Formulas sheet Final exam PHU124

Formula Meaning Formula Meaning

𝑄 Capacitance 𝜀0 𝐴 Parallel-plate capacitor
𝐶= 𝐶=
𝑉 𝑑
1 1 1 Capacitors in series 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ Capacitors in parallel
= + +⋯
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 1 𝑄2 Energy stored in capacitor 1 Electric energy density
𝑈𝐶 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑄𝑉 = 𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2 2 2𝐶 2
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 Parallel-plate relation 𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶0 Capacitor with dielectric
𝑑𝑄 Electric current 𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 Current density
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
𝐸 Resistivity 𝐿 Resistance of a wire
𝜌= 𝑅=𝜌
𝐽 𝐴
𝜌(𝑇) = 𝜌0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] Temperature dependence of resistivity 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 Ohm’s law
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟 Terminal voltage 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 Electric power
𝑉2 Power in resistor 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ Resistors in series
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅
1 1 1 Resistors in parallel ∑𝐼 = 0 Kirchhoff junction rule
= + +⋯
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2
∑𝑉 = 0 Kirchhoff loop rule 𝑞 = 𝐶𝜀(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 ) RC charging charge
𝜀 RC charging current 𝑞 = 𝑄0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 RC discharging charge
𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
𝑅
𝑄0 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 RC discharging current 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ Magnetic force on charge
𝑖=− 𝑒
𝑅𝐶
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵sin⁡ 𝜃 Magnitude of magnetic force 𝑚𝑣 Circular orbit radius
𝑟=
𝑞𝐵
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴cos⁡ 𝜃 Magnetic flux ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 0 Gauss’s law for magnetism
𝐹⃗ = 𝐼𝐿
⃗⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ Force on straight wire 𝑑𝐹⃗ = 𝐼 𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ Force on wire element
𝜏 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵sin⁡ 𝜃 Torque on current loop 𝜏⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ Magnetic torque
𝜇 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴 Magnetic dipole moment 𝑈 = −𝜇⃗ ⋅ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ Magnetic dipole energy
𝜇0 𝐼 Long straight wire field 𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 Force between parallel wires
𝐵= =
2𝜋𝑟 𝐿 2𝜋𝑑
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 Center of circular coil 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 Ideal solenoid field
𝐵=
2𝑅
𝑁 Turns per unit length ⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼encl
∮𝐵 Ampere’s law
𝑛=
ℓ
𝑑Φ𝐵 Faraday’s law 𝜀 = 𝐵𝐿𝑣 Motional emf
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = ∮ (𝑣⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗) ⋅ 𝑑𝑙⃗ Motional emf around loop 𝑑Φ𝐵 Faraday’s law integral form
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑙⃗ = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ𝐸 Displacement current ⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝑖+𝜀0 𝑑Φ𝐸 )
∮𝐵 Ampere-Maxwell law
𝑖𝐷 = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 Mutual induction 𝑁Φ𝐵 Mutual inductance
𝜀 = −𝑀 𝑀=
𝑑𝑡 𝑖
𝑁Φ𝐵 Self-inductance 𝑑𝑖 Self-induced emf
𝐿= 𝜀 = −𝐿
𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴 Solenoid inductance 1 Energy stored in inductor
𝐿= 𝑈𝐿 = 𝐿𝐼2
ℓ 2
𝐵2 Magnetic energy density 𝐿 RL time constant
𝑢𝐵 = 𝜏𝑅𝐿 =
2𝜇0 𝑅
𝑖 = 𝐼cos⁡ 𝜔𝑡 Sinusoidal AC current 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 Angular frequency
𝐼0 RMS current 𝑉0 RMS voltage
𝐼rms = 𝑉rms =
√2 √2
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 Inductive reactance 1 Capacitive reactance
𝑋𝐶 =
𝜔𝐶
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 Resistor voltage amplitude 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 Inductor voltage amplitude
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 Capacitor voltage amplitude 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 AC impedance relation
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 Series RLC impedance 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 Phase angle
tan⁡ 𝜙 =
𝑅
𝑃av = 𝑉rms 𝐼rms cos⁡ 𝜙 Average AC power 𝑅 Power factor
cos⁡ 𝜙 =
𝑍
1 Resonance angular frequency 1 Resonance frequency
𝜔0 = 𝑓0 =
√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 Transformer voltage ratio 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 Ideal transformer power
=
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝐸 = 𝑐𝐵 EM wave field relation 1 Speed of light
𝑐=
√𝜇0 𝜀0
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓 Wave relation 𝐸max = 𝑐𝐵max EM wave amplitudes
1 Poynting vector 𝐼 = 𝑆av EM wave intensity
𝑆⃗ = 𝐸⃗⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗
𝜇0
1 ⁡ Average intensity 1 Electric field energy density
𝐼 = 𝑐𝜀0 𝐸max 𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2 2

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Formulas sheet Final exam PHU124

𝐵2 Magnetic field energy density 𝑐 Index of refraction

𝑢𝐵 = 𝑛=
2𝜇0 𝑣
𝜃𝑟 = 𝜃𝑎 Law of reflection 𝑛𝑎 sin⁡ 𝜃𝑎 = 𝑛𝑏 sin⁡ 𝜃𝑏 Snell’s law
𝜆0 Wavelength in material 𝑛𝑏 Critical angle
𝜆= sin⁡ 𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛 𝑛𝑎

Good Stuff to Know

Quantity / Relation Value / Formula Quantity / Relation Value / Formula

Parallel-plate capacitor 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 Newton's Second Law ∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Coulomb constant 1 Vacuum permittivity 𝜀0
𝑘= = 8.99 × 109 N m2 /C2 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2
4𝜋𝜀0
/(N m2 )
Vacuum permeability 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 T m/A Speed of light 𝑐 = 3.00 × 108 m/s
Electron charge 𝑒 = 1.60 × 10−19 C Electron mass 𝑚𝑒 = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J Angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
milli (m) 10−3 micro (𝜇) 10−6
nano (n) 10−9 pico (p) 10−12
kilo (k) 103 mega (M) 106
giga (G) 109 tera (T) 1012
Dot Product (polar 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵cos⁡ 𝜃 Dot Product (Cartesian 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗
form) form) = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
+ 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Cross Product 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = (𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 )𝑖̂ + (𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 Same-direction vectors 𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂
(Cartesian form) =0
− 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 )𝑗̂ + (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦
− 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑘̂
Power Rule 𝑑 𝑛 Power Rule (Integral) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
(Derivative) (𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1
= + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1