S.Y. B.
Tech (Mechanical Engineering)
Semester-IV
ME223- Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will become conversant with the course
Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines
2
Contents
• Introduction to course
• Teaching & Examination scheme of the course
• Course outcomes
• Discussion about curriculum of the course
• Introduction to course
• References
3
Teaching & Examination scheme
.
Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
Lectures– 3 Hours/week ESE– 70 Marks
3 Credits
Practical– 2 Hour/week ISE –30 Marks
1 Credit
ICA- 25 Marks
4
Introduction to Course
Fluid:
• A substance capable of flowing
• Not having any shape but takes shape of
container in which it is stored
• Continuous shear failure
All liquids & gases are fluids.
Introduction to Course
Fluid Mechanics:
A branch of science which deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest as well as in motion.
Introduction to Course
Sections of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Statics: Fluids at rest.
• Fluid Kinematics: Fluids in motion
(No consideration of pressure forces)
• Fluid Dynamics: Fluids in motion
(consideration of pressure forces)
Fluid machines
Machines converting
Fluid Energy Mechanical Energy
Or
Mechanical Energy Fluid Energy
These are applications of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid machines
Machines converting
Fluid Energy Mechanical Energy
example - (Turbines)
Or
Mechanical Energy Fluid Energy
example - (Pumps)
Course Outcomes
At the end of course, students will be able to
1. Solve issues related to fluid statics &
kinematics
2. Apply Bernoulli's theorem in real world
situations
3. Perform dimensional analysis for research
problems in fluid mechanics
Course Outcomes
4. Solve problems related to drag, lift , drag &
lift
5. Select / design Pelton wheel, Francis &
Kaplan turbines
6. Select/design centrifugal pump
Contents
Unit Topic No. of
No.
. lectures
Section - I
1 Fluid Statics 5
2 Fluid Kinematics 5
3 Fluid Dynamics 5
4 Flow through pipes 5
Section - II
5 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Forces on 5
Immersed Bodies
6 Impulse Water Turbines 5
7 Reaction Water Turbines 5
8 Centrifugal Pumps 5
Term work
Internal Continuous Assessment (ICA)
Compulsory:
1. Numerical & theoretical assignments on
basics of fluid mechanics (Properties of fluids
& related laws)
2. Numericals on Piezometer, Simple &
inverted U tube manometer
Practicals
Any seven out of the following.
1. Determination of meta centric height for a ship
2. Determination of Coefficient of friction for Pipes
3. Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem.
4. Calibration of Venturimeter / Orifice meter.
5. Determination of Hydraulic Coefficient of an
Orifice.
Practicals
6. Trial on a Pelton wheel.
7. Trial on a Francis/ Kaplan turbine.
8. Trial on a centrifugal pump.
----------
9. Two problems using CFD software
Text Books
1. Dr. P.N. Modi and Dr. S.M. Seth - Hydraulics
and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic
Machines, Standard Book House.
2. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Reference Books
1. White - Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill
Publication
2. Irving Shames - Mechanics of Fluid, McGraw Hill
Publication.
3. Murlidhar - Advanced Fluid Engineering, Narosa
Publication.
4. S. K. Som, G. Biswas- Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics and Fluid Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
publications
Thank you
S.Y. B. Tech (Mechanical Engineering)
Semester-IV
ME223- Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to calculate values of few
parameters concerned with the properties of fluids.
20
Contents
• Introduction to properties of fluids
• Density or mass density
• Weight density or specific weight
• Specific volume
• Specific gravity
• References
21
Introduction
•Meaning of properties
•Importance of properties
• Units of properties
22
Properties of fluids
Mass density =
It is defined as mass of fluid per unit volume.
Unit of density =
Properties of fluids
Values of density for different fluids in
1. Water = 1000
2. Oil = 800 to 900
3. Glycerin = 1260
4. Mercury = 13600
5. Air = 1.225
Properties of fluids
It is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to
its volume.
Weight density = Mass density X Gravitational
Acceleration
Unit :
Properties of fluids
Specific volume is defined as the volume of a
fluid occupied by a unit mass
or It is volume per unit mass of a fluid.
Properties of fluids
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
weight density (or density) of a fluid to the
weight density (or density) of a standard fluid.
