STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 – Module 4
Random Sampling, Parameter and
Statistic, and Sampling Distribution of
Statistics

MICHELLE A. LARGO
Subject Teacher

Approved by:
ROEHL D. LACBANES, PhD
SHS Principal 1

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Statistics and Probability
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Random Sampling, Parameter and
Statistic, and Sampling distribution of statistics First
Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VIII – EASTERN VISAYAS

Division of Northern Samar

CATARMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY – GRADE 11

MODULE 3.4

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is

here to help you master the Statistics and Probability. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can
be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
 Lesson 1 – Random Sampling
 Lesson 2 – Parameter and Statistic
 Lesson 3 – Sampling Distribution of statistics
(sample mean)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
2. Distinguish between parameter and statistic;
(M11/12SP-IIId-3)
3. Identify sampling distribution of statistics
(Sample mean). (M11/12SP-IIId-4)

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
A. population B. sample C. random sampling D. subset

2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or

nonrandom sampling techniques.
A. population C. random sampling
B. sample D. lottery sampling

3. What sampling technique in which members of the population

are listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample
intervals. A. systematic sampling C. stratified random
sampling
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B. lottery sampling D. quota sampling

4. It is sometimes called area sampling, it applies on a

geographical basis.
A. systematic sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. lottery sampling D. cluster sampling

5. It refers to a part of the sampling technique where each sample

point has an equal chance of being selected.
A. systematic sampling C. random sampling
B. lottery sampling D. quota sampling

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or

hypothesis, he will consider the problem by selecting a section of
the population of the study using a method called random
sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the population listed
in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the
survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample
retains characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the
population. With random sampling, the conclusions of the post-
hypothesis tests applied to the sample selection will apply to the
entire population as well. This is due to the fact that the selection
of the sample essentially represents the characteristics of the
population from which it is obtained, since each member of the
sample was drawn unbiased from the population data. When bias
in sample selection is avoided, the results of a particular study are
considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.

Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in
Statistics and probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school
with 150 students in the subject. Should she get the scores of one
class only?

Analysis
Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she
will get the scores of her entire class to have an analysis.

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 The population refers to the whole group under study or
investigation. In research, the population does not always refer to
people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you
want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random
sampling or by non-random sampling. A sample is a
representation of the population where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from the population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from

the N population, which is the subject of an investigation or
experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal chance
of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each
member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
An instance of this is when members of the population have their
names represented by small pieces of paper that are then
randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the
members selected will be included.
2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which
members of the population are listed and samples are selected at
intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item
in the list will be selected from a randomly selected starting point.
For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population
of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice,
the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as
the starting point.
3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which
members of the population are grouped on the basis of their
homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of
distinct subgroups in the population within which full
representation is required. The sample is constructed by
classifying the population into subpopulations or strata on the
basis of certain characteristics of the population, such as age,
gender or socio-economic status. The selection of elements is then
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done separately from within each stratum, usually by random or
systematic sampling methods.
Example: Using stratified random sampling, select a sample
of 400 students from the population which are grouped
according to the cities they come from. The table shows
the number of students per city.

Solution:
To determine the number of students to be taken as sample
from each city, we divide the number of students per city by total
population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the total sample size
(n= 400).

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling

and applied on a geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is
performed at higher levels before going down to lower levels. For
example, samples are taken randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from
households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different

sampling techniques. For example, when selecting respondents
for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first
for regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to
determine the number of respondents from selected areas and
clusters.

On your answer sheet, give one situation where each of the

sampling methods is being applied.
1. Lottery Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________

2. Systematic Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________
3. Stratified Random Sampling
___________________________________________________________________

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4. Cluster Sampling
___________________________________________________________________
5. Multi-stage sampling
___________________________________________________________________

Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or
investigation.
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or
non-random sampling technique. A sample is a representation of
the population where one hopes to draw valid conclusions from
about population.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population
N, which is the subject of the investigation or experiment, where
each sample point has an equal chance of being selected using
the appropriate sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the
population are listed and samples are selected in intervals called
sample intervals.

