MULTICOLOUR ILLUSTRATIVE EDITION

(Mechanics of Solids)
in
SI Units
[A Textbook for Students of B.E./[Link]./[Link]., AMIE,
UPSC (Engineering Services) and Other Engineering Examinations]

Er. R.K. Rajput

M.E. (Hons.) Gold Medalist; Grad.-Mech. Engg. & Elect. Engg.; MIE (India);
MSESI; MISTE; CE (India)
Recipient of :
“Best Teacher (Academic) Award”
“Distinguished Author Award”
“Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Gold Medal”
for an Outstanding Research Paper
(Institution of Engineers—India)
Principal (Formerly)
Punjab College of Information Technology
PATIALA

S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.

(AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY)
RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

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 Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains n &!

1
 max  2l 2 (where,  = angular velocity)
8

2l 3
l 
12 E
10. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known as Poisson’s ratio,

Lateral or secondary strain 1

i.e., Poisson’s ratio = 
Linear or primary strain m
where m is a constant and its value varies between 3 and 4 for different metals.
11. Relations between elastic moduli :
 1
E  2C 1   ...(i)
 m
 2
E  3K 1 –  ...(ii)
 m
9 KC
E ...(iii)
3K  C
12. If the temperature of a body is lowered or raised, its dimensions will decrease or increase correspondingly.
If these changes, however, are checked, the stresses thus developed in the body are called temperature
stresses and the corresponding strains are called temperature strains.
Temperature strain =  (t2 – t1) ...(Compressive)  When the temperature
 
Temperature stress developed =  (t2 – t1) E ...(Compressive)  of the body is raised.

 If however, the temperature of the body is lowered, the temperature strain will be tensile in nature.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Choose the Correct Answer : 5. .......... represents the resistance developed by a
unit area of cross-section.
1. The combined effect of external forces acting
(a) Unit stress
on a body is called
(b) Total stress
(a) stress (b) strain (c) Either of the above
(c) load (d) none of the above. (d) All of the above.
2. .......... load is one which is considered to act at a 6. Total stress is expressed in
point. (a) N (b) kN
(a) Triangular (c) MN (d) all of the above.
(b) Uniformly distributed 7. Simple stress is often called
(a) direct stress (b) transverse stress
(c) Point
(c) total stress (d) any of the above.
(d) None of the above. 8. The deformation per unit length is called ..........
3. The internal resistance which the body offers to (a) strain
meet the load or external force is called (b) tensile stress
(a) stress (b) strain (c) compressive stress
(c) pressure (d) none of the above. (d) shear stress
(e) none of the above.
4. The unit of stress in S.I. unit is
9. If l and l are the length and change in length
(a) MN/m2 (b) kN/mm2 respectively, the strain is equal to
(c) N/mm2 (d) all of the above. (a) l/l (b) l/l
(c) l × l (d) none of the above.

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&" n Strength of Materials
10. The ratio between the change in volume and
4Pl 4l
original volume of the body is called .......... (c) E d d (d) .
strain. 1 2  E d12 d 2
(a) tensile (b) compressive where, P = axial pull, and
(c) shear (d) volumetric. d1, d2 = diameters at the two ends.
11. There is always a limiting value of load up to 18. To measure .......... strain, strain rosetters are used.
which the strain totally disappears on the removal
(a) linear (b) shear
of load; the stress corresponding to this load is
(c) volumetric (d) any of the above.
called
19. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known
(a) elastic limit (b) unit stress
as
(c) yield stress (d) none of the above.
(a) modulus of elasticity
12. Robert Hooke discovered experimentally that
(b) modulus of rigidity
within elastic limit
(c) Poisson’s ratio
(a) stress = strain
(d) elastic limit.
(b) stress × strain = 1
20. Poisson’s ratio for aluminium is
stress (a) 0.13 (b) 0.23
(c) = a constant
strain (c) 0.33 (d) 0.43.
(d) none of the above. 21. The relation between E (modulus of elasticity)
13. The ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain and C (modulus of rigidity) is given by
or compressive stress and compressive strain is
 1
termed as (a) E  C 1  
(a) modulus of elasticity  m
(b) modulus of rigidity  1
(c) Bulk modulus of elasticity (b) E  2C 1  
 m
(d) none of the above.
14. When a tensile or compressive force (P) acts on  2
a body, the change in its length is given by (c) E  C 1  
 m
Pl AE  2
(a)
AE
(b)
Pl (d) E  2C 1  
 m
PE PA 1
(c) (d) .
Al lE where, = Poisson’s ratio.
m
15. Modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of
(a) shear stress to shear strain 22. Relation between E (modulus of elasticity) and
(b) linear stress to linear strain K (Bulk modulus of elasticity) is given by
(c) linear strain to lateral strain  2  2
(d) lateral strain to linear strain. (a) E  K 1 –  (b) E  2 K  1 – 
 m  m
16. Total elongation produced in a bar due to its self-
weight is given by  2  2
(c) E  3K 1 –  (d) E  4 K 1 – 
 m  m
9.81 l 2 9.81 l 2 23. Relation between E, K and C is given by
(a) (b)
E 2E
9 KC 3K  C
2 (a) E  (b) E 
9.81 l 9.81  l 3K  C 6 KC
(c) (d) .
E 2E
6 KC 3KC
where,  is the density of material in kg/m3. (c) E  K  3C (d) E  .
3K  C
17. The elongation of a circular tapered rod is given
by 24. When a square or rectangular block subjected to
a shear load is in equilibrium, the shear stress in
4Pl 2Pl one plane is always associated with a comple-
(a)  E d d (b)  E d d mentary shear stress (of equal value) in the other
1 2 1 2
plane at ............ degrees to it :

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 Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains n &#
(a) 45 (b) 60 B. Fill in the blank/say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ :
(c) 90 (d) 180. 33. The combined effect of external forces acting
25. Which of the following statements is incorrect ? on a body is called a ............... .
(a) Stress is directly proportional to strain 34. A ............... load is one which is considered to
within elastic limit. act at a point.
(b) The stress is force per unit area. 35. The internal resistance which the body offers to
(c) Hooke’s law holds good up to the meet the load is called ............... .
breaking point. 36. Simple stress is often called direct stress.
(d) The ratio of linear stress to linear strain
37. The strain is the deformation produced by stress.
is called Young’s modulus.
38. The ratio between change in volume and origi-
26. When a bar is subjected to a change of tempera-
nal volume of a body is called volumetric strain.
ture and its deformation is prevented, which of
the following stresses is induced ? 39. The ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain
(a) Thermal stress (b) Shear stress or compressive stress and compressive strain is
called shear modulus of elasticity.
(c) Tensile stress (d) Compressive stress.
40. The ratio of normal stress to volumetric strain is
27. Temperature stress developed in a bar depends
called ............... modulus of elasticity.
upon which of the following ?
41. Elongation produced in a bar due to its self-
(a) Co-efficient of linear expansion
(b) Change of temperature 9.81 l 2
weight = .
2E
(c) Young’s modulus
42. Elongation of conical bar due to its self-weight
(d) All of the above.
= ............... .
28. The temperature strain in a bar is .......... propor-
43. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known
tional to the change in temperature.
as ............... .
(a) directly
44. When a square or rectangular block subjected
(b) indirectly to a shear load is in equilibrium, the shear stress
(c) either (a) or (b) in one plane is always associated with a comple-
(d) none of the above. mentary shear stress (of equal value) in the other
29. .......... strain is the deformation of the bar per plane at ............... angles to it.
unit length in the direction of the force.
(a) Volumetric (b) Shear
(c) Lateral (d) Linear.
30. Strain in a direction at right angles to the direc-
tion of applied force is known as
(a) lateral strain
(b) shear strain
(c) volumetric strain
(d) none of the above.
31. A localised compressive stress at the area of con-
tact between two members is known as ..........
stress.
(a) shear (b) crushing
(c) bending (d) tensile.
32. Maximum stress (max) induced in a bar of length
l, rotating at an angular velocity w, is given by

1 1
(a)  2l 2 (b)  2l 2 A truck wheel is being machined.
2 8
(c)  2l2 (d)  l2.

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&$ n Strength of Materials

ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a)
8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (b)
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a)
29. (d) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. load 34. point 35. stress
9.81 l 2
36. Yes 37. Yes 38. Yes 39. No 40. bulk 41. Yes 42.
6E
43. Poisson’s ratio, 44. right.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
Stress, Strain and Young’s Modulus :
1. A bar 0.3 m long is 50 mm square in section for 120 mm of its length, 25 mm diameter for 80 mm and
of 40 mm diameter for the remaining length. If a tensile force of 100 kN is applied to the bar, calculate
the maximum and minimum stresses produced in it, and the total elongation. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and
assume uniform distribution of load over the cross-sections.
[Ans. 204 MN/m2, 40 MN/m2, 0.1453 mm]
2. A brass rod 20 mm diameter was sub-
jected to a tensile load of 40 kN. The
extension of the rod was found to be
254 divisions in the 200 mm extension
meter. If each division is equal to 0.001
mm, find the elastic modulus of brass.
[Ans. 100.25 GN/m2]
3. Find the total extension of the bar,
Fig. 167
shown in Fig. 1.67 for an axial pull of
40 kN.
[Ans. 0.225 mm]
4. A brass bar having a cross-sectional area
of 1000 mm2 is subjected to axial forces
as shown in Fig. 1.68. Find the total change
in length of the bar. Take Es = 105 GN/m2.
[Ans. 0.1143 m (decrease)] Fig. 1.68
5. A tie bar has enlarged ends of square sec-
tion 60 mm × 60 mm as shown in Fig.
1.69. If the middle portion of the bar is
also of square section, find the size and
length of the middle portion, if the stress
there is 140 MN/m2, the total extension
of the bar is 0.14 mm.
Take E = 200 GN/m2 .
[Ans. 25 mm × 25 mm, 1.79 m] Fig. 1.69
6. A circular rod 0.2 m long, tapers from 20
mm diameter at one end to 10 mm diameter at the other. On applying an axial pull of 6 kN, it was
found to extend by 0.068 mm. Find the Young’s modulus of the material of the rod.
[Ans. 112.3 GN/m2]
7. A vertical rod 3 m long is rigidly fixed at upper end and carries an axial tensile load of 50 kN force.
The rod tapers uniformly from a diameter of 50 mm at the top to 30 mm at the bottom. Calculate the
total extension of the bar. Take density of material = 1 × 105 kg/m3 and E = 210 GN/m2.
[Ans. 0.6217 mm]

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 Chapter : 3 : Centroid and Moment of Inertia n '%

where, Ii = M.O.I. about ith axis; and A = area.

13. Product of inertia, I XY   xy dA
A
Transfer formula for the product of inertia is given by:
IX'Y' = IXY + A ab.
IYY – I XX
Also I X Y   I XY cos 2 – sin 2
2
IYY  I XX YYY – I XX
I X X   – cos 2 – I XY sin 2
2 2
IYY  I XX I – I XX
IY  Y    YY cos 2  I XY sin 2
2 2
2 I XY
tan 2 
IYY – I XX
IUU = M.O.I. about minor principal axis
2
IYY  I XX  IYY – I XX  2
     ( I XY )
2  2 
and, IVV = M.O.I. about minor principal axis
2
IYY  I XX  IYY – I XX  2
 –    ( I XY )
2  2 
also, IUU + IVV = IXX + IYY and IX' X' + IY' Y' = IXX + IYY

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer:
and OY in the plane of the lamina and IOZ be
1. Which of the following forms the basis of rigid the moment of inertia of the lamina about an
bodies and strength of materials? axis (OZ) normal to the lamina and passing
(a) Centroid through the point of intersection of the axes
OX and OY then IOZ = IOX + IOY.”
(b) Centre of gravity
The above theorem is known as
(c) Moment of inertia
(a) Theorem of perpendicular axes
(d) Any of the above.
(b) Theorem of parallel axes
2. “The moment of inertia of lamina about any
axis in the plane of the lamina equals the sum (c) Three moments theorem
of moment of inertia about a parallel centroidal (d) None of the above.
axis in the plane of lamina and the product of 4. Moment of inertia of a rectangle about its XX-
the area of the lamina and square of the axis is given by
distance between the two axes.” bd 3 db3
(a) (b)
The above theorem is known as 12 12
(a) Theorem of parallel axes bd 2 bd 3
(b) Theorem of perpendicular axes (c) (d) .
6 6
(c) Three moments theorem
5. Moment of inertia of a semi-circle about its
(d) None of the above. XX-axis is given by
3. “If IOX and IOY be moments of inertia of a (a) 0.22 r3 (b) 0.11 r4
lamina about mutually perpendicular axes OX 4
(c) 0.14 r (d) 0.2 r4.

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'& n Strength of Materials
6. Moment of inertia of a quadrant about its XX- (d) any of the above.
axis is given by 8. If the two axes about which the product of
(a) 0.055 r4 (b) 0.04 r4= inertia is found, are such that the product of
(c) 0.06 r 4 (d) r4. inertia becomes zero, the two axes are called
7. The moment of inertia about a principal axis (a) centroidal axes
is called (b) major and minor axes
(a) mass moment of inertia (c) principal axes
(b) second moment of area (d) any of the above.
(c) principal moment of inertia
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c).

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. Define the terms ‘Centroid’ and ‘Centre of gravity’.
2. Give positions of c.g. of the following solids :
Right circular cone, cylinder, sphere and hemisphere.
3. State and explain ‘Theorem of parallel axes’.
4. Enunciate ‘Theorem of perpendicular axes’.
5. Derive expressions for M.O.I. of the following:
(i) Rectangular lamina; (ii) Circular lamina;
(iii) Semi-circular lamina; (iv) Thin ring.
6. What is ‘Radius of gyration’?
7. What is “Product of inertia”?
8. Explain the “Parallel axes theorem for product of inertia”.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES–CENTROID/C.G.
1. Locate the centroid of the piece of sheet metal shown in Fig. 3.73.
(Ans. x = 45.9 mm; y = 31.9 mm)
2. Find the centroid of the lamina shown in Fig. 3.74. (Ans. x = 25 mm; y = 35 mm)

Fig. 3.73 Fig. 3.74

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 Chapter : 4 : Bending Moments and Shearing Forces n ##
B.M. will be maximum at x = 5m where S.F. changes sign.
 M max   4  5  20 (5  2)  2 (5  2)2
  20  60  18   22 kNm
For B.M. to be zero,
Mx = – 4x + 20 (x – 2) – 2 (x – 2)2 = 0
i.e. – 4x + 20x – 40 – 2 (x2 – 4x + 4) = 0
or 16x– 40 – 2x2 + 8x – 8 = 0
or – 2x2 + 24x – 48 = 0
or x2 – 12x + 24 = 0 or x = 2·54 m
Fig. 4·48 (c) shows the B.M.D.

