Chapter 7

Chemical Quantities and Reactions

1

Chapter 7
Exercise physiologists
work with athletes as well
as patients who have been Chemical Quantities
diagnosed with diabetes,
heart disease, pulmonary
disease, or other chronic
and
disabilities or diseases.
Reactions

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Chemical Quantities and Reactions

7.1 The Mole

7.2 Molar Mass
7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass
7.4 Equations for Chemical Reactions
7.5 Types of Chemical Reactions
7.6 Oxidation−Reduction Reactions

7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations

7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
7.9 Energy in Chemical Reactions
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 7.1 The Mole
3
The terms dozen, case,
gross, and ream are used
to count the number of
items present.

Learning Goal Use Avogadro’s number to determine the

number of particles in a given number of moles.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Avogadro’s Number

Small particles such as atoms, molecules, and ions are counted using the
mole, a unit called Avogadro’s number which contains 6.02 × 1023 items.

1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 items

Avogadro’s number

6.02 × 1023 = 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

Avogadro’s number is named for Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), an Italian

physicist.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mole of Atoms

1 mole of an element = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of that element

1 mole of carbon = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of carbon
1 mole of sodium = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of sodium

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Particles in 1-Mole Quantities

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Avogadro’s Number

Avogadro’s number, 6.02 × 1023, can be written as an equality

and as two conversion factors.
Equality:
1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles

Conversion Factors:

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Moles to Molecules

Avogadro’s number is used to convert moles of a substance to

particles.
How many CO2 molecules are in 0.50 mole of CO2?

SOLUTION:
STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM 0.50 mole molecules Avogadro’s
of CO2 of CO2 number
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Moles to Molecules-Reading

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert moles to atoms or

molecules.

Avogadro’s
moles of CO2 number molecules of CO2

STEP 3 Use Avogadro’s number to write conversion

factors.
1 mole of CO2 = 6.02 × 1023 molecules of CO2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Moles to Molecules-Reading

STEP 4 Set up the problem to calculate the number of

particles.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

What is the number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al? NA= 6.02 × 1023

items

A. 2.0 atoms of Al

B. 3.0 × 1023 atoms of Al

C. 1.2 × 1024 atoms of Al

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM 2.0 mole of Al atoms of Al Avogadro’s
number

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert moles to atoms or molecules.

moles of Al Avogadro’s atoms of Al
number

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al?

STEP 3 Use Avogadro’s number to write conversion

factors.
1 mole of Al = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of Al

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al?

STEP 4 Set up the problem to calculate the number

of particles.

Answer is C.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.1

How many moles of water, H2O, contain 2.60 x 1023 molecules of water?

ANSWER

0.432 mole of H2O

 Learning Check

What is the number of moles of S in 1.8 × 1024 atoms of S?

A. 1.0 mole of S atoms

B. 3.0 moles of S atoms

C. 1.1 × 1048 moles of S atoms

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of moles of S in 1.8 × 1024 atoms of S?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED Connect

THE PROBLEM l.8 × 1024 atoms of S moles of S Avogadro’s
number

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert moles to atoms or molecules.

atoms of S Avogadro’s moles of S

number
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of moles of S in 1.8 × 1024 atoms of S?

STEP 3 Use Avogadro’s number to write conversion factors.

1 mole of S = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of S

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

What is the number of moles of S in 1.8 × 1024 atoms of S?

STEP 4 Set up the problem to calculate the number of

particles.

Answer is B.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Moles of Elements in a Formula

C9H8O4
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Moles of Elements in a Formula

The subscripts in a chemical formula show

• the relationship of atoms in the formula
• the moles of each element in 1 mole of compound
Aspirin
C9H8O4

1 molecule: 9 atoms of C 8 atoms of H 4 atoms of O

1 mole: 9 moles of C 8 moles of H 4 moles of O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Moles of Elements in a Formula

Subscripts are used to write conversion factors for moles of

each element in 1 mole of a compound.