If you were a researcher and wanted to conduct a research

within your Barangay, what would it be? What sampling technique
are you going to use?

Directions: Read the instructions given and write your answers

on your answer sheets.
A. Identify the type of sampling method. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
__________1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a
piece of paper and puts it in a box for the graded recitation.
__________2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th
name in the list.
__________3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
__________4.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged
and 55 senior citizens in a certain area. Samples are taken
according to the total number of people in the area.
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__________5. All the names of the employees of the company are
put in a raffle box.

Determine the statement whether it is true or false. Write T if the

statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
_____1. A statistic is a number which describes a sample.
_____2. A parameter is a descriptive measure of population.
_____3. An example of parameter is the sample mean.
_____4. The value of a parameter can be approximated and is not
necessarily equal to the statistic of a sample.
_____5. An example of statistic is a population mean.

In this course, the parameters and statistics are closely

related terms that are important for the determination of the
sample size. Many have trouble understanding the difference
between the parameter and the statistic, but it's important to
know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish
them.

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves

measures from a population and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000 people
in Barangay, 143 and asked if they used a certain coffee product
and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain
school to identify their insights about their favorite shoe brand.
Analysis: In the first case the researcher measures for a sample.
Only 40% out of 100 said yes. While in the second case the
researcher measures the population because the researcher
interviewed all the students of that school

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a

measure of the characteristics of the entire population (a mass of

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all the units under consideration that share common
characteristics) based on all the elements within that population.

Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide,
all elements in a shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for
their favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be
calculated and observed directly. The statistic is a characteristic of
a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic
when you collect the sample and calculate the standard deviation
and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain
conclusions about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the
latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask hundreds of
millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of
the population and calculate the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of

statistic. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

To generalize your learned skills and concepts, take note of

the similarities and differences of parameter and statistic.
Direction: On your answer sheets, draw a Venn diagram by
listing the similarities and differences of parameter and statistic.

In conducting a research, which measure are you going to

use? Parameter or Statistic? Why?

Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a
certain Barangay is P 12, 213.00 a month.
2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.
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 3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.
4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students
reported the average weight of 54.3 kg.
5. Average age of students in East High School.

Given the set of numbers, compute for the mean. Write your
answer on the space provided in each item. Round off your
answers to two decimal places.

1. 4, 12, 34, 45, 6

2. 23, 45, 67, 89, 21, 11
3. 88, 87, 86, 89, 88, 90
4. 34, 21, 45, 67, 23
5. 12, 9, 6, 5, 32, 40

In the previous lesson, you have learned the concept about

the parameter and statistic. In this lesson we will study a form of
probability distribution which is known as the sampling
distribution.

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12.

Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12.

Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.
A. How many possible samples can be drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects
taken n at a time), where N is the total population and n is the
sample to be taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 2

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

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B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every
sample.

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus,

any mean based on the sample drawn from a population is
expected to assume different values for samples.
C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample
means. This probability distribution is called the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

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Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of
data below.
86 88 90 95 98
Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.
A. How many possible samples can be drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total
population and n is the sample to be taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 3
5C3 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.
List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample

means. This probability distribution is called, the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their

probability is P(x)= 1/10 or 0.1. Since 90 and 94 appeared twice,
their probability is P(x)= 2/10 or 0.2. While 91 appeared thrice,
their probability is P(x)= 3/10 or 0.3

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 A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 8, 10 and 5. Let us
list all the possible samples of size 3 from this population and
construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Complete the statement by filling in the blank. Write your answer

on a separate sheet of paper.
A ___________ is a frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population. To get the possible samples use the
formula ______, where N is the ________ and n is the ____ size to be
taken. The total probability of the sample mean must be equal to
____.

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the

questions on your answer sheet.
Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards
numbered from 1-5.

1. How many are the possible outcomes?

2. What are the possible means?
3. What is the probability of getting 4 as a mean?
4. What is the probability of getting 2 as a mean?
5. What is the probability of getting 3.33 as a mean?

Construct all random samples consisting three observations

from the given data.
Arrange the observations in ascending order without
replacement and repetition.

86 89 92 95 98

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