Standard liquid - Water
Standard gas - Air
Unit : No unit
Properties of fluids
Properties of fluids
One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6 N. Calculate its
specific weight, density and specific gravity.
Given data:
Volume = 1 litre = 1000 cc =
Weight = 9.6 N
Specific weight = ? = Weight/ Volume
Density = ? = mass/ volume
Specific gravity = density of oil/ density of water
Properties of fluids
Specific weight = Weight/ Volume = 9.6 / ___
= 9600 N/m^3
Density = mass /volume = (9.6 /9.81)/
= 978.59 kg/m^3
Specific gravity = density of oil/ density of water
= 978.59/1000 = 0.978
Properties of fluids
Calculate the density, specific weight &
weight of one litre of petrol of specific gravity
= 0.7
Properties of fluids
Answers :
Density = 700 kg/m^3
Specific weight = 6867 N/m^3
Weight = 6.867 N
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
S.Y. B. Tech (Mechanical Engineering)
Semester-IV
ME223- Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to use various laws related to
fluid mechanics.
36
Contents
• Pressure & its unit
• Pascal’s law
• Hydrostatic law
• Numerical on Pascal’s law
• References
37
Introduction
Pressure: Force per unit area
Unit : N/m^2 …………… Pascal
Bar = 10^5 Pa
38
Properties of fluids
Pascal’s law: It states that pressure or intensity
of pressure at a point in a static fluid is is
equal in all directions.
Properties of fluids
Hydrostatic law: Rate of increase of pressure
in a vertical direction is equal to weight
density of the fluid at that point.
Numerical
.
Solution
Use Pascal’s law.
.
.
Pressure, Pressure Head &
Hydrostatic law
Pressure – Unit N/m^2
Pressure head – meters of column
of fluid
Numerical on Hydrostatic law
Calculate the pressure due to a column of 0.3
m of
a) Water
b) An oil of sp. Gravity 0.8
c) Mercury of sp. Gravity = 13.6
Solution
.
Solution
..
Properties of fluids
Answers :
Density = 700 kg/m^3
Specific weight = 6867 N/m^3
Weight = 6.867 N
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
Total pressure & Centre of pressure
for inclined plane surface submerged in
liquid
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to derive equations for total
pressure & centre of pressure for inclined plane
surface submerged in liquid.
52
Contents
• Definition of Total pressure & its unit
• Definition of Centre of pressure
• Derivation of Total pressure
• Derivation for Position of centre of pressure
• Concluding remarks
• References
53
Total pressure
Total Pressure: It is defined as the total force exerted
by a static fluid on a surface either plane or curved
when the fluid comes in contact with the surfaces.
This force always acts in a direction perpendicular to
the surface.
Unit : Newton
54
Centre of pressure
Centre of pressure is defined as the point of
application of total pressure on the surface.
Four cases:
1. Vertical plane surface
2. Horizontal plane surface
3. Inclined plane surface
4. Curved surface
Concluding remarks
1. Centre of pressure always lies below the
centre of gravity.
2. The distance of centre of pressure from free
surface of liquid is independent of the density
of the liquid.
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
Numericals on Total pressure & Centre
of pressure
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to solve numericals on total
pressure & centre of pressure.
60
Total pressure & Centre of pressure
formulae
Total pressure =
Distance of centre of pressure from free
surface of liquid =
61
Moment of inertia & CG location
.
Moment of inertia & CG location
.
Numerical statement
.
Numerical statement
.
Numerical statement
.
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
Numericals on Total pressure & Centre
of pressure
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to solve numericals on total
pressure & centre of pressure.
70
Total pressure & Centre of pressure
formulae
Total pressure =
Distance of centre of pressure from free
surface of liquid =
71
Moment of inertia & CG location
.
Moment of inertia & CG location
.
Conversion of statement to diagram
.
.
Numerical statement
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Numerical statement
.
.
.
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
Numericals on Total pressure & Centre of pressure
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to solve numericals on total pressure & centre of
pressure.
87
Total pressure & Centre of pressure formulae
Total pressure =
Formula remains same for all planes i.e. plane
horizontal, vertical, inclined
No parameter with reference to angle is appearing
here.
