CHAPTER-1 THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE,1857

CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- only the causes (political, socio-religious, economic, and military) and consequences will be tested
[the events, however need to be mention to maintain continuity and for a more comprehensive understanding]

THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: The First War of Independence was a most remarkable incident in our Indian
history. It shook the foundation of British Empire in India. Famous historian Dr V.D. Savarkar and Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose called it as a First War of Independence. The causes of this war are discussed as follows-

POLITICAL CAUSES: (1). The various annexation policy adopted by the British like – Outright Wars, Subsidiary
Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse and Mis-governance etc created a discontent among Indian rulers. As a result, they rose in
revolt against the British empire.
(2). Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler of India hurt the feeling of the Mughals as well as
the Muslims. The British government instructed his successors to stay near the Qutub Minar instead of Red Fort and
would not use the imperial titles with their names.
(3). The British also refused to pay the pension to Nana Saheb, the last Peshwa and forced him to live at Kanpur. This
was widely resented in the Maratha region.
(4). The absentee sovereignty of the British was resented by the Indians. Because India’s wealth was being drained to
England and not utilised for their welfare.

SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CAUSES: (1). The interference of the British with the social and religious customs of the Indians
was not accepted by the people. The abolition of Sati, introduction of Widow Remarriage and Western Education to girls
were not welcome by the masses.
(2). The modern invention like-Railways and Telegraph created a fear among the Indians. They thought that telegraph
pole was erected to hang those who were against the British and railway was introduced to defy their caste and religion.
(3). The British policy of racial discrimination towards the Indians hurt the self-respect of Indians.
(4). The British encourage the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in India. The missionaries often condemned
Hindu and Muslim customs as outdated.

ECONOMIC CAUSES: (1). The economic policies of the British resulted in the hardship of all sections of society. India
became an importer and economic colony of England.
(2). The drain of India’s wealth to England in various way such as – salaries of the employees, interest on debt,
expenditure on army etc destroyed the economy of India.
(3). Due to the annexation of the native states, many Indians lost their jobs, because their patronage were impoverished.
(4). Apart from the acute poverty severe famines of that time crippled the life and economy of the people. They thought
it would only improve after the British left India.

MILITARY CAUSES: (1). The British established a big empire with help of Indian soldiers but their attitude towards
the Indian soldiers were very bad. They forbade the sepoys from wearing caste marks, turbans, and keeping beards.
(2). The British parliament passed the General Service Enlistment Act in 1856 by which the Indian soldiers could be
sent overseas duty. But to cross the seas was taboo for a brahmin.
(3). All the higher position in employment were reserved for the British. Indians could not rise above the rank of subedar.
(4). The salaries of the Indian soldiers were very less than the British soldiers which was insufficient for their survival.

IMMEDIATE CAUSE: The introduction of Enfield Rifle in 1856 in the army was act as an immediate cause of the First
War of Independence. The greased cartridges of Enfield rifle were to biting off with their teeth before loading. There
was a rumour that the greased cartridges were made off pig and cow fat which was taboo for the Hindus as well as
Muslims. So, both the Hindus and the Muslims soldiers refused to use these cartridges.
CONSEQUENCES: Though the First War of Independence failed to achieve its goal but it brought about fundamental
changes in the Indian administration. The consequences of the revolt of 1857 had following effects:
(1) Administrative changes:(i). The rule of East India Company was ended by the Government of India Act of 1858 and
Indian administration was taken by the British crown directly.
(ii). The Board of Control and Court of Directors were abolished.
(iii). The title of the Governor General was changed and given a new name called Viceroy. Lord Canning was appointed
as the first viceroy of India by this act.
(iv). Appointment to the Civil Service were to be made by an open competition.

(2) The Queens Proclamation: At Allahabad, on 1st November 1858, Lord Canning announced Queen Victorias
Proclamation which incorporated with the transfer of power from East India Company to British Crown. some of the
declarations of this proclamation were;
(i). The British would not interfere in the social and religious matters of Indians.
(ii). The doctrine of lapse policy was abolished in 1849.
(iii). General pardon was given to all except those who killed British subjects.
(iv). Equal opportunity to the people of India in the government service without any discrimination.
(3). The British government give up the annexation policy and given right to adopt heirs to the native states.
(4). After 1858, the British adopted divide and rule policy to create a division between the Hindus and the Muslims so
that they could never challenge the British empire in India.

EVENTS: (1). At Meerut: The revolt was started by the sepoys on 10th May.
(2). At Delhi: The revolt was led by Bahadur Shah Zafar who took the title the Emperor of India. He was sentenced to
imprisonment and deported to Yangon in Myanmar where he died in 1862.
(3). At Lucknow: The revolt was led by Begum Hajrat Mahal. She fled towards Nepal.
(4). At Kanpur: The revolt was led by Nana Saheb. He was defeated and fled towards Nepal.
(5). At Jhansi: The revolt was led by Rani Laxmi Bai and defeated by Hugh Rose.
 CHAPTER 2- GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Factors leading to the growth of Nationalism – economic exploitation, repressive colonial policies,
socio-religious reform movement (brief mention of contribution of raja Rammohon Roy and Jyotiba Phule) and
role of press. Foundation of the Indian National Congress- the Indian National Association (Surendra Nath
Banerjee) and East India association (Dadabhai Naoroji) as precursors. Immediate objectives of the Indian
national congress -first two session and their President should be mention

NATIONALISM- Nationalism refer to the feeling of oneness, loyalty, and devotion towards a nation.

FACTORS LEADING TO THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM- The feeling of nationalism was grown among the
Indians during the 19th century. The factors leading to this are discussed as follows-
(1). Economic exploitation: The economic exploitation was the most important cause for the rise of nationalism among
the Indians. The various economic policy introduced by the British destroyed the Indian economy. The economic
discontent of different section of the society created a spirit of nationalism among the Indians.
(2). Repressive policies: The various repressive policies like- the introduction of Vernacular Press Act (1878), Indian
Arms Act (1878) by Lord Lytton, Lowering the age of ICS examination from 21 to 19 etc, provided a stimulus to political
agitation and quickened the pace of Indian Nationalism.
(3). Role of Press: The newspapers like-Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Bengali, The Hindu etc played a significant role in
developing a strong national sentiment among the Indians. These newspapers spread the massage of Patriotism, Liberty,
Freedom, Equality, Home Rule among the people.
(4). Socio- Religious Reform Movement: The socio religious reform movements of the 19th century were pioneers of
Indian nationalism. These movements promote the superiority of Indian Culture, Women Education, Rejected
Untouchability, and created a consciousness of a new discrimination free society.

