directory as another version.
If you did not do a binary install, Apache will in some scenarios complain about the
missing registry key. This warning can be ignored if the server was otherwise able
to find its configuration file.
The value of this key is the ServerRoot directory which contains the conf
subdirectory. When Apache starts it reads the [Link] file from that directory.
If this file contains aServerRoot directive which contains a different directory from
the one obtained from the registry key above, Apache will forget the registry key
and use the directory from the configuration file. If you copy the Apache directory
or configuration files to a new location it is vital that you update the ServerRoot
directive in the [Link] file to reflect the new location.
Testing the Installation
After starting Apache (either in a console window or as a service) it will be listening
on port 80 (unless you changed the Listendirective in the configuration files or
installed Apache only for the current user). To connect to the server and access the
default page, launch a browser and enter this URL:
[Link]

Apache should respond with a welcome page and you should see "It Works!". If
nothing happens or you get an error, look in the [Link] file in the logs
subdirectory. If your host is not connected to the net, or if you have serious
problems with your DNS (Domain Name Service) configuration, you may have to
use this URL:
[Link]

If you happen to be running Apache on an alternate port, you need to explicitly put
that in the URL:
[Link]

Once your basic installation is working, you should configure it properly by editing

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the files in the conf subdirectory. Again, if you change the configuration of the
Windows NT service for Apache, first attempt to start it from the command line to
make sure that the service starts with no errors.
Because Apache cannot share the same port with another TCP/IP application, you
may need to stop, uninstall or reconfigure certain other services before running
Apache. These conflicting services include other WWW servers, some firewall
implementations, and even some client applications (such as Skype) which will use
port 80 to attempt to bypass firewall issues.
Configuring Access to Network Resources
Access to files over the network can be specified using two mechanisms provided
by Windows:
Mapped drive letters
e.g., Alias /images/ Z:/
UNC paths
e.g., Alias /images/ //imagehost/www/images/
Mapped drive letters allow the administrator to maintain the mapping to a specific
machine and path outside of the Apache httpd configuration. However, these
mappings are associated only with interactive sessions and are not directly available
to Apache httpd when it is started as a service. Use only UNC paths for network
resources in [Link] so that the resources can be accessed consistently
regardless of how Apache httpd is started. (Arcane and error prone procedures may
work around the restriction on mapped drive letters, but this is not recommended.)
Example DocumentRoot with UNC path
DocumentRoot //dochost/www/html/

Example DocumentRoot with IP address in UNC path

DocumentRoot //[Link]/docs/

Example Alias and corresponding Directory with UNC path

Alias /images/ //imagehost/www/images/

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When running Apache httpd as a service, you must create a separate account in
order to access network resources, as described above.
Basic PHP Scripts
<?php echo
Code ...
?>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?>
</body>
</html>

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Unit: 6
Programming Structure of PHP
Variables
The main way to store information in the PHP program is by using a variable.
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different
things.
Basic rule to define variable in PHP program are as follow:
 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).
 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.
 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand
side and the expression to be evaluated on the right.
 Variables can be declared before assignment.
 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in
advance whether it will be used to store a number or a string of characters.
 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.
 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another
when necessary.
DataTypes in PHP
PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct variables:
 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4305.
 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.
 NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'
 Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values.
 Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up
both other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external to
PHP (such as database connections).
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The first five are simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are compound
- the compound types can package up other arbitrary values of arbitrary type,
whereas the simple types cannot.
Integers
Integer are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4305. These are the
simplest type. Integer correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and
negative. Integers can be assigned to variables, or they can be used in expressions,
like so:
<?php
$int_var = 12345;
$next_int = -12345 + 12345;
?>
Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16)
format. Decimal format is the default, octal integers are specified with a leading 0,
and hexadecimals have a leading 0x.
For most common platforms, the largest integer is (2**31. 1) (or 2,147,483,647),
and the smallest (most negative) integer is (2**31.1) (or.2,147,483,647).
Double
They like 3.14159 or 49.1. By default, doubles print with the minimum number of
decimal places needed. For example, the code:
<?php
$many = 2.2888800;
$many_2 = 2.2111200;
$few = $many + $many_2;
print(.$many + $many_2 = $few<br>.);
?>
It produces the following browser output:
2.28888 + 2.21112 = 4.5

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Boolean
They have only two possible values either true or false. PHP provides a couple of
constants especially for use as Booleans: TRUE and FALSE, which can be used
like so:
<?php
if (TRUE)
print("This will always print<br>");
else
print("This will never print<br>");
?>
Interpreting other types as Booleans
Here are the rules for determine the "truth" of any value not already of the Boolean
type:
 If the value is a number, it is false if exactly equal to zero and true otherwise.
 If the value is a string, it is false if the string is empty (has zero characters) or
is the string "0", and is true otherwise.
 Values of type NULL are always false.
 If the value is an array, it is false if it contains no other values, and it is true
otherwise. For an object, containing a value means having a member variable
that has been assigned a value.
 Valid resources are true (although some functions that return resources when
they are successful will return FALSE when unsuccessful).
 Don't use double as Booleans.
Each of the following variables has the truth value embedded in its name when it is
used in a Boolean context.
<?php
$true_num = 3 + 0.14159;
$true_str = "Tried and true"

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$true_array[49] = "An array element";
$false_array = array();
$false_null = NULL;
$false_num = 999 - 999;
$false_str = "";
?>
NULL
NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL. To give a variable the NULL
value, simply assign it like this:
<?php
$my_var = NULL;
?>
The special constant NULL is capitalized by convention, but actually it is case
insensitive; you could just as well have typed:
<?php
$my_var = null;
?>
A variable that has been assigned NULL has the following properties:
 It evaluates to FALSE in a Boolean context.
 It returns FALSE when tested with IsSet() function.
Strings
They are sequences of characters, like "PHP supports string operations". Following
are valid examples of string:
<?php
$string_1 = "This is a string in double quotes";
$string_2 = "This is a somewhat longer, singly quoted string";

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$string_39 = "This string has thirty-nine characters";
$string_0 = ""; // a string with zero characters
?>
Singly quoted strings are treated almost literally, whereas doubly quoted strings
replace variables with their values as well as specially interpreting certain character
sequences.
<?php
$variable = "name";
$literally = 'My $variable will not print!\\n';
print($literally);
$literally = "My $variable will print!\\n";
print($literally);
?>
This will produce the following result:
My $variable will not print!\n
My name will print
There are no artificial limits on string length - within the bounds of available
memory, you ought to be able to make arbitrarily long strings.
Strings that are delimited by double quotes (as in "this") are preprocessed in both
the following two ways by PHP:
 Certain character sequences beginning with backslash (\) are replaced with
special characters
 Variable names (starting with $) are replaced with string representations of
their values.
The escape-sequence replacements are:
 \n is replaced by the newline character
 \r is replaced by the carriage-return character

