■ NUST NET-4

Complete Entry Test Preparation Guide

Mathematics • Physics • English

✔ All Important Topics Explained Simply

✔ MCQs with Full Solutions
✔ 50-Second Speed Tricks for Every Topic
✔ Memory Shortcuts & Formula Sheets

■ Remember: 50 seconds per MCQ — Speed + Accuracy = Success!

 ■ Table of Contents
Section Topics

1. MATHEMATICS Sequences, Trig, Matrices, Limits, Probability, Permutation,

Binomial, Derivation, Integration, Conics, Lines, Shaded Area

2. PHYSICS Vectors, Motion, Rotation, Oscillation, Waves, Electrostatics,

Current, EM Induction, Magnetism, Modern Physics, Nuclear, Electronics, Atomic Spectra

3. ENGLISH Synonyms, Antonyms, Sentence Correction, Completion, Idioms,

Phrases, Proverbs, Word Pairs, Passages, Parts of Speech, Tenses,
Active/Passive, Direct/Indirect

4. FORMULA SHEET Quick-reference formulas for all three subjects

 SECTION 1: MATHEMATICS

1.1 Sequences & Series

An Arithmetic Progression (AP) has a common difference d. A Geometric Progression (GP) has a
common ratio r.

Type nth Term Sum of n Terms

AP a + (n-1)d n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]

GP a·r^(n-1) a(r^n - 1)/(r-1) [r≠1]

GP (infinite, |r|<1) — a/(1-r)

■ 50-sec TRICK: For AP: middle term = average of first & last. Sum shortcut: n × (average of first & last
term).
Q1. The 10th term of AP: 3, 7, 11, ... is:
(A) 39
(B) 40
(C) 43
(D) 38
■ Answer: (A) 39
■ a=3, d=4 → T10 = 3+9×4 = 39. Trick: T10 = 3+(10-1)4 = 39.

Q2. Sum of first 20 terms of AP 1,3,5,... is:

(A) 380
(B) 400
(C) 420
(D) 360
■ Answer: (B) 400
■ Sum of first n odd numbers = n². So 20²=400. Memorize this!

Q3. Sum of infinite GP: 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + ... is:

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
■ Answer: (B) 2
■ S∞ = a/(1-r) = 1/(1-0.5) = 2

1.2 Trigonometry (Trig, Application, Inverse)

Key identities to memorize:

Identity Formula

Pythagorean sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1+tan²θ = sec²θ, 1+cot²θ = cosec²θ

Double Angle sin2θ = 2sinθcosθ, cos2θ = 1-2sin²θ = 2cos²θ-1

Sum/Diff sin(A±B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB

Half Angle sin²(θ/2) = (1-cosθ)/2, cos²(θ/2) = (1+cosθ)/2

■ 50-sec TRICK: ASTC rule (All Students Take Calculus): Q1=All +ve, Q2=Sin +ve, Q3=Tan +ve, Q4=Cos
+ve.
■ 50-sec TRICK: Special angles: sin30=1/2, sin45=1/√2, sin60=√3/2. cos is reverse order. tan = sin/cos.
Q4. sin²45° + cos²45° = ?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) √2
■ Answer: (B) 1
■ Pythagorean identity: sin²θ+cos²θ=1 always. Don't even calculate!

Q5. Value of tan(180°+θ) is:

(A) tanθ
(B) -tanθ
(C) cotθ
(D) -cotθ
■ Answer: (A) tanθ
■ 180°+θ is in Q3 where tan is positive. tan(180+θ) = tanθ

Q6. If sinθ = 3/5, then cosθ = ?

(A) 4/5
(B) 3/4
(C) 5/3
(D) 5/4
■ Answer: (A) 4/5
■ 3-4-5 Pythagorean triple. sinθ=3/5 → cosθ=4/5. Memorize 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17!

Q7. sin(A+B) when A=B=45°:

(A) 0
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) √2
■ Answer: (C) 1
■ sin(45+45)=sin90=1. Direct calculation is fastest here.

1.3 Matrices
For 2×2 matrix [[a,b],[c,d]]: det = ad-bc. Inverse = (1/det)×[[d,-b],[-c,a]]. Matrix is singular if det=0.
■ 50-sec TRICK: det(AB)=det(A)×det(B). det(A^-1)=1/det(A). For identity matrix I, det(I)=1.
Q8. Determinant of matrix [[2,3],[1,4]]:
(A) 5
(B) 8
(C) 11
(D) 6
■ Answer: (A) 5
■ det = 2×4 - 3×1 = 8-3 = 5

Q9. If det(A)=3 and det(B)=2, then det(AB)=?

