Unit 5
•Dimensional Analysis
•Similitude
•Forces on Immersed Bodies
Similitude
Similitude is defined as similarity between
model & prototype in every aspect which
means that the model & the prototype have
similar properties.
Or
Model & prototype are completely similar.
Model & Prototype
Model : It is of larger or smaller size.
Prototype: It is of actual size.
Types of similarities
1. Geometric similarity
2. Kinematic similarity
3. Dynamic similarity
Geometric
similarity
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Dimensional Analysis
•Dimensional Analysis is method of dimensions.
•A mathematical method used in research work for
design & for conducting model tests
•Deals with dimensions of physical quantities used
in the phenomenon
Dimensional Analysis
Primary dimensions :
(Fundamental quantities)
• Mass (M)
• Length (L)
• Time (T)
• Temperature
Dimensional Analysis
Secondary dimensions :
(Derived quantities)
• Velocity : M0L1T-1
• Density : M1L-3T0
Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Homogeneity
Dimensions of each side of an equation are
same.
i.e. The powers of M, L & T of both the sides
will be same.
Such equations are independent of the system
of units.
Dimensional Analysis-Rayleigh’s method
This method is used to determine expression
for a variable which depends upon maximum
3 or 4 variables only.
Method becomes difficult in case variables are
more than 4.
Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Analysis
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Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
Rayleigh’s method becomes more laborious
when number of variables are more than
number of fundamental dimensions.
This difficulty is overcome by Buckingham’s
‘π’ theorem.
Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem: It states that if there
are ‘n’ variables (dependent & independent) in a
physical phenomenon & if these variables
contain ‘m’ fundamental dimensions (M, L, T)
then the variables are arranged into (n-m)
dimensionless terms. Each term is called as ‘π’
term.
Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
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Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
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Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
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Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham’s ‘π’ Theorem
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Method of selecting repeating variables
No. of repeating variable = No. of fundamental
dimensions of the problem.
1. As far as possible , the dependent variable should not
be selected as repeating variable.
2. The repeating variables should be chosen such that
one variable contains
a) geometric property, (length, diameter, height etc.),
other variable contains
b) flow property (velocity, acceleration etc.) &
third variable contains
c) fluid property (density, viscosity etc.)
Method of selecting repeating variables
3) The repeating variables selected should not form a
dimensionless group.
4) The repeating variables must have the same
number of fundamental dimensions.
5) No two repeating variables should have same
dimensions.
In most cases, the choice of group is
a) d, v, ρ b) l, v, ρ c) l,v, µ d) d, v, µ
Numerical
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Numerical
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Numerical
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Numerical
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Numerical
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Numerical
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Numerical
Go through PDF file which gives details of effect of
wrong selection of repeating variables.
Forces on submerged bodies
A force is exerted by the fluid on the body.
1. When a body is moving in a stationary fluid
2. When a fluid is flowing over a stationary body,
3. When body & fluid both are moving with
different velocities
Forces on submerged bodies
Examples :
•Flow of air over buildings
•Flow of water over bridges
•Submarines, Ships, Airplanes, Automobiles moving
through water or air
Forces exerted by flowing fluid on
stationary body
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Forces exerted by flowing fluid on
stationary body
Component of total force in the direction of motion –
Drag force
Component of total force in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of motion – Lift force
Forces exerted by flowing fluid on
stationary body
•Lift force occurs only when the axis of the body is inclined
to the direction of motion.
•If the axis of the body is parallel to the direction of fluid
flow, lift force is zero & only drag force exists.
•If the fluid is assumed ideal & the body is symmetrical such
as a sphere or cylinder, both the drag & lift will be zero.
Expression for drag & lift
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Dimensional Analysis of Drag & Lift
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Dimensional Analysis of Drag & Lift
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Effect of different factors on forces
If body is completely submerged in the liquid, the effect
of gravitational acceleration on force exerted is
negligible. Hence neglect
If the velocity of body is less than 0.3 times the velocity
of sound, force due to compressibility is negligible.
Hence neglect
Forces for submerged bodies
In general,
For bodies completely submerged in air,
Components of total force
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Numerical
A truck having a projected area of 6.5 sq. meter
travelling at 70 km/hr has a total resistance of 2000
N. Of this 20% is due to rolling friction & 10% is
due to surface friction. The rest is due to form drag.
Calculate the coefficient of form drag. Take density
of air = 1.25 Kg/m^3
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