GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Course: Probability and Statistics (Code: C1UC209T)
Solutions Manual — Class Test
Q1. Solution: Given the PMF P (X = x) = k · x for x = 1, 2, 3.
(a) Find the constant k: The total sum of probabilities must equal 1:
3
X
P (X = x) = 1 =⇒ k(1) + k(2) + k(3) = 1
x=1
1
6k = 1 =⇒ k =
6
(b) Calculate the expected value E(X):
X 1 2 3
E(X) = x · P (X = x) = 1 +2 +3
6 6 6
1 4 9 14 7
E(X) = + + = = ≈ 2.33
6 6 6 6 3
Q2. Solution:
(a) Binomial Expression (n = 5, p = 0.5, q = 0.5, x = 2): Using P (X = x) =
n x n−x
x
p q :
5 2 5−2 5
P (X = 2) = (0.5) (0.5) = (0.5)5
2 2
1 10 5
P (X = 2) = 10 × = = = 0.3125
32 32 16
e−λ λx
(b) Poisson Expression (λ = 3, x = 0): Using P (X = x) = x!
:
e−3 · 30
P (X = 0) = = e−3 ≈ 0.0498
0!
x+y
Q3. Solution: Given P (X = x, Y = y) = 9
for x ∈ {1, 2} and y ∈ {1}.
(a) Joint Distribution Table:
X\Y 1 Marginal P (X = x)
1+1 2 2
1 9
= 9 9
2+1 3 3
2 9
= 9 9
5
Marginal P (Y = y) 9
1
(b) Marginal PMF for X: Summing over all values of Y (here only y = 1):
2 3 1
P (X = 1) = , P (X = 2) = =
9 9 3
1
Q4. Solution: Given f (x, y) = 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Derive Marginal PDF g(x):
Z 1 Z 1 h i1
g(x) = f (x, y) dy = 2x dy = 2x y = 2x(1 − 0) = 2x
0 0 0
So, g(x) = 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Check for Independence: First, find the marginal PDF h(y) for Y :
Z 1 Z 1 h i1
h(y) = f (x, y) dx = 2x dx = x2 = 1
0 0 0
So, h(y) = 1 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Now check if g(x) · h(y) = f (x, y):
g(x) · h(y) = (2x) · (1) = 2x = f (x, y)
Since the product of the marginals equals the joint PDF, X and Y are statistically
independent.
√
Q5. Solution: Given X ∼ N (µ = 100, σ 2 = 16), which means σ = 16 = 4.
(a) Standardize P (X ≤ 108): Using the standard transformation Z = X−µ
σ
:
X − 100 108 − 100 8
P (X ≤ 108) = P ≤ =P Z≤ = P (Z ≤ 2)
4 4 4
(b) Find P (X ≥ 100) via symmetry: Since the normal distribution curve is
perfectly symmetrical about its mean (µ = 100), exactly half of the total con-
tinuous area under the curve lies on or above the mean parameter.
P (X ≥ 100) = 0.5