Introduction to water turbines
Hydraulic machines or Fluid machines:
Conversion
Hydraulic energy Mechanical Energy
Or
Mechanical Energy Hydraulic energy
Introduction to water turbines
Hydraulic energy Mechanical Energy
These machines are called turbines.
e.g. Pelton wheel, Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine
Introduction to water turbines
Mechanical Energy Hydraulic energy
These machines are called pumps.
e.g. Centrifugal pumps, Reciprocating pumps
Introduction to water turbines
Hydraulic energy Mechanical Energy
These machines are called turbines.
Turbines shafts are coupled to generator shafts
for conversion of
Mechanical energy Electrical energy.
This electrical energy is then transmitted
through wires/cables to different places.
Layout of Hydro-electric Power Plant
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Efficiency of water turbines
Efficiency: Transfer or transformation of
energy
Runner – Rotating part of turbine
Hydraulic efficiency:
Efficiency of water turbines
Mechanical efficiency:
Efficiency of water turbines
Volumetric efficiency:
Efficiency of water turbines
Overall efficiency:
Classification of water turbines
I) According to the type of energy at inlet
a) Impulse turbine: Only kinetic energy at
inlet of turbine
b) Reaction turbine: Kinetic energy as well as
pressure energy at inlet of turbine
Classification of water turbines
II) According to the direction of flow of water
through turbine
a) Tangential flow turbine
b) Radial flow turbine
c) Axial flow turbine
d) Mixed flow turbine
Classification of water turbines
III) According to the head at the inlet of the
turbine
a) Low head turbine
b) Medium head turbine
c) High head turbine
Classification of water turbines
IV) According to specific speed of turbine
a) Low specific speed turbine
b) Medium specific speed turbine
c) High specific speed turbine
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
The basic desired relationship of all
turbo-machines is only a form of Newton’s
law of motion applied to a fluid traversing a
rotor.
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: The sum
of all the forces acting on a control volume in
a particular direction is equal to the rate of
change of linear momentum of the fluid across
the control volume.
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
Let , m = Mass of the body (kg)
V1 = Initial velocity (Absolute) of fluid (m/s)
V2 = Final velocity (Absolute) of fluid (m/s)
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
(∑F x dt), represents the impulse acting on the body
represents change in momentum of the body in
the time period ‘dt’.
When the flowing fluid with initial velocity V1 is
obstructed by a surface (vanes, blades etc.) the fluid
undergoes change in momentum.
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
The impulsive force acting on the fluid by the surface
is given by,
According to Newton’s third law of motion,
the fluid reacts to this force thereby exerting equal
but opposite force on the surface.
i.e. the force exerted by fluid on the surface is
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
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Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
Components of absolute velocity entering & leaving
the rotor,
Tangential (whirl) component is responsible for
rotation of rotor.
Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
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Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
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Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
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Euler’s Equation of Rotodynamic Machines
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Rotor of Generalized turbo machine
Points to remember
•Absolute velocity
•Relative velocity
•Axial component
•Radial component
•Whirl component
u – velocity of runner, V – velocity of water
3D to 2D conversion
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Velocity
triangles
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Changes to be noted from 3D to 2D
Axial component is not existing.
Flow component is radial.
Terminologies
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Terminologies
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Pelton wheel
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Pelton wheel
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Velocity triangles
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Euler’s equation of rotodynamic
machines
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Pelton wheel-Velocity triangles –
Directions of various vectors
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Condition for max. hydraulic efficiency of Pelton Wheel
As water enters & leaves the turbine at the
same distance (radius) from the centre of
runner, u1 = u2.
Also Vw1 & Vw2 are in opposite direction.
Hence,
Pelton wheel-Work done /sec by the jet
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Terminologies
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Points to be remembered for Pelton Wheel
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Terminologies
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Terminologies
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Numerical on Pelton wheel
A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10
m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of
700 lit/s under a head of 30 meters. The
buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160
degree. Calculate the power given by water to
the runner & the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity as 0.98
Numerical on Pelton wheel
Power given by water to the runner = ?
Hydraulic efficiency = ?
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Numerical on Pelton wheel
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Power given by water to the runner
Numerical on
Pelton wheel
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Numerical on Pelton wheel
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Numerical on Pelton wheel
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Numerical on Pelton wheel
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Points to be noted
Differences w.r.t. earlier numericals
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Points to be noted: Differences w.r.t. earlier numericals
Side clearance angle is new term used.
It is 15 degree.
It is angle phi.
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Powers at different places & their forms
Power available at nozzle = ρ g Q H
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Variation in relative velocity
The relative velocity at the outlet is reduced
by 15% due to friction between inside surface
of bucket & water.
Vr2 = 0.85 x Vr1
If the velocity of the bucket is 0.45 times the
jet velocity, ……
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Numerical
Jet dia. = 137 mm,
Angle of deflection = 165 deg.
Head at the nozzle = 400 m,
Cv =0.97,
Speed ratio =0.46,
Vr2 = 0.85 Vr1
Force exerted by jet on buckets in tangential
direction=?
Power developed=?
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Change indirection of Vw2
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No need to draw the new diagram.
The diagram is for understanding the concept clearly.
You can proceed with assumed direction of Vw2. Let
the value be negative.
Use the negative value as it is, in all the formulae.
You will get the correct answer.
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Pelton wheel with multiple jets
Here total discharge = Discharge through one jet
x No. of jets
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Considerations in multi-jet system
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Loss of power in nozzle
Power inside the nozzle =
Power of jet +
Power lost in nozzle
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No. of buckets in Pelton wheel
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Governing of Pelton turbines
• To govern means to control
• Controlling when variation is there
• What is varying?
• Why variation?
• Why variation not allowed?
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Governing of Pelton turbines
Speed of turbine varies due to load (consumption of
electricity) variation.
Due to variation in speed of turbine frequency of
electricity generated varies.
This is not allowed as all electrical appliances are
designed to work at constant frequency.
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Governing of Pelton turbines
All electrical appliances are designed to operate at
constant frequency.
About 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Speed of turbine can be kept
constant by supplying less or more
water quantity as per need.
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Governing of Pelton turbines
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