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 \t is replaced by the tab character
 \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($)
 \" is replaced by a single double-quote (")
 \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)
Variable Naming
Rules for naming a variable are:
 Variable names must begin with a letter or underscore character.
 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores but you cannot
use characters like +, -, %, ( , ) . &, etc.
 There is no size limit for variables.
PHP – Variables
Scope can be defined as the range of availability a variable has to the program in
which it is declared. PHP variables can be one of four scope types:
 Local variables
 Function parameters
 Global variables
 Static variables
PHP Local Variables
A variable declared in a function is considered local; that is, it can be referenced
solely in that function. Any assignment outside of that function will be considered
to be an entirely different variable from the one contained in the function:
<?php
$x = 4;
function assignx () {
$x = 0;
print "\$x inside function is $x. ";
}
assignx();
print "\$x outside of function is $x. ";

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?>
This will produce the following result.
$x inside function is 0.
$x outside of function is 4.
PHP Function Parameters
PHP Functions are covered in detail in PHP Function or Unit. In short, a function
is a small unit of program which can take some input in the form of parameters and
does some processing and may return a value.
Function parameters are declared after the function name and inside parentheses.
They are declared much like a typical variable would be:
<?php
// multiply a value by 10 and return it to the caller
function multiply ($value) {
$value = $value * 10;
return $value;
}
$retval = multiply (10);
Print "Return value is $retval\n";
?>
This will produce the following result.
Return value is 100
PHP Global Variables
In contrast to local variables, a global variable can be accessed in any part of the
program. However, in order to be modified, a global variable must be explicitly
declared to be global in the function in which it is to be modified. This is
accomplished, conveniently enough, by placing the keyword GLOBAL in front of
the variable that should be recognized as global. Placing this keyword in front of an
already existing variable tells PHP to use the variable having that name. Consider

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an example:
<?php
$somevar = 15;
function addit() {
GLOBAL $somevar;
$somevar++;
print "Somevar is $somevar";
}
addit();
?>
This will produce the following result.
Somevar is 16
PHP Static Variables
The final type of variable scoping that I discuss is known as static. In contrast to the
variables declared as function parameters, which are destroyed on the function's
exit, a static variable will not lose its value when the function exits and will still
hold that value should the function be called again.
You can declare a variable to be static simply by placing the keyword STATIC in
front of the variable name.
<?php
function keep_track() {
STATIC $count = 0;
$count++;
print $count;
print " ";
}
keep_track();
keep_track();
keep_track();

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?>
This will produce the following result.
1
2
3
OPERATOR
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP divides the
operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Array operators
Arithmetic Operators
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th power
(Introduced in PHP 5.6)

Assignment Operators
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a

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variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set
to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Equivalent Description
X=Y X=Y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
X+=Y X=X+Y Addition
X-=Y X=X-Y Subtraction
X*=Y X=X*Y Multiplication
X/=Y X=X/Y Division
X%=Y X=X%Y Modulus Division

Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):

Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and
they are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y,
or they are not of the same type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than or $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or
equal to equal to $y
<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal
equal to to $y

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PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value. The PHP
decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.

Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Name Example Results

and AND $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or OR $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor XOR $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not
both
&& AND $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| OR $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! NOT !$x True if $x is not true

PHP String Operators

PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
Operator Name Example Results
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
Assignment

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Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
Operator Name Example Results
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the
same key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the
same key/value pairs in the same
order and of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

Expressions
An expression is a bit of PHP that can be evaluated to produce a value. The simplest
expressions are literal values and variables. A literal value evaluates to itself, while
a variable evaluates to the value stored in the variable. More complex expressions
can be formed using simple expressions and operators.
An operator takes some values (the operands) and does something (for instance,
adds them together). Operators are written as punctuation symbols—for instance,
the + and - familiar to us from math. Some operators modify their operands, while
most do not.
Flow Control
The if, elseif ...else and switch statements are used to take decision based on the
different condition. PHP supports following three decision making statements

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Figure: flowchart of if else
if...else statement: use this statement if you want to execute a set of code when a
condition is true and another if the condition is not true
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;
elseif statement: is used with the if...else statement to execute a set of code if one
of the several conditions is true
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
elseif (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else

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code to be executed if condition is false;
Switch statement: is used if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed, use the Switch statement. The switch statement is used to avoid long
blocks of if..elseif..else code.
Syntax
switch (expression){
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed
if expression is different
from both label1 and label2;
}
Loops
PHP loops repeat the execution a block of code if specified condition is true. The
same block of code to run over and over again in a row, Instead of adding several
almost equal code-lines in a script, we can use loops to perform a task.
In PHP, there are following looping statements:
while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long
as the specified condition is true
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

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PHP while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
}
Example
The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the while loop will
continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <= 5). $x will increase
by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>
This will produce the following result:
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5
for Loops
PHP for loops execute a block of code a specified number of times. The for loop is
used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax

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for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
code to be executed;
}
Parameters
init counter: Initialize the loop counter value
test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop
continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
increment counter: Increases the loop counter value
Example
The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>
This will produce the following result:
The number is: 0
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5
The number is: 6
The number is: 7
The number is: 8
The number is: 9
The number is: 10

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PHP foreach Loop
The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each key/value
pair in an array.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
code to be executed;
}
For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value
and the array pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last array element.
The following example demonstrates a loop that will output the values of the given
array ($colors):
Example
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value) {
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>
This will produce the following result:
red
green
blue
yellow
Functions
PHP functions are similar to other programming languages. A function is a piece of
code which takes one or more input in the form of parameter and does some
processing and returns a value. There are many functions like fopen(),fread(),
gettype(), print_r(), var_dump etc. asBuilt-in functions in [Link] also gives an

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option to create userdefine functions as well. There are two parts of a function
which are as follow
 Creating a PHP Function
 Calling a PHP Function
In fact, there are more than 1000 of built-in library functions created for different
area and it can call according to developer requirement. Hence, function is a self-
contained block of code that performs a specific task.
Creating a User Defined Function in PHP
A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function followed by
function name shown below:
Syntax
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
A function name can start with a letter or underscore (but not a number). The
function name that reflects what the function does will make effective code.
Calling a PHP Function
A user can call php function by its name.
Syntax:
function name();
Example
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fnameRefsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Ram");
familyName("Hari");

