Centrifugal Pumps
• Pumps : Fluid machines which convert
Mechanical Energy into Fluid Energy
• This fluid energy is in the form of Pressure
energy.
• Centrifugal : Radially outward flow of liquid
due to centrifugal force
Conversion of energy …..contd.
• The liquid entry at centre of impeller (rotating part
of pump).
• Due to contact with impeller, liquid gets Kinetic
energy.
• Due to centrifugal action
liquid comes to outer side.
Conversion of energy
Further increase in cross-section area of flow, converts
kinetic energy to Pressure energy.
Thus, in general,
Electrical energy
Mechanical Energy (Rotary motion)
Fluid energy (Kinetic energy)
Fluid energy (Pressure energy)
Construction & working
Various heads:
1. Suction head (hs)
2. Delivery head (hd)
3. Static head (H)
4. Manometric head (Hm)
Types of centrifugal pumps
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Volute casing Vortex casing Casing with guide
blades
(Less efficiency) (More efficiency)
Velocity triangles & efficiencies
Nomenclature
u = Velocity of impeller
V = velocity of liquid -- absolute
Vw = Whirl or tangential component
Vf = Flow or radial component
Vr = relative velocity
Use suffix 1 for inner diameter of impeller &
Use suffix 2 for outer diameter of impeller
Velocity Triangles
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In general rotodynamic machines
Velocity Triangles
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In Centrifugal pumps
Changes in velocity triangles
At inlet velocity triangles,
V 1 = Vf1 & Vw1 = 0
Hence, α = 90o
At outlet velocity triangles,
Remember u2 is larger than Vw2 at outlet of
impeller.
Manometric efficiency
Referring to following part of Euler’s equation of
rotodynamic machines,
For power absorbing type turbomachines, i.e. pumps,
compressors, fans etc., the work done on the system to be
negative,
i.e. Vw1 u1 < Vw2 u2
Manometric efficiency ….cont.
WD/Sec = (Vw1 u1 – Vw2 u2 ) x mass flow rate
In this case, Vw1 = 0,
Hence, WD/Sec = – Vw2 u2 x mass flow rate.
The negative sign here shows that work is done on the
system. Hence neglecting it & putting value of mass flow rate
(i.e. density x volume flow rate), we get
WD/Sec = Vw2 u2 x ρ x Q …………….…..(1)
WD/Sec is power given by impeller i.e. ρ x g x Q x H …..(2)
Manometric efficiency ….cont.
Hence, equating (1) & (2), we can get head imparted by
impeller to water.
Vw2 u2 x ρ x Q = ρ x g x Q x H
Hence , H = Vw2 u2 / g
Mechanical & Overall efficiency
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Formulae for Numericals on centrifugal
pumps
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Formulae for Numericals on
centrifugal pumps
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Multistage pumps
Multistage pumps are needed when single pump
can not satisfy requirement of either discharge
or pressure head.
1) Say a pump takes lot of time to fill a tank-
Discharge is not sufficient.
2) Say a pump is not capable of lifting water to
a certain floor. : Pressure head is not sufficient.
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Multistage for high discharge
• If a single pump is taking lot of time to fill
the tank, we can use more pumps to fill the
same tank in less time.
• Here a common discharge pipe is used for
number of pumps.
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Multistage for high discharge
Pumps in parallel : Shafts of pumps are parallel
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Multistage pump for High head
• Here output of first impeller is taken as
input to second impeller.
• Output of second impeller is taken as input
to third impeller.
• & so on.
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Multistage pump for High head
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On one shaft number of impellers are arranged.
Impellers in series to each other.
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Multistage pump for High head
If ‘n’ impellers mounted on a single shaft &
Hm is head developed by each impeller, then
Total head = n x Hm
But discharge though each impeller is same.
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Points to be remembered for numericals on
multistage pumps
• All derivations & formulae are for
single pump only.
• No numericals on pumps in parallel.
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Points to be remembered for numericals on
multistage pumps
For pumps/impellers in series,
Total head = n x head of single impeller
To calculate shaft power, use total head.
If total head & number of impellers are given,
then initially determine head of single
impeller & proceed in normal way.
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Priming
It is a process of filling suction pipe, casing &
delivery pipe up to delivery valve with the
liquid of which pressure is to be increased.