ROLE OF RAJA RAMMOHON ROY: He was one of the greatest social and religious reformers of the 19th century. He
wanted to remove the evils of the society which was exist in Bengal at that time. He also regarded as the First Modern
man of India, Father of Indian Renaissance, and Pioneer of Indian Journalism.
CONTRIBUTION: (1). In 1803, he wrote a book called Persian Gift to Monotheists in which he expresses his religious
belief in favour of monotheism. He also set up Atmiya Sabha in 1815 and Brahmo Sabha in 1828 to encourage worship
of one God, prayer, meditation, charity, morality, and unity of all religion.
(2). He played a crucial role in the banning of Sati System in 1829 with the help of Lord William Bentinck.
(3). He started a Bengali newspaper called Samwad Kaumudi and Persian newspaper called Mirat-ul -Akhbar to spread
scientific, literary, and political knowledge among the Indians.
(4). He demanded the abolition of the exclusive right of the east India company on trading. He also demanded the
separation of Executive and Judiciary.

JYOTIBA PHULE: Jyotiba Phule was a highly admired social reformer of the 19th century. He was given the title of
Mahatma in recognition of his work for the cause of backward classes.

CONTRIBUTION: (1). He worked for the upliftment of the women and considered them superior to men. He started
one of the first girls’ school in Pune in 1848 along with his wife.
(2). He led a strong movement in favour of widow remarriage in Maharashtra and spoke towards the socio-economic
and gender equality.
(3). He describes the condition of lower castes in his book Ghulam Giri.
(4). He established Satya Sodhak Samaj in 1873 for the upliftment of poor and untouchables.
PRECURSORS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS: By the second half of the 19th century many political
organisations came into the existence in different part of India. The first political association of India was the
Landholder’s Society which set up in 1839 by Dwarkanath Tagore. it was established to protect the interest of landlords.

East India Association: The East India association was established in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji and W.C.
Banerjee. It was first Indian association to be formed abroad. The association had its branches in Mumbai, Kolkata, and
Chennai. Its aim was-(i). To provide correct information about India and its situation to British citizens and British
parliament.
(ii). To express the grievance of Indians and suggest remedial measures.

Indian Association: The Indian Association was set up in 1876 by Surendra Nath Banerjee and Ananda Mohon Bose in
Kolkata. This association had branches in Bengal as well as in outside of Bengal. The objectives of the association were-
(i). to create a strong public opinion on political question (ii). To promote Hindu Muslim unity (iii). To encourage the
people to participate in the national movement.
Achievement: The association started movement against oppressive acts such as - the Licence Act, the Vernacular Press
Act, the Arms Act and lowering the age of ICS examination. But the association failed to attain an all-India character.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS: The Indian national congress was established by A.O. Hume in 1885 in Mumbai
under the presidentship of W.C. Banerjee.
OBJECTIVES: (1). To promote friendly relation between the nationalist leaders and political workers.
(2). To promote the feeling of national unity.
(3). To formulate and present popular demands before the government.
(4). To train and organise public opinion in the country.

FIRST SESSION OF INC: The first session of the congress was held in 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit college,
Mumbai under the presidentship of W.C. Banerjee which was attended by 72 delegates including Dadabhai Naoroji,
Pherozeshah Mehta, Justice Ranade, and Badruddin Tyabji.

SECOND SESSION OF INC: The second session of the congress was held at Kolkata in 1886 under the presidentship
of Dadabhai Naoroji.
 CHAPTER -3 FIRST PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT

SYLLABUS-Objectives and Methods of the Early Nationalist. Any two contribution of Dadabhai Naoroji,
Surendra Nath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale

The History of Indian National Movement was divided into three phases-
(1). First phase is called the Early Nationalist Phase from 1885-1905.
(2). Second phase is called the Assertive Nationalist Phase from 1905-1919.
(3). Third phase is called the Gandhian Phase from 1919-1947

THE EARLY NATIONALISTS: The Indian National Congress was led by a group of leaders known as the Early
Nationalist from 1885 to 1905. They also called as Moderates because of their moderate attitude towards the British.
Some of the early nationalist leaders were W.C. Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale etc.

OBJECTIVES OF THE EARLY NATIONALISTS: The objectives of the Early Nationalist were as follows-
(1). Constitutional Reforms:
(i). Abolition of the Indian council act.
(ii). Self -government under the British Empire.
(iii). Adequate representation of Indians in the Executive Council of Viceroy
(iv). Expansion of the Legislative Council at both levels.
(2). Economic Reforms:
(i). Reduction of Land revenue and high Army expenditure.
(ii). Rapid Industrial growth through trade protection.
(iii). Development of banking, irrigation, and health facilities.
(iv). Impose heavy trade duties on imported goods.
(3). Administrative Reforms:
(i). To abolish Arms Act and Licence Act.
(ii). To hold ICS examination in India.
(iii). To spread primary education among the masses of India.
(iv). To increase the power of the Local Bodies.
(4). Defence of Civil Rights:
(i). To remove the restriction on Freedom of Speech and Press in India.
(ii). To abolish the Preventative Detention Act.
(iii). To allow Indians to assemble and to form associations.
(iv). To restore Individual Rights.

METHODS OF THE EARLY NATIONALISTS: The methods adopted by the Early Nationalist were
(1). They believed in Constitutional and Peaceful methods not in confrontation.
(2). They made use of three P i.e. Petition, Prayers, and Protest to achieve their goals.
(3). They criticise the British policies through the press.
(4). They sent delegations to British Parliament to make them understand the real condition of India.

