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Zoology: Evolution

Figure 7.4 Figure showing white - winged moth and

dark - winged moth (melanised) on a tree trunk
(a) In unpolluted area (b) In polluted area
Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is incorrect about post-industrialisation period in England?

(1) Tree trunks became dark

(2) White winged moth survived

(3) An example of directional selection

(4) No variation is completely wiped out

2. _______ can be used as industrial pollution indicators. Select the option that fills the blank correctly.

(1) Lichens (2) Predator

(3) Tree trunk (4) Melanised moth

3. During pre-industrialisation in England, 'A' peppered moth become dominant over 'B' moth.

Identify 'A' and 'B'.

A B

(1) Dark-Winged Light coloured

(2) Melanised White winged

(3) White-Winged Dark-winged

(4) Biston carbonaria Biston betularia

4. Industrial melanism is an example of

(1) Protective mimicry

(2) Artificial selection

(3) Mutation

(4) Natural selection

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 Figure 7.5 Variety of beaks of finches that
Darwin found in Galapagos Island

1. The original ancestors of Darwin's finches on Galapagos island were _______ eating birds. Choose the
option that fills the blank correctly.
(1) Fruit (2) Seed
(3) Fish (4) Cactus
2. Darwin's finches in Galapagos island differ mainly in
(a) Feeding habits
(b) Origin
(c) Shape of beak
Mark the correct option.
(1) (b) only (2) (a) only
(3) (b) and (c) (4) (a) and (c)
3. Darwin's finches are example of all of the following, except
(1) Adaptive radiation
(2) Homology
(3) Convergent evolution
(4) Natural selection

Figure 7.6 Adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia

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 Figure. 7.7 Picture showing convergent evolution of Australian Marsupials and placental mammals
1. Choose the correct match w.r.t. convergent evolution.
(1) Anteater – Spotted cuscus
(2) Wolf – Tasmanian tiger cat
(3) Flying squirrel – Flying phalanger
(4) Lemur – Numbat
2. All of the following are result of adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia, excepct
(1) Bobcat (2) Kangaroo
(3) Wombat (4) Koala
3. When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area, one
can call this
(1) Parallel evolution
(2) Coevolution
(3) Retrogressive evolution
(4) Convergent evolution

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4. Read the given statements.
Statement A: The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a
point and literally radiating to another areas of geography is called adaptive radiation.
Statement B: The finches of Galapagos island provide an evidence in favour of biogeographical evolution.
Select the correct option.
(1) Both statements A and B are correct
(2) Both statements A and B incorrect
(3) Only statement A is correct
(4) Only statement B is correct
5. Complete the analogy.
Mole : Marsupial mole : : Bobcat : ________
(1) Macropus (2) Flying phalanger
(3) Marsupial mouse (4) Tasmanian tiger cat
6. Bandicoot and banded anteater show
(1) Adaptive convergence
(2) Homology
(3) Convergent evolution
(4) Retrogressive evolution

Figure 7.8 Diagrammatic representation of the operation of natural selection on different traits
1. Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.
Column I Column II
(a) Directional (i) Mean character
selection value is favoured
(b) Disruptive (ii) Peripheral character
selection values at both ends are
favoured
(c) Stabilising (iii) One extreme form is
selection selected over the other
extreme form
(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i)
(2) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii)

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2. The type of natural selection in which two peaks are formed in the distribution curve is
(1) Stabilisation selection
(2) Directional selection
(3) Disruptive selection
(4) Balancing selection
3. A scientist studied shell pattern in marine molluscs. The shell has a continuous pattern with colour ranging
from pure white to dark tan. The pure white ones attached to white goose neck barnacles and tan ones
attached to rocks. But the mollusc with intermediate colour pattern were preyed by shorebirds.
Identify the type of natural selection shown in above case.
(1) Stabilisation selection (2) Disruptive selection
(3) Balancing selection (4) Directional selection
4. Which of the following is observed in the distribution curve of the type of natural selection shown by
antibiotic resistant microbes?
(1) Peak shifts in one direction
(2) Peak gets higher
(3) Peak gets narrower
(4) Two peaks form
5. Average birth weight of human babies is 3 to 4 kg. Increase or decrease from this value, increases the rate
of mortality. This is an example of
(1) Directional selection (2) Stabilising selection
(3) Artificial selection (4) Disruptive selection