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familyName("Shyam");
familyName("Kamal");
?>
This will produce the following result:
Ram
Hari
Shyam
Kamal
Returning Value from user define function
The function of the type Arguments with return values will send arguments from
the calling function to the called function and expects the result to be returned back
from the called function back to the calling function.
To assure a high degree of portability between programs a function should generally
be coded without involving any input output operations.
For example, different programs may require different output formats for displaying
the results. These shortcomings can be overcome by handing over the result of a
function to its calling function where the returned value can be used as required by
the program.
Example
<?php
function addFunction($num1, $num2) {
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
return $sum;
}
$return_value = addFunction(10, 20);

echo "Returned value from the function: $return_value";

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This will produce the following result:
Returned value from the function: 30
Scope of Variable:
Variable scope is known as its boundary within which it can be visible or accessed
from code. In other words, it is the context within which a variable is defined. There
are only two scopes available in PHP namely local and global scopes.
 Local variables (local scope)
 Global variables (special global scope)
 Static variables (local scope)
 Function parameters (local scope)
When a variable is accessed outside its scope it will cause PHP error Undefined
Variable.
1. Local Scope Variables
A local scope is a restricted boundary of a variable within which code block it is
declared. That block can be a function, class or any conditional span. The variable
within this limited local scope is known as the local variable of that specific code
block.
The following code block shows a PHP function. We have declared a variable
$count inside this function. This variable is said to be a local variable of this
function and it is in the local scope of the function block.
<?php
function calculate_count() {
$count = 5;
//will print 5; the value of local variable
echo $count++;
}
?>

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Local variables will be destroyed once the end of the code block is reached. Hence
the same named variables can be declared within different local scopes.
2. Global Scope Variables
As its name, the global scope provides widespread access to the variable declared
in this scope. Variables in global scope can be accessed from anywhere from outside
a function or class independent of its boundary.
PHP global variables can be defined by using global keyword. Global variables can
accessed inside a function by using prefix the global keyword with the variable.
The following code shows a code block to learn how to use the global keyword with
a PHP variable to declared it as a global variable.
<?php
$count = 0;
function calculate_count() {
global $count;
// will print 0 and increment global variable
echo $count++ . "<br/>";
}
calculate_count();
echo $count;
?>
PHP has a predefined superglobal variable called $GLOBALS. It is an associative
array with the name of the variable as key and value as the array element. This array
variable to add an array of PHP variables in a global scope.
Let us change the above example with the global keyword by using $GLOBALS
superglobal to access the variable in global scope.
<?php
$count = 0;
function calculate_count() {

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// will print 0 and increment global variable declared outside function
echo $GLOBALS["count"]++ . "<br/>";
}
calculate_count();
echo $count;
?>
3. Static Variables (local scope)
A static variable is again a variable with local scope. But the difference with the
regular local variable is that it is not destroyed outside the scope boundary. A
variable can be defined by using the ‘static’ keyword inside a function.
A static variable does not lose its value when the program execution goes past the
scope boundary. But it can be accessed only within that boundary. Let me
demonstrate it using the following example code,
<?php
function counter()
{
static $count = 0;
echo $count;
$count++;
}
?>
The above counter function has the static variable ‘count’ declared within its local
scope. When the function execution is complete, the static count variable still
retains its value for further computation. Every time the counter function is called,
the value of count is incremented. The count value is initialized only once on the
first call.
4. Function Parameters (Local Scope)
Function parameters (arguments) are local variables defined within the local scope

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of the function on which it is used as the argument.
Scope and File Includes
The boundary of file includes does not demarcate the scope of variables. The scope
of a variable is only governed by the function block and not based on the file
include. A variable can be declared in a PHP file and used in another file by using
‘include’ or ‘require’ that file.
Function Inside Function or Class
Remember that the scope in PHP is governed by a function block. Any new function
declared anywhere starts a new scope. If an anonymous function is defined inside
another function, the anonymous function has its own local scope.
<?php
function foo() {
$fruit = 'apple';
$bar = function () {
// $fruit cannot be accessed inside here
$animal = 'lion';
};

// $animal cannot be accessed outside here

}
?>
In the above example code, $fruit variable is restricted to the outer function and its
scope does not span inside the anonymous inner function. The same way, $animal
which is declared inside is not accessible in the outer function as its scope boundary
is restricted to the inner function.
Use of default parameters in functions
<?php
function makecoffee($type = "cappuccino")

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{
return "Making a cup of $type.\n";
}
echo makecoffee();
echo makecoffee(null);
echo makecoffee("espresso");
?>
This will produce the following result:
Making a cup of cappuccino.
Making a cup of.
Making a cup of espresso.
Passing function parameters by reference
<?php
function add_some_extra(&$string)
{
$string .= 'and something extra.';
}
$str = 'This is a string, ';
add_some_extra($str);
echo $str; // outputs 'This is a string, and something extra.'
?>
Array:
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a [Link]
array can hold many values under a single name, and also can access the values by
referring to an index number.
Create an Array in PHP
In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
array();
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

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 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
 Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
PHP Indexed Arrays
There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
or the index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns three
elements to it, and then prints a text containing the array values:
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
This will produce the following result:
I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.
Object:
ObjectsPHP is an object-oriented language, although it does not have to be used as
one, since most PHP functions are not object oriented. In object-oriented
programming, a class is a definition of an object, whereas an object is an instance
of an object, meaning that from one class you can create many objects.
class Student {
// constructor
public function __construct($first_name, $last_name) {
$this->first_name = $first_name;

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$this->last_name = $last_name;
}
public function say_name() {
echo "My name is " . $this->first_name . " " . $this->last_name . ".\n";
}
}
$alex = new Student("Hari", "Badhur");
$alex->say_name();
class MathStudent extends Student {
function sum_numbers($first_number, $second_number) {
$sum = $first_number + $second_number;
echo $this->first_name . " says that " . $first_number . " + " . $second_number
. " is " . $sum;
}
}
$eric = new MathStudent("Ram", "Lal");
$eric->say_name();
$eric->sum_numbers(3, 5);
This will produce the following result:
My name is HariBadhur.
My name is RamLal.
Eric says that 3 + 5 is 8
String:
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".The string variables can
contain alphanumeric characters. Strings are created when;declare variable and
assign string characters to it. It can directly use them with echo [Link] are
language construct; it helps capture words.