DADABHAI NAOROJI: Dadabhai Nao roji popularly known as the Grand Old Man of India. He set up the East India
Association (1866) and the Bombay association. He also edited the newspaper Rast Goftar and Dharma Marg Darshak.
He was the first Indian to become the member of British Parliament in 1892.
CONTRIBUTION: (1). It was due to his efforts that in 1893 the British Government conducted the ICS examination in
India.
(2). He was elected the President of Congress thrice and under his Presidentship the Congress adopted Self-Government
as their goal.
(3). He exposed the true nature of the British in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule.

GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE: He is best known as the Political Guru of Gandhiji. He presided over the Varanasi
Session of the Congress in 1905. He was influenced by the ideas of Justice Ranade. He was given the title C.I.E
(Companion of the Indian Empire) and became the member of imperial legislative council in 1920.

CONTRIBUTION: (1). He set up Servants of India Society in 1905 to inspire the Nationalists to join the National
Movement. It also tried to remove Untouchability and Discrimination from the society.
(2). He favoured the use of Constitutional method to achieve his goal and criticise the British policies.
(3). He played an important role in the passing of the Morley- Minto Reforms in 1909.

SURENDRA NATH BANERJEE: Surendranath Banerjee was one of the prominent Early Nationalist and great Orator.
He is often called as a Rashtra guru and Father of Nationalism. He qualified the ICS examination and posted as an
Assistant Magistrate in Assam. In 1913, he was elected as the member of legislative council. He also elected as the
President of Congress twice in 1895 and 1902. In 1920 he got the title Knighthood. He edited the Bengali newspaper
and wrote a book A Nation in the Making

CONTRIBUTION: (1). He founded the East Indian Association in 1876 to create strong public opinion in the country
against the British Government.
(2). He started a strong movement against the Licence Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act, and lowering the age of ICS
Examination.
(3). He opposed the Morley- Minto Reforms and Partition of Bengal which created a division between the Hindus and
the Muslims.
 CHAPTER-4 SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY-ANANDA BHAKAT

SYLLABUS- Brief mention of the causes of the Partition of Bengal and its perspective by the Nationalist.
Brief mention of Surat Split of 1907; objectives and method of the struggle of the Assertive Nationalist. Any
two contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai

CAUSES OF THE PARTITION OF BENGAL: Lord Curzon announced the division of Bengal into two provinces
named Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam on July 20, 1905. The scheme of the partition of Bengal was implemented
on October 16,1905. The causes for the partition were –
(1). To reduce the influence of the Bengali people in the National Movement of India. Because Bengal was the main
centre of the Indian nationalism at that time.
(2). To made the Bengalis minority in the both provinces.
(3). To divide the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal who were taking an active part in the national movement.

PERSPECTIVE OF THE NATIONALIST: The Indiana nationalist condemned the partition of Bengal. They saw that it
was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious grounds to weaken the nationalism in Bengal. They also
said that the way of partition hurt the sentiment of the sensitive Bengalis.

SURAT SPLIT OF 1907: The differences between the Early Nationalist and Assertive Nationalist became official and
finally they divided into two wings in 1907 in the Surat Session of the Congress. The reason for the division were- (1).
The Assertive Nationalist wanted to spread the Anti-Partition movement all over India apart from Bengal but the Early
Nationalist did not want to do so.
(2). The Assertive Nationalist proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai as the Congress President while the Early
Nationalists proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh.

OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSERTIVE NATIONALISTS: A group of young leaders in the Congress who did not agree
with the method and ideology of Early Nationalists is called Assertive Nationalists. Three prominent leaders of these
group were- Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gandhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. The main objectives of the Assertive
Nationalists were to immediate attainment of Swaraj from British rule.

METODS OF THE ASSERTIVE NATIONALISTS: The Assertive Nationalists adopted four method of struggle – (1).
Swadeshi (2). Boycott (3). National Education (4). Passive Resistance
(1). Swadeshi means to produce the necessary gods with own efforts without being dependent on foreign goods.
(2). Boycott means to give up the use of foreign goods.
(3). National Education means introduce an alternative education system which was free from the British influence.
(4). Passive Resistance means not to cooperate with British government.

BAL GANGADHAR TILAK: Bal Gangadhar Tilak is popularly known as the Father of the Assertive /Radical
Nationalism. He joined the Deacan Education Society in 1884 founded by Justice Ranade. He was given the title
Lokmanya which means beloved leader of the people

CONTRIBUTION:(1). He was first who used the term Swaraj and said Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.
(2). He introduced the Ganapati festival and Shivaji festival in 1893 and 1895 respectively to encourage young
Maharashtrians. He also started two weekly newspapers -Kesari and Mahratta to criticize the British policies.
(3). He set up Home Rule League along with Annie Besant at Pune in 1916 to attain Self -Government under the British
rule.
(4). Tilak was regarded as the forerunner of Gandhiji, because Gandhiji followed many ideas of Tilak in later days such
as – Swaraj, close contact with the masses, idea of Swadeshi and Boycott etc.

BIPIN CHANDRA PAL; Bipin Chandra pal is known as the Father of the Revolutionary Thought in India. He was
associated with Brahmo Samaj and joined Congress in 1886.

Contribution: (1). As a journalist he published many newspapers like; The Tribune, New India, Bengal Public Opinion
to propagate his ideas regarding the nationalism.
(2). He wanted to remove some social and economic evils like casteism and promoted widow remarriage, women
education, fixed working hours for working class.
(3). He made a strong plea for abolishing Arms Act in 1887.