For 1 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4, the possible conversion

factors are as follows:

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

How many atoms of O are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

2 steps
1 mole, 4 moles, 0.15 mole

The number of atoms = 3.61 × 1023 atoms of O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many atoms of O are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM l.50 mole atoms of O subscripts in formula
of C9H8O4 & Avogadro’s number

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert moles to atoms.

moles of Subscript moles Avogadro’s atoms

C9H8O4 of O number of O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many atoms of O are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

STEP 3 Use subscripts in formulas and Avogadro’s number to

write conversion factors.
Subscript factor: 1 mole of C9H8O4 = 4 moles of O

Avogadro’s number: 1 mole of O = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many atoms of O are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

STEP 4 Set up the problem to calculate the number of

particles.

= 3.61 × 1023 atoms of O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.2
How many moles of aspirin, C9H8O4, contain 0.480 mole of O?

ANSWER
0.120 mole of aspirin
 7.2 Molar Mass
28
The molar mass of an element is the quantity in grams that
equals the atomic mass of that element.

11
For example, 1 mole of sodium
has a mass of 22.99 grams.
Na
22.99
Learning Goal Given the chemical formula of a substance,
calculate its molar mass.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Molar Mass

The molar mass is

6

C
• The mass of 1 mole of an element
• The atomic mass expressed in grams
12.01
1 mole of C atoms = 12.01 g of C atoms

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Molar Mass from Periodic Table

In this text, we round molar mass to the hundredths place (0.01)

or use at least four significant figures for calculations.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 One Mole Quantities

32.07 g 55.85 g 58.44 g 294.2 g 342.3 g

FIGURE 7.1 1-mole samples: sulfur, S (32.07 g); iron, Fe (55.85 g); salt, NaCl
(58.44 g); potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 (294.2 g); and sucrose, C12H22O11
(342.3 g).
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Calculating Molar Mass: Li2CO3

Calculate the molar mass for lithium carbonate,

Li2CO3, used to treat bipolar disorder.
(Li = 0.941 g, C = 12.01 g and O = 16.00 g)

SOLUTION:

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM formula, molar mass, periodic
Li2CO3 Li2CO3 table

STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Calculating Molar Mass: Li2CO3-Reading

STEP 2 Multiply each molar mass by the number of moles

(subscript) in the formula.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Calculating Molar Mass: Li2CO3-Reading

STEP 3 Calculate the molar mass by adding the masses of

the elements.

2 moles Li = 13.88 g Li
1 mole C = 12.01 g C
3 moles O = 48.00 g O
1 mole Li2CO3 = 73.89 g

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

Calculate the molar mass of C2H6O.

(H = 1.01 g/mol, C = 12.01 g/mol and O = 16.00 g/mol)

1 mole C2H6O= 46.08 g

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Calculate the molar mass of C2H6O.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM formula, molar mass, periodic
C2H6O C2H6O table

STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Calculate the molar mass of C2H6O.

STEP 2 Multiply each molar mass by the number of

moles (subscripts) in the formula.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Calculate the molar mass of C2H6O.

STEP 3 Calculate the molar mass by adding the

masses of the elements.
2 moles C = 24.02 g C
6 moles H = 6.06 g H
1 mole O = 16.00 g O
1 mole C2H6O = 46.08 g

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.3
Calculate the molar mass for salicylic acid, C7H6O3, which is
used to treat skin conditions such as acne, psoriasis, and
dandruff.

ANSWER
138.12 g
 7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass
40

Molar mass

Moles Grams (mass)

For example, 1 mole of silver has a mass of 107.9 g.

Learning Goal Use molar mass to convert between grams

and moles.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Conversion Factors

Molar mass conversion factors

• are fractions (ratios) written from the molar mass
• relate grams and moles of an element or compound

For methane, CH4, used in gas stoves and gas heaters,

1 mole of CH4 = 16.05 g of CH4 (molar mass equality)
Conversion factors:

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Mass to Moles of NaCl

A box of table salt contains 737 g of NaCl.

How many moles
of NaCl are present in the box? (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol)

Moles of NaCl = 12.6 mole

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Mass to Moles of NaCl-Reading

A box of table salt contains 737 g of NaCl. How many

moles of NaCl are in the box?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM 737 g NaCl moles NaCl molar mass

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert grams to moles.

Molar
grams of NaCl moles of NaCl
Mass

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Mass to Moles of NaCl-Reading

A box of table salt contains 737 g of NaCl. How many moles of

NaCl are in the box?

STEP 3 Determine the molar mass and write conversion

factors.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Converting Mass to Moles of NaCl-Reading

A box of table salt contains 737 g of NaCl. How many moles of

NaCl are in the box?