NCERT-XII, Page No.-138, Figure: 7.9

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Choose the correct option:
1. Psilophyton is a direct ancestor of how many of the following?
(i) Herbaceous lycopods (ii) Horsetails
(ii) Ginkgos (iv) Gnetales
(v) Cycads (vi) Dicotyledons
(vii) Ferns
Choose the correct option
(1) Three
(2) Four
(3) Five
(4) Seven
2. ________ were dominant in Devonian period. Select the option that correctly fills the blank.
(1) Zosterophyllum (2) Seed ferns
(3) Chlorophytes (4) Ginkgos
3. Read the following statements.
Statement A:- From the point of view of evolutionary history, Cycads are closer to Gnetales than to
dicotyledons.
Statement B:- Cycads and dicotyledons have descended from a common ancestor.
(1) Both A and B are true
(2) Both A and B are false
(3) Only A is true
(4) Only B is true
4. With regard to phylogeny, bryophytes are
(1) Ancestors of tracheophytes
(2) Ancestors of chlorophytes
(3) Evolved from tracheophytes
(4) A separate line of evolution from tracheophytes
5. Match the plant forms given in column I with the periods they were dominant in, given in column II and
choose the correct option.

Column I Column II
(a) Angiosperms (i) Jurassic
(b) Conifers (ii) Quarternary
(c) Sphenopsids (iii) Cretaceous
(d) Gnetales (iv) Carboniferous
(1) (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
(2) (a) – (iv), (b) – (i), (c) – (ii), (d) – (iii)
(3) (a) – (i), (b) – (iii), (c) – (iv), (d) – (ii)
(4) (a) – (ii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iv), (d) – (iii)

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NCERT-XII, Page No.-139, Figure: 7.10

1. Read the following statements.

Statement P:- Panthera and Chelone share certain similar characteristics as they evolved from sauropsids,
which is their common ancestor.
Statement Q:- Present day reptiles, birds and mammals, all originated from the early reptiles.
Choose the correct option w.r.t the above given statements.
(1) Both P and Q are correct
(2) Both P and Q are incorrect
(3) Only P is true
(4) Only Q is true
2. How many animal groups given in the box below are extant?
Pelycosaurs, Therapsids, Dinosaurs, Thecodonts, Early reptiles
(1) Zero (2) Two
(3) Three (4) Four
3. P, Q and R have evolved from thecodonts.
Thecodonts and lizards have evolved from A.
A and B have directly evolved from early reptiles.
Choose the option which correctly identifies A and P, respectively.
(1) Synapsids, Tuataras
(2) Sauropsids, Snakes
(3) Synapsids, Turtles
(4) Sauropsids, Dinosaurs

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4. Arrange the stages of animal evolution which are given below in the order that they appeared on earth.
(i) Pelycosaurs
(ii) Therapsids
(iii) Early reptiles
(iv) Modern day mammals
(1) (iii) → (ii) → (i) → (iv)
(2) (ii) → (iii) → (i) → (iv)
(3) (iii) → (i) → (ii) → (iv)
(4) (iv) → (iii) → (i) → (ii)
5. From the given options, the closest living related animal group to snakes is
(1) Lizards
(2) Turtles
(3) Tuataras
(4) Crocodiles

NCERT-XII, Page No.-141, Figure: 7.11

1. Three different sets of skull bones were excavated. First set was that of an adult modern human being,
Second and third sets were those of chimpanzees. The second set of skull bones looked distinctly different
than the first set but the third set looked more like the first set than the third set
This third set of skull bones probably was that of a/an
(1) Baby chimpanzee
(2) Adult male chimpanzee
(3) Adult female chimpanzee
(4) Old chimpanzee

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NCERT-XII, Page No.-128, Figure: 7.1

Choose the correct option:

1. The above diagram represents the experimental setup of Miller’s experiment in which various gases were
used in the defined ratio. Which one correctly identifies the gases used in this experiment?
(1) CH4, CO2, O2
(2) CH4, NH3, H2
(3) CH4, NH3, O2
(4) CH4, O2, CO2
2. About how much temperature was maintained in the closed flask containing gases in the Miller’s
experiment?
(1) 800 F
(2) 900ºC
(3) 800ºC
(4) 700 F
3. Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Statement A:- The spark chamber in the Miller’s experiment was connected to another flask with
arrangement of boiling water.
Statement B:- Electric spark was provided to the mixture of gases in experimental setup.
(1) Both statements (A) and (B) are correct
(2) Both statements (A) and (B) are incorrect
(3) Only statement (A) is correct
(4) Only statement (B) is correct
4. Select the incorrect statement w.r.t. the experiment performed by S.L. Miller.
(1) The apparatus in the experiment was used to mimic early Earth’s oxidising atmosphere
(2) Miller observed the formation of amino acids.
(3) This experiment was performed in 1953 by Miller.
(4) Water vapour was also used along with gases.
5. What was the nationality of scientist who experimentally proved the chemical evolution of life?
(1) Russia
(2) England
(3) America
(4) China

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NCERT-XII, Page No.-130, Figure: 7.2

1. The living thecodont representative among the following is

(1) Pteranodon (2) Stegosaurus
(3) Crocodilus (4) Brachiosaurus
2. Which of the following is from the same lineage as that of Tyrannosaurus?
(1) Triceratops (2) Stegosaurus
(3) Pteranodon (4) Brachiosaurus
3. About _____mya, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth.
Select the option that correctly fills the blank.
(1) 56 (2) 75
(3) 65 (4) 35
4. The land reptile ‘X’ was about 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth. Identify the ‘X’ and
select the correct option.
(1) Tyrannosaurus rex
(2) Triceratops
(3) Archaeopteryx
(4) Brachiosaurus
5. Complete the analogy and select the correct option.
Three horned face : Triceratops : : Plate backed : _______.
(1) Tyrannosaurus (2) Stegosaurus
(3) Brachiosaurus (4) Archaeopteryx
6. Identify the incorrect match.
(1) Pteranodon - Flying reptile
(2) Archaeopteryx - Missing link
(3) Stegosaurus - Possess long tail without spikes
(4) Brachiosaurus - Long necked

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NCERT-XII, Page No.-131, Figure: 7.3

1. Tendril of Cucurbita and thorn of Bougainvillea are examples of

(1) Analogous structures
(2) Convergent evolution
(3) Homologous structures
(4) Adaptive convergence
2. All of the following are the examples of homologous organs except
(1) Forelimbs of man and cheetah
(2) Forelimbs of whale and cheetah
(3) Wings of butterfly and arms of cheetah
(4) Forelimbs of cheetah and horses

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3. Select the incorrect option w.r.t. homologous structures.
(1) Developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs
(2) Result of divergent evolution
(3) One of the example is flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(4) Possess similar anatomical structure
4. Among the following sets of examples of divergent evolution, select the incorrect option.
(1) Heart of lion, man and horse
(2) Brain of bat, whale and goat
(3) Eyes of octopus, man and butterfly
(4) Forelimbs of cheetah, horse and whale
5. Homologous structures are a result of
(1) Disruptive selection
(2) Divergent evolution
(3) Convergent evolution
(4) Different ancestory
6. Sweet potato and potato are
(1) Homologous structures and represent divergent evolution
(2) Analogous structures and represent convergent evolution
(3) Phylogenetic structures and represent convergent evolution
(4) Homologous structures and represent adaptive radiation



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ZOOLOGY
Fill in the Blanks Questions
Chapter: Evolution

7.1 ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Volutionary Biology is the study of …………………………. Forms on earth.

2. This is the story of origin of life and evolution of life forms or,,,,,,A……. on planet earth in the context

of evolution of earth and against the background of ………..B…………… itself.

3. Stellar distances are measured in …………………………

4. The universe is very old – almost ………………………….. years old.

5. Huge clusters of …………..A……… comprise the universe. Galaxies contain stars and

………..B………… and dust.

6. The ………….A……….. attempts to explain to us the origin of universe. It talks of a singular huge

……….B……….. unimaginable in physical terms.

7. The universe ………………………. and hence, the temperature came down.

8. In the solar system of the milky way galaxy, earth was supposed to have been formed about

…………………………… years back.

9. There was no ……………A………… on early earth. Water vapour, methane, carbondioxide and

……………B………….. released from molten mass covered the surface.

