Huffman Coding Solution

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answer the question

To solve this Huffman coding problem, we'll follow these steps:

Given Frequencies

Character Frequency
a 10

e 15
i 12

o 3
u 4

s 13

t 1

Step 1: Build the Huffman Tree

We combine the two nodes with the smallest frequencies until only one node remains. Let’s denote each
node as `(char, freq)`:

1. Combine `t(1)` and `o(3)` → `to(4)`

2. Combine `u(4)` and `to(4)` → `uto(8)`
3. Combine `a(10)` and `i(12)` → `ai(22)`

4. Combine `e(15)` and `s(13)` → `es(28)`

5. Combine `uto(8)` and `ai(22)` → `utoai(30)`

6. Combine `utoai(30)` and `es(28)` → `utoaies(58)`

7. Combine `utoaies(58)` with nothing left → Done (root of tree)

Now let’s assign binary digits (0 = left, 1 = right), starting from the root and working down the tree to get
the codes.

Step 2: Assign Huffman Codes

(Example structure shown; the actual tree could have multiple valid Huffman codes, but here’s one
possibility.)
Let’s assign:

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 `utoaies(58)`

Left → `utoa(30)`

Left → `uto(8)`
Left → `t(1)` → 000

Right → `o(3)` → 001

Right → `u(4)` → 01
Right → `ai(22)`

Left → `a(10)` → 100

Right → `i(12)` → 101

Right → `es(28)`
Left → `s(13)` → 110

Right → `e(15)` → 111

Final Huffman Codes

Character Frequency Code

t 1 000

o 3 001
u 4 01

a 10 100
i 12 101
s 13 110

e 15 111

Step 3: Average Code Length

1 × 3 + 3 × 3 + 4 × 2 + 10 × 3 + 12 × 3 + 13 × 3 + 15 × 3 174
Avg. Code Length = = = 3 bits
58 58
​ ​

Step 4: Total Length of Encoded Message

Total Length = ∑(frequency × code length) = 174 bits

✅ Final Answers:
a. Huffman Codes:

a: 100

e: 111

i: 101

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 o: 001

u: 01

s: 110
t: 000

b.

Average Code Length: 3 bits

Total Length of Huffman Encoded Message: 174 bits

Would you like a diagram of the Huffman tree as well?

yes

Image created

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 explain the solution with long, step-by-step solution

Sure! Let’s walk through the Huffman coding problem in a long, detailed, and step-by-step manner:

Problem Statement Recap

You are given the following characters with their frequencies:

Character Frequency

a 10
e 15
i 12
o 3

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 Character Frequency

u 4
s 13
t 1
We are to:

a. Determine the Huffman Code for each character and the average code length

b. Compute the total length of the Huffman encoded message

Step-by-Step Huffman Coding Algorithm

Step 1: List Characters in Priority Queue (Min-Heap)

Each character is treated as a leaf node with a frequency (weight). Start by creating nodes for each
character and insert them into a priority queue sorted by frequency.

less

Initial Min-Heap (frequency-based):

t:1, o:3, u:4, a:10, i:12, s:13, e:15

Step 2: Build the Huffman Tree

We build the tree by repeatedly combining the two nodes with the lowest frequencies into a new
node whose frequency is the sum of the two. This new node is inserted back into the heap.

Iteration 1:

Remove: `t(1)` and `o(3)`

Combine into node: `to(1+3 = 4)`

css

Heap: u(4), to(4), a(10), i(12), s(13), e(15)

Iteration 2:

Remove: `to(4)` and `u(4)`

Combine into node: `uto(4+4 = 8)`

css

Heap: a(10), i(12), s(13), e(15), uto(8)

Iteration 3:

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 Remove: `a(10)` and `i(12)`
Combine into node: `ai(10+12 = 22)`

css

Heap: s(13), e(15), uto(8), ai(22)

Iteration 4:

Remove: `s(13)` and `e(15)`

Combine into node: `se(13+15 = 28)`

css

Heap: uto(8), ai(22), se(28)

Iteration 5:

Remove: `uto(8)` and `ai(22)`

Combine into node: `utoai(8+22 = 30)`

css

Heap: se(28), utoai(30)

Iteration 6:

Remove: `se(28)` and `utoai(30)`

Combine into final root node: `root(58)`

csharp

Huffman Tree complete with total weight = 58

Step 3: Assign Binary Huffman Codes

Now that we have the tree, we assign binary codes:

Left edge = 0

Right edge = 1

We traverse the tree from the root to each leaf and record the path as that character's code.
Let’s trace the full path:

root(58)

Left: `utoai(30)` → prefix `0`

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 Left: `uto(8)` → prefix `00`

Left: `t(1)` → `000`

Right: `o(3)` → `001`

Right: `u(4)` → `01`

Right: `ai(22)` → prefix `1`

Left: `a(10)` → `100`

Right: `i(12)` → `101`

Right: `se(28)` → prefix `11`

Left: `s(13)` → `110`

Right: `e(15)` → `111`

Step 4: Final Huffman Codes

Character Frequency Huffman Code

t 1 000
o 3 001

u 4 01
a 10 100

i 12 101

s 13 110
e 15 111

Step 5: Calculate Average Code Length

To calculate the average code length, we use:

∑(frequency × code length)

Avg. Code Length =
Total Frequency
​

Let's compute the numerator:

t: 1 × 3 =3
o: 3 × 3 =9
u: 4 × 2 =8
a: 10 × 3 = 30
i: 12 × 3 = 36
s: 13 × 3 = 39
e: 15 × 3 = 45

Sum = 3 + 9 + 8 + 30 + 36 + 39 + 45 = 170

Total Frequency = 1 + 3 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 13 + 15 = 58

7
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 170
Average Code Length = ≈ 2.93 bits
58
​

Step 6: Total Length of Huffman Encoded Message

This is the total number of bits used for encoding all characters:

Total Bits = ∑(frequency × code length) = 170 bits

✅ Final Answers:
a. Huffman Codes:

a → 100

e → 111
i → 101

o → 001

u → 01
s → 110

t → 000

b.

Average Code Length ≈ 2.93 bits

Total Encoded Message Length = 170 bits

Would you like help solving a similar problem or a Python implementation to generate Huffman codes
automatically?

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