STEP 4 Set up the problem to convert grams to moles.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

A sample of water has a mass of 59.8 grams. How many moles

of water are in the sample? (H = 1.01 g/mol and O = 16.00 g/mol)

Moles of water = 3.32 moles

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

A sample of water has a mass of 59.8 grams. How many moles

of water are in the sample?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM 59.8 g H2O moles H2O molar mass

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert grams to moles.

Molar
grams of H2O moles of H2O
Mass

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

A sample of water has a mass of 59.8 grams. How many moles

of water are in the sample?

STEP 3 Determine the molar mass and write conversion

factors.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

A sample of water has a mass of 59.8 grams. How many moles

of water are in the sample?

STEP 4 Set up the problem to convert grams to moles.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.4
A dentist orders 24.4 g of gold (Au) to prepare dental crowns and fillings.
Calculate the number of moles of gold in the order. (Au = 196.97 g/mol)

ANSWER
0.124 mole of Au
STUDY CHECK 7.5

One tablet of an antacid contains 680. mg of CaCO3. How many

moles of CaCO3 are present? (CaCO3 = 100.087 g/mol)

ANSWER

0.006 79 or 6.79 x 10-3 mole of CaCO3

 Summary
1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 items

1 mole of C atoms = 12.01 g of C atoms (mass from the periodic table)

1 mole of K2Cr2O7 = 294.2 g of K2Cr2O7 (from the periodic table)

Molar mass

Moles Grams (mass)

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒈)
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 = 𝒈
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 ( )
𝒎𝒐𝒍
 Summary
Map: Mass, Moles, and Particles

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 7.4 Equations for Chemical Reactions
54

A chemical change occurs when a

substance is converted into one or
more new substances that have
different formulas and different
properties.

Learning Goal Write a balanced chemical equation from the

formulas of the reactants and products for a reaction; determine
the number of atoms in the reactants and products.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

To write a chemical equation,

 an arrow separates reactants from the products

 reactants are written on the left side of the arrow, products on the right
side of the arrow

 multiple reactants or products are separated by a plus (+) sign

 the delta (Δ) sign indicates heat is used to start the reaction

reactant + reactant Δ product + product

 physical states of compounds are denoted in parentheses following the

compound: solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), and aqueous (aq) or dissolved in
water
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Identifying a
Balanced Equation

In a balanced chemical
equation,
• no atoms are lost or
gained
• the number of atoms on
the reactant side is equal
to the number of atoms
on the product side for
each element

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing a Chemical Equation: Formation of Al2S3

STEP 1 Write an equation using the correct formulas for the

reactants and products.

Al(s) + S(s) Al2S3(s)

2Al(s) + 3S(s) Al2S3(s)

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT
THE PROBLEM reactants, balanced equal numbers of atoms in
products equation reactants and products

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing a Chemical Equation: Formation of Al2S3

STEP 2 Count the atoms of each element in the reactants

and products.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing a Chemical Equation: Formation of Al2S3

STEP 3 Use coefficients to balance each element. Starting

with the most complex formula, change coefficients to
balance the equation.
2Al(s) + 3S(s) Al2S3(s)
STEP 4 Check the final equation to confirm it is balanced.
Make sure coefficients are the lowest ratio.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

State the number of atoms of each element on the reactant

side and the product side for each of the following balanced
equations.

A. P4(s) + 6Br2(l) 4PBr3(g)

B. 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

State the number of atoms of each element on the reactant

side and the product side for each of the following balanced
equations.

A. P4(s) + 6Br2(l) 4PBr3(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

State the number of atoms of each element on the reactant

side and the product side for each of the following balanced
equations.

B. 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

Balance the chemical equation when solid Fe3O4 reacts with

hydrogen gas to produce solid iron and water.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Balance the chemical equation when solid Fe3O4 reacts with

hydrogen gas to produce solid iron and water.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM reactants, balanced equal numbers of atoms in
products equation reactants and products

STEP 1 Write an equation using the correct formulas of the

reactants and products.
Fe3O4(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(l)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Balance the chemical equation when solid Fe3O4 reacts with

hydrogen gas to produce solid iron and water.
Fe3O4(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(l)

STEP 2 Count the number of atoms of each element in the

reactants and products.