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The example below returns the length of the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>
This will produce the following result:
12
The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string:
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!");
?>
This will produce the following result:
2
Date and Time
PHP date function is an in-built function that simplify working with date data types.
The PHP date function is used to format a date or time into a human readable format.
It can be used to display the date of article was published, record the last updated a
data in a database.
PHP Date Syntax
<?php
date(format,[timestamp]);
?>
Example
<?php
echo date("Y");
?>
Output: 2019

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Unit: 7
Working with Form

Creating a user Form

<form id='register' action='[Link]' method='post' accept-charset='UTF-8'>
<fieldset>
<legend>Register</legend>
<input type='hidden' name='submitted' id='submitted' value='1'/>
<label for='name' >Your Full Name*: </label>
<input type='text' name='name' id='name' maxlength="50" />
<label for='email' >Email Address*:</label>
<input type='text' name='email' id='email' maxlength="50" />
<label for='username' >UserName*:</label>
<input type='text' name='username' id='username' maxlength="50" />
<label for='password' >Password*:</label>
<input type='password' name='password' id='password' maxlength="50" />
<input type='submit' name='Submit' value='Submit' />
</fieldset>
</form>
Hidden filed for save state
The hidden value of type defines a form field that is never displayed to the user.
The user cannot change the value of the field, or interact with it. When the user
submits the form, all of the data they have entered is sent, including the data stored
invisibly in the hidden fields.
<input type=”hidden”>
Redirecting user
Redirection in PHP can be done using the header() function. To setup a
simpleredirect, simply create an [Link] file in the directory you wish

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to redirect from with the following content:
< ?php header("Location: [Link] ?>
Where '[Link] is the URL you wish the users to be
redirected too. This can also be a file, like so:
<?php header("Location: anotherDirectory/[Link]"); ?>
Files can be of any type including but not limited to HTML, python, php, cgi, perl,
and compiled cgi programs.
Sending mail on form submission
The PHP code below is very basic - it will capture the form fields specified in the
HTML form above (first_name, last_name, email, telephone and comments). The
fields are then sent off to your email address in plain text.
Example Form
First Name *

Last Name *

Email Address *

Telephone Number

Comments *

Submi

<?php
if(isset($_POST['email'])) {
// EDIT THE 2 LINES BELOW AS REQUIRED
$email_to = "you@[Link]";
$email_subject = "Your email subject line";

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$string_exp = "/^[A-Za-z .'-]+$/";
if(!preg_match($string_exp,$first_name)) {
$error_message .= 'The First Name you entered does not appear to be valid.<br
/>';
}
if(!preg_match($string_exp,$last_name)) {
$error_message .= 'The Last Name you entered does not appear to be valid.<br
/>';
}
if(strlen($comments) < 2) {
$error_message .= 'The Comments you entered do not appear to be valid.<br />';
}
if(strlen($error_message) > 0) {
died($error_message);
}
$email_message = "Form details below.\n\n";
function clean_string($string) {
$bad = array("content-type","bcc:","to:","cc:","href");
return str_replace($bad,"",$string);
}
$email_message .= "First Name: ".clean_string($first_name)."\n";
$email_message .= "Last Name: ".clean_string($last_name)."\n";
$email_message .= "Email: ".clean_string($email_from)."\n";
$email_message .= "Telephone: ".clean_string($telephone)."\n";
$email_message .= "Comments: ".clean_string($comments)."\n";
// create email headers
$headers = 'From: '.$email_from."\r\n".
'Reply-To: '.$email_from."\r\n" .
'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();

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@mail($email_to, $email_subject, $email_message, $headers);
?>

Thank you for contacting us. We will be in touch with you very soon.
<?php
}
?>
Working with file uploading
The following HTMl code below creates an uploader form. This form is having
method attribute set to post.
<?php
if(isset($_FILES['image'])){
$errors= array();
$file_name = $_FILES['image']['name'];
$file_size =$_FILES['image']['size'];
$file_tmp =$_FILES['image']['tmp_name'];
$file_type=$_FILES['image']['type'];
$file_ext=strtolower(end(explode('.',$_FILES['image']['name'])));
$extensions= array("jpeg","jpg","png");
if(in_array($file_ext,$extensions)=== false){
$errors[]="extension not allowed, please choose a JPEG or PNG file.";
}
if($file_size > 2097152){
$errors[]='File size must be excately 2 MB';
}
if(empty($errors)==true){
move_uploaded_file($file_tmp,"images/".$file_name);
echo "Success";

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}else{
print_r($errors);
}
}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form action="" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="image" />
<input type="submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Working with Session
You might have multiple accounts on numerous websites such as online shopping,
social media, professional network, etc. While logging in to these dynamic
websites, you need to enter your required details including username, password,
location, etc. which creates a session at the server. A PHP session is created with
the session_start () function and is destroyed with the session_destroy () function.
A PHP global variable, known as $_SESSION, is used to set values to session
variables. We can unset all values set to sessionvariables using the session_unset ()
function.
<?php
session_start(); //start the PHP_session function
if(isset($_SESSION['page_count']))
{
$_SESSION['page_count'] += 1;
}
else

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{
$_SESSION['page_count'] = 1;
}
echo 'You are visitor number ' . $_SESSION['page_count'];
?>

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Unit: 8
Conceptof database
What is data?`
Data is a raw facts collected from environment (surrounding area) about physical
phenomena (visible) or business transactions. Data can be in any form, numerical,
textual, and graphical, image, sound, video etc.
What is information?
Refined or processed data that has been transformed into meaningful and useful
form for specific users is called information.
Data Hierarchy
A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that begins with bits, and processed
to character, fields, records, file and database in figure below.

Bit

Character

Figure : data hierarchy

Field

Record

File

Database

What is a database?
A database is a repository (storehouse) of data, designed to support efficient data
storage, retrieval and maintenance. Binary files, documents, images, videos,
relational data, multidimensional data, transactional data, analytical data, or
geographical data are stored in a database. For example, University database
maintains information about students, courses and grades in university.