HIGHLIGHTS
1. Beam is a structural member which is acted upon by a system of loads at right angles to the axis.
2. Depending upon the type of supports, beams are classified as follows:
(i) Cantilever; (ii) Simply or freely supported beams;
(iii) Overhanging beam; (iv) Fixed beam;
(v) Continuous beam.
3. Numerically the shearing force is given by the algebraic sum of the forces to the left or to the right of
the section.
4. The bending moment at a section is algebraic sum of moment to the left or right of the section.
5. In case of simply supported beams, the first step before analysing it for shear force and bending
moment is to determine support reactions.
6. (i) For ‘point loads’ on a beam/cantilever the S.F. diagram shows horizontal straight lines and
the B.M. diagram shows inclined straight lines.
(ii) For U.D.L. on a beam/cantilever the S.F. diagram shows inclined straight lines and the B.M.
shows parabolic curve.
7. In case of inclined loads resolve them into vertical and horizontal components. Horizontal compo-
nents cause only thrust in the beam. S.F. and B.M. are caused by the vertical components.
8. At a hinge in a beam there is nil B.M. but there is S.F.
9. B.M. is maximum at a point where the S.F. is zero or where it changes directions from +ve to –ve or
vice versa.
10. The point of contraflexure or point of inflexion is the point where the B.M. is zero.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correction Answer: (c) trapezoidal
(d) none of the above.
1. If the plane of loading passes through one of the
3. If the plane of loading does not pass through one
principal centroidal axes of the cross-section of
of the principal centroidal axes of the cross-sec-
the beam, the bending is said to be
tion of the beam, the beam is said to be
(a) plane (a) plane
(b) oblique (b) oblique
(c) either of the above (c) either of the above
(d) none of the above. (d) none of the above.
2. A ________load is one which is considered to
4. A cantilever is a beam whose
act a point.
(a) one end is fixed and the other end free
(a) point (b) both ends are fixed
(b) uniformly distributed (c) both ends are simply supported
(d) none of the above

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#$ n Strength of Materials
5. In which of the following beams, the supports 10. In a cantilever, carrying a load whose intensity
are not situated at the ends? varies uniformly from zero at the free end to w
(a) Cantilever beam per unit run at the fixed end, the S.F. changes
(b) Simply supported beam following a
(c) Overhanging beam (a) linear law (b) parabolic law
(d) None of the above. (c) cubic law (d) none of theabove.
6. A continuous beam is one which has 11. In a cantilever, carrying a load whose intensity
(a) less than two supports varies uniformly from zero at the free end to w
(b) two supports only per unit run at the fixed end, the B.M. changes
(c) more than two supports following a
(d) none of the above. (a) cubic law (b) parabolic law
(c) linear law (d) none of the above.
7. Which of the following are the statically deter-
12. In a cantilever of length l carrying a load whose
minate beams?
intensity varies uniformly from zero at the free
(a) Cantilevers
end to w per unit run at the fixed end, the maxi-
(b) Simply supported beams
mum bending moment is
(c) Overhanging beams
(d) All of the above. wl wl 2
(a) (b)
3 3
8. Which of the following are the statically inde-
terminate beams?
wl 2 wl 2
(c) (d) .
(a) Fixed beams 6 24
13. Bending moment at supports in case of simply
(b) Continuous beams
supported beams is always
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) less than unity (b) more than unity
(d) none of the above.
(c) zero (d) none of the above.
9. In a cantilever with uniformly distributed load 14. In a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly
the shearing force varies following a distributed load of w per unit run over the whole
(a) linear law span the maximum B.M. is equal to
(b) parabolic law wl 2 wl 3
(a) (b)
(c) either of the above 4 6
(d) none of the above. wl 2 wl 3
(c) (d) .
8 8

Couplings used in tanks and pipes.

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 Chapter : 4 : Bending Moments and Shearing Forces n #%
one end to w per unit run at the other end the
15. In a simply supported beam carrying a load whose
maximum B.M. is equal to
intensity varies uniformly from zero at one end
to w per unit run at the mid span the maximum wl 2 wl 2
(a) (b)
bending moment is equal to 8 12
wl 2 wl 2
wl 2 wl 2 (c) (d) .
(a) (b) 24 9 3
4 8
17. The point of contraflexure is also called
wl 2 wl 2
(c) (d) . (a) the point of inflexion
12 24
(b) a virtual hinge
16. In a simply supported beam carrying a load
(c) either of the above
whose intensity varies uniformly from zero at
(d) none of the above.

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c)
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (c).

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A horizontal cantilever 5 metres long carries a point load of 1 kN at the free end and a U.D.L. of
0.5 kN/m over a length of 3m from the free end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
[Ans. Smax = – 2.5 kN, Mmax = – 10.25 kNm]
2. A 6m long cantilever carries loads of 2 kN and 3 kN at 2m and 5m respectively from fixed end and a
U.D.L. of 10 kN over its entire length. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
[Ans. Smax = – 15 kN, Mmax = – 49 kNm]
3. A cantilever PQRS, 7m long is fixed at P such that PQ = QR = 2m and RS = 3m. It carries loads of 5,
3 and 2 kN at Q, R and S respectively in addition to U.D.L. of 1 kN/m run between P and Q and
2 kN/m run between R and S. Draw shearing force and bending moment diagrams.
[Ans. Smax = – 18 kN, Mmax = – 71 kNm]
4. A simply supported beam of 16 m efective span carries the concentrated loads of 4 kN, 5 kN and 3 kN
at distances 3, 7 and 11 m respectively from the left support. Calculate maximum shearing force and
bending moment. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams. [Ans. Smax = –7 kN, Mmax = –33.30 kNm]
5. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam
shown in Fig. 4·49. Also find the position and mag-
nitude of the maximum bending moment.
[Ans. Position of maximum B.M. = 2·675 m from
right end; Mmax = 3·155 kNm]
6. A beam AB 10 m long has supports at its ends A Fig. 4.49
and B. It carries a point load of 2·5 kN at 3m from
A and a point load of 2·5 kN at 7m from A and a uniformly distributed load of 0·5 kN/m between the
point loads. Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
[Ans. Mmax = 11·5 kNm]
7. The intensity of loading in a simply supported beam of 8m span varies gradually from 2 kN/m at one end
to 6 kN/m at the other end. Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams.
[Ans. Mmax = 32·22 kNm]
8. A beam ABCD 10m long is supported at B and C. The overhangs AB and CD are 2m and 3m respec-
tively. The overhang AB carries U.D.L. of 1 kN/m and CD carries U.D.L. of 0·5 kN/m. In addition, there
are point loads of 1 kN, 2 kN and 1 kN, at distances of 1·5m, 3m and 8m from A respectively. Find the
reactions and draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams.
[Ans. RB = 4.45 kN; RC = 3.05 kN; MB = 2.5 kNm; MC =3.25 kNm]

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! " n Strength of Materials
Direct stresses:
Direct compressive stress in copper
P t
 c  ( E s  Ec )
bt 12 R
12
 (200  109  100  109 )  10 – 6  15.27 MN / m 2
12  19643
i.e. Direct stress in copper,
(c)d = 15.27 MN/m2 (compressive)
 Direct stress in steel
(s)d = 15.27 MN/m2 (tensile)
Stresses due to bending:
Bending moment shared by copper,
E bt 2
M c  c  I c  ( c )b 
R 2
Stress due to bending,
E bt 3 6  bt 3 
( c ) b   C   2 3
 cI  
R 12 bt  12 
9
E t 100  10  12
 c   10 – 6   30.54 MN/m 2
2R 2  19643
Maximum stress developed in copper strip
= (c)b + (c )d = 30.54 + 15.27
= 45.81 MN/m2 (compressive) (Ans.)
Minimum stress developed in copper strip
= (c)b – (c )d = 30.54 – 15.27 = 15.27 MN/m2 (tensile) (Ans.)
Similarly, bending stress in steel,
Es  t 200  109  12
( s )b     10 – 6   61.09 MN / m 2
2R 2  19643
Maximum stress in steel strip
= (s)b + (s )d = 61.09 + 15.27
= 76.36 MN/m2 (tensile) (Ans.)
Minimum stress in steel strip
= (s)b – (s )d = 61.09 – 15.27
= 45.82 MN/m2 (compressive) (Ans.)

HIGHLIGHTS

1. Bending equation is given as follows : M    E

I y R
where, M = Moment of resistance,
I = Moment of inertia of the section about neutral axis (N.A.),
E = Young’s modulus of elasticity,
R = Radius of curvature of neutral axis, and
 = Bending stress.

2. Section modulus (Z) is given by the relation, Z  I

y

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 Chapter : 5 : Bending Stresses in Beams n ! #

3. In case of a flitched beam:

M = M1 + M2 ...(i)
M1 M2
 ...(ii)
E1 I1 E2 I 2
1 2
 ...(iii)
y1 E1 y2 E2
4. For getting the beam of uniform strength the sections of the beam may be varied by:
(i) Keeping the width constant throughout and varying the depth.
(ii) Keeping the depth constant throughout the length and varying the width.
(iii) By varying both, i.e. width and depth in a suitable manner.
The most common way of keeping the beam of uniform strength is by keeping the width
uniform and varying the depth.
5. Bimetallic Strip:
E A2  EB2  14 E A EB t
Radius of curvature, R  
12 E A EB ( B –  A ) T

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: 5. In case of a circular section the section modulus
is given as
1. The .......... establishes a relationship between the
radius of curvature to which the beam bends, the
d2 d3
bending moment, the bending stresses and its (a) (b)
(beam) cross-sectional dimensions. 16 16
(a) bending equation d3 d4
(b) torsion equation (c) (d)
32 64
(c) either (a) or (b)
(d) none of the above. 6. For getting the beams of uniform strength the
sections of the beam may be varied by
2. In theory of bending which of the following
assumptions is made? (a) keeping the width constant throughout and
(a) The material of the beam is perfectly varying the depth
homogeneous throughout. (b) keeping the depth constant throughout the
(b) The stress induced is proportional to the length and varying the width
strain and at no place the stress exceeds the (c) varying both, i.e. width and depth in a
elastic limit. suitable manner
(c) The value of modulus of elasticity (E) is (d) All of the above.
same, for the fibres of the beam under 7. Circular beams of uniform strength can be made
compression or under tension. by varying diameter in such a way that
(d) The loads are applied in the plane of bending M 
(a) is constant (b)
(e) All of the above.
Z y is constant
3. The bending equation is written as
E M
(c) is constant (d) is constant.
I  E M 2 E 2 R R
(a) M  y  R (b)   2
8. The most common way of keeping the beam of
I y R
2 2 2 uniform strength is by
M  E M  E
(c)   (d)   . (a) keeping the width uniform and varying the
I y R I y R
depth
4. The strength of the beam mainly depends on
(b) keeping the depth uniform and varying the
(a) bending moment width
(b) c.g. of the section (c) varying both width and depth
(c) section modulus (d) none of the above.
(d) its weight.

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! $ n Strength of Materials

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a)

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A 10 m long cast iron pipe of 400 mm inside diameter and 25 mm wall thickness runs full of water
and is supported at its ends. Determine maximum stress intensity in metal if density of cast-iron is
7200 kg/m3 and that of water is 1000 kg/m3. [Ans. 13.61 MN/m2]
2. A water main of 1.2 m internal diameter and 12 mm thick is running full. If the bending stress is not
to exceed 56 MN/m2, find the greatest span on which the pipe may be freely supported. Take
densities of steel and water as 7680 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3 respectively. [Ans. 20.33 m]
3. A rectangular beam 20 cm deep by 10 cm wide is subjected to maximum bending moment of 500
kNm. Determine the maximum stress in the beam. If the value of E for the material is 200 GN/m2,
find out the radius of curvature for that portion of the beam where the bending moment is maximum.
[Ans. 750 MN/m2, 26.67 m]
4. An unequal angle bar 150 mm × 75 mm, thickness of metal 8 mm, is used as joist freely supported
over a span of 3 metres with its longer leg placed vertically. Find the safe uniformly distributed load
that it can carry if the maximum permissible bending stress is 120 MN/m2. Also calculate the maximum
tensile stress under the load. [Ans. 4.535 kN/m, 65.7 MN/m2]
5. The moment of inertia of a symmetrical section of a beam about its neutral axis is 2640 cm4 and its
depth is 20 cm. Determine the longest span over which, when simply supported, the beam would
carry a uniformly distributed load of 6 kN/m run without the stress due to bending exceeding 120
MN/m2. [Ans. 5.93 m]
6. Find the dimensions of a timber joist of span 10 m to carry a brick wall 20 cm thick and 4 metre
high, if the density of brickwork is 1900 kg/m3 and the maximum permissible stress is limited to 8
MN/m2. The depth of joist is to be twice its width. [Ans. b = 330 mm d = 660 mm]
7. A floor has to carry a load of 15 kN per square metre. The floor is supported on the floor joists 30 cm
× 10 cm and 5 m long. Determine the spacing of the joists from centre to centre such that bending
stress does not exceed 8.5 MN/m2. [Ans. 272 mm]
8. A beam of I-section shown in Fig. 5.55 is subjected to a bending moment of 10 kNm at its neutral
axis. Find the maximum stress induced in the beam. [Ans. 61.64 MN/m2]
9. A T-section beam having flange 2 cm × 10 cm and web 10
cm × 2 cm is simply supported over a span of 6 m. It carries
a U.D.L. of 3 kN/m run including its own weight over its
entire span; together with a load of 2.5 kN at mid span. Find
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses occurring in
the beam section.
[Ans. 12.94 MN/m2 (comp.); 25.87 MN/m2 (tensile)]
10. Find the dimensions of the strongest rectangular beam that
can be cut out of log of a wood
180 mm diameter. [Ans. b = 103.9 mm, d = 147 mm]
11. An I section girder 12 cm deep has the following cross-
sectional dimensions: Top flange 6 cm wide by 1 cm thick,
bottom flange 12 cm wide by 1 cm thick, web 1 cm thick.
The girder is 5 m long simply supported over a span of 3 m,
overhanging both supports by the same amount and it carries
a concentrated load of 2 kN each end. Find the maximum
stress in the material due to bending. Fig. 5.55
[Ans. 24.32 MN/m2]
12. A beam of a T-section is used as a cantilever with the flange uppermost. The flange is 12 cm wide
and 2 cm deep and the web is 1.5 cm wide and 12 cm deep whilst the cantilever is 2 m long.