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Need of Priming
Need : Head developed by impeller = Vw2 u2/g
This is independent of density.
Initially, there is air in the pump. So head developed is in
the form of air column.
So pressure developed is ρair g hair
Head of liquid can be calculated by
ρair g hair = ρliquid g h liquid
h liquid will be very less due to larger value of ρliquid.
Hence liquid may not be sucked.
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Methods of Priming
1) Manual : Suitable for small pumps
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Methods of Priming
2) From overhead tanks: Suitable for large pumps
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Methods of Priming
3) With vacuum pump:
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Methods of Priming
4) Self priming pumps:
• Theses pumps mix the air with the
recirculating water in the casing.
• The air separates from the liquid and is
discharged from the casing.
• When all the air in the suction line has
been displaced, the pump delivers liquid.
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Minimum starting speed
Actually minimum running speed
If pump develops head more than
manometric head, then delivery of liquid is
possible.
Difference in kinetic head at outer & inner
diameter of impeller is pressure head.
Minimum starting speed
We increase Pressure of liquid means we add
pressure energy to liquid.
But initially, we add kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy of impeller & liquid is same.
But is different at different points on impeller.
Minimum starting speed
At inner diameter, kinetic energy is lesser.
At outer diameter, kinetic energy is more due to
higher linear velocity. u2 = π D2N/60 …. D2 is higher.
The difference between these two is addition of
kinetic energy.
Later on the same converts into pressure energy.
Difference in kinetic head at outer & inner diameter of
impeller is developed pressure head.
Minimum starting speed
Hence,
For discharge to occur, …..(1)
But .
Putting value of Hm in eqn (1) & considering
only equality sign,
Minimum starting speed
Putting,
Cancelling throughout,
Minimum starting speed
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Minimum starting speed is
Numerical on minimum starting speed
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D1= 20 cm = 0.2 m , D2 = 40 cm = 0.4 m , Hm = 25 m Nmin = ?
We know,
But, we don’t know Vw2 & ηman
Hence, we are unable to use this equation.
Numerical on minimum starting speed
. But we have, For discharge to occur,
u2 = π D2N/60 = π x 0.4 x N /60 = 0.02 N
u1 = π D1N/60 = π x 0.2 x N /60 = 0.01 N
(0.02 N)2 - (0.01 N)2 = 2 x 9.81 x 25
Numerical on minimum starting speed
. [ (0.02)2 - (0.01)2 ] N2 = 25 x 9.81 x 25
N2 =
N2 = 1635000
N = 1278.67 rpm is minimum starting speed
Maximum Suction Height/Lift
Definition of Suction height:
It is the vertical distance between the
free surface of liquid in the sump or reservoir
to the centre of the pump/impeller.
Maximum Suction Height
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Maximum Suction Height
Applying Bernoulli’s Th m
At Section 1 & 2,
Here V1 = 0 , Z1 = 0 , P1 = Pa
Z2 = hs & hL = hfs
Hence,
Maximum Suction Height
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For to be maximum , should be minimum.
Maximum Suction Height
If the pressure at eye of impeller is less than vapour
pressure of the liquid, cavitation occurs.
Cavitation:
Formation of vapor bubbles in at center of impeller &
Bursting of these bubbles in high pressure region in casing.
Effects :
•Erosion of inner surface of casing
•Noise
•Vibration
Maximum Suction Height
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Also V2 = Vs
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH is commonly used in pump industry.
Minimum suction conditions are more
frequently specified in terms of NPSH.
NPSH is defined as the absolute pressure
head at the inlet of the pump minus the
vapor pressure head (in absolute units) plus
the velocity head.
NPSH
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In order to have cavitation free operation,
available NPSH should be greater than
required NPSH.
Specific speed of pump
It is defined as the speed of a geometrically
similar pump which would deliver one meter
cube of liquid per second against a head of
one meter.
Ns = specific speed.
Performance characteristics of pump
These are necessary to predict the behavior
or performance of the pump when the pump
is working under different flow rate, head &
speed.
Main characteristic curves
Operating characteristic curves
Constant efficiency or Muschel curves
Main characteristic curves
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Operating characteristic curves
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