10. The UV rays from the sun brokeup ………..into…………. and Oxygen and the lighter H escaped.
11. Oxygen combined with ………………………….. and methane to form water, CO2 and others.

12. The ozone layer was formed. As it cooled, the water vapor fell as rain, to fill all the depressions and

form………………….

13. Life appeared …………A………….. years after the formation of earth, i.e., almost ……….B………

years back.

14. Early Greek thinkers thought units of life called ………A……. were transferred to different planets

including earth. …………B…………. is still a favourite idea for some astronomers.

15. For a long time it was also believed that life came out of ………………A………………… matter like

straw, mud, etc. This was the theory of ………………B…………………...

16. ……………………………….. by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-

existing life.

17. Oparin of ……A…….. and Haldane of …….B……. proposed that the first form of life could have come

from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was

preceded by ……………..C………, i.e., formation of diverse organic molecule from inorganic

constituents.

18. The conditions on earth were – high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing

CH4, NH3, etc. In 1953, ………………., an American scientist created similar conditions in a laboratory

scale

19. He created electric discharge in a closed flask containing ……A……, H2, NH3 and water vapour at

…………..B…………. He observed formation of …………..C…………..

20. In similar experiments others observed, formation of sugars, ……………………………………..,

pigment and fats.

21. We have no idea about how the first ………………………………….. capsule of life arose.

22. The first non-cellular forms of life could have originated …………………….. back.
 23. They would have been giant molecules (…….A,,,,…..B…….and…….C……..etc.). These capsules

reproduced their molecules perhaps.

24. The first cellular form of life did not possibly originate till about ……………………………….. years ago.

7.2 EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A THEORY

25. Conventional religious literature tells us about the theory of ……………..

26. This theory has three connotations.

a. that all living organisms (species or types) that we …………A……….. were created as such.

b. that the diversity was always the same ………B………. and will be the same in future

c. that earth is about 4000 years old. All these ideas were strongly challenged during the

………….C………. century.

27. Based on observations made during a sea voyage in a sail ship called …………………………. round

the world, Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degrees not

only among themselves but also with life forms that ………….. , ………….. of years ago.

28. Remember that Alfred Wallace, a naturalist who worked in ………………………… had also come to

similar conclusions around the same time.

29. All the existing life forms share similarities and share ……………………………. However, these

ancestors were present at different periods in the history of earth (…..B…, ….C….., .and ….D……..).

7.3 WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION?

30. Rocks form sediments and a cross-section of …………………………. indicates the arrangement of

sediments one over the other during the long history of earth.

31. Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of different ………………………… who probably died

during the formation of the particular sediment.

32. Some of them appear similar to modern organisms They represent extinct organisms (e.g.,

…………………….).

33. Hence, new forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of earth. All this is called

………………………….evidence?

34. ……….A……………….. support for evolution was also proposed by Ernst Heckel based upon the

observation of certain features during embryonic stage common to all …………B……………..that are

absent in adult.

35. For example, the embryos of all vertebrates including human develop a row of ………….A……………

just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other

………….B………………...

36. However, this proposal was disapproved on careful study performed by

………………………………………………. He noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages

of other animals.

37. ……………… , ……………… and morphology shows similarities and differences among organisms of

today and those that existed years ago.

38. Such similarities can be interpreted to understand whether ………….A…………were shared or not.

For example whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones

of ……..B………

39. The same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is

……..A………… evolution and these structures are ………B…………...

40. Homology indicates …………A……………. Other examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants

also, the thorn and tendrils of ………….B…………. and Cucurbita represent homology

41. Analogy refers to a situation exactly Opposite to homology Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike.

They are not ……………………….similar structures though they perform similar functions.
42. Hence, analogous structures are a result of …………………………evolution - different structures

evolving for the same function and hence having similarity.

43. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins

and Dolphins.

44. Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification) is another example for ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

45. In the same line of argument, similarities in …………and……………performing a given function among

diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry.

46. These biochemical similarities point to the same shared ancestry as ……………………… similarities

among diverse organisms.

47. Man has domesticated many wild animals and crops. This ………………………………………………

has created breeds that differ from other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the same group.

48. Another interesting observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from England. In a

collection of moths made in ………A………., i.e., before industrialisation set in, it was observed that

there were more ………….B…………. moths on trees than dark-winged or …………C……….