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!$ n Strength of Materials

P cos  9000
or, CD   P sin  ...(i)
A I NA

For absolute maximum value of CD,

d CD
0
d
P sin  9000
 –  P cos   0
A I NA
9000 A 9000  8250
or, tan     3.994
I NA 18.59  106
  = 75.94° (or 75° 56')
Substituting this value of  in eqn (i), we get
P cos 75.94 9000
 max   P sin 75.94°
A I NA
0.2429 P 9000
30    0.97 P
8250 18.59  106
or, 30 = 2.944 × 10–5 P + 46.96 × 10–5 P
 P = 60115.4 N or 60.11 kN (Ans.)

HIGHLIGHTS
2k 2 2k 2
1. For no tension in the section, the eccentricity must not exceed i.e., e 
d d
where, d = Depth of the section, and
k = Radius of gyration.
2. In case of rectangular section, the stress will be of the same sign throughout the section if the load
line lies within the middle third of the section.
3. In case of a circular section the diameter of the kernel is d/4, where d is the diameter of the section.

D2  d 2
4. In case of a hollow circular section the diameter of the kernel is , where D and d are the
4D
external and internal diameters respectively of the section.
5. The total horizontal wind force (P) is calculated by using the following relation:
P = K p Ap
where, K = Co-efficient of wind resistance,
p = Horizontal intensity of wind pressure, and
Ap = Projected area of the surface exposed to wind.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. An eccentric load W, with eccentricity e, is 2. For no tension in the section, the eccentricity
equivalent to must not exceed
(a) an axial load W k2 2k 2
(a) (b)
(b) a moment equal to W × e d d
(c) both (a) and (b) 4k 2 k
.
(c) (d)
(d) none of the above. d d

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 Chapter : 6 : Combined Direct and Bending Stresses n !$!
(where, d = depth of the section, k = radius of 6. In a rectangular section the stress will be of the
gyration) same sign throughout the section if the load
3. __________ loading induces, direct and lies within the_______of the section.
bending stress at the section. (a) middle third
(a) Uniformly distributed (b) middle half
(b) Eccentric (c) either of the above
(c) Either of the above (d) none of the above.
(d) None of the above. 7. The total horizontal wind force = Co-efficient
4. The diameter of kernel of a circular section is of wind resistance × horizontal intensity of
wind pressure × ____________.
d d
(a) (b) (a) cross-sectional area
2 3
(b) projected area
d d
(c) (d) . (c) either of the above
4 2
(d) none of the above.
5. The diameter of kernel of a hollow circular
8. The brick chimney is stable if the resultant
section is
thrust lies within the middle ___________
Dd D2  d 2 (a) third
(a) (b)
D D (b) half
D2  d 2 D2  d 2 (c) either of the above
(c) (d) .
2D 4D (d) none of the above.

ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a)

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. What are the effects of eccentric loads on a short column?
2. Draw the stress distribution diagram in case of an eccentrically loaded column.
3. What is the middle third rule?
4. Give the limits of eccentricity in the following cases:
(i) Rectangular section (ii) Circular section (iii) Hollow circular section.

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A short hollow cylindrical column has 300 mm external diameter and 25 mm metal thickness. It
carries a vertical load of 1000 kN which is off the geometric axis by 20 mm. Calculate the maximum
and minimum normal stress intensities induced in the section.
[Ans. max = 60.87 MN/m2 (comp.); min = 31.73 MN/m2 (comp.)]
2. A cast iron column of hollow circular section has a projecting bracket carrying a load of 100 kN.
The load line is off the axis of the column by 300 mm. The external diameter of the column is 300
mm and thickness of metal 25 mm. Find the maximum and minimum stress intensities.
[Ans. max = 26.49 MN/m2 (comp.); min = 17.23 MN/m2 (tensile)]
3. A short hollow cast iron column having 25 cm external diameter and 20 cm internal diameter carries
an axial load of 250 kN. It also carries a load of 50 kN on a bracket, such that the load line is 50 cm
from the axis of the column. Find the maximum and minimum stress intensities on the section.
[Ans. max = 44.6 MN/m2 (comp.); min = 10.6 MN/m2 (comp.)]
4. A hollow cast iron column of rectangular section 60 cm × 40 cm overall and 50 cm × 20 cm internally,
carries a load of 1800 kN which is off the geometric axis by 10 cm in the vertical plane bisecting the
thickness. Calculate the extreme intensities of stress induced in the section.
[Ans. max = 23.4 MN/m2 (comp.); min = 2.31 MN/m2 (comp.)]

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!'$ n Strength of Materials
(iv) At the neutral axis:
Bending stress, b = 0
S B Sd 2
Shearing stress,  (D2  d 2 )  
8I b 8I
300  10 3  0.26 2
 70.85  = 87.38 MN/m2
8  1.3684  104
 1 = 2 = 89.38 MN/m2 (Ans.)
Fig. 7.28 (c) shows the variation of principal stresses along the section.

HIGHLIGHTS
1. The longitudinal shearing stresses balance the variation of bending stresses along the beam.
2. If the bending moment is consistent there will be no shearing stresses.
3. In case of rectangular section, max = 3/2 mean
4. In case of circular section,max = 4/3 mean.
5. In case of a symmetrical I-section,
S
max  [ B ( D 2  d 2 )  bd 2 ]
8 Ib
where, S = Shearing force,
I = Moment of inertia about N.A.,
B = Width of the flange (or section ),
b = Width or thickness of web,
D = Overall depth of the section, and
d = Depth/height of the web.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: (a) the junction of the top flange and web(b)
1. If the bending moment is consistent there will middle of the web
be no ........ stresses. (c) either (a) or (b)
(a) tensile (b) compressive (d) none of the above.
(c) shearing (d) none of the above.
6. A square section with side x of a beam is sub-
2. In case of a rectangular section
jected to a shear force S, the magnitude of shear
1
(a) max  mean (b) max = mean stress at the top edge of the square is
2
(c) max = 3/2 mean (d) max = 5/2 mean. 1.5 S S
(a) 2 (b)
3. In case of a circular section x x2
(a) max = 3/2 mean (b) max = mean 0.55
(c) (d) Zero.
(c) max = 2/3 mean (d) max = 4/3 mean. x2
4. In case of a circular section the maximum shear 7. In I-section of a beam subjected to transverse
stress is ...... percent more than the mean shear shear force S the maximum shear stress is de-
stress. veloped
(a) 10 (b) 20 (a) at the centre of the web
(c) 33.33 (d) 66.66. (b) at the top of edge of the top flange
5. In the case of an I-section beam maximum (c) at the bottom edge of the top flange
shear stress is at (d) none of the above.

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 Chapter : 7 : Shearing Stresses n !'%

ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a)

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. Derive an expression for the shear stress  at a point in a transverse section subjected to shear force S.
2. Obtain an expression for shearing stress developed in a beam. State the assumptions on which the
above is based. Show that for rectangular section distribution of shearing stress is parabolic.
3. Show the shear stress variations in the following sections:
(i) Rectangle (ii) Solid circle (iii) Hollow circle (iv) I-section
(v) T-section (vi) L-section (vii) Cross (viii) Built up section.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A wooden beam 15 cm wide, 30 cm deep and 3 m long is carrying a U.D.L of 15 kN/m. Determine the
maximum shear stress and sketch the varia-
tion of shear stress along the depth of the
beam. [Ans. 0.75 MN/m2]
2. A circular beam of 100.5 mm diameter is sub-
jected to a shear force of 10 kN. Calculate
the value of maximum shear stress, and
sketch the variation of the shear stress along
the depth of the beam. [Ans. 1538 kN/m2]
3. A laminated wooden beam 10 cm wide and
15 cm deep is made of three 5 cm × 10 cm
wide planks glued together, as shown in Fig.
7.29 to resist longitudinal shear. The beam
is simply supported over a span of 2.5 m. If
allowable shearing stress in the glued joint
is 0.55 MN/m2, then, find the safe point load
that the beam may carry at its centre.
[Ans. 12.375 kN]
4. An I-section with rectangular ends has the Fig. 7.29
following dimensions:
Flanges : 150 mm × 20 mm
Web : 300 mm × 10 mm
Total Depth : 340 mm
Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in the beam for the shearing force of 25 kN.
[Ans. 8.4 MN/m2]
5. An I beam has flanges 10 cm wide and 1 cm thick and web 12 cm high and 1 cm thick. If this section
is subjected to a bending moment of 10 kNm and a shearing force of 10 kN, find the maximum tensile
and shear stresses induced in it. [Ans. 70.66 MN/m2, 8.378 MN/m2]
6. An I-section having flanges 200 mm × 20 mm and web 400 mm × 15 mm is used as a beam. If at a
section, it is subjected to a shear force of 150 kN, find the greatest intensity of shear stress in the beam
and show also the variation of shear stress across the section. [Ans. 26.323 MN/m2]
7. A beam of span l metres simply supported at the ends, carries a central load W. The beam section has
an overall depth of 29 cm, with horizontal flanges each 15 cm × 2 cm and a vertical web 25 cm × 1 cm.
If the maximum shear stress is to be 45 MN/m2 when maximum bending stress is 150 MN/m2, calcu-
late the value of the centrally applied point load W and the span l.[Ans. W = 228.4 kN; l = 2.221 m]

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 Chapter : 8 : Deflection of Beams n # !

HIGHLIGHTS
1. The important methods used for finding out the slope and deflection at a section in a loaded beam
are :
(i) Double integration method; (ii) Moment area method; (iii) Macaulay’s method.
The first two methods are suitable for a single load, whereas the last one is suitable for several
loads.
2. Moment area method is more useful as compared to double integral method because many problems
which do not have a simple mathematical solution can be simplified by the bending moment area
method.
3. Conjugate beam method :
Theorem I. “The slope at any section of a loaded beam relative to the original axis of the beam is
equal to the shear in the conjugate beam at the corresponding section.”
Theorem II. “The deflection at any given section of a loaded beam,, relative to the original position,
is equal to the bending moment at the corresponding section of the conjugate beam.”

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: 5. A cantilever of length l is carrying a uniformly
distributed load of w per unit run for a distance
1. The amount of deflection of a beam subjected to a from fixed end. The slope at the free end is
some type of loading depends upon given as:
(a) cross-section
(b) bending moment wa 3 wa 3
(a) (b)
(c) either (a) and (b) 6 EI 8 EI
(d) both (a) and (b).
wa 3 wa 3
2. The slope and deflection at a section in a loaded (c) (d) .
12 EI 24 EI
beam can be found out by which of the following
methods? 6. A cantilever AB of length l has a moment M
applied at free end. The deflection at the free
(a) Double integration method
end B is given as :
(b) Moment area method
(c) Macaulay’s method M 2l Ml 2
(a) (b)
(d) Any of the above. EI 2 EI
3. The deflection at the free end of a cantilever of
length l carrying a point load W at its free end is Ml Ml 3
(c) (d) .
given as: 2 EI 2 EI
7. A cantilever AB of length l is carrying a
Wl Wl 2
(a) (b) distributed load whose intensity varies uniformly
2 EI 2 EI from zero at the free end to w per unit at the
fixed end. The deflection at the free end is given
Wl 3 Wl 3
(c) (d) . as:
2 EI 3EI
4. A cantilever of length l is carrying a uniformly wl 2 wl 3
distributed load of w per unit run over the whole (a) (b)
30 EI 30 EI
span. The deflection at the free end is given as:
wl 4 wl 5
3 2 (c) (d) .
wl wl 30 EI 30 EI
(a) (b)
4 EI 4 EI 8. A cantilever AB of length l is carrying a
distributed load whose intensity varies uniformly
wl 4 wl 4 from zero at the fixed end to w per unit run at the
(c) (d) .
8EI 16 EI free end. The deflection at free end is given as:

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# " n Strength of Materials

wl 3 wl 4
(a) (b)
48EI 30 EI

6 wl 4 11 wl 4
(c)  (d)  .
120 EI 120 EI
9. A simply supported beam of span l is carrying a
uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over
the whole span. The maximum deflection in this
case is given as:

wl 4 wl 3
(a) (b)
48EI 30 EI
Crane engine has many cylinders to supply the high
5wl 4 wl 4 power needed.
(c) (d) .
384 EI 384 EI
Wl 2 Wl 3
10. A simply supported beam of span l is carrying (a) (b)
48EI 48EI
point load W at the mid span. What is the
deflection at the centre of the beam?
5Wl 3 11 Wl 3
(c) (d)  .
348EI 120 EI

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c)
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b).

