DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, GWALIOR
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
CLASS XII
TOPIC- To investigate the relation between the ratio of
(i) Input and output voltage
(ii) Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of self designed transformer
SUBMITTED BY:
Rishima Pandey
XII-C
2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. RISHIMA PANDEY of class XII C
(Session 2023-24) of Delhi Public School, Gwalior has
successfully completed the Physics investigatory project titled
“To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) Input and
output voltage (ii) Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of self designed transformer” under guidance
of Mr. Brajendra Singh Gour.
I certified that this project is up to my expectation and as per the
guidelines issued by CBSE.
Signature of educator
Mr. Brajendra Singh Gour
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude towards our honorable Principal
Ms. Gayatri Shrivastava for her most valued support,
encouragement and suggestion.
I am also thankful to my Physics educator Mr. Brajendra Singh
Gour for his remarkable guidance and valuable supervision
throughout the project work.
INDEX
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Aim of the project
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus required
Circuit diagram
Procedure
Observations
Results
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM OF PROJECT:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
(i) Input and output voltage
(ii) Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of self made transformer.
INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to
huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or
to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-
up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called
a step-down transformer.
Transformer is therefore an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and
Es be the instantaneous values of the induced e.m.f in the primary and the
secondary coil and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and, dфB/dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)
Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np …. (3)
As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the resistance
of p1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
I =E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so therefore,
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f =
Ns / N p = K
where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage, are
classified as follows:
1) Step-up Transformer: The secondary voltage of a step-up transformer is
raised from the low primary voltage. Because the primary winding has
fewer turns than the secondary winding in this sort of transformer, the
ratio of the primary to secondary winding will be greater than one. Step-
up transformer are frequently used in electronics stabilizers, inverters,
and other devices that convert low voltage to a significantly higher
voltage. A step-up transformer is also used in the distribution of
electrical power. For applications connected to power distribution, high
voltage is necessary. In the grid, a step-up transformer is used to raise
the voltage level prior to distribution.
2) Step-down Transformer: The primary voltage is converted to a lower voltage
across the secondary output using a step-down transformer. The number of
windings on the primary side of a step-down transformer is more than on the
secondary side. As a result, the overall secondary-to-primary winding ratio
will always be less than one. Step-down transformer are used in electrical
systems that distribute electricity over long distances and operate at
extremely high voltages to ensure minimum loss and economical solutions.
Step-down transformer are used to change high-voltage into low-voltage
supply lines.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t and Is =value of sec. current
at this instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the
same instant t = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output
power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever
we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current
in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f in the neighbouring circuit.
Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:
1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another
2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets,
well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the
iron core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft
iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish
to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is
called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there are no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER
Transformer transmits electrical energy through wires over long
distances.
Transformers with multiple secondaries are used in radio and TV
receivers, which require several different voltages.
Transformers are used as voltage regulators.
ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the
input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons
as explained below :
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom
perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary
coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents
are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be
small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron
core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced
in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron
core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due
to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the Transformer
may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It
is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to
humming.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c over long
distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER
AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns pf thin Cu wire on thick paper. This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller or larger number of turns of thick copper wire on it. This
Constitutes the Secondary coil.
3. Connect p1,p2 to A.C. main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly measure the output voltage and current through s1 and
s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C. main again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
OBSERVATION
RESULT
1. The ratio Ns/Np is equal to the ratio Es/Ep
2. When there is no power loss then output power = input power and
efficiency is 100%
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio Ns/Np with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT textbook class 12
2. NCERT physics lab manual
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. Internet