LALA LAJPATB RAI: Lala Lajpat Rai popularly known as Punjab Kesari or Sher -e-Punjab. He was closely associated
with Arya Samaj and joined the Congress in 1888. He became an active member of Assertive Nationalist group in 1907.
He became the first President of All India Trade Union Congress and elected president of the congress in 1920.
CONTRIBUTION: (1). He started a monthly magazine Young India, Vande Matram, and People to inspire youth to
participate in the national movement for independence.
(2). As an educationist, he played a pivotal role in the expansion of D.A.V collages in 1886.
(3). He also joined a procession at Lahore against the Simon commission in 1928 where he was brutally lathi charge by
police.
(4). To mobilize public opinion in favour of India, he went America in 1914 and joined the Ghadar Party there founded
by Lala Hardial.
 CHAPTER-5 THE MUSLIM LEAGUE
CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS-Factors leading to the formation of the Muslim League and its objectives. Brief mention of the
significance of the Lucknow Pact

FACTORS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE: The Muslim League was set up in 1906
under the presidentship of Nawab Sali mullah at Dacca. The following factors were responsible for the formation of
the Muslim League-
(1). The communal and separatist tendency was grown among the Muslim due to their relative backwardness in
education, trade, and industry. In these circumstances, it was quite easy for the British to encourage the Muslims
against Hindus.
(2). Earlier Sir Sayyid Ahmed khan regarded Hindus and Muslims to be one Quam. But by the influence of Mr
Theodore beck, he changed his attitude and started to propagate the two-nation theory. He also suggested the Muslim
to support the British Government and stay away from the Congress.
(3). The wrong interpretation of the history in those days also contributed to the growth of communal thinking among
the Hindus and Muslims.
(4). The various religious sentiments and symbols to arouse national consciousness by the radicals like Lal, Bal, Pal
were not welcomed by the Muslims.

OBJECTIVES OF THE LEAGUE: The objectives of the Muslim league were-

(1). To promote the feeling of loyalty towards the British government among the Muslims.
(2). To protect the political rights of the Muslim.
(3). To stay away from the National Movement initiated by the Congress.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LUCKNOW PACT: The Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916 between the Congress and the
Muslim League. The significance of this pact was –
(1). The Lucknow pact was seen a hope for Hindu Muslim unity. As a result of this pact, the Hindus and the Muslims
worked together from 1916-1922.
(2). It brought about unity between the Assertive and the Early Nationalist after eight years.
(3). It also forced the Government to re-think their policy towards the Indians.
(4). The British Government announced August Declaration in 1917, which assured to set up Self-Government in
India.
 CHAPTER -6 MAHATMA GANDHI AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREAPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- (1) Causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement (Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy,
Khilafat Movement), Program of the movement, Chauri Chaura incident, Impact of the movement, (2)
Causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement (Reaction to the Simon Commission, Declaration of Purna
Swaraj the Lahore Session of 1929), Dandi March, Program and Impact of the Movement, Gandhi Irwin
pact and Second Round Table Conference.

CAUSES OF THE NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT

The Non-Cooperation Movement was started in 1920-22 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The causes of the
movement are as follows-
(1). The British government introduced a repressive act known as the Rowlatt act in 1919 to curb the nationalist
feeling of the Indians. As a result, Gandhiji called a nationwide hartal in response to this act and named it Rowlatt
Satyagraha.
(2). The Jallianwala tragedy of 1919 also act as another important cause of the Non-Cooperation movement. This
action of the British government stunned the Indians.
(3). The Muslim population in India started a strong agitation known as Khilafat Movement under the leadership of
Ali Brothers (Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) to bring back the Ottoman Caliph in his position in 1919. Gandhiji
merged this movement into one nationwide movement.

OBJECTIVE- (1). To attain self-government within the British Empire.

(2). Cancelling of Rowlatt Act.
(3). Remedying the Khilafat and Punjab wrong.
PROGRAM – The non-cooperation movement has two -fold program-
(1) Boycott Programs- Boycotts of Foreign goods, Government institutions, Government jobs and Local Bodies.
(2) Swadeshi Programs- Popularisation of Khadi and Charka, Abolishment of untouchability, Unity of Hindu, and
Muslim.

CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT- On February 5, 1922 a procession of 3000 peasants marched to the police
station at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh were fired upon by British police. The angry peasants burnt the
police station where 22 policemen were died. As a result, Gandhiji, a strong believer of ahimsa withdraws
the movement.

IMPACT OF THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT: Despite the failure of the non-cooperation

movement, it has a great impact in Indian history-
(1). The Indian national movement became a real mass movement for the first time due to the participation
of the different section of the society.
(2). It instilled confidence among the Indians that they could challenge the British authority.
(3). It fostered Hindu -Muslim unity due to the merger of Khilafat movement with this movement.
(4). Indian national congress emerged as a popular political party as they could lead India towards complete
freedom.
FACTOR LEADING TO CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT; Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil
Disobedience Movement in 1930, which was an attempt to paralyzing the administration by breaking some
specific rules and regulation. The factors leading to the movement discussed as follow –
(1). In 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to investigate the need of
constitutional reforms in India. But as this commission did not have any Indian member so it was boycotted
everywhere.
(2). In 1929, the Historic congress session was held at Lahore under the Presidentship of J.L. Nehru. It
passed a resolution declaring Poorna swaraj as the goal of the congress.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT: The Civil Disobedience Movement was a significance event in Indian
history. It was started by Gandhiji 1930 and continued up to 1934.

DANDI MARCH: On 12 march ,1930 Gandhiji along with his 78 followers began a historic march from Sabarmati
Ashram to Dandi cost to break the Salt Law. This historic march is kwon as the Dandi March. This incident marked as
the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

THE PROGRAMME OF THE MOVEMENT: The movement followed various programme

(1). To disobey the Salt Laws.
(2). To boycott of British Subjects.
(3). Non-payment of taxes.

GANDHI- IRWIN PACT: The Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931 in
Delhi. This Pact also known as the Delhi Pact.
The government agreed to- (i). Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecution.
(ii). Release all political prisoners except that guilt of violence.
(iii). Grant the right to the people to make salt.
The congress, in its turn, consented to the following:
(i). To stop the civil disobedience movement
(ii). To participate in the second-round table conference.

SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE: The Second-Round Table conference was held in London in 1931 where
Gandhiji participated as the representative of Congress. But the conference failed due to following reasons. (i).
Demand of separate electorates for the Muslim as well as the Depressed Classes. (ii). Refusal of the Dominion Status.