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A 3 metres long cantilever carries a uniformly distributed load over the entire length. If the slope at
the free end is one degree, what is the deflection at the free end?
[Ans. 39·27 mm]
2. A 250 mm long cantilever of rectangular section 48 mm wide and 36 mm deep carries a uniformly
distributed load. Calculate the value of load w if the maximum deflection in the cantileveris not to
exceed 1 mm. Take E = 70 × 109 GN/m2. [Ans. 26·75 kN/m]
3. A cantilever of uniform cross-section of length l carries two point loads, W at the free end and 2W at
a distance a from the free end. Find the maximum deflection due to this loading. If the cantilever is
a steel tube of circular section 100 mm external diameter and 6 mm thick and l = 1·5 m and a = 0·6
metres determine the value of W so that the maximum bending stress is 160 MN/m2 and calculate
the maximum deflection for the loading. Take E = 200 GN/m2. [Ans. W = 1905 N;  = 10·16 mm]
4. A 2 metres long cantilever is loaded with a point load of 500 N at the free end. If the section is
rectangular 80 mm (wide) × 160 mm (deep), and E = 10 GN/m2, calculate slope and deflection,
(i) at the free end of the cantilever;
(ii) at a distance of 0·6 m from the free end.
[Ans. (i) 0·21°; 4·88 mm (downward) (ii) 0·19°; 2·75 mm (downward)]
5. A cantilever 2 m long is of rectangular section 120 mm wide and 240 mm deep. It carries a uniformly
distributed load of 2·5 kN per metre length for a length of 1·25 metres from the fixed end and a point
load of 1 kN at the free end. Find the deflection at the free end. Take E = 10 GN/m2 [Ans. 2·922
mm]
6. A 2 metres long cantilever of rectangular section 100 mm wide and 200 mm deep carries a uniformly
distributed load of 2 kN per metre run for a length of 1 m from the free end and a point load of 1 kN
at the free end. Calculate the deflection at the free end. Take E = 10·5 GN/m2. [Ans. 8·69 mm]

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584 n Strength of Materials
9. The most general form of the “Theorem of three moments” is given as follows:

M Al1  l l  M l 6a x 6a x 6 6
 2MB  1  2   C 2  1 1  2 2  1  2
E1 I1  E1I1 E2 I 2  E2 I 2 l1E1I1 l2 E2 I 2 l1 l2
where, l1 = Length of span AB,
l2 = Length of span BC,
a1 x1 = First moment of B.M. diagram for span AB, considering the
origin at A,
a2 x2 = First moment of B.M. diagram for span BC, considering the
origin at C,
E1I1 = Flexural rigidity for the span AB,
E2I2 = Flexural rigidity for the span BC,
1 = Sinking of the support A with respect to support B, and
2 = Sinking of the support C with respect to support B.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: 6. A beam fixed at both the ends carries a uniformly
1. A beam of length l, fixed at both ends, carries a distributed load of 20 kN/m over entire span of
point load W at its centre. If EI is the flexural 6 m. The bending moment at the centre of the
rigidity of the beam, the maximum deflection in beam is
the beam is (a) 10 kNm (b) 30 kNm
(a) Wl3/48 EI (b) Wl3/192 EI (c) 60 kNm (d) 90 kNm.
(c) Wl /96 EI
3
(d) Wl3/24 EI. 7. A beam of length 4 m, fixed at both ends carries
a point load of 120 kN at the centre. If EI for the
2. A beam of length l, fixed at both ends carries a beam is 20000 kNm2, deflection at the centre of
uniformly distributed load of w per unit length. beam is:
If EI is the flexural rigidity, then maximum (a) 1·0 mm (b) 2·0 mm
deflection in the beam is (c) 5·0 mm (d) 10·0 mm.
(a) wl4/192 EI (b) wl4/24 EI 8. A continuous beam 12 m long, supported over
(c) wl /384 EI
4
(d) wl4/12 EI. two spans 6 m each, carries a concentrated load
3. A beam of length l fixed at both the ends carries of 40 kN each at the centre of each span. The
a uniformly distributed load w per unit length bending at the centre of the support is
throughout the span. (a) 30 kNm (b) 45 kNm
The bending moment at the ends is (c) 90 kNm (d) 150 kNm.
(a) wl2/8 (b) wl2/12
(c) wl /12
3
(d) wl2/24.
4. A beam of length 6 metres carries a point load
120 kN at its centre. The beam is fixed at both
ends. The fixing moment at the ends is
(a) 40 kNm (b) 90 kNm
(c) 120 kNm (d) 150 kNm.
5. A fixed beam of length l, sinks at one end by an
amount d, if EI is the flexural rigidity of the beam,
the fixing couple at the ends is
(a) 2 EI d/l2 (b) 4 EI d/l2
(c) 6 EI d/l2 (d) 8 EI d/l2.
Side view of a vertical boring machine.

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 Chapter : 9 : Fixed and Continuous Beams n 585

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
Fixed Beams:
1. A fixed beam of 6 m span carries two point loads of 600 kN each at 2 metres from each end. Draw
the B.M. and S.F. diagrams and find the maximum deflection.
Take: E = 2 × 108 kN/m2, and I = 9 × 108 mm4. [Ans. 3·12 mm]
2. A fixed beam of 6 m span carries two point loads of 200 kN and 150 kN at distances 2 m and 4 m
from the left end.
Find: (i) Fixing moments at the ends; (ii) Reactions at the supports.
Draw the B.M. and S.F. diagrams also.
[Ans. 244·45 kNm, 222·22 kNm; 187·03 kN, 162·97 kN]
3. A fixed beam AB of 5 m span is subjected to a concentrated couple of 50 kNm applied at a point C
distant 3 m from the end A. The couple acts in the vertical longitudinal plane of symmetry of the
beam in clockwise direction.
(i) Find the end moments from first principles using Macaulay’s method.
(ii) Draw the B.M. and S.F. diagrams.
Assume EI constant throughout. [Ans. MA = 16 kNm (sagging), MB = 6 kNm (hogging).]
4. A fixed beam of 6 m span carries a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m run. Find the maximum
deflection of the beam.
Take: E = 2 × 108 kN/m2, and I = 0·48 × 10–4 m4. [Ans. – 1·76 mm]
5. A fixed beam of 8 m span carries uniformly distributed load of w kN/m run. Determine the value of
w for the following cases:
(i) When maximum bending moment is not to exceed 36 kNm;
1
(ii) When maximum deflection is not to exceed of the length. Take EI = 7200 kNm2
2000
[Ans. (i) 6·75 kN/m run, (ii) 2·7 kN/m run]
6. A fixed beam of 6 m span carries concentrated loads of 80 kN each at a distance of 2 m from each
end. Determine;
(i) Reactions at the supports;
(ii) Moments at the supports;
(iii) Deflection at the centre of the beam.
Take: E = 2·05 × 108 kN/m2 and I = 3200 × 10–8 m4.
[Ans. 80 kN each; – 106·66 kNm; 21·32 mm]
7. A fixed beam of 8 m span carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m run over 4 m length
starting from left hand end and a concentrated load of 40 kN at a distance of 6 m from the left hand
end.
If E = 15000 kNm2, find:
(i) Moments at the supports; (ii) Deflection at the centre of the beam.
[Ans. – 88·33 kNm, – 78·33 kNm; (ii) – 10·6 mm]
8. A fixed beam AB of 5 m span carries a point load of 200 kN at 3 m from the left end. If the right end
sinks by 1 mm find the fixing moments as well as reactions at the supports.

Ans. M A  100·8 kNm (hogging), 

 M  139·2 kNm (hogging) 
Take: E = 2 × 108 kN/m2 and I = 10000 cm4.  B 
 RA  72·32 kN, RB  127·68 kN 

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 Chapter : 11 : Thick Shells n $%'

5. Thick spherical shells:

b b p1 . r13 r 23 pr13
 r  23  a; c  3  a; Also b  3 3
, and a  3 3 .
r r 2 (r2  r1 ) r 2  r1

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: (a) Clapeyron’s theorem
1. Cylindrical vessels, containing fluid under
pressure and whose wall thickness is not small (b) Castigliano’s theorem
(t ³ d/20) are classified as (c) Lame’s theory
(a) thin cylinders (d) none of the above.
(b) thick cylinders 8. Which of the following assumptions is made
(c) either of the above while solving problems on thick cylinders using
(d) none of the above. Lame’s theory ?
2. In thick cylinders the radial stress in the wall (a) The material is homogeneous and isotropic
thickness is
(b) Plane sections perpendicular to the
(a) zero (b) negligibly small longitudinal axis of the cylinder remain
(c) not negligible (d) any of the above. plane after the application of internal
3. In thick cylinders the circumferential stress pressure
(a) is zero (c) The material is stressed within the elastic
(b) varies along the thickness limit.
(c) does not vary along the thickness (d) All the fibres of the material are free to
(d) none of the above expand or contract independently without
being constrained by the adjacent fibres.
4. In thick cylinders the radial stress in the wall
thickness (e) All of the above.
(a) is zero 9. Lame’s equations are given by
(b) negligibly small
2b
(c) not negligible and varies from the inner (a)  r  2  a
r
surface to the outer surface
(d) any of the above.  c  2b2  a
5. In a thick cylinder, the radial sress at the inner r
surface is
b
(a) equal to the magnitude of the fluid pressure (b)  r  2  a
2r
(b) less than the magnitude of the fluid pressure
(c) more than the magnitude of the fluid  c  b2  2a
pressure 2r
(d) independent of the magnitude of the fluid
b
pressure. (c)  r  2  a
6. In a thick cylinder the radial stress at the outer r
surface is b
c  a
(a) always more than zero r2
(b) always less than zero
b
(c) usually equal to zero (d)  r  2  a
(d) none of the above. 3r
7. In thick cylinders the variation in the radial as  c  b2  2a .
well as circumferential stress across the thickness 3r
is obtained with the help of

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$& n Strength of Materials
10. In a thick cylinder if external pressure is p2 and 13. In thick spherical shells which of the
internal pressure is zero, then the maximum following relations holds good?
circumferential (or hoop) stress at radius r1 is
(a)  r  b3  a (b)  r  2b3  a
2r 22 r 22 r r
(a)  p2 . (b)  p2 . 2 2
2 2
r 2  r1 r 2  r1
c  b3  2a  c  b3  a
r r
2 2
3r 2 r1
(c) p2 . (d) p2 . . (c)  r  b3  a (d)  r  3b3  a
r22  r12 r22  r12 2r r
11. In case of a closed ends thick cylinder, the
longitudinal stress (sl) is given by c  b 3  a  c  b3  a .
2r r
p1r12 p1r 22 14. The cylinders are compounded with a purpose
(a) l  2 2 (b) l  2 2
r2  r1 r2  r1 (a) to make the circumferential stress
distribution uniform
2 p1r 22 2
r2  r1
2 (b) to increase the strength of the cylinder
(c) l  2 2
(d) l  . (c) to increase the pressure bearing capacity of
r2  r1 p1r 22 a single cylinder
12. In compound or shrunk cylinders the original (d) all of the above.
difference of radii at the junction radius r2, before 15. The variation of circumferential (or hoop) stress
shrinking on divided by r2, is equal to ........ of across the thickness of a thick cylinder is
the circumferential stresses for the two tubes at
the junction divided by E. (a) uniform
(a) algebraic sum (b) parabolic
(b) algebraic difference (c) linear
(c) either of the above (d) none of the above.
(d) none of the above.

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c)
8. (e) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c)
15. (b)

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A pipe of 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm thickness carries a fluid at a pressure of 5 MN/m2.
Calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of circumferential stress across the section.
[Ans. c = 13 MN/m2, 8 MN/m2]
2. Calculate the thickness of the metal necessary for a steel cylindrical shell of internal diameter 0·15
m to withstand an internal pressure of 50 MN/m2; the maximum permissible tensile stress is not to
exceed 150 MN/m2. [Ans. 31 mm]
3. Find the ratio of thickness to internal diameter for a tube subjected to an internal pressure when the
pressure is 5/8 of the value of the maximum premissible circumferential stress.
Find the increase in internal diameter of such a tube 100 mm internal diameter when the internal
pressure is 100 MN/m2.
Also find the change in the wall thickness of the tube.
Take: E = 200 GN/m2; Poisson’s ratio = 0·29. [Ans. 0·54, 0·09001 mm, 0·018425 mm]

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%  n Strength of Materials

HIGHLIGHTS
1. The riveted joints can mainly be classified as follows:
(i) Lap joints (ii) Butt joints
When the ends of plates overlap each other the joint is known as the lap joint and if the ends of the
plates butt against each other the joint is known as butt joint.
2. A riveted joint may fail in the following ways:
(i) The plate may tear-off along line of rivets;
Rt = Pt = (p – d) t t ...(i)
(ii) The rivets may shear off;

Rs = Ps = n × × d2 × K ...(ii)
4
where, K = 1 in case of single shear of rivets.
K = 2 in case of double shear of rivets [= 1·875 (for design purposes)]
(iii) Failure of joint due to failure of the material to resist bearing pressure between the rivets and
plate.
Rc = Pc = n d t c ...(iii)
where, n is the number of rivets per pitch length.
(iv) Failure of joint by shearing out plate between the rivet hole and edge of the plate.
(v) Failure of the joint due to splitting of the plate between the rivet holes and edge of the plates.
3. The efficiency of the riveted joint is the ratio of the strength of the joint to the strength of the solid
plate.
Thus, efficiency of the joint,
Least of Pt , Ps and Pc

p t t
4. Relation between d and t:
d  1·91 t , when both d and t are in cm.
d  6 t , when both d and t are in mm.
The above relation is known as Unwin’s formula.
5. Welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal by fusion.
For joining plates in structural practice the following two types of welded joints are used:
(i) Butt welds (ii) Lap welds or fillet welds.
6. In lap welds, throat area is the product of throat thickness and ‘effective length’ of the weld.
Throat thickness = 0·707 Leg.
7. In V groove butt welds:
P = h × l × t ...(i)
In double V-groove butt welds:
P = (h1 + h2) t t ...(ii)

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer:
1. The rivets are generally made of (a) lap joint
(a) brass (b) tin (b) butt joint
(c) steel (d) copper. (c) either of the above
2. When the ends of the plates overlap each other (d) none of the above.
the joint is known as

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 Chapter : 12 : Riveted and Welded Joints n % 
3. The distance between the consecutive rivets is (a) lesser
called (b) greater
(a) gauge distance (b) back pitch
(c) either of the above
(c) gauge line (d) pitch.
4. The distance from centre to centre of rivets lying (d) none of the above.
in a row is termed as 11. Efficiency of the welded joint is........... than that
(a) gauge line (b) gauge distance of the riveted joint.
(c) pitch (d) any of the above. (a) less
5. The diameter of the cold rivet measured before (b) more
driving is referred as
(c) either of the above
(a) nominal diameter
(b) gross diameter (d) none of the above.
(c) either of the above 12. The welding provides............ joints.
(d) none of the above. (a) very weak
6. The distance between the centre lines of two rows (b) weak
of rivets is called
(c) very rigid
(a) pitch (b) back pitch
(c) gauge distance (d) None of the above. (d) none of the above.
7. ........... riveting is used structural units.
(a) Chain (b) Zig-zag
(c) Diamond (d) None of the above.
8. The diameter of the rivet (d) and thickness of
the plate (t) follow the relation.
(a) d  3 / t (b) d  4 / t

(c) d  5 / t (d) d  6 / t .
Where d and t are in mm.
9. ........... is process of joining two pieces of metal
by fusion.
(a) Riveting
(b) Welding
(c) Either of the above
(d) None of the above.
10. As compared to a riveted joint a welded joint Welding gun that is used to weld plastics.
has ............ strength. This works at 600°C.

ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c).