(A) 5
(B) 6
(C) 1
(D) 9
■ Answer: (B) 6
■ det(AB) = det(A)×det(B) = 3×2 = 6
1.4 Limits
Key limit: lim(x→0) sinx/x = 1. For 0/0 form: factorize and cancel. For x→∞: divide by highest power of x.
■ 50-sec TRICK: L'Hôpital: if 0/0 or ∞/∞, differentiate numerator & denominator separately. But factorization
is faster — try it first!
Q10. lim(x→0) sin3x/x =
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 0
(D) 1/3
■ Answer: (B) 3
■ lim sinax/x = a. So sin3x/x → 3. Quick rule: coefficient of x comes out.

Q11. lim(x→2) (x²-4)/(x-2) =

(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) ∞
■ Answer: (C) 4
■ Factor: (x-2)(x+2)/(x-2) = x+2 → 2+2 = 4

1.5 Probability, Permutation & Combination

P(A) = favorable/total. nPr = n!/(n-r)! (order matters). nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!] (order doesn't matter).
■ 50-sec TRICK: Permutation = Placing (P for Position/Place). Combination = Choosing (C for Choose). nCr
= nPr/r!
Q12. In how many ways can 4 people sit in a row?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 24
■ Answer: (D) 24
■ 4P4 = 4! = 24. Trick: n people in n seats = n!

Q13. P(getting head in one coin toss):

(A) 1
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/2
(D) 0
■ Answer: (C) 1/2
■ Favorable=1(head), Total=2(H,T). P=1/2

Q14. Value of 6C2:

(A) 12
(B) 15
(C) 30
(D) 6
■ Answer: (B) 15
■ 6C2 = 6!/(2!4!) = (6×5)/(2×1) = 15. Always use nCr = n(n-1)/2 for r=2

Q15. Probability of drawing an ace from 52 cards:

(A) 1/13
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/26
 (D) 1/52
■ Answer: (A) 1/13
■ 4 aces in 52 cards. P = 4/52 = 1/13

1.6 Binomial Theorem

General term: T(r+1) = nCr × a^(n-r) × b^r. Middle term of (a+b)^n: if n is even → T(n/2+1).
■ 50-sec TRICK: For coefficient of x^k in (1+x)^n: answer is nCk. For (a+b)^n sum of all coefficients: put
a=b=1 → 2^n.
Q16. Sum of coefficients in (1+x)^10:
(A) 1024
(B) 512
(C) 2048
(D) 256
■ Answer: (A) 1024
■ Put x=1: (1+1)^10 = 2^10 = 1024

Q17. 4th term in expansion of (x+2)^6:

(A) 160x³
(B) 240x³
(C) 160x²
(D) 120x³
■ Answer: (A) 160x³
■ T4 = 6C3 × x³ × 2³ = 20×8×x³ = 160x³

1.7 Differentiation (Derivation)

Function Derivative

x^n nx^(n-1)

sin x cos x

cos x -sin x

tan x sec²x

e^x e^x

ln x 1/x

uv (product) u'v + uv'

u/v (quotient) (u'v - uv')/v²

■ 50-sec TRICK: Chain rule: d/dx[f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) × g'(x). Power rule is fastest: bring power down, reduce by
1.
Q18. d/dx(3x■ - 2x² + 5) =
(A) 12x³ - 4x
(B) 12x³ + 4x
(C) 3x³ - 2x
(D) 12x■ - 4x
■ Answer: (A) 12x³ - 4x
■ Power rule: 3×4x³ - 2×2x + 0 = 12x³ - 4x

Q19. If y = sin(3x), then dy/dx =

(A) cos3x
(B) 3cos3x
 (C) -3cos3x
(D) sin3x
■ Answer: (B) 3cos3x
■ Chain rule: d/dx(sin u) = cos u × du/dx = cos3x × 3 = 3cos3x

1.8 Integration
Integral Result

∫x^n dx x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C

∫sin x dx -cos x + C

∫cos x dx sin x + C

∫e^x dx e^x + C

∫1/x dx ln|x| + C

∫sec²x dx tan x + C
■ 50-sec TRICK: Integration reverses differentiation. Add 1 to power, divide by new power. Definite integral
= area under curve = [F(b) - F(a)].
Q20. ∫(2x + 3) dx =
(A) x² + 3x
(B) x² + 3x + C
(C) 2 + C
(D) x² + C
■ Answer: (B) x² + 3x + C
■ ∫2x dx = x², ∫3 dx = 3x. Always add +C for indefinite integrals!