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What is Database System?
Application software that uses DBMS for data management is called database
system. Database system consists of database, Database Management System and
application programs.
The Ms Word is just an application program but it is not database system because
it does not use DBMS for the purpose of managing data.
What is a database management system?
A database management system is a set of software tools that control, access,
organize, store, manage, retrieve and maintain data in a database.
Main goal of Database Management System is to hide underlying complexities of
data management from users and provide easy interface to them. Oracle, Sybase,
Microsoft SQL Server, Ms-Access etc are the example of DBMS.
Components of DBMS
 Users: - User is a person who has to authority to create, design, modifying,
updating the database and to access data in the database is called user. Some
users have to full authority and some users have to limited authority to
controlling, organizing and managing the database. Application
Programmers, end users, DBA and system Analyst are four types of users in
DBMS. The Application programmers develop the application programs, the
end users access the database through application programs, the DBA is
responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of a database and
System Analyst determines the requirement of end users
 Software: - DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and the
application software are necessary for Database system.
 Hardware: - Hardware of the system can range from a PC to a network of
computers. It also includes various storage devices, like hard disk, and input
and output devices.
 Data: - Numerical and non numerical data are necessary for the database
system. Numerical data are floating and decimal and non numerical data are
characters, data or logical (true or false).
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Application of DBMS
1. Banking
2. Universities
3. Railway Reservation
4. Airlines
5. Telecommunication
6. Finance
7. Sales
Advantage of DBMS
1. Reduction in data redundancy :
2. Reduction in inconsistency:
3. Sharing data
4. Enforcement of standard:
5. Improvement in data security
6. Maintenance of data integrity
7. Better interaction with users
8. Efficient system
Disadvantage
1. Problems associated with centralization.
2. Cost of software
3. Cost of hardware
4. Complexity of backup and recovery
Database Manager
A database manager (DB manager) is a computer program, or a set of computer
programs, that provide basic database management functionalities including
creation and maintenance of databases. Database managers have several
capabilities including the ability to back up and restore, attach and detach (remove),
create, delete and rename the database.
Interaction with file manager: - The raw data is stored on the disk using the file

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system. The database manager translates the various DML statements into low level
file system commands. Thus the database manager is responsible for the actual
storing, retrieving and updating of data in the database.
Integrity enforcement (implement): -The data values stored in the database must
satisfy certain types of consistency constraints. Example, the balance of a bank
account may never all below prescribed amount such as Rs 300. These constraints
must have specified clearly by the DBA.
Security enforcement:-It is not allowed for every user of the database needs to
have access to the entire content of the database. It is the job of the database
manager to enforce (implement) these security requirements.
Backup and recovery: It is the responsibility of the database manager to find
defect (fault) the failures system and restore the database. The failure system such
as disk crash, power failure and software write errors etc, may lost the data. But,
the database manager maintain backup and recovers.
Concurrency control: - When several users update the database concurrently the
consistency of the data may no longer be preserved. It is necessary for the system
to control the interaction (communication) among the concurrent users.
Database user
1. End users
2. Application programmers
3. System Analyst
4. Database Administrator (DBA)
1. End Users: End users are the users, who use the applications developed. End
users need not know about the working, database design, the access
mechanism etc. They just use the system to get their task done. End users are
of two types:
a) Direct users b) Indirect users
a) Direct users: Direct users are the users who see the computer, database
system directly, by following instructions provided in the user interface.

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b) Indirect users: Indirect users are those users, who desire benefit form
the work of DBMS indirectly.
2. Application programmers: These users write application programs to
interact (cooperate) with the database. Application programs can be written
in some programming language such a COBOL, PL/I, C++, JAVA or some
higher level fourth generation language.
3. System Analyst: System Analyst determines the requirement of end users,
especially naïve(immature) end users and develops specifications for
transactions that meet these requirements. System Analyst plays a major role
in database design, its properties; the structure prepares the system
requirement statement, which involves the feasibility aspect, economic
aspect, technical aspect etc. of the system
4. Database Administrator (DBA): Database Administrator (DBA) is the
person who makes the strategic and policy decisions regarding the data of the
enterprise, and who provide the necessary technical support for implementing
these decisions. The person having the control of data and programs accessing
over the system is called the database administrator (DBA). DBA is
responsible for defining procedures to recovery the database from failures due
to human, natural or hardware causes with minimal loss of data. Therefore,
DBA is responsible for overall control of the system at a technical level. The
functions of the DBA are as follows:
Schema definition: - The DBA responsible for the creation of the original database
schema (plan). He is also responsible for the definition and implementation of the
internal level.
Storage structure and access method definition:- The function of the DBA is the
creation of the storage structure and access method to be used for the optimum
performance of the DBMs. This is accomplished by writing a set of definition which
is translated by the data storage definition language compiler.
Granting of authorization for data access:- DBA next function is the granting
permission of different types of authorization for data access to the various users of
the database. The DBA is responsible for granting permission to the users of the

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database and stores the profile of each user in the database.
Integrity constraint specification: - DBA's next function is to keep the constraints
in a special system structure that is consulted by the Database Manager.
Needs of Database
A database is needed because it manages data efficiently and allows users to
perform multiple tasks with ease. A logical grouping of related files are called
database. Use of this system increases efficiency of business operations and reduces
overall costs. There are two types of approach of data management,
 File management system
 Database management system
Organizations have different data which need to be processed for getting
information quickly. Information is vital resources in development activities of any
society. Information is obtained through processing of data. Information is so
important for the decision making. Getting the information quickly from the
traditional (manual) system is difficult. Database makes the information retrieval
quickly. Database provides the information according to the requirement of user
with the single click.
Organization of database
A database management system is important because it manages data efficiently
and allows users to perform multiple tasks with ease. A database management
system stores, organizes and manages a large amount of information within a single
software application. Some of the data that are easily managed with this type of
system include: employee records, student information, payroll, accounting, project
management, inventory and library [Link] are four main types of
computerized database organization:
 Flat file
 Hierarchical
 Relational
 Network

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Flat database organization
A “flat file” is a plain text or mixed text and binary file which usually contain one
record per line or 'physical' record. Such as a list of names, addresses, and phone
numbers written on a sheet of paper is a flat file database. This can also be done
with any typewriter or word processor. A spreadsheet or text editor program may
be used to implement flat file databases.

Figure: flat database organization

Hierarchical database organization: A hierarchical database is a design that uses
a one-to-many relationship for data elements. A database organization method that
is structured in a hierarchy. In a hierarchical database, records contain groups of
parent/child relationships, similar to a tree structure. Hierarchical databases are fast
and simple but inflexible (rigid) as the relationship is restricted to one-to-many,
only allowing for one parent segment per child.

Figure: Hierarchical database model

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Relational Database organization
A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally
described tables from which data can be accessed easily. Relational databases are
one of the most effective type of database organization. Relational database systems
are an application of mathematical set theory to the problem of effectively
organizing data. A relational database is created using the relational model. The
DBMS software used in a relational database is called a relational database
management system (RDBMS).