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Two 12·5 mm thick plates are connected by a double riveted double cover butt joint. Using Unwin’s
formula select a suitable diameter of rivets and calculate the pitch if permissible stresses are 112
MN/m2 in tension for the plates; 88 MN/m2 and 176 MN/m2 in shearing and bearing respectively
for rivets. Find the efficiency of the joint.
[Ans. d = 20 mm ; p = 83 mm,  = 75·7%]
2. A double riveted double cover joint is used for connecting plates 15 mm thick. The diameter of the
rivet is 22 mm. The permissible stresses are 100 MN/m2 in tension, 80 MN/m2 in shear and 100
MN/m2 in bearing. Calculate the necessary pitch and efficiency of the joint.
[Ans. p = 66 mm ;  = 66·6%]

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&" n Strength of Materials

HIGHLIGHTS
1. Torsion equation:
T  C
 
Ip R l
2. Polar moment of intertia of the shafts:
 4
Ip  D ... for a solid shaft
32

and, Ip  ( D 4 – d 4 ) .... for a hollow shaft
32
3. Torque transmitted by the shafts:
 3
T  D ... for a solid shaft
16
  D4 – d 4 
T  
16  D  ... for a hollow shaft
4. Power transmitted by the shaft:
2NT
P kW , where T is the mean/average torque in Nm.
60  1000
5. Comparison of solid and hollow shafts:
TH n2  1 D
 , where n  H
TS 2
n n –1 dH
Hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft,
WH ( n 2 – 1) n2 / 3

WS ( n 4 – 1) 2 / 3
For same material, length and torque, weight of hollow shaft is less than that of a solid shaft.
6. Shafts in series:
When two shafts are connected in series each shaft transmits the same torque; the angle of twist is
the sum of the angles of twist of the two shafts.
i.e.  = 1 + 2
T l1 T l2  l1 l2 
  T   
C1 I p1 C2 I p 2 C I
 1 p1 C 2 I p 2 
When shafts are made of same material
i.e. C = C1 = C2
T  l1 l 
Then,    2 
C  I p1 I p 2 
Here the driving torque is applied at one end and the resisting torque at the other.
7. Shafts in parallel:
The shafts are said to be in parallel when the driving torque is applied at the junction of the shafts
and resisting torque is at the other ends of the shafts. Here the angle of twist is same for each shaft,
but the applied torque is divided between the two shafts.
i.e. 1 = 2
T1 l1 T l
or  2 2 , and T = T1 + T2
C1 I p1 C2 I p 2
If the shafts are of the same material
i.e. C1 = C2

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 Chapter : 13 : Torsion of Circular and Non-circular Shafts n &#

T1 l1 T2 l2 T1 I p1 l2
Then,  or 
I p1 I p2 T2 I p 2 l1
When torque is shared equally by both the shafts
i.e. T1 = T2, then Ip1 l2 = Ip2 l1
8. Torsional resilience:
2 D 2  d 2
U  × volume of shaft ...... for a hollow shaft
4C D2
2
U × volume of shaft ...... for a solid shaft (d = 0)
4C
2
U × volume of shaft ..... for a very thin hollow shaft
2C
9. Shaft couplings:

T  nb   d b2  b  Rb
4
where, T = Torque transmitted,
nb = Number of bolts,
b = Shear strees in bolts, and
Rb = Radius of bolt circle.
Also, T = lk × bk × k × R
where, l k , b k and  k are the length, breadth and
maximum permissible shear stress in the key.
and,
t
T  lk  k  ck  R.
2 Parallel shaft helical geared motor.
(R = radius of the shaft).
10. Combined bending and torsion:
Equivalent bending moment,
M  M2 T2
Me 
2
Equivalent torque, Te  M 2  T 2
2 2
d  d  2  d  2
Also,  max       , and max     
2 2 2
[d is caused by bending]
11. Torsion of a tapering shaft:

2 Tl  R12  R1 R2  R22 
  
3 C   R13 R23 
12. Thin circular tube subjected to torsion:

  D2 t
T  ...(i)
2
4T l
 ...(ii)
 D 3tC
where, D = External diameter of the tube.

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 Chapter : 13 : Torsion of Circular and Non-circular Shafts n &%

16. Torsion of thin-walled two-cell section:

Shear flow q1 = q2 + q3
Twisting moment, T = T1 + T2, T1 = q1 A1 and T2 = q2 A2
where, A1, A2 = Areas enclosedby the centre lines of the cells I and II respectively
q1 = Shear flow in cell I;
q2 = Shear flow in cell II;
q3 = Shear flow in middle web.
Angle of twist per unit length:
1 1
Q ( z1 q1 – z12 q2 )  ( z2q2 – z12 q1 )
2 A1 C 2 A2 C
ds
where, z1 = Ñ t
for cell I (including the web)

ds
z2 = Ñ t
for cell II (including the web)

ds

z12 = Ñ
t
for the middle web.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: (a) less than

(b) more than
1. The shafts are made of (c) equal to
(a) mild steel (b) alloy steel (d) none of the above.
(c) copper alloys (d) any of the above. 6. The strength of a hollow shaft for the same
2. The shafts are designed on the basis of length, material and weight is ...............a solid
shaft.
(a) strength
(a) less than
(b) rigidity (b) more than
(c) either of the above (c) equal to
(d) both (a) and (b). (d) none of the above.
3. In shafts with keyways the allowable stresses are 7. In case of a hollow shaft the average torsional
usually....of the value given. energy/unit volume is given by
(a) 25 percent (b) 50 percent 2 D2  d 2
(a) 
(c) 75 percent (d) 95 percent. 4C D2
4. The angle of twist is ............... proportional to
the twisting moment. 2 D2  d 2
(b) 
(a) directly C D2
(b) inversely
2 Dd
(c) either (a) or (b) (c) 
4C D2
(d) none of the above.
5. For the same material, length and given torque a
 D2  d 2
hollow shaft weighs ...............a solid shaft. (d) 
C D2

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a).

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924 n Strength of Materials

l2  wl wl   wl wl 
3   – wl1   –  wl1  
l  2 2   2 2 
l   wl wl  wl wl 
 3  2 – 1   – wl1  – wl  – wl1 –  wl  
l   2 2  2 2 
l l 
 3 2 ( wl – wl1 ) (wl1 )  3  2 – 1 (– wl1 ) (wl – wl1 ) 
l l 
3w 2 l 2 3w2 (l2 – l ) (– l1 ) (l – l1 )
 (l – l1 ) l1  
l l
3w2 l1 l22 3w2 (l – l2 ) l1 (l – l1 )
 
l l
2 2 2 2
3w l1 l 2 3w l 1 l2
  (Q l1 + l2 = l)
l l
3w2 l1 l2
 (l2  l1 )  3 w2 l1 l2
l
 U s  3w2 l1l2 3 wl1l2
or,    
 W W  0 5wCbd 5 Cbd
3wl1 l2
or, (s )C  ...(i)
5 Cbd
Substituting the values in eqn. (i) we get
3  (2  103 )  3  2
(s )C   103 mm  0.0045 mm
5  80  109  (100  10 – 3 )  (200  10 – 3 )
Hence, deflection at C = 0.0045 mm (Ans.)
Deflection at mid span:
Putting, l1 = l2 = l/2 i.e. when C is the mid point, then
3 w (l / 2) 2 2 wl 2
(s)C  
5 Cbd 20 Cbd
3  (2  103 )  52
 9 –3 –3
 103 mm  0.00468 mm
20  80  10  (100  10 )  (200  10 )
Hence, deflection at mid span = 0.00468 mm (Ans.)

HIGHLIGHTS
1. The strain energy stored by the body, ‘within’ elastic limit when loaded externally is called ‘Resilience’
and the maximum energy which a body stores ‘upto’ elastic limit is called the ‘Proof resilience’.
Proof resilience per unit volume of piece is called ‘modulus of resilience’.
2. Strain energy stored in the bar:
2 Al 2V
U  ...(i)
2E 2E
Proof resilience,
2p V
Up  ...(ii)
2E
and, modulus of resilience

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926 n Strength of Materials

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: 5. The shearing strain energy for a block of material
1. The strain energy stored by the body within (per unit volume) subjected to a constant shearing
elastic limit when loaded externally is called stress throughout is given by
(a) resilience 2 
(a) (b)
(b) proof resilience C C2
(c) modulus of resilience 2 2
(d) none of the above. (c) (d) .
2C C2
2. Proof resilience is the mechanical property of 6. In case of a solid shaft the strain energy in torsion,
materials which indicates their capacity to bear per unit volume, is equal to
(a) static tensile loads
(b) static compressive loads 2 2
(a) (b)
(c) shocks 2C 4C
(d) none of the above. 2 2
3. If p be the proof stress or maximum stress to (c) (d) .
6C 8C
which the bar is stressed upto the elastic limit, 7. Strain energy (U) caused by bending is given by
then modulus of resilience is equal to the relation
p  2p M
(a)
2E
(b)
2E (a) U   2 EI dx

2p p M2
(c) (d) . (b) U   dx
4E 4E 2 EI
4. The stress due to suddenly applied load is ..... M2
(c) U   dx
times that of gradually applied load. EI
2
(a) two (b) three M
(d) U   dx .
(c) four (d) five. 3 EI

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b)

Gauge board on a ship.

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'&$ n Strength of Materials

HIGHLIGHTS
1. A member of structure or bar which carries an axial compressive load is called the strut. If the strut
is vertical i.e. inclined 90° to the horizontal is known as column, pillar or stanchion.
2. Depending upon the slenderness ratio or length to diameter ratio, columns are divided into three
classes:
(i) Short columns: Length < 8 times diameter or slenderness ratio < 32
(ii) Medium columns: Length 8 to 30 times diameter or slenderness ratio between 32 and 120
(iii) Long columns: Length > 30 times diameter or slenderness ratio > 120.
3. End conditions:
(a) Both ends pin jointed or hinged or rounded or free:
le = l
(b) One end fixed and other end free:
le = 2l
(c) One end fixed and other end pin jointed:
l
le 
2
(d) Both ends fixed: le = l/2
2 EI
4. Euler’s formula (long columns): PEuler 
le2
c · A
5. Rankine’s formula: PRankline 
1  a (le / k )2
2
P l
6. Johnson’s parabolic formula:  c  b  
A k

c2 c2
b is approximately  and Johnson accepted the value  for pinned ends.
42 E 64 E
7. Straight line formula:
(i) Stress at critical load for cast-iron,
P l
 23·8  0·6   N/mm 2
A  k
(ii) Stress at critical load for structural steel,
P l
 367·5  2   N/mm 2
A k
(iii) Safe working stress for mild steel
 l
 150 1  0·0038  N/mm2
 k
8. Columns subjected to eccentric loading:
(a) Rankine’s method:
c · A
P , when the effect of buckling is included.
 ey   le2 
1  2  1  a 2 
k k
(b) Euler’s method:
le P
p · e · sec
P 2 EI
Maximum compressive stress  
A Z
l P
Bending moment, M  p · e · sec e
2 EI

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 Chapter : 16 : Columns and Struts n '&%

9. Prof. Perry’s formula:

 max  d  1·2 e  y
   1 1    k2
d Euler 
10. Laterally loaded struts:
Case I. Strut pinned at both ends and subjected to an axial thrust P and a transverse point load W:
W EI l P Wl ...(i)
Maximum deflection,  tan 
2P P 2 EI 4 P
W EI l P
Maximum bending moment, M max  tan ...(ii)
2 P 2 EI
P W yc EI l P
Maximum stress,  max   · tan ...(iii)
A 2 Ak 2 P 2 EI
where, P = Axial thrust,
W = Transverse point load,
yc = Distance of the extreme layer in compression from
the neutral axis,
A = Area of cross-section of the column,
I = Moment of inertia,
k = Radius of gyration, and
E = Young’s modulus.
Case II. Strut pinned at both ends and subjected to an axial thrust P and a lateral uniformly
distributed load of intensity w per unit run:
WEI  l P  wl 2
Maximum deflection,  2 
sec  1  ...(i)
P  2 EI  8P
WEI  l P 
Maximum bending moment, M max   sec  1 ...(ii)
P  2 EI 

P wEyc  l P 
Maximum stress, max   sec  1 ...(iii)
A P  2 EI 

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: (a) Piston rods
1. A member of structure or bar which carries an (b) Connecting rods
axial compressive load is called (c) Side links in forging machines
(a) strut (b) tie (d) All of the above.
(c) shaft (d) none of the above. 5. The failure of struts may occur
2. When the strut is vertical i.e. inclined at 90° to (a) by pure compression
the horizontal is known as (b) by buckling
(a) column (b) pillar (c) by combination of pure compression and
(c) stanchion (d) any of the above. buckling, depending upon a slenderness
3. In case of a column ratio
(a) one end is hinged and other end fixed (d) any of the above.
(b) one end is fixed and other end free 6. The ratio of equivalent length of the column to
(c) both the ends are hinged the minimum radius of gyration is called
(d) both the ends are fixed rigidly. (a) Poisson’s ratio (b) buckling factor
4. Which of the following is an example of the (c) factor of safety (d) none of the above.
strut ?