Q21. ∫■² x² dx =
(A) 4/3
(B) 8/3
(C) 4
(D) 8
■ Answer: (B) 8/3
■ [x³/3]■² = 8/3 - 0 = 8/3

1.9 Conic Sections & Straight Lines

Shape Equation Key Feature

Circle (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r² Center(h,k), radius=r

Parabola y²=4ax Focus(a,0), Directrix: x=-a

Ellipse x²/a²+y²/b²=1 a>b, major axis along x

Hyperbola x²/a²-y²/b²=1 Two branches

Straight Line y=mx+c m=slope, c=y-intercept

■ 50-sec TRICK: Slope formula: m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1). Two lines perpendicular if m1×m2 = -1. Parallel lines
have equal slopes.
Q22. Center of circle x²+y²-4x+6y+9=0:
(A) (2,-3)
(B) (-2,3)
(C) (4,-6)
(D) (2,3)
■ Answer: (A) (2,-3)
■ Complete square: (x-2)²+(y+3)²=4. Center=(2,-3). Trick: h=+half of x-coeff, k=-half of y-coeff when in standard form.

Q23. Slope of line joining (1,2) and (3,8):

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
■ Answer: (C) 3
■ m = (8-2)/(3-1) = 6/2 = 3
 SECTION 2: PHYSICS

2.1 Vectors
Vector has magnitude AND direction. Scalar has only magnitude. Resultant of two vectors: R =
√(A²+B²+2ABcosθ). Dot product: A·B = ABcosθ. Cross product: |A×B| = ABsinθ.
■ 50-sec TRICK: If two vectors perpendicular (θ=90°): dot product=0. If parallel (θ=0°): cross product=0. Unit
vector = vector/magnitude.
Q24. Dot product of perpendicular vectors A and B:
(A) AB
(B) 0
(C) AB/2
(D) -AB
■ Answer: (B) 0
■ A·B = ABcos90° = AB×0 = 0. Perpendicular → dot product = 0. Always!

Q25. If A=3i+4j, magnitude of A =

(A) 7
(B) 5
(C) 12
(D) 25
■ Answer: (B) 5
■ |A| = √(3²+4²) = √25 = 5. Use 3-4-5 Pythagorean triple instantly!

2.2 Force & Motion (Newton's Laws)

Equation Use When

v = u + at Finding final velocity

s = ut + ½at² Finding displacement

v² = u² + 2as No time given (most useful!)

s = (u+v)/2 × t Average velocity known

F = ma Force, mass, acceleration

W = mg Weight (g=10 m/s² in MCQs)

■ 50-sec TRICK: 'No time' → use v²=u²+2as. 'No distance' → use v=u+at. Falling freely: a=g=10m/s².
Thrown up: a=-g.
Q26. A body starts from rest and has acceleration 5 m/s². Velocity after 4 sec:
(A) 10 m/s
(B) 15 m/s
(C) 20 m/s
(D) 25 m/s
■ Answer: (C) 20 m/s
■ v=u+at=0+5×4=20 m/s. u=0 (from rest).

Q27. Force on 5kg body with acceleration 6 m/s²:

(A) 25 N
(B) 30 N
(C) 11 N
(D) 1.2 N
■ Answer: (B) 30 N
■ F=ma=5×6=30 N. Simple multiplication!

2.3 Rotation, Oscillation & Waves

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): T = 2π√(L/g) for pendulum. Wave speed: v = fλ. Angular velocity: ω = 2πf =
2π/T.
■ 50-sec TRICK: Pendulum period depends on LENGTH only — not mass, not amplitude. Double L → T
increases by √2. Quadruple L → T doubles.
Q28. Period of pendulum of length 1m (g=10):
(A) 2π/√10 s
(B) 2π s
(C) π s
(D) π/√10 s
■ Answer: (A) 2π/√10 s
■ T=2π√(L/g)=2π√(1/10)=2π/√10. Know this formula cold!

