Oblate Spheroid - is a nearly perfect STARS, AND VISIBILITY OF
sphere. PLANETS
Earth’s Shape - is nearly a perfect Galileo (father of astronomy) -
sphere. Jupiter's Moon, sunspot
-is an oblate spheroid, flattened at ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTION OF
the holes,bulging at the equator. MOTION
It is an old belief model that the Motion - is an object’s change in
earth is plane or discoidal in form. position with respect to time.
Early Egyptian, Mesopotamia, and - According to Aristotle motion
Homer believed that the world is a can either be:
disk in the ocean. 1. Natural motion - occurs when the
Israelites - thought the earth is like a object moves and returns to its
disc floating in water where an natural state depending on the
arched bowl separates the earth composition that object is made
from the heavens. of.
- They believed that the sky is a Earth & Water down
solid dome with the sun,moon, and Air & Fire Up
other planetary objects embedded 2. Violent motion - Occurs when an
in it. object moves after an external
Pythagoras - introduced the idea of force, such as pushing or pulling
a round model of the earth in is applied to it. Violent motion
the 6th century BC. always required force for it to
Anaxagoras (430 BCE) - Observed occur.
that during lunar eclipse, the - No motion will take place unless
earth’s circular shadow was there is A MOVER in contact with
reflected on the moon’s an object
surface. Vertical motion - Aristotle believed
Aristotle(340 BCE) listed several that the vertical motion of an
arguments for a spherical Earth: object depends on the kind of
- The Curvature of the Earth’s element that made up the
Shadows on the moon. Only a object.
spherical body can cost circular Horizontal motion - Aristotle
shadow for all alignments of the explained that horizontal
Sun, Moon, and Earth. motion is caused by force.
- The Further, a person journeyed, (IMPETUS)
the closer the North Star seemed Impetus - is a force causing the
to move to the middle of the sky. object to move.
- If a person traveled south of what Projectile motion(Horizontal
we now call the equator, he or she +Vertical) - He believed that
could not see the North Star at all. projectiles moved parallel to
- When the ship sailed, the hull the ground until it was the
disappeared first, which implied object’s time to fall toward the
that the surface of the earth was ground.
curved. GALILEAN CONCEPTION OF
Eratosthenes (240 BCE) - Attempted MOTION
to measure the circumference of Vertical motion - of objects was
the earth. downward due to GRAVITY.
MODERN EVIDENCE SUPPORTING - Objects fall at THE SAME RATE
SPHERICAL EARTH MODEL even if they have different weight.
SPACECRAFT PHOTOS, LUNAR - In the absence of air resistance
ECLIPSE, TIME ZONES , RIDING A objects would fall not depending
PLANE on their weight but depending on
ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA the time of fall.
KNOWN TO ASTRONOMERS - Air resistance is the opposite
BEFORE THE ADVENT OF direction of the object.
TELESCOPES - David Scott - he tested Galileo's
SOLAR ECLIPSE, LUNAR ECLIPSE, theory ( feather and hammer)
PHASES OF THE MOON, MOTION OF
- Free Fall- state of a body that of change of position and also the
moves freely in any manner in the direction of an object’s movement.
presence of gravity Speed - is the scalar quality that
- Thought experiment -an instance signifies only the magnitude of the
of reasoning which attempts to rate of object’s movement.
draw a conclusion about how the Scalar = magnitude (Quality & Unit)
world either is or could be by Vector = magnitude & direction
positing some hypothetical, and S - speed = m/s
perhaps even counterfactual, T - time = s
state of affairs. D - direction = m
V - Velocity = m/s
Horizontal motion - If an object is Formula:
pushed on a flat and frictionless Finding the speed or velocity: s = d/t
surface,the object will continue and or v = d/t
its motion will unimpeded. Finding the time: t = d/s or t = d/v
Finding the distance: d = s x t or v =
Projectile motion (compound
sxt
Motion)- that projectiles follow a
Convertion:
curved trajectory.
1 hr × 60 = 60 minutes
Newton’s First Law of Motion Inertia - 60 minutes × 60 = 3600 seconds
the tendency of an object to resist a 1km x 1000 = 1,000miles
change in its state of motion. 1mm/10 =0.1cm
Unbalanced force - The factor that will 1cm/100 = 0.01miles
make an object at rest and an object Acceleration- rate of change in object’s
moving change its state of motion velocity with respect to time.
according to the first law of motion. vi= m/s, vf= m/s, a= m/s2
Newton’s Second Law of Motion ( Formula:
Acceleration) a = vf - vi / tf - ti
- if you apply more force to an object, vf= vi+ (a x t)
it accelerates at a higher rate. vi= vf-(a x t)
F = Force (N or kg.m/s2)
m = mass (kg)
A = m/s2
Formula:
Finding the Force: F=ma
Finding the acceleration: A=F/m
Finding the mass: m=F/a
Convert:
1 g = (1/1000) kg = 0.001 kg
1 mg = (1/1000) g = 0.001 g
Law of Interaction - states that
when an object exerts a force on
another object, the second object
exerts another force that is equal
and opposite direction. These forces
are called the Action-Reaction pair.
Action-Reaction pair - two forces
may only be considered as an
action-reaction pair if and only if
these forces are:
1. Acting on two different bodies;
2. Acting simultaneous on the
system of two bodies/
3. In opposite directions; and
4. Have the same magnitude.
Velocity- is the vector quality that
signifies the magnitude of the rate