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'&& n Strength of Materials
7. Columns which have length less than 8 times 16. The ratio of equivalent length of a column,
their diameter or slenderness ratio less than 32 having one end fixed and the other end free, to
are called its length is
(a) short columns (b) medium columns (a) 2 (b) 2
(c) long columns (d) any of the above.
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/ 2 .
8. The ratio between buckling load and safe load is
known as 17. The ratio of equivalent length of a column,
having one end fixed and the other hinged, to its
(a) slenderness ratio length is
(b) buckling factor
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) factor of safety
(d) none of the above. (c) 1/2 (d) 1/ 2 .
9. The buckling, in case of a column, takes place 18. The ratio of equivalent length of a column,
about the axis having having both ends fixed, to its length is
(a) minimum radius of gyration (a) 2 (b) 1/2
(b) maximum radius of gyration (c) 2 (d) 1/ 2 .
(c) either of the above 19. Euler’s buckling formula is applicable for
(d) none of the above. columns
10. The strength of a column depends on which of (a) subjected to eccentric loads
the following factors ? (b) having initial curvature
(c) initially straight and subjected to only axial
(a) Slenderness ratio
loads
(b) End conditions
(d) none of the above.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
20. Rankine formula takes into account which of the
(d) None of the above. following ?
11. Slenderness ratio of a column may be defined as
(a) The effect of slenderness ratio
the ratio of its length to the
(b) The initial curvature of the column
(a) radius of column
(c) The eccentricity of loading
(b) minimum radius of gyration
(d) The effect of direct compressive stress.
(c) maximum radius of gyration
21. In the Rankine formula, the material constant for
(d) none of the above. mild steel is
12. If a slenderness ratio of a column is more than
120 it is termed as 1 1
(a) (b)
(a) short column (b) medium column 1200 1600
(c) long column (d) none of the above. 1 1
(c) (d) .
13. Euler’s formula is applicable to 7500 5000
(a) short columns (b) medium columns
(c) long columns (d) none of the above.
14. The radius of gyration of a circular column of
diameter d is
(a) d/4 (b) d/2
(c) d 2 / 4 (d) d 2 /16.
15. Euler’s critical load for a column of equivalent
length le, moment of inertia I and modulus of
elasticity E is given by

2 EI  EI
(a) (b) le2
le

 2 EI  EI
(c) (d) .
le2 le Rotary actuator maintained on a ball valve.

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 Chapter : 16 : Columns and Struts n '&'
22. A beam column is one which carries 24. The secant formula is used for
(a) axial load (a) long columns under eccentric loading
(b) transverse loads (b) long columns under axial loading
(c) eccentric load (c) short columns under axial loading
(d) axial as well as transverse loads. (d) short columns under eccentric loading.
23. To avoid tension in a short column the load must 25. Rankine’s constant for the compressive strength
lie of a cast iron column is generally taken as
(a) at the centre of gravity of the section (a) 150 MN/m2
(b) within the middle third of the cross-section (b) 320 MN/m2
(c) within the one-third of the cross-section (c) 400 MN/m2
(d) outside the middle-third of the cross-section. (d) 550 MN/m2.

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)
8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a)
15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (c)
22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d)

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A hollow cast iron column rigidly fixed at one end and pin-pointed at the other end, has 150 mm
outer diameter and 120 mm inner diameter. Its length is 6 m and E may be taken as 90 GN/m2.
Calculate the critical load of this column by Euler formula. [Ans. 724 kN]
2. Calculate the safe compressive load on a hollow cast iron column one end rigidly fixed and other
pin-jointed, 150 mm outer and 100 mm inner diameter, 10 metres long. Use Euler’s formula with a
factor of safety of 5 and take: E = 95 GN/m2. [Ans. 75 kN]
3. Determine the ratio of strength of a solid steel column to that of a hollow column of internal diameter
equal to 3/4 of its external diameter. Both the columns have the same cross-sectional areas, length
and end conditions.

Ans. 25 
 7 
4. A cast iron hollow column, having 8 cm external diameter and 6 cm internal diameter, is used as a
column of 2 m length. Using Rankine’s formula, determine the crippling load, when both the ends
are fixed. Take: c = 600 MN/m2. [Ans. 660 kN]
5. A hollow cast iron column of 30 cm external diameter and 23 cm internal diameter is used as a
column 4 m long, with both ends hinged. Determine the Rankine’s safe load with a factor of safety
1
of 4. Take: c = 567 MN/m2 and a  . [Ans. 2149 kN]
1600
6. Find the Euler crushing load for a hollow cylindrical cast iron column, 15 cm external diameter and
2 cm thick, if it is 6 m long and hinged at both ends, E = 80 GN/m2. Compare this load with the
1
crushing load given by Rankine’s formula, using c = 567 MN/m2 and a  . For what length
1600
of column would these two formulae give the same crushing load ?
[Ans. 387·8 kN, 406·4 kN, 4·82 m]
7. Compare the crippling loads given by Euler’s and Rankine formulae for a tubular steel strut 2·5 m
long, having outer and inner diameters 4 cm and 3 cm respectively through pin-joints at each end.

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'" n Strength of Materials
Tabulated result :
TABLE 17·35
Tensile +ve; Compressive –ve
Member Force (kN)
EF 14·28
BC – 13·46
CF – 12·5
EC zero

HIGHLIGHTS
1. A member under tension is called Tie and under compression in known as strut.
2. A perfect frame should satisfy the relation, m = (2j –3)
where, m = Number of members in the frame, and
j = Number of joints in the frame.
3. A frame, in which the number of members is less than (2j – 3), is known as a deficient frame.
4. A frame, in which the number of members is more than (2j – 3), is known as a redundant frame.
5. The forces in various members of a perfect frame may be found out by the following methods :
(a) Graphical methods.
(b) Method of joints.
(c) Method of sections.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer : 4. A frame in which the number of members is less
than (2j – 3) is known as
1. A member under tension is called
(a) redundant frame
(a) strut (b) tie
(b) deficient frame
(c) strut-tie.
(c) perfect frame.
2. A member under compression is called
(a) tie (b) strut 5. A frame in which the number of members is more
than (2j – 3) is known as
(c) strut-tie.
(a) perfect frame
3. A perfect frame should satisfy the relation
(b) deficient frame
(a) m = 2j – 3 (b) m = 2j – 4
(c) redundant frame.
(c) m = 3j – 2 (d) m = 3j –3.

Coal scuttles

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 Chapter : 17 : Analysis of the Framed Structures n '#

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. What is a frame ? How are frames classified ?
2. What is a perfect frame ? How does it differ from an imperfect frame ?
3. Enumerate the assumptions made while finding out the forces in a frame.
4. What is the difference between a deficient and a redundant frame ?
5. What is the difference between a cantilever and a simply supported frame ? How will you find reactions
in both the cases ?
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Warren girder freely supported at ends is loaded as shown in Fig. 17·197. Find the forces in all the
members.
 Ans. : AE  29 kN comp; BF  17 kN comp; 
 CG  40 kN comp; DE  15 kN tensile; 
 
 DG  20 kN tensile; EF  5·5 kN tensile;
 FG  5·5 kN comp. 

Fig. 17.197
2. A king post truss of 8 metres span is loaded as shown in Fig. 17·198. Find the forces in the members.
 Ans. : BH , EK  57 kN comp. 
 HG , KG  48·5 kN tensile 
 
 HI , KJ  19 kN comp. 
 CI , DJ  38 kN comp. 
 IJ  20 kN tensile 

Fig. 17.198

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 Chapter : 18 : Theories of Failure n 1127

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

3. Maximum shear stress theory was postulated by
1. ..........theory is suitable for brittle materials.
(a) St. Venant (b) Mohr
(a) Maximum strain energy (c) Rankine (d) Tresca.
(b) Maximum shear stress theory 4. Maximum principal stress theory was postulated
(c) Maximum principal stress theory by
(d) Distortion energy theory. (a) St. Venant
2. Which of the following theories is suitable for (b) Rankine
ductile materials ? (c) Mohr
(a) Maximum principal stress theory (d) Tresca.
(b) Maximum principal strain theory 5. Strain energy theory was postulated by
(c) Maximum shear stress theory (a) Rankine (b) Mohr
(d) Distortion energy theory. (c) Tresca (d) Haigh.
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A mild steel shaft 100 mm diameter is subjected to a maximum torque of 15 kNm and a maximum
bending moment of 10 kNm at a particular section. Find the factor of safety according to the
maximum shear stress theory if the elastic limit in simple tension is 240 MN/m2. [Ans. 1·27]
2. A shaft is subjected to a maximum torque of 12 kNm and a maximum bending moment of 9 kNm at
a particular section. If the allowable equivalent stress in simple tension is 180 MN/m2 find the
diameter of the shaft according to the maximum shear stress theory.
[Ans. 94·7 mm]
3. In a steel member at a point the major principal stress is 200 N/mm2, and the minor principal stress
is compressive. If the tensile yield point of the steel is 250 N/mm2, find the value of the minor
principal stress at which yielding will commence, according to each of the following criteria of
failure:
(i) Maximum shearing stress,
(ii) Maximum total strain energy, and
(iii) Maximum shear strain energy.
 Ans. (i) 50 N/mm 2 (comp.) 
 
 (ii ) 104·5 N/mm 2 (comp.) 
Take Poisson ratio as 0·28.  
 (iii ) 80·1 N/mm 2 (comp.) 


Steam turbines and gear reducers used in sugar industry. For safe operation, machine parts need
to be highly reliable.

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$ n Strength of Materials

3. Disc of uniform strength :

Thickness at any radius,
 2 r 2

t  t0 e 2

where, t0 = Thickness at the centre, and

 = Uniform stress in the radial and circumferential directions.
4. Rotating long cylinders :
(i) Solid cylinder.
 2
 2 ( r22  r 2 )  3 
r   · m ...(i)
 1
8 1  
 m 
 2 1  2 
 2 3  m  r 2   m  r2 
r   ...(ii)
8 1  1   2  2  
3  
 m    m  

 2
 2 r22  3  
( r ) max  (c ) max · m ...(iii)
8  1  1 
 m
(ii) Hollow cylinder.
 2
3  2
r12r 2 
·2  m
r  (r12  r 22 )  2  r 2  ...(iv)
8  1  1
 
 r
 m
 2
3
·2  m  ( r  r )2
( r ) max  ...(v)
8  1  1 1 2

 m
 2   2 
·2 3 2 2 1
c 
 m  r 2  r 2  r1 r 2   m  r 2  ...(vi)
 11 2  2
8 1  r2 3   
 
m    m  
 2   2 
 1
·2  3 m   2 2  m  2
(c )max   1  (2r2  r1 )   2  r1  ...(vii)
8 1   3   
 m    m  

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer : 2. In case of a solid rotating circular disc the radial
1. A thin flat ring is rotating at a speed v. The stress is maximum at
circumferential stress induced is given by (a) the mean radius
(a) rv (b) rv2 (b) the outer radius
(c) square root of the radius
1 1 (d) the centre.
(c) v 2 (d) v3 .
2 2 3. The circumferential stress in a solid rotating disc
(where,  = density of material) is maximum at

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 Chapter : 19 : Stresses due to Rotation n $
(a) the mean radius (a) 1·2 (b) 1·5
(b) the inner radius (c) 2 (d) 3.
(c) the centre 7. In case of rotating disc of uniform strength which
(d ) the geometric mean radius. of the following statements is correct ?
4. The radial stress in a hollow circular rotating disc (a) Circumferential stress is constant.
is at (b) Radial stress is constant.
(a) the inner radius (c) Circumferential and radial stresses are equal
(b) the outer radius to each other and are constant
(c) the mean radius (d) None of the above.
(d) the geometric mean radius. 8. The circumferential stress in a rotating solid
circular cylinder is maximum at
5. The circumferential stress in a hollow circular
rotating disc is at (a) the mean radius
(a) the inner radius (b) the centre
(b) the outer radius (c) the outer radius
(d) the square root of the outer radius.
(c) the mean radius
9. The radial stress in a rotating hollow circular
(d) the geometric mean radius.
cylinder is maximum at
6. The ratio of the maximum circumferential stress
in a circular rotating disc having a very small (a) the inner radius
hole at the centre to the maximum circumferential (b) the outer radius
stress in a solid circular rotating disc is (c) the mean radius
(d) the geometric mean radius.

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d).

Electric motor with shaft and bearings.

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 Chapter : 20 : Bending of Curved Bars n  '

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer : 8. When fabricating a chain link the joint should
come at which of the following locations ?
1. The theory of curved beam was postulated by (a) Parallel to the line of action of the load
(a) Rankline (b) Mohr (b) 45° with the line of action of the load
(c) Castigliano (d) Winkler-Bach (c) 60° with the line of action of the load
2. In curved beams the distribution of bending stress (d) Perpendicular to the line of action of the load
is 9. In a closed ring when a small cut is made at the
(a) linear (b) parabolic horizontal diameter the maximum stress will
(c) uniform (d) hyperbolic. (a) decrease (b) increase
3. The neutral axis in curved beams (c) remain same (d) become infinite.
(a) lies at the top of the beam 10. Which of the following assumptions is made in
(b) lies at the bottom of the beam the analysis of curved beams ?
(c) does not coincide with the geometric axis (a) Limit of proportionality is not exceeded
(d) coincides with the geometric axis. (b) Radial strain is negligible
4. For a crane hook the most suitable section is (c) Plane to transverse sections remain plane
(a) triangular (b) trapezodial after bending
(c) circular (d) rectangular. (d) The material considered is isotropic and
5. The nature of stress at the inside surface of a obeys Hooke’s law
crane hook is (e) All of the above.
(a) shear
(b) tensile
(c) compressive
(d) none of the above.
6. Which of the following statements is correct with
reference to the curved beam theory ?
(a) Shear stress is zero
(b) Hoop stress is zero.
(c) Radial stress is zero
(d) Bending stress is zero.
7. The maximum stress in a ring under tension
occurs
(a) along the line of action of load
(b) perpendicular to the line of action of load
(c) at 45° with the line of action of the load
(d) none of the above. Aircraft component machined from a single
billet.

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (e).

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A bar of rectangular section 40 mm × 60 mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2 kNm, its centre
line is curved to a radius of 200 mm. If the bending moment tends to increase the curvature determine:
(i) The maximum tensile and compressive stresses in beam;
(ii) Stress at the c.g. of the section.

