DESIGN OF WATER SUPLY

SYSTEM.
 WATER CONSUMPTION & DEMAND ASSESMENT
 Water consumption is the actual volume of water used by consumers (liters/person/day), the
withdrawal of water, and this includes household use, industry use, irrigation, livestock watering
and thermal and nuclear power(Water consumption is the quantity of water that is directly
utilized by the consumer). Most withdrawals are consumptions, meaning that the activity uses the
water and does not return it to the source.
 Water demand is the quantity of water that a source must produce to meet all the water
requirements of a project. These include water delivered to the system to meet the needs of
consumers, water supply for firefighting, system flushing, water required for the operation of
treatment facilities and amount of water lost due to leakages in the infrastructure.
 In planning and designing any water supply project, water demand assessments for current and
future needs are of prime importance.
 Engineering decisions are required to determine the area and the population, industries,
institutions and other existing and emerging consumers to be served, design period, the per
capita consumption of various categories of consumers’ pressure zones, amount of water likely
not to be charged (NRW) and other needs of water in the area.
Per Capita Water Consumption.
 Per Capita Water Consumption (or Per Capita Demand) refers to average volume of water
required by one person in a community per day, usually measured in liters per capita per day
(lpcd) or gallons per capita per day (gpcd).
 It is calculated by taking the total annual water consumption of a community and dividing it by
the total population, then dividing by 365 days.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 Formula: q=
𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟓
Factors Affecting Water Per Capita Consumption
i. Size of City: Larger cities often have higher per capita consumption due to increased industrial, commercial, and, in some cases, sewage-
system-connected domestic usage.
ii. Climate Conditions: Hotter, arid climates necessitate higher water use for drinking, bathing, and gardening.
iii. Standard of Living: Higher income levels typically lead to greater water use (gardens, swimming pools, multiple toilets, dishwashers).
iv. Cost of Water: Higher water prices (metered supply) reduce consumption, while flat rates may encourage waste.
v. Industrial/Commercial Activity: Presence of heavy water-consuming industries (e.g., breweries, textiles) dramatically increases demand.
vi. System Pressure: Higher pressures in the distribution system led to more leakage and increased use.
vii. Quality of Water: If water is safe, potable, and constant, consumption increases.
viii. Type of Supply: Continuous (24/7) supply generally leads to higher consumption than intermittent supply due to higher leakage rates.
Design and Base Periods
Design and Base Periods
Survey Year: It is the year in which survey is carried out.
Base Period: It is the period between survey year and base year during which the works of survey, design and construction are completed.
Base Period is generally taken as 2 to 3 years.
Base Year: It is the year in which implementation is done.
Base Year = Survey Year + Base Period
Design Period: Any water supply project is planned to meet the present requirements of community as well as the requirement for a
reasonable future period (up to service year). This period between Base Year and Service or Design Year is taken as Design Period.
It is generally 15 to 20 years. This period is taken 15 years in communities where the population growth rate is higher and 20 years in
communities where population growth rate is comparatively lower.
Design/Service Year: It is the year up to which water demand is to be fulfilled.
Service Year = Survey Year + Base Period + Design Period
= Base Year + Design Period
Factors governing the design period
Useful life of component structures and the chances of their becoming old and obsolete.
Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansion, if undertaken at future dates.
Amount and availability of fund for additional investment. For example if the funds are not available designer has to keep a smaller design period
The rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional money invested. For example if the interest is small a higher value of design period
may be economically adopted.
Anticipated rate of population growth, including possible shift of communities, industries and commercial establishment. For example if the rate
of increase of population is less, a higher figure for the design period may be chosen.
 Methods and Procedures for Determining Water Per Capita
Consumption

i. Socio-economic Survey & Questionnaires; Gathering data on household size, income, and water-
using appliances.
ii. Meter Readings: Analyzing data from existing water meters in the company’s billing system.
iii. Direct Measurement (Flow Meters): Installing Arduino-based flow meters or traditional meters on
household outlets to record real-time, accurate consumption.
iv. Service Level Categorization: Dividing the community into groups based on their level of service
(e.g., public tap, yard tap, in-house plumbing).
v. Historical Data Analysis: Reviewing past water consumption records and population trends.
Components of water Demand for water supply system.
For effective determination of water demand, designers need to critically assess the components of
water demand for the planned water supply system. The following are the main components that
should be considered when conducting water project demand assessment:
i. Water demand for domestic use
ii. Institutional Water Demands
iii. Industrial Water Demands
iv. Commercial Water Demand
v. Livestock Water Demand
vi. Water for Fire Fighting
vii. Operational Demands
viii. System water losses
Procedures for determining water consumption categories for a community
To establish a project water demand, it is important to determine the prevailing water project
consumption categories and their water requirements. The following steps detail a procedure to
be followed when determining the project water demand:
 Step1: Establish Domestic water consumption
𝒏