IMPACT OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT: Though the Civil Disobedience movement failed to attain
immediate freedom. But it had a milestone impact in the freedom struggle of India –(i). The movement instilled a
strong patriotic feeling in the country.
(ii). Many women openly participated in it for the first time.
(iii). The government realised that constitutional reforms were necessary in India. As a result, The Government of
India Act of 1935 was passed.
(iv). The movement also encouraged the political parties to participate in the election of 1937.

ROWLATT ACT: The Rowlatt act was a repressive act passed by the British in 1919 to curb the nationalist feeling in
India. The act also known as Black Act which implied-(i). To arrest any person without warrant. (ii). It imposed
restriction on the movement of individuals. (iii). Suspended the right of Habeas Corpus.
JALLINWALA BAGH TRAGEDY: A large number of peaceful crowds gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar
on 13th April 1919 to protest the arrest of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr Satyapal. General Dyre arrived there with his
troops and closed the one and only exit and ordered troops kept firing on crowds till their ammunition was finished.
This incident was called the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy. Rabindranath Tagore gave up his knighthood title and Gandhiji
Kaiser -e-hind in response to this incident.
 CHAPTER-7 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Causes (failure of Cripps Mission, Japanese threat), Quit India Resolution and the Significance
of the movement.

CAUSES OF THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT: The Quit India movement was a significant movement in the freedom
struggle of India which laid down a path to independence. It was started in 1942 under the leadership of Gandhiji who
gave a mantra to people ……Do or Die. The causes of this movement were following:
(1). The British government sent a delegation to India headed by Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 to solve constitutional
problems which came to be known as Cripps Mission. But the proposal of this mission was almost rejected by all the
political parties. Finally, failure of the Cripps Mission led to the starting of Quit India Movement.
(2). In 1941, Japan entered the Second World War on the side of Axis Powers and attacked the US naval base Pearl
Harbour. Following that Japanese invaded European colonies like Hong Kong, Malay Singapore, Burma and was
marching towards Assam. This posed a serious threat to India and the Indian leaders were anxious to save their country
from Japanese invasion. In this situation Gandhiji called complete independence from British immediately.

QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION: The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the Congress Working Committee on august
8 ,1942 at Wardha. The resolution stated that British rule in India must end immediately. The congress proposed to start
a non-violent movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOVEMENT: Though the Quit India Movement was short-lived but it had far-reaching
impact in the national movement of India. The movement had the following impact:
(1). It made it clear that the British would no longer able to rule India against the wishes of Indians.
(2). The Congress Socialist Party emerged as a strong political party because of its heroic role in the movement under
the leadership Jai Prakash Narayan.
(3). It was like a real mass revolt in which all the section of society participated spontaneously by ignoring government
violent suppression.
(4). After the suppression of the movement, there was hardly any political activity inside the country till the war ended
in 1945.
 CHAPTER -8 FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY -ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Forward Bloc (Objectives) and INA (Objectives and Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose)

FORWARD BLOC: The Forward Bloc was a left-wing political party established by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1939 to
bring the entire left wing under one roof. Due to ideological differences with Gandhiji, Bose resign from the Congress
and formed Forward Bloc. The motto of the INA was “Unity, Faith, Sacrifice.”

OBJECTIVES: (1). To liberate India with the help of workers, peasants, and youths from British rule.
(2). To abolish the Zamindari System and introduce a new Monetary Policy.
(3). To establish a Socialist Government in India after attaining independence.
(4). To recognise the agriculture and industry on socialist line.

INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY(INA): The Indian National Army was set up by Captain Mohon Singh in 1942 to liberate
India. The decision regarding the formation of INA was passed in the Tokyo Conference in 1942 under the Presidentship
of Rash Behari Bose. The INA was comprised of Indian Prisoners of War captured by the Japanese in Malay and Burma
fronts.

OBJECTIVES: (1). To organise an armed revolution and fight against British army with modern arms.
(2). To set up a Provincial Government of Free India
(3). To mobilise the forces, man-power, and money effectively.
(3). To organise an armed rebellion by the Indians living in East Asia.

ROLE OF SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE: He is regarded as an eminent fighter for freedom of India. After evading the
British Indian authorities Bose led freedom struggle outside the country. It was by the call of Rash Bihari Bose he
reached Singapore in 1943. Rash Bihari Bose handover the charge of INA to Subhash where he was greeted with the
title of Netaji or the great leader by the war prisoners. After getting charge Subhash organised the INA into three brigades
named Gandhi brigades, Nehru brigades, Azad brigades. Bose set up the INA headquarters in Yangon and Singapore
and gave the call to his soldiers Delhi Chalo and Give me blood and I shall give you freedom. He also set up a women
regiment named rani Jhansi regiment under the leadership of dr Laxmi Swaminathan. In 1943, Bose set up a Provincial
Government of Free India in Singapore which was recognised by the axis powers including other nine countries. Japan
handover the political control of Andaman and Nicobar Island to the provincial government in 1943. Bose renamed
them as Shahid and Swaraj Islands respectively.
 CHAPTER-9 INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY -ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Cabinet Mission Plan (only clauses); Mountbatten Plan (clause and its acceptances); The
Indian Independence Act of 1947(clauses only)

CABINET MISSION PLAN: The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent Cabinet Mission Plan to India to facilitate
the process of transfer of power in 1946. The mission consisted of three cabinet members named Pethic Lawrence, Sir
Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.

CLAUSES OF THE PLAN: (1). There was to be a Federation of all the British provinces and Princely States of India.
The Union Government would control only Defence, Foreign Affairs, and Communication.
(2). A Constitution Assembly would be set up to draw a new constitution of India with 389 elected members (296 from
British Provinces and 93 from Princely States).
(3). An Interim Government would be formed at Centre with 14 members till the constitution was ready.
(4). Separate Representation was given to Muslims and Sikhs. The provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects
other than union subject.