Ans. 64·2 MN/m 2 (tensile) 

 2 
 88·4 MN/m (comp.) 
 2 
4·16 MN/m (tensile) 
 

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 Chapter : 21 : Unsymmetrical Bending and Shear Centre n  "#

HIGHLIGHTS
1. Reasons of unsymmetrical bending are :
(i) The section is symmetrical but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes.
(ii) The section itself is unsymmetrical and the load line is along any centroidal axis.
2. Product of inertia I XY  xy dA. Product of inertia of a section about its principal axis is zero.
3. If the section is symmetrical, the principal axes are along the axes of symmetry.
4. Stresses due to unsymmetrical bending :
Resultant bending stress at a point,
 v cos  u sin  
b  M  
 IUU IVV 
where, M = Bending moment,
u, v = Co-ordinates of the point, and
= Angle of inclination of axis of M with respect to the principal axis VV.
5. Angle of inclination of neutral axis with respect to principal axis UU,
I 
  tan 1  UU tan 
 IVV 
6. Deflection of a beam under load W causing unsymmetrical bending,

KWl 3 sin 2  cos 2 

  2
 2
E IVV IUU
where, K = A constant depending on the end conditions of the beam and
position of the load along the beam,
l = Length of the beam, and
 = Angle of inclination of load W with respect to VV principal axis.
7. The shear centre for any transverse section of the beam is the point of intersection of the bending axis and
the plane of the transverse section. Shear centre is also known as centre of twist.
8. In case of a beam having two axes of symmetry, the shear centre coincides with the centroid.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer : (c) lie in or parallel to a plane containing the
principal centroidal axis of inertia of the
1. In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the
cross-section.
direction of neutral axis is
(d) do not lie in or parallel to a plane containing
(a) perpendicular to the plane of bending
the principal centroidal axis of inertia of the
(b) not perpendicular to the plane of bending
cross-section.
(c) either (a) or (b)
4. When the loads pass through the bending axis
(d) none of the above.
of a beam then there shall be
2. Which of the following is the reason of
(a) pure bending of the beam
unsymmetrical bending ?
(b) twisting of the beam
(a) The section is symmetrical but the load line
(c) bending shall be accompanied by twisting
is inclined to both the principal axes
(d) non-bending of beam.
(b) The section itself is unsymmetrical and the
5. Under unsymmetrical bending the resultant
load line is along centroidal axis
deflection of a beam is
(c) either (a) or (b)
(a) parallel to the axis of symmetry
(d) both (a) and (b).
(b) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry
3. Unsymmetrical bending is the bending caused
(c) parallel to the neutral axis
by loads that
(d) perpendicular to the neutral axis.
(a) lie in a vertical plane
6. If the load passes through the shear centre of the
(b) lie in a horizontal plane
section of the beam, then there will be

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 "$ n Strength of Materials
(a) no bending of the beam (c) the centroid of the section
(b) only bending in the beam (d) none of the above.
(c) bending accompanied by twisting 8. In an I-section, symmetrical about XX and YY
(d) only twisting in the beam. axes, shear centre lies at
7. In a channel section symmetrical about XX-axis, (a) centroid of the top flange
shear centre lies at (b) centroid of the web
(a) the centre of the vertical web (c) at the centroid of the bottom flange
(b) the centre of the top flange (d) none of the above.

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b).

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm angle is used as a simply supported beam over a span of 2·4 metres. It
carries a load of 200 N along the vertical axis passing through the centroid of the section. Determine
the resulting bending stresses on the outer corners of the section, along the middle section of the
beam. [Ans. 69·88 MN/m2, – 42·98 MN/m2, 15·51 MN/m2]
2. A cantilever of rectangular section 40 mm (width) × 60 mm (depth) is subjected to an inclined load
P at the free end. The inclination of the load is 25° to the vertical. If the length of the cantilever is 2
metres and maximum stress due to bending is not to exceed 200 MN/m2, determine the value of P.
[Ans. 1·558 kN]
3. A timber beam 250 mm wide by 300 mm deep is used as simply supported beam on a span of 5 m.
It is subjected to a concentrated load of 30 N at the mid-section of the span. If the plane of the load
makes an angle of 45° with the vertical plane of symmetry find the direction of neutral axis and the
maximum stress in the beam. (Punjab University)
[Ans. 55·2° anticlockwise with the vertical; 15·51 MN/m2]
4. A cantilever of T-section (Flange : 120 mm × 20 mm ; Web : 130 mm × 20 mm ) is 2·8 m long and
carries a concentrated load W at its free end but inclined at an angle of 45° to the vertical. If E = 200
GN/m2 and the deflection at the free end is not to exceed 2 mm, determine:
(i) The maximum value of W;
(ii) Direction of neutral axis with respect to vertical axis [Ans. 221·2 N; 15° 24' ]
5. A beam of angle section 150 mm × 100 mm × 10 mm is simply supported over a span of 1·6 m with 150
mm leg vertical. A uniformly distributed vertical load of 10 kN/m is applied throughout the span.
Determine :
(i) Maximum bending stress, (ii) Direction of neutral axis, and (iii) Deflection at the centre.
Take: E = 210 GN/m2. [Ans. (i) 68·3 MN/m2; (ii) 68° 9'; (iii) 1·55 mm]

Cross-sections of the cement columns are preferably made symmetrical, whereas roof frames
are usually made of metallic members having U and L shaped cross-sections.

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ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. UNIVERSITIES’ QUESTIONS

A. Choose the Correct Answer : 8. A beam is said to be loaded in pure bending

when
1. Limit within which Hooke’s law holds good (a) bending moment and shear force are
is known as constant but not zero
(a) elastic limit (b) bending moment is changing linearly
(b) plastic limit (c) bending moment and shear force both are
(c) yield point changing linearly
(d) proportional limit. (d) bending moment is constant.
2. The magnitude of shear stress induced in a 9. A high carbon steel specimen as compared
shaft due to applied torque varies with mild steel specimen
(a) from maximum at the centre to zero at the (a) is more ductile
circumference (b) is stronger
(b) from zero at the centre to maximum at the (c) has a more defined yeild point
circumference (d) has more Poisson’s ratio.
(c) from maximum at the centre to minimum
10. One kgf / cm2 when converted into SI unit is
at the circumference and not zero
(a) 0.0981 MPa (b) 0.981 Pa
(d) from minimum at the centre and not zero
(c) 104 Pa (d) 1 Pa.
to maximum at the circumference.
11. To express the stress-strain relations for a
3. Polar moment of inertia of the cross-section
homogeneous isotropic, linearly elastic
of a shaft of diameter d is
material, minimum number of material
 3  4 constant needed is
(a) d (b) d
32 32 (a) two (b) three
 3  4 (c) six (d) nine.
(c) d (d) d .
16 16 12. Deflection of the free end of a cantilever beam,
4. A hollow shaft of the same cross-sectional subjected to a concentrated load at the middle
area as that of a solid shaft can of its span is given by
(a) resists less torque
(b) resist more torque Pl 3 Pl 3
(a) (b)
(c) resist equal torque. 3 EI 8 EI
5. The flexural rigidity of a beam is
(a) EI (b) E/1 Pl 3 5 Pl 3
(c) (d) .
(c) I/E (d) E/I2. 24 EI 48 EI
6. A thick curved bar has an original curvature 13. Shear centre
which (a) always coincides with the centroid of the
(a) is large beam cross-section
(b) is small (b) always lies within the boundaries of the
(c) is zero cross-section
(d) could be any one of the above. (c) is a point in the plane of the beam cross-
7. A thin curved bar has an original curvature section through which the resultant of
which shear forces must pass
(a) is large (d) is a point in the beam cross-section
(b) is small representing zero shear stress.
(c) is zero 14. The maximum eccentricity of a compressive
(d) could be any one of the above. load acting on a short strut of diameter d

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!% n Strength of Materials
without producing tension at the base section 21. The deflection of a cantilever beam at the free
is end due to concentrated load P at the free end
(a) d/2 (b) d/4 is given by
(c) d/6 (d) d/8. Pl 3 Pl 2
15. Pure torsion of a circular shaft produces (a) (b)
2 El 2 El
(a) longitudinal normal stress in the shaft
(b) only direct shear stress in the transverse Pl 3 Pl 3
(c) (d) .
section of the shaft 3 El 4 El
(c) circumferential shear stress on a surface
22. The maximum stress used in the analysis of
element of the shaft
bending beyond elastic limit is
(d) a longitudinal shear stress and a (a) ultimate stress
circumferential shear stress on a surface
(b) allowable stress
element of the shaft.
(c) yield stress
16. The rigidity modulus G, in terms of modulus (d) none of the above.
of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio v is given
23. If two springs with stiffness k1 and k2 are
by
connected in series, then stiffness of the
2E E composite spring is given by
(a) (1  v ) (b) 2(1 – v) 1 1
(a) k1 + k2 (b) k  k
1 2
E E
(c) 2(1  v ) (d) . 1 1
(1 – v) (c) k – k (d) k1 – k2.
1 2
17. A bar is subjected to an uniaxial load P, having 24. A compressive member always tends to
length = l, area of cross-section A, and E is buckle in the direction of
modulus of elasticity. The strain energy stored (a) axis of load
in the bar is given by
(b) minimum cross-section
Pl Pl 2 (c) least radius of gyration
(a) (b)
AE AE (d) perpendicular to the axis of load.
25. If the normal cross-section a of a member is
P 2l P 2l
(c) (d) . subjected to a tensile force P, the resulting
AE 2 AE normal stress on an oblique plane inclined at
18. If 1 and 2 are principal stresses, the shear  to the transverse plane will be
stress on the principal planes is given by P P
(a) sin 2  (b) cos 2 
1 –  2 A A
(a) (b) zero
2 P P
1   (c) sin 2 (d) cos 2.
(c) (d) 1 – 2. 2A 2A
2 26. The maximum bending moment due to a
19. A circular shaft of length l subjected to a torque moving load on a simply supported beam
T, G is rgidity modulus and J is polar moment occurs
of inertia, then the total angle of twist is given (a) at the midspan
by (b) at the supports
Tl TJ (c) under the load
(a) (b) (d) anywhere on the beam.
GJ Gl
TG GJ 27. A simply supported beam carries two equal
(c) (d) . concentrated load W at distance L/3 from
Jl Tl
either support. The maximum BM is
20. Point of contraflexure where
WL WL
(a) bending moment is maximum (a) (b)
3 4
(b) shear force is maximum
(c) shear force is zero 5WL 2
(c) (d) WL.
(d) bending moment is zero. 8 5

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 Additional Objective Type Questions n !%
28. The equivalent length of a column fixed at
both ends is WR3 N 2WR3
(a) (b)
(a) 0.7 l (b) 0.5 l Gr 4 Gr 4
(c) l (d) 2 l.
29. The maximum deflection of a simply 3WR3 N 4WR3 N
(c) (d) .
supported beam of length L with central Gr 4 Gr 4
concentrated load W is
34. Strain energy of a member may be equated to
WL2 WL2 (a) average resistance × displacement
(a) (b) 1
48 EI 24 EI (b) stress × strain
2
WL3 WL2 × area of its cross-section
(c) (d) . 1
48 EI 8 EI (c) stress × strain
2
30. If a solid shaft is subjected to a torque T at its × volume of the member
end such that maximum shear stress does not
exceed a, the diameter of shaft will be 1 (stress)2 × volume of member
(d) .
2 Young's modulus E
16 T
(a)   35. The work done on a unit volume of material
a
as a simple tensile force is gradually increased
16 T from zero to the value causing ruputre is called
(b)  a (a) modulus of resilience
(b) modulus of toughness
1/ 3 (c) tangent modulus
 16 T 
(c)  (d) none of the above.
   a  36. The ratio of maximum shear stress to average
(d) None of the above. shear is 4/3 in a beam of
31. If a shaft is simultaneously subjected to a (a) circular cross-section
torque T and bending moment M, the ratio of (b) rectangular cross-section
the maximum bending stress to maximum (c) triangular cross-section
shearing stress is (d) none of the above.
M T 37. The Young’s modulus E, the shear modulus
(a) (b) G and the Poisson’s ratio μ are related by
T M
(a) E = 2G (1 – μ);
2M 2T (b) E = 2G (1 + 2μ);
(c) (d) .
T M (c) E = 2G (1 + μ)
(d) none of these.
32. Euler’s formula states that the buckling load
P for a column of length L, both ends hinged 38. Poisson’s ratio, μ is defined as
and whose least moment of inertia and (a) ratio of transverse strain to axial strain;
modulus of elasticity of the material of column (b) modulus of ratio of transverse strain to
are I and E respectively is given by axial strain;
(c) modulus of ratio of axial strain to
 EI 2 EI transverse strain
(a) P  2 (b) P 
L L2 (d) none of the above.
39. The point of contraflexure in a loaded beam
 L2  EI
(c) P  (d) P  . is the point where
EI L2 (a) the bending moment is maximum;
33. A closely coiled helical spring of radius R (b) the bending moment changes sign;
contains W. The radius of the coil wire is r (c) the shear force changes sign
and the modulus of rigidity of the coil material
(d) none of the above.
is G. The deflection of the coil is

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!% n Strength of Materials
40. A thin cylindrical tube of inner diameter d, stress associated with the plane of maximum
and thickness t is closed at both ends and shear is
subjected to an internal pressure p. The tube (a) (1 + 2)/2; (b) (1 – 2)/2;
also carries a torque T. The stresses at any (c) zero (d) none of these.
point (s, q and xq) are 46. When mild steel is subjected to axial tension,
pd pd 2T the ratio of engineering stress to actual stress
(a) , ,
2t 4t d 2t is
(a) < 1; (b) = 1;
pd pd T (c) > 1 (d) none of above.
(b) , ,
4t 2t  d 2t 47. A uniform rod of length L, cross-sectional area
A and modulus of elasticity E is held rigidly
pd pd T by fixed supports at the ends. An axial load P
(c) , ,
4t 2t 2 d 2t is applied at mid-length of the rod. The elastic
strain energy stored is
(d) None of the above. (a) P2L / 8AE; (b) P2L/4 AE;
41. A rod of length L and area of cross-section A, 2
(c) P L/16 AE (d) none of these.
whose material has a modulus of elasticity E
48. Maximum normal stress theory is used for
and coefficient of thermal expansion  is
(a) ductile materials
subjected to a change of temperature T. The
(b) brittle materials
change in length is
(c) visco-elastic materials.
(a) L  T; (b) L  T/E;
(d) none of the above.
(c) L  T/AE; (d) none of these.
49. A circular shaft is subjected to a torque T. The
42. An axial core of 100 mm is bored throughout maximum shear stress develped is . The
the length of a 200 mm diameter solid circular maximum tensile stress developed in the shaft
shaft. For the same maximum shear stress, the is
percentage torque carrying capacity lost by (a) /2 (b) 2;
this operation is (c)  (d) 3.
1 1 50. The moment of inertia of a rectangular lamina
(a) 6 ; (b) 12 ;
4 2 of sides b and d about its centroidal axis
(c) 25 (d) 30. parallel to the side d is given by
43. A hole is to be punched in a mild steel plate (a) bd3/12
of 10 mm thickness with the help of a (b) db3/12
hardened punch. The allowable crushing (c) bd3/36
strength of the punch is 4 times the shearing (d) none of the these.
strength of the plate. The diameter of the 51. Number of elastic constants sufficient for
smallest hole that can be punched in the plate homogeneous isotropic materials is
is (a) 3 (b) 4
(a) 20 mm; (b) 10 mm; (c) 2 (d) 1.
(c) 5 mm. (d) 2 mm. 52. Number of equilibrium equations for a two-
44. A close-coiled helical spring with wire dimensional system is
diameter d, mean coil radius R and active (a) 6; (b) 3;
number of coils n is subjected to an axial (c) 2 (d) 1
compressive load P. The shear modulus of the 53. For an element under a biaxial state of stress
spring material is G. The deflection of the x = – y in the x – y plane, the radius of the
spring is given by Mohr’s circle is
(a) 8 PR3n/Gd4; (a) 2x; (b) 2y;
(b) 64 PR3n/Gd4; (c) x (d) 3x.
(c) 32PR3n/Gd4 54. The buckling load for a fixed-fixed column
(d) none of the above. is
45. In a two-dimensional problem the principal (a) 2EI/L2 (b) 2EI/4L2
stress at a point are 1, and 2. The normal (c) 2 EI/2L2 (d) none of these.