Figure: Relational Model

Figure:database architecture
Network database organization
Network database organization is collection of data item organized in network

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basis. It is the extension of the hierarchical database structure. It is also record based
representational or implementation database organization.

Figure: Network database

Client server Architecture
Client server is a software architecture in which two processes interact as superior
and subordinate. The client process always initiates requests and the server process
always responds to requests. Theoretically, client and server can reside on the same
machine. Typically, however they run on separate machines linked by some form
of communication network usually a local area network.
A client server database system generally refers to a local area network of personal
computer. At least one of these PCs is dedicated to server, the database needs of the
others which act in a client capacity. The database held on the server. The user
interface and application development tools are held on the client machine.

Server

Client Client Client Client

Figure: Client Server Architecture

Data dictionary: - A data dictionary would have provided the definition of data
items, how they fit into the data structure and relate to other entities in the database.
Data dictionary provides documentations which are valuable to end users, managers

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and programmer. A data dictionary can be a great asset the DBA for database
design, implementation, maintenance and project planning.
SQL Language
SQL is a programming language for Relational Databases. SQL comprises both
data definition and data manipulation languages. Using the data definition
properties of SQL, one can design and modify database schema, whereas data
manipulation properties allows SQL to store and retrieve data from database. SQL
defines the method used to create and manipulate relational database all major
platforms using three types of language.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) : DML is a Language that enables user to
access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model. DML consists
of SQL statement for operating on the data (inserting, modifying, deleting and
retrieving data) in table which already exist.
DDL(Data Definition Language) : is a Language, usually run of a database
management system that is used to define all attributes and properties of a database,
especially row layouts, columns definition, key columns, file location and storage
strategy. DDL consists of the schema (creating, modifying and Dropping tables,
indexes etc)
DCL (Data Control Language) : consists Data recovery and Concurrency, Data
security and data integrity [Link] of DCL commands include:
 GRANT to allow specified users to perform specified tasks.
 REVOKE it is remove the user accessibility to database object.
The operations for which privileges may be granted to or revoked from a user or
role apply to both the Data definition language (DDL) and the Data manipulation
language (DML), and may include CONNECT, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE, EXECUTE, and USAGE.
Some syntax of SQL (CRUD syntax) means:
Create = INSERT,
Read = SELECT,

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Update = UPDATE,
Delete = DELETE
Create: - Create statement creates the database and the Table in the DBMS.
Creating database:-
syntax:-
create database database name
Example:-
create database school
To use created database
Syntax:-
use database database-name
Example:-
use database school
To create table in database
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);
Example
create table student
(
rollno int,
name varchar(255),

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address varchar(255),
fathersname varchar(255)
);
INSERT INTO statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
Syntax
Insert into table name(column 1, column2...........column n)
Values(‘values1’, ‘values2’..........’values n’);
Example
insert into student(Name, Rollno, fathername, qualification)
values ('kumar', '23', 'keshab', 'computer engineering running');
Alter statement
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an
existing table.
To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
Example
ALTER TABLE student
ADD DateOfBirth date
The SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
SQL UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name

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SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
Example
update student
set Name='uma',fathername='bhawani'
where Name='prajwal';
The SQL DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
SQL DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;
Example
delete from student
where Rollno='5' and Name='pp';
To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some database
systems don't allow deleting a column):
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name
Example
ALTER TABLE student
DROP COLUMN Date Of Birth
Database security and Back up
Database security
Data security is the practice of keeping data protected from corruption and
unauthorized access. Database security allows or not allows user actions on the
database and objects within it. It protects a database from unintended activity.
Unintended activity can be categorized as authenticated misuse, malicious
(harmful) attacks or inadvertent (unintentional) mistakes made by authorized

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individuals.
Three main securities objective are: secrecy, integrity, availability.
 Secrecy: Users should not be able to see things they are not supposed to
(imaginary). E.g., a student can’t see other students’ grades.
 Integrity: Users should not be able to modify things they are not supposed to.
E.g., only instructors can assign grades.
 Availability: Users should be able to see and modify things they are allowed
to.
Database security can be defined as a system or process by which the
"Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability," or CIA, of the database can be
protected. Unauthorized entry or access to a database server signifies a loss of
confidentiality; unauthorized alteration to the available data signifies loss of
integrity; and lack of access to database services signifies loss of availability. Loss
of one or more of these basic factors will have a significant impact on the security
of the database.
Classification of database security
 Physical Security: Physical security refers to the security of the hardware
associated with the system and the protection of the site where the computer
reside.
 Logical security: Logical security consists of software safeguards for an
organization’s systems, including user identification and password access
authenticating, access rights and authority levels.
Example of firewall : firewall, Cisco, other device
Encryption
Encryption is process of transforming readable data into unreadable data.
Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. A DBMS can use
encryption to protect information in certain situations where the normal security
mechanisms of the DBMS are not adequate (sufficient). To read an encrypted file,
you must have access to a secret key or password that enables you to decrypt it. For
example, an intruder may steal storage containing some data or data communication

122 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

line. By storing and transmitting data in an encrypted form, the DBMS ensures that
such stolen data is not intelligible (easily understood) to the intruder (a person or
thing that disturb other). Thus, encryption is a technique to provide privacy of data.
In encryption, the message to be encrypted is known as plaintext. The plaintext is
transformed by a function that is parameterized by a key. The output of the
encryption process is known as the cipher text. Cipher text is then transmitted over
the network. In other words, the process of converting the plaintext to cipher text is
called as Encryption and process of converting the cipher text to plaintext is called
as Decryption. Encryption is performed at the transmitting end and decryption is
performed at the receiving end.

Figure: process of encryption and decryption

Database backup
Database backup is a way to protect and restore adatabase. It is performed
through database replication and can be done for a database or adatabase server.
Typically, database backup is performed by the RDBMS or similar database
management software.
Database administrators can use the database backup copy to restore the database
to its operational state along with its data and logs. The database backup can be
stored locally or on a backup server.
Database backup is also created/performed to ensure a company’s compliance with
business and government regulations and to maintain and ensure access to
critical/essential business data in case of a disaster or technical outage.