88
Total pressure & Centre of pressure formulae
Distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid =
For vertical plane θ = 90 & Sin 90 = 1
Hence,
89
Total pressure & Centre of pressure formulae
Distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid =
For horizontal plane θ = 0 & Sin 0 = 0
Hence,
90
Total pressure & Centre of pressure formulae
91
.
92
.
93
.
94
.
95
.
96
References
1. Dr. R.K. Bansal - Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines - , Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford - Fluid Mechanics,
McGraw Hill Publication.
Thank you
.
.
.
Diagram
.
Buoyancy
Dr. Siddheshwar B. Tuljapure
(sbtuljapure@[Link])
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur
([Link])
Learning Outcome
At the end of this session,
Students will be able to predict the effect of
buoyancy on different bodies (submerged/ floating)
107
Contents
• Introduction to buoyancy
• Principle of buoyancy
• Archimedes principle
• Numericals on buoyancy
• References
108
Introduction to buoyancy
• Few Balloons moving upwards on their own
• Few balloons not going upwards on their own
• Ships floating on water
• Stones going inside the water completely
• Human being floating in dead sea
109
Introduction to buoyancy
• Principle of buoyancy: It states that when a body is
immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by
the fluid on the body.
This upward force is called as force of buoyancy or
simply buoyancy or buoyant force.
110
Introduction to buoyancy
• Principle of buoyancy: It states that when a body is
immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by
the fluid on the body.
This upward force is called as force of buoyancy or
simply buoyancy or buoyant force.
111
Forces acting on the immersed bodies &
their effect
• Weight of the body acting vertically downwards
• Force of buoyancy acting vertically upwards
• Effect of forces:
a) If weight > buoyant force, then body will dip inside the
fluid
b) If weight < buoyant force, then body will move vertically
upwards.
112
Archimedes Principle & Centre of
buoyancy
• Archimedes Principle: It states that the force of
buoyancy is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
• Centre of buoyancy: It is defined as the point through
which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act.
• As force of buoyancy is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced, centre of buoyancy is the C.G. of the fluid
displaced.
113
Numerical on buoyancy
Data:
Width = 2.5 m ρ (wood) = 650 kg /m^3
Depth = 1.5 m ρ (water) = 1000 kg /m^3
Length = 6 m [Link] water displaced = ?
Position of Centre of
buoyancy?
114
Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes' principle states that the upward
buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
Buoyant Force = Weight of Fluid Displaced
Archimedes’ Principle-Derivation
.
Metacentre
It is defined as a point about which a floating body starts
oscillating when the body is tilted by small angle.
Or
It is also defined as the point at which the line of action
of the force of buoyancy will meet the normal axis of the
body when the body is given a small angular
displacement.
Meta-centre
.
Metacentric height –(MG)
The distance between the metacentre & centre of
gravity of the body is called metacentric height.
Conditions of stability of floating
bodies
(G is below M) (G is above M)
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
Conditions of stability of sub-
merged bodies
(G is below B) (G is above B)
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
Conditions of stability of
sub-merged bodies
Neutral equilibrium
Metacentre
It is defined as a point about which a floating body starts
oscillating when the body is tilted by small angle.
Or
It is also defined as the point at which the line of action
of the force of buoyancy will meet the normal axis of the
body when the body is given a small angular
displacement.
Meta-centre
.
Metacentric height –(MG)
The distance between the metacentre & centre of
gravity of the body is called metacentric height.
.
Metacentric height
GM = MB – BG
If, MB < BG , Value of GM will be negative –Unstable
eqm.
If, MB > BG , Value of GM will be positive –Stable
eqm.
Metacentric height
Ixx = b L3/ 12
Always Ixx > Iyy
Hence, if floating body stable about Y axis, it will
also be stable about X axis.
Metacentric height
Try to keep position of ‘G’ as low as possible for floating body.
This will increase GM & will increase the stability of the floating body.
For this we can put heavy material on the lower side.
Cargo ship : As goods are loaded at bottom side, CG moves downwards &
stability is more due to higher GM value
War ships : As devices for fighting the war are kept on upper side, CG
shifts vertically upwards & GM value is lesser leading to lower stability.