෍(𝒑𝒐𝒑. 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒚) 𝒙 (𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒚)

𝒊=𝟏
Table 4.1: Minimum Water Requirements for Various Categorized Domestic Users(DCOM 2020, Page 67)

 Step 2: Establish Institutional Water Consumption

𝒏

෍(𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒚) 𝒙 (𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒚)

𝒊=𝟏
Table 4.5: Industrial Water Demand (m3/ha/d) for Future Industries(DCOM,2020,Pg 70)

 Step 3: Establish Industrial Water consumption

 Step 4: Establish Water Requirements for Energy Cooling Systems (if they exist)
 Step5: Establish Commercial Water consumption
 Step 6: Establish Livestock Water consumption
 Step 7: Establish Net Water Demand
Net Water Demand (revenue water) is obtained by summation of all the water demands as
discussed in the foregoing sections (Domestic, institutional, industrial, and commercial demands).
Net water demand = Domestic consumption+ Institutional consumption+Industrial
consumption+ Commercial consumption +Livestock consumption + Energy cooling
This is then the potential billable water consumption or revenue water
 Cont.

 Step 8: Establish Fire Fighting Water consumption

 Step 9: Establish Operational water consumption
 Step 10: Establish System water losses
 Step 11: Establish Non-Revenue Water
 Step 12: Establish Overall Water Demand
NB: for each demand category use DCOM to refer,

Procedures for Determining Water Demand for a Community

i. Estimate Current Population: Use census data and methods like arithmetic/geometric increase to project the
future population for the design period.
ii. Establish Per Capita Usage: Select the suitable per capita demand (e.g., 135–200 l/c/d) based on the community
type.
iii. Determine Domestic Demand:
iv. Add Nondomestic Demand: Calculate requirements for industrial, commercial, and institutional uses.
v. Add Public/Fire Demand: Include fire fighting storage and public utility needs.
vi. Account for Leakage: Add 15–20% to total to cover losses.
vii. Calculate Total Demand

𝐓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 = Sum of all demands X Peak factor(daily or hourly fluctuations).

VARIATIONS IN WATER CONSUMPTION
Though water demand is normally calculated according to the average requirements,
actual consumption varies from hour to hour and from day to day.
Due to this non-uniformity of water demand, provision needs to be made in different
units of the water supply system to cater for these variations.
Peak Demand
 Peak demand in water supply refers to the periods of the day when water usage reaches its highest
level, usually occurring in the morning and evening. It is characterized by high consumption rates that
put pressure on the water infrastructure, requiring it to function at maximum capacity.
 Peak demand can be hourly (maximum volume in an hour) or daily (maximum volume in a day) and is
essential for designing pumps, pipes, and storage to prevent pressure drops or shortages(Ministry of
Water DCOM 2020Manual).
To evaluate the importance of variation in water consumptions, the following definitions are
relevant:
❖ Average Annual Demand (Qaa) - The total volume of water delivered to the system in a full year
expressed in cubic meters. When demand fluctuates up and down over several years, an average is
used.
❖ Average Daily Demand (Qda) - The total volume of water delivered to the system over a year
divided by 365 days. The average use in a single day is expressed in cubic meter per day.
❖ Maximum Month Demand (Qmmax) - The cubic meter per day average during the month with the
highest water demand. The highest monthly usage typically occurs during a summer month.
❖ Peak Weekly Demand (Qwmax) - The greatest 7-day average demand that occurs in a year
expressed in cubic meter per day.
❖ Maximum Day Demand (Qdmax) - The largest volume of water delivered to the system in a single
day expressed in cubic meters per day. The water supply, treatment plant and transmission lines
should be designed to handle the maximum day demand.
❖ Peak Hourly Demand (Qhmax) - The maximum volume of water delivered to the system in a single
hour expressed in cubic meter per day. Distribution systems should be designed to adequately handle
the peak hourly demand or maximum day demand plus fire flows, whichever is greater. During peak
hourly flows, storage reservoirs supply the demand in excess of the maximum day demand.
Peak factors in water supply represent the ratio of maximum water demand to average daily
demand, used to size infrastructure for peak consumption periods.