Unbalanced
Unbalanced
Balanced

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Balance the chemical equation when solid Fe3O4 reacts with

hydrogen gas to produce solid iron and water.
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)

STEP 3 Use coefficients to balance each element.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Balance the chemical equation when solid Fe3O4 reacts with

hydrogen gas to produce solid iron and water.
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)

STEP 4 Check the final equation to confirm it is balanced.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.7

Balance the following chemical equation:

Al(s) + Cl2(g) → AlCl3(s)

ANSWER

2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3 (s)

STUDY CHECK 7.6
When ethane, C2H6, burns in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide
and water. The balanced chemical equation is written as
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Calculate the number of each type of atom in the reactants and in the
products.

ANSWER
In both the reactants and products, there are 4 C atoms, 12 H atoms, and
14 O atoms.
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions

Sometimes an equation
contains the same
polyatomic ion in both
the reactants and the
products.
Then we can balance the
polyatomic ions as a
group on both sides of
the equation.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions

Balance the following chemical equation:

Na3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + NaCl(aq)

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT
THE PROBLEM reactants, balanced equal numbers of atoms in
products equation reactants and products

STEP 1 Write an equation using the correct formulas of the

reactants and products.

Na3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + NaCl(aq)

Unbalanced
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions-Reading

STEP 2 Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and

products. Balance the phosphate ion as a unit.
Na3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + NaCl(aq)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions-Reading

STEP 3 Use coefficients to balance each element.

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions-Reading

STEP 4 Check the final equation to confirm it is balanced.

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

Balance and list the coefficients from reactants to products.

A. __Fe2O3(s) + __C(s) __Fe(s) + __CO2(g)

1) 2, 3, 2, 3 2) 2, 3, 4, 3 3) 1, 1, 2, 3

B. __Al(s) + __FeO(s) __Fe(s) + __Al2O3(s)

1) 2, 3, 3, 1 2) 2, 1, 1, 1 3) 3, 3, 3, 1

C. __Al(s) + __H2SO4(aq) __Al2(SO4)3(aq) + __H2(g)

1) 3, 2, 1, 2 2) 2, 3, 1, 3 3) 2, 3, 2, 3
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

A. 2) 2, 3, 4, 3
2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

B. 1) 2, 3, 3, 1
2Al(s) + 3FeO(s) 3Fe(s) + 1Al2O3(s)

C. 2) 2, 3, 1, 3
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) 1Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.8
Balance the following chemical equation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + AlBr3(aq) → PbBr2(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq)

ANSWER
3Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2AlBr3(aq) → 3PbBr2(s) + 2Al(NO3)3(aq)
 7.5 Types of Chemical Reactions

In a combustion reaction, a candle

burns using the oxygen in the air.

Learning Goal Identify a reaction as a (1) combination, (2)

decomposition, (3) single replacement, (4) double
replacement,
or (5) combustion.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Types of Reactions

Chemical reactions can be classified as

1. Combination reactions

2. Decomposition reactions

3. Single replacement reactions

4. Double replacement reactions

5. Combustion reactions

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Combination Reactions
In a combination reaction,
• two or more elements form one product
• simple compounds combine to form one product

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Combination Reaction: MgO

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Decomposition Reaction
In a decomposition reaction, one substance splits into
two or more simpler substances.

2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Decomposition Reaction: HgO

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Single Replacement Reaction

In a single replacement reaction, one element takes the

place of a different element in another reacting compound.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Single Replacement Reaction: ZnCl2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Double Replacement Reaction

In a double replacement, the positive ions in the reactant

compounds switch places.

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

ZnS(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Double Replacement Reaction: BaSO4

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Combustion Reaction

In a combustion reaction,
• a carbon-containing compound burns in oxygen gas
to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
• energy is released as a product in the form of heat

∆
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + energy

∆
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) + energy

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Chemistry Link to Health:
General information
Incomplete Combustion

When a propane heater, fireplace, or woodstove is used to burn

fuel, adequate ventilation is needed.

When the oxygen supply is limited, incomplete combustion

occurs
• from burning gas, oil, or wood and produces CO, carbon
monoxide
• according to the following reaction:
∆
2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2O(g) + heat

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Chemistry Link to Health:
General information
Incomplete Combustion
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas
• attaches to hemoglobin molecules when inhaled
• reduces the amount of oxygen gas (O2) that can reach cells
• causes a person to experience a reduction in exercise
capability, visual perception, and manual dexterity

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Chemistry Link to Health:
General information
Incomplete Combustion
Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that transports O2
to cells.

