Computer Programming

[ECEg-1052]

Chapter Three:
Control Statements

2018 E.C
Outline
 Introduction
 Conditional Structure: If and else
 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
 The selective Structure: switch
 4.1. Introduction

Control statements allow decision making within programs.

Control statements come in several different forms:
◦
Conditional statements: to optionally execute C++ statements
◦
Loops: execute statements repeatedly until the exit condition is
satisfied.
◦
Branch: jump to a certain statement and continue execution.

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 4.2. Conditional Structure: if and else
 It is used to execute an instruction or block of instructions only if a
condition is fulfilled.
 if can be used in different forms depending upon nature of conditional test.
1. if
2. if…else
3. Nested – if

4
 Simple if statement
General form: Entry

if (test expression)
Test expression False
{ ?

statement-block;
} True

statement-x; Statement-block

General form
Statement-x

Flowchart of simple if statement

5
Cont’d...
 The ‘statement-block’ may be a single statement or a group of statements.
 If the test expression is true, the statement-block is executed.
 If it is false, statement-block is ignored (not executed) and the program
continues on the next instruction after the conditional structure.

6
Cont’d...
\* To display number is positive.*/ Sample output 1:
#include <iostream> Enter a number: 3

using namespace std; number is positive

Sample Output 2:
int main(){
Enter a number:-3
int num;
cout<<"Enter a number:";
cin>>num;
if (num>0)
cout<<" number is positive ";
return 0;
} 7
Cont’d...

For a block of instructions, we use curly brackets { }:
Example:
if (x == 100){
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}

But for a single, we can ignore {}.
Example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
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 The if – else statement
Form: Entry

if (condition)
True False
{ Condition
?
statement block 1;
}
else statement block statement block
{ 1 2

statement block 2;
}
statement-x;
statement-x

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Cont’d...
For example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

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 Nested if statement

When a series of decisions are involved, use more than one if…else
statement.
Example: if (x>0)
cout<<"The given number is +ve"<<endl;
else if (x<0)
cout<<"The given number is negative"<<endl;
else
cout<<"The given number is zero";

Exercise: Write a program that find whether the given number is even or odd. 11
Cont’d...
Solution
// To find whether given number is even or odd.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int no;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>no;
if ( no %2 == 0 )
cout<<no<<"is an even number";
else
cout<<no<<"is an odd number";
}
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 4.2 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Loops have as objective to repeat a statement a certain number of times
while a condition is fulfilled.
✔ The while loop
✔ The do-while loop
✔ The for loop

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 The while loop
Format:
while(expression)
statements;

While
(expression) statements
? True

False

Out of loop

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Cont’d...
Example: i=2;
/* Find the sum of even while (i <= n){
numbers between 1 to n */ sum = sum + i;
i = i + 2;
#include <iostream>
}
using namespace std;
cout<<"sum= "<<sum;
int main(){ }
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<<"enter the end number:";
cin>>n;
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 The do-while loop
do
Format:
do
statements; statements
while (condition);

Condition
?
True

False

Out of loop
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Cont’d...
Example Output:
sum = 0; Sum of odd integers up to 100 is 2500
i = 1;
do{
sum += i;
i += 2;
} while (i <= 100);
cout<<“Sum of odd integers up to 100 is”<<sum;
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 The for loop
 Its format is:
for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)
statement;
 Following steps are involved in the code:

Initialization condition checking body of the loop increment/ decrement

again condition checking

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Cont’d...

initialization

False Condition
?

Out of loop
True

statement

increase/decrease

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Cont’d...
Example 1:
sum = 0;
for (i=0 ; i <= 100 ; i++)
sum += i;
Example 2: Write a program to list a number and its square in two columns
for integers 1 up to 10.

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Cont’d...
#include <iostream> Output
using namespace std; Number Square
1 1
int main(){
2 4
cout<<"Number \t Square \n"; 3 9
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) { 4 16
cout<<i<<"\t "; 5 25
6 36
int square=i*i; 7 49
cout<<square<<endl; 8 64
} 9 81
10 100
} 21
 4.3 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
The break instruction
 The format of the break statement is simply

break;
 Causes an immediate exit even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled.
 It can be used to end an infinite loop, or to force it to end before its natural
end.

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Cont’d...
Examples
Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
i=1;

while (1){

cout<<i<<" ";

if (i==10)

break;

i=i+1;

} 23
Cont’d...
// break loop example
#include <iostream>
Output
using namespace std; 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown
int main (){ aborted!
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3){
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
return 0;
} 24
 The continue instruction
Format: continue;

 The continue statement tells the compiler, “Skip the following statements
and continue with the next iteration’’.

 In while and do loops, continue causes the control to go directly to the

test-condition and then to continue the iteration process.

 In the case of for loop, the increment section of the loop is executed before
the test-condition is evaluated.

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Cont’d...
while (---------)
{
---------
---------
if (condition)
continue;
---------
---------
}
--------
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Cont’d...
// to add only positive numbers
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<<"enter any 10 numbers\n";
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {
cin>>n;
if (n==7)
continue;
sum += n;
}
cout << " sum of +ve numbers = "<<sum;
}
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Cont’d...
// example Output:
#include <iostream> 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
using namespace std;
int main (){
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
if (n==5)
continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "End!";
return 0;
} 28
 The goto instruction
 Allows making an absolute jump to another point in the program.
 The destination point is identified by a label, which is then used as an
argument for the goto instruction.
 A label is made of a valid identifier followed by a colon (:).

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Cont’d...
// goto loop example Output:
#include <iostream> 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n>0)
goto loop;
cout << "End!";
return 0;
}
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 The exit function
 A function defined in cstdlib(stdlib.h) library.
 The purpose of exit is to terminate the running program with an specific
exit code.
 Its prototype is:
void exit (int exit code);
 if exit code= 0 means that the program finished normally.

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Cont’d...
// exit function example
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
while(n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n==6)
exit(0);
}
cout <<"End!";
return 0; Output:
}
10, 9, 8, 7, 32
 The selective Structure: switch
General form:  Inclusion of break at the end of each block
switch (expression) { is necessary because if, for example, we
case constant1: did not include it after block of instructions
block of instructions 1; 1 the program would not jump to the end
of the switch selective block (}) and
Break;
continue to execute the rest of the blocks
case constant2: of instructions until the first appearance of
block of instructions 2; break.
Break;
…
Default:
default block of instructions;
} 33
Cont’d...
Example 1: Example 2:
switch (x) { switch (x) {
case 1: case 1:
cout << "x is 1"; case 2:
break;
case 3:
case 2:
cout << "x is 1, 2 or 3";
cout << "x is 2";
break; break;
default: default:
cout << "value of x unknown"; cout << "x is not 1, 2 nor
} 3"; 34
Thank You !