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 123

Unit: 9
MySQL and PHP
Introduction
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It is
the most popular database system used with PHP. MySQL is developed,
distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. The data in a MySQL database
are stored in a table which consists of columns and rows.
PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more
people found out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version
of PHP way back in 1994. PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor". PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML.
Connecting to MySQL with PHP
MySQL, a highly popular DBMS that can power projects of all sizes. MySQL’s
ability to handle huge volumes of data without breaking a sweat is one of its biggest
selling points. how to connect MySQL Database using PDO.
How to connect to MySQL using PHP
We can refer several methods for connecting to a MySQL database using PHP:
 MySQL Improved (mysqli) extension
 PDO (PHP Data Objects)
 Legacy MySQL (mysql_) functions
 Connecting to a remote MySQL database using PHP
CONNECTING TO MYSQL USING THE MYSQL IMPROVED EXTENSION
The MySQL Improved extension uses the mysqli class, which replaces the set of
legacy MySQL functions.
To connect to MySQL using the MySQL Improved extension, follow these steps:
1. Use the following PHP code to connect to MySQL and select a database.
Replace username with your username, password with your password,
and dbname with the database name:

124 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "dbname");
?>
After the code connects to MySQL and selects the database, you can run SQL
queries and perform other operations. For example, the following PHP code
runs a SQL query that extracts the last names from the employees table, and
stores the result in the $result variable:
<?php
$result = $mysqli->query("SELECT lastname FROM employees");
?>
CONNECTING TO MYSQL USING PDO (PHP DATA OBJECTS)
The MySQL Improved extension can only be used with MySQL databases. PDO,
on the other hand, abstracts database access and enables you to create code that can
handle different types of databases.
To connect to MySQL using PDO, follow these steps:
1. Use the following PHP code to connect to MySQL and select a database.
Replace username with your username, password with your password,
and dbname with the database name:
<?php
$myPDO = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbname',
'username', 'password');
?>
2. After the code connects to MySQL and selects the database, you can run SQL
queries and perform other operations. For example, the following PHP code
runs a SQL query that extracts the last names from the employees table, and
stores the result in the $result variable:
<?php
$result = $myPDO->query("SELECT lastname FROM employees");

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 125

?>
CONNECTING TO MYSQL USING THE LEGACY MYSQL FUNCTIONS
The original PHP MySQL functions (whose names begin with mysql_) are
deprecated in PHP 5.5, and will eventually be removed from PHP. Therefore, you
should only use these functions when absolutely necessary for backward
compatibility. If possible, use the MySQL Improved extension or PDO instead.
To connect to MySQL using the legacy PHP MySQL functions, follow these steps:
1. Use the following PHP code to connect to MySQL and select a database.
Replace username with your username, password with your password,
and dbname with the database name:
<?php
mysql_connect('localhost','username','password');
mysql_select_db("dbname");
?>
2. After the code connects to MySQL and selects the database, you can run SQL
queries and perform other operations. For example, the following PHP code
runs a SQL query that extracts the last names from the employees table, and
stores the result in the $result variable:
<?php
$result = mysql_query('SELECT lastname FROM employees');
?>
CONNECTING TO A REMOTE MYSQL DATABASE USING PHP
The previous examples all assume that the PHP script runs on the same server where
the MySQL database is located. But what if you want to use PHP to connect to a
MySQL database from a remote location? For example, you may want to connect
to your A2 Hosting database from a home computer or from another web server.
To do this, you need to do two things:
 On the A2 Hosting server, enable the connecting IP address for remote access.

126 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

For information about how to do this, please see this article.
If you do not add your IP address to the list of permitted remote access hosts,
you receive Access denied messages when you try to access a MySQL
database remotely.
 In your PHP code, change the MySQL connection string to use the A2
Hosting server name instead of localhost. For example, the following PHP
code uses mysqli to connect to the A2 Hosting server [Link]:
<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("[Link]", "username", "password",
"dbname");
?>
Working with MySQL Data
Simple PHP & MySQL code to add, edit, delete and view data. This kind of system
is also referred to CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete).
First of all, we will create a new MySQL database
create database test;
Then, we will create a new table in database ‘test’. Let us name the table as ‘users‘.
use test;
CREATE TABLE users (
id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
name varchar(100) NOT NULL,
age int(3) NOT NULL,
email varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
Now, we will create a [Link] file which contains database connection code.
This code connects to the MySQL database. This file is included in all PHP pages
where database connection is necessary.

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 127

In below code, the database host name is localhost where username=root and
password=root. The database test has been selected.
<?php
/*
// mysql_connect("database-host", "username", "password")
$conn = mysql_connect("localhost","root","root")
or die("cannot connected");
// mysql_select_db("database-name", "connection-link-identifier")
@mysql_select_db("test",$conn);
*/
/**
* mysql_connect is deprecated
* using mysqli_connect instead
*/
$databaseHost = 'localhost';
$databaseName = 'test';
$databaseUsername = 'root';
$databasePassword = 'root';
$mysqli = mysqli_connect($databaseHost, $databaseUsername,
$databasePassword, $databaseName);
?>
To add data into database, we need an html form.
[Link]
<html>
<head>
<title>Add Data</title>
</head>

128 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

<form action="[Link]" method="post" name="form1">

<table width="25%" border="0">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td><input type="text" name="name"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Age</td>
<td><input type="text" name="age"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Email</td>
<td><input type="text" name="email"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Add"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Form action on [Link] is [Link]. It means that the submitted form data will go
to [Link]. In [Link], we do a simple validation of checking if the entered name,
email & age are empty or not. If they are all filled then the data will be inserted into

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 129

database table.
[Link]
<?php
//including the database connection file
include_once("[Link]");
//fetching data in descending order (lastest entry first)
//$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC"); //
mysql_query is deprecated
$result = mysqli_query($mysqli, "SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC");
// using mysqli_query instead
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>Homepage</title>
</head>

<table width='80%' border=0>

<tr bgcolor='#CCCCCC'>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Age</td>
<td>Email</td>
<td>Update</td>
</tr>
<?php
//while($res = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { // mysql_fetch_array is
deprecated, we need to use mysqli_fetch_array
130 Web Development and Database : Grade 12
while($res = mysqli_fetch_array($result)) {
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>".$res['name']."</td>";
echo "<td>".$res['age']."</td>";
echo "<td>".$res['email']."</td>";
echo "<td><a href=\"[Link]?id=$res[id]\">Edit</a> | <a
href=\"[Link]?id=$res[id]\" onClick=\"return confirm('Are you sure you want
to delete?')\">Delete</a></td>";
}
?>
</table>
</body>
</html>
File Uploading & Emails

Figure:file uploading
The following code handles the form submission and email sending functionality
using PHP.