Q29. Wave of frequency 100Hz and wavelength 3m has speed:

(A) 100 m/s
(B) 300 m/s
(C) 33 m/s
(D) 103 m/s
■ Answer: (B) 300 m/s
■ v=fλ=100×3=300 m/s. Just multiply f and λ!

2.4 Electrostatics, Current & Electromagnetic Induction

Formula Meaning

F = kq1q2/r² Coulomb's Law (k=9×10■)

E = F/q = kQ/r² Electric Field

V = kQ/r Electric Potential

I = Q/t Electric Current

V = IR Ohm's Law

P = VI = I²R = V²/R Electric Power

EMF = -dΦ/dt Faraday's Law

■ 50-sec TRICK: Resistors in series: R_total = R1+R2. Resistors in parallel: 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2. Series=same
current. Parallel=same voltage.
Q30. Current through 10Ω resistor with 20V applied:
(A) 200 A
(B) 0.5 A
(C) 2 A
(D) 10 A
■ Answer: (C) 2 A
■ I=V/R=20/10=2A. Ohm's law.

Q31. Power dissipated in 5Ω resistor with 2A current:

(A) 10 W
(B) 2.5 W
(C) 20 W
 (D) 40 W
■ Answer: (C) 20 W
■ P=I²R=4×5=20W. Use I²R when current is given.

Q32. Two resistors 4Ω and 4Ω in parallel. Total resistance:

(A) 8Ω
(B) 2Ω
(C) 4Ω
(D) 1Ω
■ Answer: (B) 2Ω
■ Two equal R in parallel = R/2 = 4/2 = 2Ω. Shortcut for equal resistors!

2.5 Modern Physics, Nuclear & Atomic Spectra

Photoelectric effect: E = hf = hc/λ (h=6.63×10■³■ J·s). Einstein's mass-energy: E = mc². Bohr's model:
electrons in fixed orbits, emit photons when jumping down.
■ 50-sec TRICK: Alpha decay: A decreases by 4, Z decreases by 2. Beta decay: Z increases by 1 (neutron
→ proton). Gamma decay: no change in A or Z.
Q33. In alpha decay of ²³■U■■, the daughter nucleus is:
(A) ²³■Th■■
(B) ²³■Np■■
(C) ²³■U■■
(D) ²³■Th■■
■ Answer: (A) ²³■Th■■
■ Alpha: A-4=234, Z-2=90 → ²³■Th■■. α particle = ■He■.

Q34. Energy of photon with frequency 6×10¹■ Hz (h=6.6×10■³■):

(A) 3.96×10■¹■ J
(B) 6.6×10■²■ J
(C) 9.9×10■²■ J
(D) 4×10■¹■ J
■ Answer: (A) 3.96×10■¹■ J
■ E=hf = 6.6×10■³■ × 6×10¹■ = 39.6×10■²■ = 3.96×10■¹■ J
 SECTION 3: ENGLISH

3.1 Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Abundant Plentiful, Ample Scarce, Rare

Ambiguous Unclear, Vague Clear, Definite

Benevolent Kind, Generous Cruel, Selfish

Candid Frank, Honest Dishonest, Insincere

Diligent Hardworking, Industrious Lazy, Idle

Eloquent Fluent, Expressive Inarticulate

Frugal Thrifty, Economical Wasteful, Extravagant

Gregarious Social, Outgoing Unsocial, Reserved

Hostile Aggressive, Unfriendly Friendly, Amicable

Inevitable Certain, Unavoidable Avoidable, Uncertain

■ 50-sec TRICK: For synonyms: eliminate extreme options first. The answer usually has the SAME
emotional tone as the question word.
Q35. Synonym of ELOQUENT:
(A) Silent
(B) Articulate
(C) Confused
(D) Boring
■ Answer: (B) Articulate
■ Eloquent = expressing well. Articulate = able to express clearly.

Q36. Antonym of FRUGAL:

(A) Thrifty
(B) Careful
(C) Extravagant
(D) Economical
■ Answer: (C) Extravagant
■ Frugal = saving money. Opposite = spending excessively = Extravagant.

3.2 Sentence Correction & Completion

Common errors: subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, wrong prepositions, dangling modifiers.
■ 50-sec TRICK: Read sentence aloud in your head. Your ear will catch most errors! For blanks: check the
tone — positive/negative word needed?
Q37. Each of the students _____ passed the exam.
(A) have
(B) has
(C) were
(D) are
■ Answer: (B) has
■ 'Each' is always singular. Each → has/is/was. Never plural!

