OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
- The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model was developed by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a reference model for
computer network communication and protocol architecture.
It provides a standard framework that explains how data is transferred from one
computer to another through a network. The OSI model divides the communication
process into seven layers, where each layer performs a specific function and
communicates with the layer above and below it.
Objectives of the OSI Model
The main objectives of the OSI model are:
• To provide a standard model for network communication.
• To allow communication between different computer systems.
• To divide complex communication into smaller layers.
• To make network design and troubleshooting easier.
• To ensure reliable and efficient data transfer.
Working of the OSI Model
The OSI model works in a layer-by-layer manner.
At the Sender (Encapsulation)
1. The user creates data at the Application Layer.
2. The data moves downward through all 7 layers.
3. Each layer adds its own control information (header) to the data.
4. The Physical Layer converts the data into signals and transmits it through
the network.
At the Receiver (Decapsulation)
1. The Physical Layer receives the signals.
2. The data moves upward through all 7 layers.
3. Each layer removes its corresponding header and performs its function.
4. Finally, the Application Layer delivers the original data to the user.
Seven Layers of the OSI Model
1. Application Layer
The Application Layer is the layer of most interest to users. It provides access to the
OSI environment and offers services such as e-mail and file transfer.
Easy to Remember: User uses the network.
2. Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer is concerned with the representation of data. It converts
different data formats into a common language.
Easy to Remember: Changes the format of data.
3. Session Layer
The Session Layer manages and terminates connections (sessions) between co-
operating applications.
Easy to Remember: Starts and ends communication.
4. Transport Layer
The Transport Layer allocates resources to the network and provides reliable end-
to-end transfer of data, error recovery, and flow control.
Easy to Remember: Delivers data safely.
5. Network Layer
The Network Layer provides the upper layers with independence from the data
transmission and switching technologies used to connect systems.
Easy to Remember: Finds the best path
6. Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of information across the
physical link and sends data in the form of frames.
Easy to Remember: Delivers data safely.
7. Physical Layer
The Physical Layer concerns the transmission of unstructured bit streams over the
communication medium. It deals with voltage levels and hardware details such as
pin numbering and cable types.
Easy to Remember: Sends bits through cables.
OSI Model Main Terms
1. Service
A service is the work or function that one layer provides to the layer above it.
2. Interface
An interface is the connection or communication point between two adjacent
layers.
3. Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that controls how data is sent and received between
two devices.
Advantages of the OSI Model
• Standardizes network communication.
• Easy to understand and learn.
• Simplifies troubleshooting.
• Supports communication between different vendors.
• Modular design allows for easy maintenance.
• Helps in protocol development.
Disadvantages of the OSI Model
• More complex than practical implementations.
• Some layers have overlapping functions.
• Rarely implemented exactly as defined.
• Modern networks mainly use the TCP/IP model.