MOUNTBATEEN PLAN: Lord Mountbatten came to India as the last Viceroy of India in 1947. He put his plan for the
partition of India on 3rd June 1947 which is known as Mountbatten plan. This plan included the partition of India,
sovereignty, and autonomy to both nations and right to make their own constitution.
CLAUSES OF THE PLAN: (1). India would be divided into two dominions named India and Pakistan. After division
the British parliament could not enforce any law in the new dominions.
(2). The princely states would have the option to join any one dominion or remain free.
(3). A boundary commission would be set up to settle the boundaries of two dominions under the presidentship of Sir
Cyril Radcliff.
(4). A referendum was to be held on NWEF (North-Western Frontier Provinces) to decide which dominion to join. The
provinces of Assam, Bengal, and Punjab were also to be divided.

ACEPTANCE OF THE PLAN: The Indian National Congress accepted the plan due to following reasons :(1). The
large-scale violence and communal riots convinced the Congress leaders that there was no alternative to partition.
(2). Bitter experience of working with the Muslim League in the Interim Government had convinced the Congress
leadership that any join government with League in future would not be possible.
(3). A strong and divided India within a Federation was better than an undivided but a weak India with a weak centre.
(4). A further delaying of partition means continuation of British rule in India which would have led to too many
problems.

THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947: Based on the Mountbatten Plan, the British Parliament passed The
Indian Independence Act on 16th July 1947 and given Royal Assent on 18th July 1947. The main provisions of this act
were as follows:
(1). India would be divided into two dominions named India and Pakistan on 15th august 1947. After the division the
British Parliament could not enforce any law in the new dominions.
(2). The Princely States would have the option to join any one dominion or remain free.
(3). The Constitution Assembly of both the dominions would be act as a Central Legislative with full power to make
laws for their respective dominions.
(4). There would be a Governor- General appointed by the British Crown who was vested with the power to implement
the Indian Independence Act.
 CHAPTER- 10 THE FIRST WORLD WAR
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY- ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS-Causes (Nationalism and Imperialism, Armament Race, Division of Europe, and Sarajevo
Crisis) And Result (Treaty of Versailles, Territorial Re-Arrangement, Formation of League of Nations)

NATIONALISM: Nationalism means a sense of unity felt by the people who share a common history, language, and
culture. Aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s own country and hatred of other countries.
IMPERIALISM: Imperialism is one type of state policy by which a powerful nation establishes its control over the weak
nations.
CAUSES: The First World War is considered as one of the most brutal and deadliest wars in the human history. The war
was fought between Allied Powers and Central Powers from 1914 to 1919. The causes of the war are as follows:
(1). Before the World War-1 many European countries started to acquire new territories in Asia and Africa. These
continents were rich in minerals and was a good market for finished goods. Because of this, these areas became Bone
of Connection between the major European Nations. The increasing competition and desire for expanding empires led
the world into World War-1.
(2). During the 19th century a mad race of Armament was started among the European Nations in the name of self-
defence and preservation of peace. It filled the atmosphere with fear, apprehension, and mutual hatred.
(3). In the early 20th century Entire Europe was divided into two hostile groups named Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
The rivalries between these two-group created suspension, tension, and wars which finally culminated in The First World
War.
(4). On 28th June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a secret
society called Black-Hand or Union of Death at Sarajevo. This secret society was formed by a group of extremist
Serbians nationalist. For the assassination Austria gave an ultimatum to Serbia and instructed her to accept the drastic
demands. Serbia accepted most of the demands except those which hurt her sovereignty. As a result, Austria declared
war against Serbia on July 28,1914 which is the beginning of First World War.

