 The term communication in simple words means sending or receiving

information.
 Telegraph was one of the most prevalent ways of data communication
in the 19th century.
 In 1870, the telephone, which revolutionized the way long distance
communication used to take place.
 Voice communication became common after the invention of the
telephone.
 The invention of computer and a major breakthrough in 1950s in
setting up a network of computers was just the beginning of the
electronic transfer of information or data communication.
 The advancement of computer networks and latter the Internet acted as
a boost for data communication

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 A communication System can be defined as the collection of hardware
and software that facilitates intersystem exchange of information
between different devices.
 When we communicate we are sharing information. This sharing can be
local (face to face communication) or it may be remote (communication
over distance).
 Data Communication is the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of wired or wireless transmission medium.
 For data communication to be effective, the following three fundamental
characteristics should be considered.
 Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct of the intended
destination.
 Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (error free)
 Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner without
enough time lags.

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 There are five basic components in data communication system:
1. Message: It is the information that is to be communicated.
2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the message
3. Receiver: The receiver is device that receives the message
4. Medium: is the physical path that communicates the message from
sender to receiver.
5. Protocol: Protocol refers to a set of rules that coordinates or governs
the exchange of information. Without follow the same protocol, the
sender and receiver cannot communicate with each other; just as a
person speaking English cannot be understood by a person who speaks
only Amharic.

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The are Three mode of transmission:
 Simplex Communication
• Unidirectional
• Unreliable for data communication
Example: TV Broadcast, Fiber
 Half duplex communication
• Bi-directional
• One direction at a time
Example: wireless handsets (generally used by military personnel) where
one user talks at a time and another listens.
 Full-Duplex
• Bi-directional
• Both directions simultaneously
• Use bi-directional lines or multiple unidirectional lines
Example: Telephone
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 Computer Network is a collection of computers and terminal
devices connected by a communication system.
 The use of computer network is to share resources like file, device,
printer, scanner, and program.
 Is a number of pathways for communication between two or
 more hosts
 Computers are used more and more a devices for media
 access rather than for computations

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 o Cost
 Includes the cost of the network components, their
installation, and their ongoing maintenance.
 o Security
 Includes the protection of the network components
and the data they contain and/or the data transmitted
between them.
 o Speed
 Includes how fast data is transmitted between network
end points (the data rate).

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 Topology
Describes the physical cabling layout and the logical way data
moves between components.

 Scalability
Defines how well the network can adapt to new growth, including
new users, applications, and network components.
 Reliability
Defines the reliability of the network components and the
connectivity between them. Mean time between failures (MTBF) is
a measurement commonly used to indicate the likelihood of a
component failing.
 .

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 Availability
Measures the likelihood of the network being available
to the users, where downtime occurs when the
network is not available because
of an outage or scheduled maintenance

 Based on span of control, networks are divided into

two broad categories
 Client/Server, or
 Peer-to-Peer

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Client/Server Model
•Microcomputer users, or clients, share services of a centralized
computer called a server.

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A distinction exists between computers that make available network resources
(servers) and those computers that use the resources (clients or workstations).
Pros:
 Very secure
 Centralized servers easy to manage
 Physically centralized
 Secure OS
 Better performance
 Centralized backups
 Reliability
 Simple job to do plus built in redundancy
Cons:
 Require professional administration
 More hardware intensive

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 Two clients using a single server at a time

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Peer-to-Peer Model
 Computers share equally with one another
without having to rely on a central server.

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Computers on the network communicate with each
others as equals and each computer is responsible
for making its own resources available to other
computers on the network.
Pros:
 Uses less expensive computer networks
 Easy to administer
 No NOS (Network Operating System) required
 More built-in redundancy
 Shared resources – some machine will have what you need
Cons:
 Individual user performance easily affected
 Not very secure
 Tragedy of the commons – no guarantee others will administer their resources
properly (almost guaranteed with over 10 machines)
 Hard to back up.

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 There are basically Four categories of networks based on its
size and geographical coverage
• Personal Area Network(PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

 PAN-Personal Area Network

• It is for one person
• Primarily use wireless technology
Example: Bluetooth technology

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 A local area network (LAN) is the basic building block of any computer
network.
 A LAN can range from simple (two computers connected by a cable) to
complex (hundreds of connected computers and peripherals throughout
a major corporation).
 The distinguishing feature of a LAN is that it is confined to a limited
geographic area. LAN size is limited to a few kilometers
 LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office,
building, or campus.
 Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology
used, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone's
home office; or it can extend throughout a company and include audio
and video peripherals.
 LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal
computers or workstations. The resources including:- hardware (e.g., a
printer), software (e.g., an application program), or data.

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 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a
size between a LAN and a WAN.
 It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
 It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city.
 A good example of a MAN is the cable TV network that
originally was designed for cable TV, but today can also
be used for high-speed data connection to the Internet.

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 WAN are used to connect computers not located in the same
building (or even in the same city.
 High-speed dedicated data lines or satellite connections
may be used to link computers separated by great distance.
 WANs are networks that span large geographical areas such
as cities, states, countries, even the whole world.
 Computers can connect to these networks to use facilities in
another city or country.
 For example, a person in Wollega can browse through the
computerized archives of the Library of Congress in
Washington DC.
 The largest WAN is the Internet, a global consortium of
networks linked by common communication programs and
protocols (a set of established standards that enable
computers to communicate with each other).
Example: ERNET, Internet 3/14/2023
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 MAN
LAN LAN LAN

WAN

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 The term topology refers to the way in which a network is
laid out physically.
 Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links
form a topology.
 The topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices (usually called nodes) to one another.
 There are four basic topologies possible: bus, star,ring
and mesh topology.

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 In bus topology, all stations attach through appropriate interfacing
hardware, directly to a line as transmission medium, or bus.
 A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium in
both directions and can be received by all other stations.
 The message that is transmitted contains the address of the station and the
data and each station monitors the medium and copies packets addressed to
itself.
 Because all stations share a common transmission link, only one station can
successfully transmit at a time, du to some form of medium access control
technique is needed to regulate access

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 In star topology, each station is directly connected to a common
Central Switch,Hub (host).
 Each station transmits its message to the host and the host
delivers the message to the correct destination by identifying
the address.
 The problem with star is if the host fails there will not be any
communication.

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 In the ring topology the network consists of a set repeaters joined by
point –to point links in a closed loop.
 The links are unidirectional, that is, data are transmitted in one direction
only, and all oriented in the same way.
 The data circulates around the ring in one direction (clockwise or counter
clockwise).
 Data are transmitted in packets inserted into the ring by the stations.
 The packet contains source and destination address as well as other
control information and user data.
 As a packet circulates, the destination station copies the data.
 Typically, the packet continues to circulate until it returns to the source
station, where it is absorbed, removing it from the ring.
 Since the medium is shared it needed to control the order and timing of
packet transmission.

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 Meshing generically describes how components are connected
together. Two types of meshed topologies are used:
 Its partial and full topology.

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 Based on Transmission Media, networks are divided into
three broad categories:

A) Coaxial Cable: used for Bus topology

It’s made from copper which cover by Insulator.
B) Twisted Pair Cable:
 UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) used for short Distance.
 STP(Shielded Twisted Pair) used for long Distance
 Each of the cable should be covered by Insulator.
C) Fiber Optics Cable: made up of the traspent glass.

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