When hemoglobin bound to CO (COHb) reaches

• 10%, a person may experience shortness of breath, mild
headache, and drowsiness
• 30%, a person may experience more severe symptoms,
including dizziness, mental confusion, severe headache,
and nausea
• 50%, a person could become unconscious and die if not
treated immediately with oxygen
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Summary of Reaction Types

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(s) + 3H2(g)

Single Replacement
B. Na2SO4(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) Ag2SO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Double Replacement
C. 3C(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
Single Replacement
D. C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Combustion
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(s) + 3H2(g)

Single Replacement

B. Na2SO4(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) Ag2SO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Double Replacement

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

C. N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) Combination

D. C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Combustion

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

A. 3Ba(s) + N2(g) Ba3N2(s) Combination

B. 2Ag(s) + H2S(aq) Ag2S(s) + H2(g) Single Replacement

C. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Combustion

D. PbCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) 2KCl(aq) + PbSO4(s) Double Replacement

E. K2AnCO
Chemistry: 3(s)to General, Organic,K
Introduction 2O(aq)
and + CO
Biological Chemistry, 2(g)Edition,Decomposition
Thirteenth Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

A. 3Ba(s) + N2(g) Ba3N2(s) Combination

B. 2Ag(s) + H2S(aq) Ag2S(s) + H2(g)
Single Replacement
C. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Combustion

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Identify each reaction as combination, decomposition,

combustion, single replacement, or double replacement.

D. PbCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) 2KCl(aq) + PbSO4(s)

Double Replacement
E. K2CO3(s) K2O(aq) + CO2(g)
Decomposition

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.9
Nitrogen gas (N2) and oxygen gas (O2) react to form nitrogen dioxide
gas. Write the balanced chemical equation using the correct chemical
formulas of the reactants and product, and identify the reaction type.

ANSWER
N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g) Combination
 7.6 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

 LEARNING GOAL Define the terms oxidation and reduction; identify the
reactants oxidized and reduced.

 In an oxidation–reduction reaction (redox), electrons are transferred from

one substance to another.

 If one substance loses electrons, another substance must gain electrons.

Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

 One way to remember these definitions is to use the following acronym:

OIL RIG

 Oxidation Is Loss of electrons

 Reduction Is Gain of electrons

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 7.6 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

• In general, atoms of metals lose electrons to form positive ions, whereas

nonmetals gain electrons to form negative ions.

Now we can say that metals are oxidized and nonmetals are reduced.

• The oxidation and reduction reactions that take place when copper metal

reacts with oxygen in the air to produce copper(II) oxide.

2Cu(s) + O2(g) →2CuO(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 7.6 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

The element Cu in the reactants has a charge of 0, but in the CuO product, it is
present as Cu2+, which has a 2+ charge. Because the Cu atom lost two electrons,
the charge is more positive.
This means that Cu was oxidized in the reaction.
Cu0(s) → Cu2+(s) + 2 e- Oxidation: loss of electrons by Cu
At the same time, the element O in the reactants has a charge of 0, but in the CuO
product, it is present as O2-, which has a 2- charge. Because the O atom has
gained two electrons, the charge is more negative.
This means that O was reduced in the reaction.
O20(g) + 4 e- → 2O2-(s) Reduction: gain of electrons by O

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Thus, the overall equation for the formation of CuO involves an oxidation and
a reduction that occur simultaneously.
In every oxidation and reduction, the number of electrons lost must be
equal to the number of electrons gained. Therefore,
Identify each of the following as an oxidation or a reduction:

a. Na+(aq) + e- → Na(s) Reduction

b. Ni(s) → Ni2+(aq) + 2 e- Oxidation

c. Cr3+(aq) + 3 e- → Cr(s) Reduction

d. 2H+(aq) + 2e-→ H2(g) Reduction

 7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations

In the chemical reaction of Fe and S, the mass of the reactants

is the same as the mass of the product, Fe2S3.