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 131

 Get the submitted form data using $_POST in PHP.
 Validate form data to check whether the mandatory fields are not empty.
 Validate email address using FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL in PHP.
 Check the file extension to allow certain file formats (PDF, Image, and MS
Word file).
 Upload file to the server.
 Add form data and uploaded file to the email content.
 Send an email with attachment to the specified recipient using PHP
mail() function.
<?php
$postData = $uploadedFile = $statusMsg = '';
$msgClass = 'errordiv';
if(isset($_POST['submit'])){
// Get the submitted form data
$postData = $_POST;
$email = $_POST['email'];
$name = $_POST['name'];
$subject = $_POST['subject'];
$message = $_POST['message']; // Check whether submitted data is not empt
y
if(!empty($email) && !empty($name) && !empty($subject) && !empty($mess
age)){ // Validate email
if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false){
$statusMsg = 'Please enter your valid email.';
}else{
$uploadStatus = 1; // Upload attachment file
if(!empty($_FILES["attachment"]["name"])){ // File path config
$targetDir = "uploads/";
$fileName = basename($_FILES["attachment"]["name"]);
$targetFilePath = $targetDir . $fileName;
$fileType = pathinfo($targetFilePath,PATHINFO_EXTENSION);

132 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

// Allow certain file formats
$allowTypes = array('pdf', 'doc', 'docx', 'jpg', 'png', 'jpeg');
if(in_array($fileType, $allowTypes)){
// Upload file to the server
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES["attachment"]["tmp_name"], $target
FilePath)){
$uploadedFile = $targetFilePath;
}else{
$uploadStatus = 0;
$statusMsg = "Sorry, there was an error uploading your file.";
}
}else{
$uploadStatus = 0;
$statusMsg = 'Sorry, only PDF, DOC, JPG, JPEG, & PNG files are allow
ed to upload.';
}
} if($uploadStatus == 1){

// Recipient
$toEmail = 'admin@[Link]'; // Sender
$from = 'sender@[Link]';
$fromName = 'CodexWorld';
// Subject
$emailSubject = 'Contact Request Submitted by '.$name;
// Message
$htmlContent = '<h2>Contact Request Submitted</h2>
<p><b>Name:</b> '.$name.'</p>
<p><b>Email:</b> '.$email.'</p>
<p><b>Subject:</b> '.$subject.'</p>
<p><b>Message:</b><br/>'.$message.'</p>';
// Header for sender info
$headers = "From: $fromName"." <".$from.">";
Web Development and Database : Grade 12 133
if(!empty($uploadedFile) && file_exists($uploadedFile)){
// Boundary
$semi_rand = md5(time());
$mime_boundary = "==Multipart_Boundary_x{$semi_rand}x";
// Headers for attachment
$headers .= "\nMIME-Version: 1.0\n" . "Content-
Type: multipart/mixed;\n" . " boundary=\"{$mime_boundary}\"";
// Multipart boundary
$message = "--{$mime_boundary}\n" . "Content-
Type: text/html; charset=\"UTF-8\"\n" .
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\n\n" . $htmlContent . "\n\n";
// Preparing attachment
if(is_file($uploadedFile)){
$message .= "--{$mime_boundary}\n";
$fp = @fopen($uploadedFile,"rb");
$data = @fread($fp,filesize($uploadedFile));
@fclose($fp);
$data = chunk_split(base64_encode($data));
$message .= "Content-Type: application/octet-
stream; name=\"".basename($uploadedFile)."\"\n" .
"Content-Description: ".basename($uploadedFile)."\n" .
"Content-
Disposition: attachment;\n" . " filename=\"".basename($uploadedFile)."\"; size=".
filesize($uploadedFile).";\n" .
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64\n\n" . $data . "\n\n";
}
$message .= "--{$mime_boundary}--";
$returnpath = "-f" . $email;
// Send email
$mail = mail($toEmail, $emailSubject, $message, $headers, $returnp
ath);

134 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

// Delete attachment file from the server
@unlink($uploadedFile);
}else{
// Set content-type header for sending HTML email
$headers .= "\r\n". "MIME-Version: 1.0";
$headers .= "\r\n". "Content-type:text/html;charset=UTF-8";
// Send email
$mail = mail($toEmail, $emailSubject, $htmlContent, $headers);
}
// If mail sent
if($mail){
$statusMsg = 'Your contact request has been submitted successfully !;
$msgClass = 'succdiv';

$postData = '';
}else{
$statusMsg = 'Your contact request submission failed, please try again.';
}
}
}
}else{
$statusMsg = 'Please fill all the fields.';
}
}
?>
Making a Contact Us Form on a website
Contact form
Name

Last name

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 135

Country

Subject

Submi Reset
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style>
body {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
* {box-sizing: border-box;}
input[type=text], select, textarea {
width: 100%;
padding: 12px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 4px;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-top: 6px;
margin-bottom: 16px;
resize: vertical;
}
input[type=submit] {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;

136 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

padding: 12px 20px;
border: none;
border-radius: 4px;
cursor: pointer;
}
input[type=submit]:hover {
background-color: #45a049;
}
.container {
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
padding: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Contact Form</h3>
<div class="container">
<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First Name</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="firstname" placeholder="Your name..">
<label for="lname">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lastname" placeholder="Your last name..">
<label for="country">Country</label>
<select id="country" name="country">
<option value="australia">Australia</option>
<option value="canada">Canada</option>
<option value="usa">USA</option>
</select>
Web Development and Database : Grade 12 137
<label for="subject">Subject</label>
<textarea id="subject" name="subject" placeholder="Write something.."
style="height:200px"></textarea>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
PHP and AJAX
PHP is a script language and interpreter that is freely available and used primarily
on LinuxWeb servers. PHP, originally derived from Personal Home Page Tools,
now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP (recursive acronym for PHP:
Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting
language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into
HTML. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML )is a technique for creating
fast and dynamic web [Link] allows web pages to be updated asynchronously
by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes.
This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page, without reloading the
whole page.
Image CAPTCHA
CAPTCHA stands for “Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers
and Humans Apart”, it’s very common functionality to use at the time of submit
data to prevent machines access of your website.

Figure: CAPTCHA
References & Bibliography
Felke-Morris, T. (2013). Web development and design foundations with HTML5

138 Web Development and Database : Grade 12

(6th ed). New Delhi : Pearson.
MacCaw, A. (2011). Java Script web applications: Alex MacCaw. O'Reilly.
Meloni Julie C(2010).,Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL and Apache, New Delhi,
Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Delhi Holzner, Steven(2008), PHP : the complete
reference, New Delhi ,Tata McGraw-Hill
Date, C.J., An Introduction to Database, 7th Edition, Addison Wesley. 2010
Raghu Ramakrishnan, “Database Management System”, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, 2003.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Web Development and Database : Grade 12 139

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