49. However, in the collection carried out from the same area, but after industrialisation, i.e., in

……………………, there were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e., the

……………………………………..

50. The explanation put forth for this observation was that ‘predators will spot a moth against a

………………………………………. During postindustrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark

due to industrial smoke and soots.

51. Under this condition the white-winged moth did not survive due to ……………………… dark-winged

or melanised moth survived.

52. Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of almost ……………………… covered the trees - in that

background the white winged moth survived but the dark-coloured moth were picked out by predators

53. Remember that no ………………………………… is completely wiped out.

 54. Similarly, excess use of herbicides, pesticides, etc., has only resulted in selection of

…………………………………………. in a much lesser time scale.

55. This is also true for microbes against which we employ ……………A…………..or drugs against

eukaryotic organisms/cell. Hence, resistant organisms/cells are appearing in a time scale of months

or years and not …………B…………….

56. These are examples of evolution by ……………………….. action.

57. This also tells us that evolution is not a directed process in the sense of ………………………….. It is

a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms.

7.4 WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION?

58. During his journey Darwin went to …………………………... There he observed an amazing diversity

of creatures.

59. Of particular interest, small ………….A………… later called Darwin’s Finches amazed him. He

realised that there were many varieties of …………B…….. in the same island.

60. All the varieties, he conjectured, evolved on the island itself. From the original …………..A……..

features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become ……….B……………..

and vegetarian finches).

61. This process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and

literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called ……………………………..

62. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is ..

………………………………

63. ………A………… mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such

placental mammals each of which appears to be ……………B……….. to a corresponding marsupial

(e.g., …………C…………….. and Tasmanian wolf-marsupial).

7.5 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

64. Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense would have started when cellular forms of life with

differences in ……………………………. capability originated on earth.

65. The essence of …………………. theory about evolution is natural selection.

66. In due course of time this …………………………….. outgrows the others and appears as new species.

This would happen within days.

67. Nature selects for ………A……... One must remember that the so-called fitness is based on

characteristics which are………B…………….

68. Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get ……………………. by nature.

69. ……………………….. and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution

70. Even before Darwin, a ……………………………… Lamarck had said that evolution of life forms had

occurred but driven by use and disuse of organs.

71. He gave the examples of Giraffes who in an attempt to ……………………. on tall trees had to adapt

by elongation of their necks.

72. As they passed on this ……………A…………… of elongated neck to succeeding generations,

…………B…………, slowly, over the years, came to acquire long necks.

73. It is possible that the work of ………………………….. on populations influenced Darwin. Natural

selection is based on certain observations which are factual.

74. For example, natural resources are limited, populations are stable in size except for

…………A…………….., members of a population vary in characteristics (infact no two individuals are

alike) even though they look superficially similar, most of ………B………are inherited etc.

75. The fact that theoretically population size will grow…………A………… if everybody reproduced

maximally (this fact can be seen in a growing bacterial population) and the fact that population sizes

in reality are ………B………….

 76. The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was this: he asserted that ………………., which are heritable

and which make resource utilisation better for few (adapted to habitat better) will enable only those to

reproduce and leave more progeny.

77. Hence for a period of time, over many generations, survivors will leave more progeny and there would

be a change in …………………………characteristic and hence new forms appear to arise.

7.6 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION

78. Even though Mendel had talked of inheritable ……………… influencing phenotype, Darwin either

ignored these observations or kept silence.

79. In the first decade of twentieth century, …………A……… based on his work on

……………B……………. brought forth the idea of mutations – large difference arising suddenly in a

population.

80. Hugo deVries believed that it is mutation which causes evolution and not the

……………………………… (heritable) that Darwin talked about.

81. Mutations are random and …………………………… while Darwinian variations are small and

directional.

82. Evolution for Darwin was gradual while deVries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called

it ……………………… (single step large mutation).

7.7 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

In a given population one can find out the frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus.

83. This frequency is supposed to remain fixed and even remain the same through generations.

………………………. principle stated it using algebraic equations.

84. This principle says that ……………………………… in a population are stable and is constant from

generation to generation.
 85. The ………………………….. (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is

called genetic equilibrium.