Learning Goal Use a mole–mole factor from a balanced

chemical equation to calculate the number of moles of another
substance in the reaction.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Law of Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass indicates that in an ordinary chemical reaction,

• matter cannot be created or destroyed

• no change in total mass occurs

• the mass of products is equal to the mass of reactants

Tarnish (Ag2S) forms when silver reacts with sulfur to form silver sulfide.
2Ag(s) + S(s) Ag2S(s)
Twice the number of silver atoms react as sulfur atoms.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Law of Conservation of Mass

2Ag(s) + S(s) Ag2S(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Information from a Balanced Equation

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Reading Equations in Moles

Consider the following equation:

2Fe(s) + 3S(s) Fe2S3(s)

We can read this as:

2 moles of Fe + 3 moles of S 1 mole of Fe2S3

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Writing Conversion Factors from Equations

A mole–mole factor is a ratio of the moles for any

two substances in an equation.
2Fe(s) + 3S(s) Fe2S3(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

Consider the following equation:

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
A. A mole–mole factor for H2 and N2 is

B. A mole–mole factor for NH3 and H2 is

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Consider the following equation:

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
A. A mole–mole factor for H2 and N2 is

B. A mole–mole factor for NH3 and H2 is

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Calculations with
Mole Factors
How many moles of Fe2O3 can form from 6.0
moles of O2?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Relationship: 3 moles of O2 = 2 moles of Fe2O3

Use a mole–mole factor to determine the moles of

Fe2O3.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction of 12.0 moles
of O2?

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

A. 3.00 moles of Fe
B. 9.00 moles of Fe
C. 16.0 moles of Fe

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction

of
12.0 moles of O2?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.
ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT
THE PROBLEM 12.0 moles O2 moles Fe mole-mole factor

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction

of
12.0 moles of O2?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the

needed quantity (moles).

moles of O2 Mole–mole moles of Fe

factor
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction

of
12.0 moles of O2?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 3 Use coefficients to write mole–mole

factors.

3 moles of O2 = 4 moles of Fe
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction

of
12.0 moles of O2?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 4 Set up the problem to give the needed

quantity (moles).
exact

Three SFs exact Three SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition
The answer is C.
© 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.10
Using the equation in Sample Problem 7.10, calculate the
number of moles of iron needed to react with 2.75 moles of
sulfur.

ANSWER
1.83 moles of iron
 7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions

A mixture of acetylene and oxygen

undergoes combustion during the
welding of metals. We can calculate
the mass of acetylene used to weld
a specific mass of metal.

Learning Goal Given the mass in grams of a substance in a

reaction, calculate the mass in grams of another substance in
the reaction.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mass Calculations

Given a balanced chemical equation, we can convert the mass of one

substance A to another substance B by
• first, converting the mass of substance A to moles using the molar mass
of A
• second, converting moles of substance A to moles of substance B using
the mole ratio of B to A in the balanced equation
• third, converting moles of substance B to grams using the
molar mass of B

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mass N2 − Mass NH3

Suppose we want to determine the mass (grams) of NH3 that can

be produced from 32 grams of N2 in the following equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

SOLUTION:
STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities (grams).

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT

THE PROBLEM 32 g of N2 grams of NH3 molar masses,
mole-mole factor

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mass N2 − Mass NH3

Suppose we want to determine the mass (grams) of NH3 that can

be produced from 32 grams of N2 in the following equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the needed

quantity (grams).

Molar Mole–mole Molar

grams moles moles grams
mass factor mass
N2 N2 NH3 NH3

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mass N2 − Mass NH3

Suppose we want to determine the mass (grams) of NH3 that can

be produced from 32 grams of N2 in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

STEP 3 Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write

molar mass factors if needed.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Mass N2 − Mass NH3

Suppose we want to determine the mass (grams) of NH3 that can

be produced from 32 grams of N2 in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

STEP 4 Set up the problem to give the needed quantity

(grams).
exact exact Four SFs

Two SFs Four SFs exact exact Two SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 45.8 grams of

Fe2O3 in the following reaction?

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

A. 38.4 g of O2

B. 13.8 g of O2

C. 1.38 g of O2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 45.8 grams of

Fe2O3 in the following reaction?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT
THE PROBLEM 45.8 g of Fe2O3 grams of O2 molar masses,
mole-mole factor

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 45.8 grams of

Fe2O3 in the following reaction?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the needed

quantity (grams).
Molar Mole–mole Molar
grams mass moles factor moles mass grams
Fe2O3 Fe2O3 O2 O2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 45.8 grams of

Fe2O3 in the following reaction?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 3 Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write

molar mass factors if needed.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 45.8 grams of

Fe2O3 in the following reaction?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

STEP 4 Set up the problem to give the needed quantity

(grams).
exact exact Four SFs

Three SFs Five SFs exact exact Three SFs

Answer is B.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 g of water.