RESULT OF THE WAR: The First World War came to an end by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The following were
the major results of the First World War;
(1). Treaty of Versailles: Based on American President Wilson’s 14 points, the Treaty of Versailles was signed between
the Allies and Germany on 28th June 1919 at Paris Peace Conference. The leaders who played an active part in making
the terms of these treaties were Big Four- Lloyd George of Britain, George Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson,
and V. Orlando of Italy. The terms of this treaty were as follows: (i). The Treaty declared that Germany was responsible
for the war and had to pay 33 billion dollars to the Victorious Nations as a war fine.
(ii). Germany lost all her colonies to the victories nations- England, Belgium, Portugal, and south Africa.
(iii). German armed forces were reduced and air force was banned.
(iv). The coal mine of Germany called Saar valley were ceded to France for next 15 years.
(2). Territorial Rearrangement: (i). France regained Alsace and Lorraine, Belgium Eupen and Malmedy and Denmark
Schleswig -Holstein
(ii). The autocratic monarchies were ended in Germany, Russia, and Austria- Hungary.
(iii). Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland became an Independent Nations.
(iv). The rule of Ottoman Empire was come to an end in Turkey.
(3). The League of Nations: An International Organisation called the League of Nations was set up in 1920 for the
preservation of peace after the First World War. It was established based on the principle of Wilson’s 14 points. The
objectives of the League were;(i). All states were to respect each other’s Independence.
(ii). All states settle their dispute by mutual understanding and peaceful way.
(iii). To promote material and intellectual co-operation among the member states.
(iv). All the states were prohibited to formed any alliances and secrete treaty.
 CHAPTER-11 RISE OF DICTATORSHIP
CLASS-10
SUBJECT- HISTORY
PREPARED BY -ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Causes for the rise of Fascism in Italy and rise of Nazism in Germany. a comparative study of
Mussolini’s Fascist and Hitler’s Nazi ideologies.
CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY: The word Fascism has been borrowed from Italian word fascio
which means “bundle of sticks.” Fascism is a form of the government where the powers of the government are vested
in the hand of one single ruler. The fascism was rise in Italy under the leadership of Mussolini due to the following
reasons;
(1). Italy joined the allies in the first world war to gain some territories. But after the war she got only southern Tyrol
and Tarantino and the coastal regions of Dalmatia. So, the Italian felt that they were ignored and cheated by the allies.
This gave a fuel to Italy’s imperialistic ambition.
(2). An economic crisis was seen in Italy due to the loss of life and property in the first world war. As a result, national
debt, unemployment, prise rise, shortage of food grains was increased. So, this social discontentment led to the rise of
Fascism in Italy.
(3). Between 1919 to 1922 six coalition governments was formed in Italy which were unable to deal with the problems
of unemployment, strikes and riots. People were much distressed with this situation and wanted to replace such a weak
and inefficient government by a powerful and bold government. Fascist under the leadership of Mussolini promised the
people a strong government.
(4). Mussolini played an important role in the rise of fascism in Italy. he influenced the people of Italy by his charismatic
speeches and won their faith by promoting the past glory of Italy. He declared himself as a Duce which means the leader
of the nation.
RISE OF NAZISM IN GERMANY: The Nazism was rise in Germany under the leadership of Hitler. He became the
president of Germany in 1934. The following causes led to the rise of Nazism in Germany: (1). The humiliating terms
of the treaty of Versailles was greatly resented by the Germans who eagerly wating for an opportunity to Aveng the
same. These sentiments were exploited by Hitler who assured the to consign the treaty of Versailles into a dustbin. He
also said that he would be re-established the old prestige and recapture the lost colonies.
(2). Germany had to face an economic crisis after the first world war. Agriculture production was declined,
Unemployment increased, National debt increased, Trade and Commerce also ruined. The Republican Government
failed to solve the economic crisis. As a result, Hitler took the advantage of this situation and promised that if German
people would abide by the nazi ideologies their economic misery would come to an end.
(3). In 1917 due to the Russian revolution a communist government was formed in Russia. Being inspired by this
German communist also tried to set up a communist government in Germany. Hitler feared that Germany would become
a slave of Russia if communism spread here. He exposed the destructive result and persuade the people that only Nazism
alone could check communism.
(4). Hitler was a very influential and charming personality and great orator. He openly rejected the terms of the treaty
of Versailles and encouraged the people to recapture the lost colonies. His speeches were very effective and great logical.
Naturally the people attracted by him and started thinking himself as a great leader.
COMPARATIVE STUDY: We have already studied above ideologies of both Fascism and Nazism. Here we give their
brief comparison.
(a). Similarities Of Fascist and Nazi Ideologies:
(1). Both Nazism and fascism were the supporter of one party and one leader.
(2). Both were the supporters of imperialistic and aggressive nationalism.
(3). Both were against of the democratic ideas.
(4). Both promote the supremacy of state and rejected individuals right.
(b) Similarities between the cause for their rise:
(1). Discontent after the Treaty of Versailles
(2). Political instability and class conflict.
(3). Leadership provided by Hitler and Mussolini
(4). Failure of the League of Nations.
 CHAPTER-12 THE SECOND WORLD WAR
CLASS-10
SUBJECT -HISTORY
PREPARED BY-ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Causes (Dissatisfaction with The Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Fascism and Nazism, Policy of
Appeasement, Japanese Invasion of China, Failure of The League of Nations, and Hitlers Invasion of
Poland). Brief Mention of The Attack on Pearl Harbour and Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Consequences (Defeat of Axis Powers, Formation of The United Nations, and Cold War)

CAUSES: The Second World War was fought between Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allied Powers
(England, France, and Russia) which was a significant event in the world history. It was stared in 1939 and continued
up to 1945. The causes of this war were much deeper and varied in character. they included the following:
(1). Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was a revengeful treaty which was imposed
on Germany by forcefully. The humiliating terms of this treaty gave rise to the spirit of revenge among the Germens
who were looking for an opportunity to ignored the treaty. This humiliation gave rise to Hitler who wanted to make
Germany great once again.
(2). Rise of Fascism and Nazism: The rise of aggressive nationalism in Italy and Germany in the form of fascism and
Nazism, respectively contributed to the second world war.
(3). Policy of Appeasement: the policy of appeasement followed by the England and France towards the Germany and
Italy also proved to be one of the major causes of the second world war.
(4). Japanese Invasion of China: In 1931, Japan attacked China and captured Manchuria and by 1937 she captured many
cities of China. When League of Nations strongly protested it, she left the League of Nations. Soon Japan started British
colonies in China thus war was inevitable under these circumstances.
(5). Failure of the League of Nations: We know that the league was set up to prevent the future wars. But the league did
not have own military powers to implement its decision and to punish the defaulter. As a result, the European countries
lost faith in its usefulness and started preparing for the war on a large scale.
(6). Hitler’s Invasion of Poland (Immediate cause): In 1939, Hitler attacked Poland by demanding Danzig port which
connected Poland and Prussia with the rest part of Germany. In reply France and England combinedly declared war
against Germany with the side of Poland. Thus, the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Second World War.

Attacked On Pearl Harbour: Though USA maintained complete neutrality at the beginning of the Second World War but
she entered it due to pearl harbour attack. In 1941, Japan prime minister General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on Pearl
Harbour, the USA Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. As a result of this attacked American Pacific Fleet was destroyed and 3700
soldiers were killed. This incident forced USA to join the second world war on 8th December 1941.

Bombing On Hiroshima and Nagasaki: USA started their offensive against Japan to liberate the Islands in the South
West Pacific. By 1945 after the surrender of Italy and Germany allies issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender. But
Japan refused to do so. So, two atom bombs named Little Boy and Fat Man were dropped on Japanese cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki on 6th august and 9th august consecutively by America.

CONSEQUENCES: The second world war was more destructive than the first world war. It destroyed the economic
condition of both the allies and axis powers. It was ended in 1945 with some immediate consequences:
(1). Defeat Of the Axis Powers: After the defeat of Axis Powers in the Second World War Germany was divided into
two parts- West Germany controlled by USA, UK, and France and East Germany controlled by Russia.
(2). Formation of UN: After the Second World War an international organisation called United Nation was set to in 1945
to prevent future war and establish peace in the world.
(3) Cold War: Though, USA and Russia fought together in the second world war but apparent harmony between them
was declined soon after the war. There was a development of war-like atmosphere and extreme political tension between
them. Both the countries did not engage in the actual fight, but adopted the policy to strengthen itself and weaken others
which is known as the Cold War.
 CHAPTER-13 UNITED NATIONS
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY-ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- The objectives of the UN. The composition and functions of the General Assembly, Security
Council, And the International Court of Justice.