86. …………A……….in genetic equilibrium, or Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, i.e., change of frequency of

alleles in a population would then be interpreted as resulting in …………B……………...A

87. …………A……….. are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These are gene migration or gene

flow, ………B……………, mutation, ………C………… and …………D…………….

88. When migration of a section of population to another place and population occurs,

………………………… change in the original as well as in the new population.

89. There would be a gene flow if this ……………………….., happens multiple times.

90. If the same change occurs by chance, it is called ………A………... Sometimes the change in allele

frequency is so different in the ………B……… of population that they become a different species.

91. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called …………………………..

92. Microbial experiments show that ……………………………………. mutations when selected will result

in observation of new phenotypes.

93. Over few generations, this would result in ………A………... Natural selection is a process in which

heritable variations enabling better ………B………. are enabled to reproduce and leave greater

number of progeny.

94. Natural selection can lead to …………A……………… (in which more individuals acquire mean

character value), …………B………….. (more individuals acquire value other than the mean character

value) or…………C………… (more individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the

distribution curve).

7.8 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION

95. About ……………………… years ago (mya) the first cellular forms of life appeared on earth.

96. Single-celled organisms became multi-cellular life forms. By the time of

…………A………..invertebrates were formed and active. …………B……….. probably evolved around

350 mya.
97. …………………………. existed probably around 320 mya. We are told that the first organisms that

invaded land were plants.

98. They were widespread on land when animals invaded land. Fish with stout and strong fins could move

on land and go back to water. This was about ……………………………

99. In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a ……………………which was thought to be

extinct.

100. These animals called lobefins evolved into the ……………………. that lived on both land and water.

101. Again we only see their modern day descendents, the turtles, tortoises and crocodiles. In the

…………………………. years or so, reptiles of different shapes and sizes dominated on earth.

102. Giant ferns (…………………) were present but they all fell to form coal deposits slowly.

103. Some of these land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish like reptiles probably 200 mya

(e.g…………………….). The land reptiles were, of course, the dinosaurs.

104. The biggest of them, i.e., ………………………… was about 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome

dagger like teeth.

105. About ……………………, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth.

106. The ……………………………. were like shrews. Their fossils are small sized.

107. Mammals were viviparous and protected their ……………… young inside the mother’s body.

108. Mammals were more intelligent in sensing and avoiding danger at least. When

………………………came down mammals took over this earth.

109. There were in …………………………….. mammals resembling horse, hippopotamus, bear, rabbit, etc.

110. Due to ……………………………., when South America joined North America, these animals were

overridden by North American fauna.

111. Due to the same continental drift pouched mammals of Australia survived because of

……………………………… from any other mammal.

 112. Lest we forget, some mammals live wholly in water. Whales, dolphins, seals and …………………….

are some examples. Evolution of horse, elephant, dog, etc., are special stories of evolution.

113. The most successful story is the evolution of man with language skills and

………………………………………..

7.9 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN

114. About 15 mya, primates called ……………………….and…………………… were existing. They were

hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.

115. Ramapithecus was more ………A……. while Dryopithecus was more ……B……...

116. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in ……………….and……………………….

117. These revealed hominid features leading to the belief that about …………………, man-like primates

walked in eastern Africa.

118. They were probably not taller than ……………… but walked up right.

119. Two mya, ……………A………….. probably lived in East African grasslands. Evidence shows they

hunted with stone weapons but essentially ………B………….

120. Some of the bones among the bones discovered were different. This creature was called the first

human-like being the hominid and was called ……………………………...

121. The brain capacities of Homo habilis were between ……………………...

122. They probably did not eat meat. Fossils discovered in Java in 1891 revealed the next stage, i.e.,

………………………. about 1.5 mya.

123. Homo erectus had a large brain around ……………..

124. The ………A…………….man with a brain size of 1400cc lived in near east and central Asia between

……………B……………. years back.

125. They used ………………. to protect their body and buried their dead.

126. Homo sapiens arose in …………………. and moved across continents and developed into distinct

races.

127. During ice age between ………………….. years ago modern Homo sapiens arose.

128. ……………………………….. developed about 18,000 years ago.

129. One such cave paintings by Pre-historic humans can be seen at ………………………. rock shelter in

Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.

130. Agriculture came around ………………………years back and human settlements started. The rest of

what happened is part of human history of growth and decline of civilisations.

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