How many grams of O2 reacted?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

exact exact Four SFs

Three SFs Four SFs exact exact Three SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 g of water.

How many grams of O2 reacted?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE GIVEN NEED CONNECT
THE PROBLEM 13.1 g of H2O grams of O2 molar masses,
mole-mole factor

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 g of water.

How many grams of O2 reacted?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given to the needed

quantity (grams).

Molar Mole–mole Molar

grams mass moles factor moles mass grams
H2O H2 O O2 O2

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 g of water.

How many grams of O2 reacted?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

STEP 3 Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write

molar mass factors if needed.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 g of water.

How many grams of O2 reacted?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

STEP 4 Set up the problem to give the needed quantity

(grams).
exact exact Four SFs

Three SFs Four SFs exact exact Three SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.11
Using the equation in Sample Problem 7.11, calculate the grams of
CO2 that can be produced when 25.0 g of O2 reacts.

ANSWER
27.5 g of CO2
 7.9 Energy in Chemical Reactions

The high temperature of

the thermite reaction has
been used to cut or weld
railroad tracks.

Learning Goal Describe exothermic and endothermic

reactions and factors that affect the rate of a reaction.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Molecules Must Collide for Reaction

Three conditions for a reaction to occur are the following:

1. collision: The reactants must collide.

2. orientation: The reactants must align properly to break and

form bonds.

3. energy: The collision must provide the energy of activation.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Exothermic Reaction, Heat Released

In an exothermic reaction,
• heat is released
• the energy of the products is less
than the energy of the reactants

• heat is a product

C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g) + 18 kcal

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Endothermic Reaction, Heat Absorbed

In an endothermic reaction,
• heat is absorbed
• the energy of the products is
greater than the energy of the
reactants
• heat is a reactant (added)

N2(g) + O2(g) + 43.3 kcal 2NO(g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Learning Check

Identify each reaction as exothermic or endothermic.

A. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + 22 kcal

Exothermic

B. CaCO3(s) + 133 kcal CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Endothermic

C. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) + heat

Exothermic
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Identify each reaction as exothermic or endothermic.

A. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + 22 kcal

Exothermic
B. CaCO3(s) + 133 kcal CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Endothermic
C. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) + heat
Exothermic
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Reaction Rate

The reaction rate

 is the speed at which reactant is used up

 is the speed at which product forms

 increases when temperature rises because the reacting

molecules move faster, providing more collisions
between molecules with energy of activation

 increases with increase in concentration of reactants

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Catalyst

A catalyst
• increases the rate of a reaction
• lowers the energy of activation
• is not used up during the reaction
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Factors That Increase Reaction Rate

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

State the effect of each on the rate of reaction as increases, decreases,

or has no effect.

A. increasing the temperature Increases

B. removing some of the reactants Decreases

C. adding a catalyst Increases

D. placing the reaction flask in ice Decreases

E. increasing the concentration of one of the reactants Increases

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

State the effect of each on the rate of reaction as increases, decreases,

or has no effect.

A. increasing the temperature increases

B. removing some of the reactants decreases

C. adding a catalyst increases

D. placing the reaction flask in ice decreases

E. increasing the concentration of one of the reactants increases

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Indicate the effect of each factor listed on the rate of the

following reaction as increases, decreases, or no change.

2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

A. raising the temperature Increases

B. adding O2 Increases

C. adding a catalyst Increases

D. lowering the temperature Decreases

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Solution-Reading

Indicate the effect of each factor listed on the

rate of the
following reaction as increases, decreases, or no
change.
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

A. raising the temperature increases

B. adding O2 increases
C. adding a catalyst increases
D. lowering the temperature
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition
decreases
© 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
STUDY CHECK 7.12
How does lowering the temperature affect the rate of reaction?

ANSWER
The rate of reaction will decrease because the number of collisions
between reacting particles will be fewer, and a smaller number of the
collisions that do occur will have sufficient activation energy.
 Concept Map

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.