Q38. Neither the boys nor the girl _____ present.

(A) were
 (B) are
(C) was
(D) have been
■ Answer: (C) was
■ With neither/nor: verb agrees with CLOSER subject (girl = singular → was).

3.3 Common English Idioms & Phrasal Verbs

Idiom/Phrase Meaning

Beat around the bush Avoid the main topic

Bite the bullet Endure a painful situation

Break the ice Start a conversation / ease tension

Cost an arm and a leg Very expensive

Hit the nail on the head Be exactly right

Let the cat out of the bag Reveal a secret

Once in a blue moon Very rarely

Spill the beans Reveal secret information

Under the weather Feeling sick/ill

Give up Stop trying / surrender

Look into Investigate

Put off Postpone

Run out of Have no more of something

Turn down Reject / refuse

Q39. 'Let the cat out of the bag' means:

(A) Release a cat
(B) Reveal a secret
(C) Make a mistake
(D) Cause confusion
■ Answer: (B) Reveal a secret
■ Memorize: cat in bag = secret. Let it out = reveal it.

3.4 Tenses, Active/Passive & Direct/Indirect Speech

Tense Active Passive

Simple Present He writes a letter A letter is written by him

Simple Past He wrote a letter A letter was written by him

Simple Future He will write a letter A letter will be written by him

Present Continuous He is writing A letter is being written by him

Present Perfect He has written A letter has been written by him

■ 50-sec TRICK: Active→Passive: Object becomes Subject. Formula: Subject + to be (tense) + past
participle + by + object. Direct→Indirect: change pronouns, tense goes one step back!
Q40. Change to passive: 'She is singing a song.'
(A) A song is being sung by her
(B) A song was sung by her
(C) A song has been sung by her
 (D) A song is sung by her
■ Answer: (A) A song is being sung by her
■ Present continuous passive: is/am/are + being + past participle.

Q41. He said, 'I am happy.' Indirect speech:

(A) He said he is happy
(B) He said that he was happy
(C) He said that he is happy
(D) He told he was happy
■ Answer: (B) He said that he was happy
■ Said (no 'to'): use 'that'. Tense shifts back: am→was.
 SECTION 4: QUICK FORMULA SHEET

Mathematics
• AP: Tn = a+(n-1)d | Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d]
• GP: Tn = ar^(n-1) | S∞ = a/(1-r) [|r|<1]
• sin²θ+cos²θ=1 | 1+tan²θ=sec²θ | 1+cot²θ=cosec²θ
• sin2θ=2sinθcosθ | cos2θ=1-2sin²θ
• Binomial T(r+1) = nCr·a^(n-r)·b^r
• d/dx(x■)=nx■■¹ | d/dx(sinx)=cosx | d/dx(cosx)=-sinx
• d/dx(tanx)=sec²x | d/dx(e■)=e■ | d/dx(lnx)=1/x
• ∫x■dx = x■■¹/(n+1)+C | ∫sinx dx=-cosx+C | ∫cosx dx=sinx+C
• Circle: (x-h)²+(y-k)²=r² | Slope m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
• nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!] | nPr = n!/(n-r)!

Physics
• v=u+at | s=ut+½at² | v²=u²+2as
• F=ma | W=mg | g≈10 m/s²
• T(pendulum) = 2π√(L/g) | v(wave)=fλ
• F=kq1q2/r² (k=9×10■) | V=IR | P=I²R
• E=hf (h=6.63×10■³■) | E=mc²
• Alpha decay: A-4, Z-2 | Beta decay: Z+1 | Gamma: no change
• Resistors series: R=R1+R2 | Parallel: 1/R=1/R1+1/R2
• ω=2πf=2π/T | KE=½mv² | PE=mgh

English Quick Reference

• Subject-Verb Agreement: Each/Every/Either/Neither → singular verb
• Neither...nor / Either...or: verb agrees with CLOSER subject
• Active→Passive: Object+to be+past participle+by+subject
• Tense shift in indirect speech: present→past, will→would, can→could
• Prepositions: interested IN, good AT, afraid OF, responsible FOR
• Articles: 'a' before consonant sound, 'an' before vowel sound

■ EXAM STRATEGY: Read question → identify type → apply trick → mark & move. Never spend more than
50 seconds. If stuck, eliminate 2 options & guess smart!

Best of Luck for NUST NET-4! You've got this! ■