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 Additional Objective Type Questions n !%!
55. Stress developed in an elastic body due to (c) linear structure
external force (d) any of these.
(a) does not depend on elastic constants 64. In a curved beam subjected to pure bending
(b) depends on elastic constants the neutral axis
(c) depends partly on elastic constants (a) passes through the centroid of the section
(d) none of the above. (b) is shifted towards the centre of curvature
56. Modulus of resilience is defined by (c) is shifted away from the centre of
(a) strain energy stored in an elastic body curvature
(b) strain energy per unit volume of the elastic (d) none of these.
body 65. A beam with hinged ends is subjected to a
(c) percentage of elongation of a ductile metal moment at one end. The slope at the other
(d) any of the above. end is given by
57. In the simple bending formula relating the Ml Ml
B.M, bending stress and curvature, plane of (a) 2 EI (b) 6 EI
external loading should pass through
(a) the shear centre at any angle Ml Ml
(b) the shear centre vertically (c) 3 EI (d) 12 EI .
(c) the principal axis of the section
(d) none of the above. 66. A hollow prismatic beam of circular section
58. Relation amongst Young’s modulus, is subjected to a torsional moment. The
Poisson’s ratio and Bulk modulus is given by maximum shear stress occurs at
(a) E = 3K (1 – 2μ) (b) E = 3K / (1 – 2μ) (a) the inner wall of the cross-section
(c) E = 2K (1 + μ) (d) none of these (b) the middle of the thickness
59. In a beam of I-Section the maximum shear (c) the outer surface of the shaft
force is carried by (d) none of the above.
(a) the upper flange (b) the web 67. A beam of length l and thermal coefficient 
(c) the lower flange (d) any of these. is fixed at two ends without stress. Then
60. In a short column with eccentric loading, the temperature drops by T°C. Axial force
neutral axis developed is
(a) passes through the centroid of the section AE
(a) AET tensile (b) tensile
(b) passes through the point of application of T
load
(c) A  T compressive (d) none of these.
(c) does not pass through the centroid of the
section 68. The reaction at the prop in a propped
cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l. is
(d) none of the above.
61. In a long column with hinged ends, the critical wl 3wl
(a) (b)
stress is 4 8
(a) more than the yield stress
5wl 6 wl
(b) equal to the yield stress (c) (d)
8 7
(c) less than the yield stress
(d) any of these. 69. In a long column, with one end fixed and the
62. In a thick walled cylinder subject to internal other free, if slenderness ratio increases,
pressure, the maximum hoop stress occurs at critical stress
the (a) remains constant (b) increases
(a) inner wall (c) decreases (d) any of these.
(b) outer wall 70. The ratio of maximum shear stress to average
(c) middle point of thickness shear stress is 1.5 in a beam of
(d) none of these. (a) circular cross-section
63. Castigliano’s theorem is valid for (b) rectangular cross-section
(a) any structure (c) triangular cross-section
(b) non-linear structure (d) any cross-section

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!%" n Strength of Materials
71. A material having identical properties in all 78. Leaf springs are subjected to :
directions, is called : (a) shear stress (b) direct stress
(a) elastic (b) homogeneous (c) bending stress (d) none of these.
(c) isotropic (d) any of these. 79. Load required to produce unit deflection is
72. The ratio of the deformation of a bar due to known as :
its own weight, to the deformation due to axial (a) toughness (b) stiffness
load equal to its weight is: (c) flexibility (d) none of these.
1 80. The maximum energy stored at ...... is called
(a) 1 (b) proof resilience
2
(c) 2 (d) 4. (a) elastic limit
(b) plastic limit
73. If the Poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.4, then
(c) limit of proportionality
the ratio of the shear modulus of elasticity to
(d) any of these.
modulus of elasticity is:
5 7 81. A cylinder is said to be thick if :
(a) (b) (a) it is made of thick plates
7 5
5 5 (b) the internal pressure is large
(c) (d) . (c) the ratio of its wall thickness to its
14 12
74. At a point in a strained material there acts a 1
diameter is more than
tensile stress of 100 N/mm2 on one plane and 10
a tensile stress of 50 N/mm2 on a plane at (d) none of these.
right angles to it. These planes also carry a 82. The maximum stress produces in a thin
shear stress of 50 N/mm2 . The angle of cylinder is ...... times that in a thin spherical
inclination of principal stresses with the 100 shell, having same diameter, thickness and
N/mm2 stress is : internal pressure:
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) tan –1 (2); (b) tan –1 (2);
2 1 1
1 –1  2  (c) (d) .
(c) tan   (d) none of these. 2 3
2 3
83. The strength of a column with both ends fixed
75. A cantilever beam is loaded uniformly
is ....... times the strength when its one end is
throughout its length. The shape of the shear
fixed and other free, other parameters
force diagram will be
remaining same.
(a) a right angle triangle
(a) two (b) four
(b) an isosceles triangle (c) sixteen (d) eighteen.
(c) a rectangle
84. Euler’s formula is applicable to :
(d) none of these.
(a) only long columns
76. Two prismaic beams A and B have same (b) only short columns
length. The one having larger ....... will be (c) long as well as short columns
stronger in flexure: (d) any of these.
(a) moment of inertia
(b) section modulus 85. The variation of the shear stress on the
transverse plane of a normal beam section
(c) area of cross-section
caused by a transverse shear force is usually:
(d) none of these.
(a) linear
77. The strength of a beam of square cross-section (b) parabolic
placed with its diagonal horizontal is ......times (c) non-linear
the strength when it is placed with its sides (d) none of these.
horizontal;
86. In all sections having symmetry about the load
1 axis, the shear centre is at
(a) (b) 2
2 (a) centroid of the section
(b) neutral axis of the section
1 1 (c) geometric centre of the section
(c) (d) .
2 3 (d) any of these.

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 Additional Objective Type Questions n !%#
87. The Poisson’s ratio is given by : 94. A bar of square cross-section of side a is
subjected to a tensile load P. On a plane
– Lateral strain
(a) inclined at 45° to the axis of the bar, the
Longitudinal strain normal stress will be
 Lateral strain 2P P
(b) (a) 2 (b)
Longitudinal strain a a2
Longitudinal strain P P
(c) (d) .
(c) 2a 2
4a 2
Lateral strain
95. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is
Longitudinal strain known as
(d) .
– Lateral strain (a) Modulus of elasticity
(b) Modulus of rigidity
88. The work done per unit volume in elongating
a body by a uniaxial force is : (c) Poisson’s ratio
(d) Elastic limit.
Stress
(a) (b) Stress × strain 96. In a cantilever carrying a load whose intensity
Strain varies uniformly from zero at the free end to
1 w per unit run at the fixed end, the S.F.
(c) Stress × strain (d) none of these. changes following a
2
(a) linear law
89. 4 wires of same material are stretched by same (b) parabolic law
load. Their dimensions are given below. In (c) cubic law
which wire will the extension be a max.? (d) none of the above.
(a) length 2m, dia. 1 mm
(b) l = 1m, d = 0.5 mm 97. At the point of application of a concentrated
load on a beam there is
(c) l = 4m, d = 2mm
(a) sudden change of slope of B.M. diagram
(d) l = 6 m, d = 3mm.
(b) maximum B.M.
90. The stresses in thick cylinder subjected to (c) point of contraflexure
uniform pressure vary proportional to (d) maximum deflection.
1 98. The diameter of kernel of a circular section
(a) r (b)
r of diameter d is
1 d d
. (a) (b)
(c) r2 (d) 2 3
r2
d d
91. Max. deflection for a cantilever of span L, (c) (d) .
2 4
loaded at the free end by P is given by:
99. A simply supported beam of span 4m carries
PL2 PL2 a u.d.l. of 30 kN/m throughout. If EI = 25000
(a) (b) kN-m2, the maximum deflection of the beam
3 EI 6 EI
is
PL3 PL3 (a) 0.5 mm (b) 1.5 mm
(c) (d) .
8 EI 3 EI (c) 3.5 mm (d) 4.0 mm.
92. A helical spring is subjected to an axial tensile 100. Maximum shear stress theory of failure was
force. The predominant effect of this force on postulated by
the spring is: (a) St. Venant (b) Rankine
(a) twisting (b) bending (c) Castigliano (d) Tresca.
(c) tension (d) compression. 101. The secant formula is used for
93. Polar moment of inertia of a circular area is (a) long column under eccentric loading
 4  4 (b) long column under axial loading
(a) d (b) d (c) short column under eccentric loading
32 64
(d) short column under axial loading.
 4  3
(c) d (d) d .
4 4

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!%$ n Strength of Materials
102. The stress due to suddenly applied load is ..... 107. A close-coiled helical spring absorbs
times that of gradually applied load. 80 N mm of energy while extending by 4 mm.
(a) 1.5 (b) 2 The stiffiness of the spring is
(c) 3 (d) 4. (a) 5 N/mm; (b) 10 N/mm;
103. Castigliano’s theorems are valid for (c) 16 N/mm; (d) 20 N/mm.
(a) elastic structure 108. A solid circular shaft under pure torsion
(b) truss develops a maximum shear stress of
(c) beam 50 N/m2. The maximum principal stress on
(d) linear structure. the surface of the shaft is
(a) 100 N/mm2 (b) 50 N/mm2
104. Over a part of the beam, carrying transverse
loads, where S.F. is zero, the B.M. is (c) 25 N/mm2 (d) none of these.
(a) maximum (b) indeterminate 109. A mild steel beam develops a bending stress
(c) constant (d) zero. of 80 N/mm2 at a distance of 8 cm from the
neutral layer. If E = 200 GPa, the radius of
105. In I-section of a beam subjected to transverse
curvature is
S.F. the maximum shear stress occurs at the
(a) 400 m
(a) centre of the web
(b) 200 m
(b) top edge of the top flange
(c) 100 m
(c) bottom edge of the top flange;
(d) none of these.
(d) none of the above.
110. If the load passes through the shear centre of
106. A strut of length l is fixed at one end and free
the section of a beam, then there will be
at the other end. The Euler’s buckling load
(a) no bending of the beam
for this strut is 20 kN. If both ends of the strut
are fixed, the buckling load will be (b) only bending
(a) 80 kN (b) 160 kN (c) bending with twisting
(c) 240 kN (d) 320 kN. (d) only twisting.

II. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

(ESE, CSE, etc. from 1996 onwards)
* (With Solutions – Comments)
111. If the principle stresses corresponding to a (a) k (b) 1.25 k
two-dimensional state of stress are 1 and 2 (c) 1.56 k (d) 1.95 k.
(2 is greater than 1) and both are tensile, 113. The unit of elastic modulus is the same as
then which one of the following would be the those of
correct for failure by yielding, according to
(a) stress, shear modulus and presssure
the maximum shear stress criterion?
(b) strain, shear modulus and force
(1 –  2 )  yp
(a)  (c) shear modulus, stress and force
2 2 (d) stress, strain and pressure.
1  yp
(b)  114. In the case of an engineering material under
2 2 unidirectional stress in the x-direction, the
2  yp Poisson’s ratio is equal to (symbols have their
(c)  usual meanings)
2 2
(a) y / x (b) y / x
(d) 1 = ± 2 yp.
(c) y / y (d) y / x.
*112. A length of 10 mm diameter steel wire is *115. A rod of length ‘l’ and cross-section area ‘A’
coiled to a close helical spring having 8 coils rotates about an axis passing through one end
of 75 mm mean diameter, and the spring has of the rod. The extension production in the
a stiffness k. If the same length of wire is coiled rod due to centrifugal forces is (w is the weight
to 10 coils of 60 mm mean diameter, then the of the rod per unit length and  is angular
spring stiffness will be.

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 Additional Objective Type Questions n !''

u 2u sE sE 2
(c) (d) . (a) (b)
r r V V
*289.
sV 2 s 2V
(c) (d)
E 2E
*291. A thick open ended cylinder as shown in the
Fig. 54, is made of a material with permissible
normal and shear stresses 200 MPa and 100
MPa respectively. The ratio of permissible
pressure based on the normal and shear stress
Fig. 53 is:
I = 375 × 10–6m4
l = 0.5 m
E = 200 GPa
Determine the stiffness of the beam shown in
the above Fig.53.
(a) 12 × 1010 N/m (b) 10 × 1010 N/m
(c) 4 × 1010 N/m (d) 8 × 1010 N/m.
Fig. 54
290. Strain energy stored in a body of volume V
subjected to uniform stress s is (a) 9/5 (b) 8/5
(c) 7/5 (d) 4/5

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c)
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (b)
33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b)
49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (b)
57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (a) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (a)
65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (b)
73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (c)
89. (b) 90. (d) 91. (d) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (c) 96. (b)
97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (d) 100. (d) 101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (a) 104. (a)
105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (b) 108. (a) 109. (b) 110. (b) 111. (a) *112. (c)
113. (a) *114. (a) *115. (c) 116. (b) 117. (c) *118. (c) *119. (c) *120. (c)
*121. (a) *122. (d) *123. (c) 124. (c) *125. (a) *126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (c)
*129. (a) *130. (d) 131. (c) *132. (b) 133. (a) *134. (d) *135. (d) 136. (a)
137. (d) 138. (c) *139. (b) *140. (c) *141. (b) *142. (b) 143. (b) *144. (d)
145. (d) *146. (b) 147. (a) 148. (a) *149. (d) 150. (b) 151. (a) 152. (c)
153. (a) 154. (b) 155. (c) 156. (d) 157. (a) 158. (b) 159. (a) *160. (c)
161. (a) 162. (c) *163. (d) *164. (c) *165. (a) 166. (b) 167. (b) *168. (c)
169. (d) 170. (d) 171. (c) 172. (c) 173. (a) 174. (a) *175. (d) 176. (d)
177. (d) 178. (c) 179. (c) 180. (c) 181. (c) 182. (c) 183. (c) 184. (b)

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