 Kd = Qdmax / Qda = peak day factor

 Kh = Qhmax / Qdmax = peak hour factor
Determine Peak Demand
 Peak demand is calculated by analyzing the consumption patterns of a community,
typically calculated as the maximum day demand or peak hourly demand.
 Peak Day Demand: Often calculated by multiplying the Average Daily Demand (ADD) by
a factor, such as 1.8 to 3.0, depending on the community type.
 Peak Hourly Demand: The maximum volume in a single hour, often estimated as 30%
of the total daily demand.
Dimensions of Storage Tank Based on Peak Demand
The storage tank is sized to balance the difference between the constant supply rate and the
fluctuating peak demand.
Storage tanks
The primary purpose of water storage tank is to balance supply during peak hour demand. It
is typical to have two peak times during the day, one in the morning the other in the evening
when large amounts of water is collected. Water storage tanks should be positioned on higher
ground relative to the supply area so as to command pressure.
The following design points should be considered as procedures when estimating the water
tank volume/capacity
 Estimate tank capacity by calculating the water demand at various times of the day and
comparing that to the yield of the water supply scheme,
 Establish the demand and supply patterns for a typical day during the assessment phase
of the project, The supply yield pattern of the project depends on the design operation
period for pumping systems,
 Establish the tank volume based on the amount of water needed from the time when
there is more water leaving the tank than entering the tank (demand> supply) until the
time when there is more water entering the tank than leaving it (Supply > Demand),

 Size the water tank volume so that it is able to meet the deficit during these hours,
 Calculate the volume of the tank by comparing the supply with demand at incremental
time periods and balance to the existing storage,
 The balance should start at zero, then calculated for each time period (iteration) by
adding the surplus or deficiency to the balance of previous iteration.
This is represented below, with n representing the iteration.

Balance n = Surplus / Deficiency n + Balance n-1

The necessary tank capacity (V tank) is then calculated as the maximum balance (V max)
minus the minimum balance (V min) minus the final volume (V final).

V tank= V max – V min –V final.

 POPULATION FORCASTING

 Refers to the process of predicting the future population size and structure based on current
demographic trends or population data.
 Population data
 The present population data of a city, town or village can be projected from census data.
 Most of the countries usually carry out the census survey after 10 years. e.g Tanzania
 Useful data from census must be collected during planning stage of water project.
 In Tanzania, the agency which is responsible to provide census data is National Bureau of
Statistics (NBS)
 Growth rate
 Is the rate at which the population of a country, region, or other area increases or decreases
over a time.
 It is expressed as percentage of the population per year
 Population forecasting methods
 The population forecast shall consider the fact that the design period chosen shall neither be
so long as it throw unnecessary financial burden on the present generation nor short as it
makes the design insufficient for future needs.
 Thus, the forecast interval recommended in MoW design manual shall be in periods of 10 years
and no more than 30 years.
 These methods are usually used in forecasting the population:
▪ Arithmetic increase method
 This method is based upon the assumption that the population increase at a constant rate of
change of population with time is constant. It’s presented as:
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑛 × 𝑥ҧ
 Where,
 𝑃𝑛 = prospective forecasted population after 𝑛 decades from the present.
 𝑃𝑜 = present population.
 𝑛= number of decades between now and future
 ҧ average (arithmetic mean) of population increase in the known decade
𝑥=
▪ Geometric increase method
 In this method the growth rate of the area is assumed to be constant and the increase is
compounded over the existing population in every decade

𝑟 𝑛
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 1 + 100
 Where,
 𝑃𝑛 = future population after 𝑛 decades.
 𝑃𝑜 = initial population.
 𝑛= number of years from now to future
 𝑟= growth rate (%)
 CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
A conveyance system is an engineered infrastructure designed to transport water from THE source
(reservoir, river, well) to a point of use. These systems ensure water reaches its destination at the required
amount (Flow Rate) ,pressure, and quality, primarily using closed pipelines to minimize losses.
These systems can be classified as gravity systems, which rely on elevation differences, or pumping
systems, which use pumps to create pressure to move water through pipelines