OBJECTIVES OF THE UN: The UN was set up after the Second World War on 24th October 1945 to prevent future
wars and established peace in the world. At its founding, the UN had 51 members and New York as its headquarters. At
present its total membership is 193. The main objectives of the UN are as follows ;(1). To maintain international peace
and security throughout the world.
(2). To develop friendly relation among the nations based on the principles of equal rights and self-determination.
(3). To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems on various field.
(4). To serve as a centre of for harmonising the actions of nations.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY: The general assembly is the largest and main body and considered as the Parliament of
the UNO. all the 193 members of the UNO, are its members. The general assembly meets once a year on the third
September in New York. The assembly is headed by a president who is elected for one year term. Decision on important
matters require 2/3 majority while decision on ordinary matters require simple majority.
FUNCTION: The main powers and functions of the General Assembly are (1). To discuss the matters relating to
international peace and security.
(2). To appoint the Secretary General on the recommendation of Security Council.
(3). To approve the budgets of the uno and its specialized agencies.
(4). To receive reports from the Security Councils and others organs of the UNO.

THE SECURITY COUNCIL: The Security Council is the Executive Body of the United Nations. It consists of total 15
members out of these five are Permanent and 10 are non-permanent. The five permanents’ members are- China, Russia,
USA, England, and France who enjoyed Veto powers. The non-permanent members are appointed for two years term.
The President of the Security Council elected for one month from among its members states according to the alphabetical
orders.
FUNCTION: The main powers and functions of the Security Council are:(1). To recommend the admission of New
Members.
(2). To investigate any dispute and take military actions against aggressor.
(3). To maintain international peace and security.
(4). To elect the Judges of the Internation Court of Justice along with the General Assembly.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTUCE: The ICJ is the main judicial organ of the UNO. The headquarters of the
ICJ is located at The Hague in Netherlands. The court is composed of 15 judges elected for 9 years term. Election of the
judges is held every three years for the 1/3 of the seats. The court also elects its President and Vice-President for three-
year terms.
FUNCTIONS: the main powers and functions of the ICJ are;(1). To settle the disputes among the nations by peaceful
method.
(2). To advise the, General Assembly, the Security Council, and other agencies on legal matters
 CHAPTER- 14 MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY – ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Major Agencies of the United Nations: UNICEF, WHO, AND UNESCO- Functions only.

UNICEF: The United Nations International Children’s Fund was created by the general assembly during its first session
in 1946 to help the emergency needs of children in post war Europe. Its headquarters is located at New York with 36
members.
FUNCTIONS: the main functions of the UNICEF are;(1). To protect the children from violence and abuse in the family,
child labour, trafficking etc.
(2). To fight for the rights of the children all over the world and improve the quality of their life.
(3). To provide relief, shelter, and physiological support during the natural disaster, war, and crises.
(4). To provide vaccines, safe water, sanitation, and prevent diseases like-TB, Malaria, and Skin diseases.
WHO: The World Health Organisation was set up on 7th April in 1948. April 7 is celebrated as the World Health Day
every year. Its headquarters is located at Geneva in Switzerland. WHO is composed of 36 persons who elected for 3
years term.
FUNCTION: The main functions of the WHO are;(1). It helps the different countries to improve their health system by
providing them essentially require things.
(2). It promotes and conducts research in the field of health.
(3). It launches a programme to immunise children against six major diseases.
(4). It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal.

UNESCO: The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation was established in 1946. Its
headquarters is located at Paris. UNESCO has 193 members and 8 Associate Members.

FUNCTIONS: (1). In The Field of Education:

(a). To provide financial help for the education of differently abled children and girls.
(b). To remove illiteracy by introducing adult education, distance education and open schooling.
(c). To organised book fairs at both domestic and global level.
(2). In The Field of Science:
(a). To organise seminars and conference pf scientists of various countries.
(b). To help in establishing scientific and technological institution all over the world.
(c). To promote the study of social science to focus attention on fighting against all kinds of discrimination.
(3). In the Field of Cultural Heritage:
(a). To work towards the preservation of monuments, books, manuscript, and other works of art.
(b). To encourages national and cultural values and promote the study.
(c) . To send cultural mission to different countries so that there would be development of contracts this may promote
peace and prosperity.
(4). In the Field of Communication:
(a). To defend and promote freedom of expression.
(b). To assist developing nations to develop communications.
(c). To uphold the freedom of press and independence of media.
 CHAPTER-15 NON- ALIGNED MOVEMENT
CLASS-10
SUBJECT-HISTORY
PREPARED BY -ANANDA BHAKAT
SYLLABUS- Brief Meaning; Objectives; Panchsheel; Role of Jawaharlal Nehru; Names of The Architects
of NAM

MEANING: The Non-Alignment was strategy of the new independent states of Asia, Africa, and South America to
keep themselves away from power blocs to protect their independence. The concept of non-alignment was emerged
during the cold war under the leadership of Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of NAM are the following;

(1). To keep away the newly independent states of Asia, Africa, and South America from the rivalry of two power
blocs and protect their independence.
(2). To oppose colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.
(3). To respect the sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all states.
(4). To oppose the use of nuclear weapons and promote human rights.

PANCHSHEEL: In 1954, an agreement was signed between Jawaharlal Nehru and Chou Enlai, which contain five
principles of peaceful co-existence known as the Panchsheel. These five principles were-
(1). Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(2). Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
(3). Mutual non-aggression.
(4). Equality and mutual benefit.
(5). Peaceful co-existence.

ROLE OF NEHRU: The Non-Alignment Movement was a brain child of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. He
realised that the greatest danger to sovereignty and integrity of India as well as newly independent states of the world
lying in their joining any of two power blocs. So, he urged the newly independent nations to keep themselves away
from the power blocs. As a result, under the leadership of Nehru the concept regarding the Non-Alignment was taken
at the Bandung Conference and were given final shape in Belgrade Conference in 1956.

NAME OF THE ARCHITECTS: The main architecture of the NAM was Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The
other architects of the NAM were- Joseph Broze Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Chou Enlai of
China, Ho chi Minh of Vietnam and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.