C++ Programming Basics
1. Introduction
C++ is a general-purpose, compiled programming language widely used for system software,
games, embedded systems, and competitive programming.
2. Structure of a Program
Basic program includes #include, using namespace std;, int main(), and return 0.
3. Variables
Variables store data. Example: int age = 20;
4. Data Types
int, float, double, char, bool, string.
5. Operators
Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement.
6. Input and Output
Use cin for input and cout for output.
7. Conditional Statements
if, if-else, else-if ladder, switch.
8. Loops
for, while, and do-while loops.
9. Functions
Functions are declared and defined using return_type functionName(parameters).
10. Arrays
Arrays store multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory.
11. Strings
Use string class from library for text handling.
12. Pointers
Pointers store memory addresses. Example: int *p = &x;
13. Classes and Objects
Class is a blueprint; object is an instance of a class.
14. OOP Concepts
Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.
15. File Handling
Use fstream with ifstream, ofstream, and fstream to read/write files.
16. Exception Handling
Use try, throw, and catch for error handling.