Design Thinking and Innovation-Basic

Evaluation Process
Continuous Assessment [IA Marks]: Total 100 Marks
• One Assignment: 50 marks
• Class Performance: 25 Marks
• Attendance: 25 marks
End Term Exams: Total 100 Marks
• (Written Exam): 50 Marks
• One Semester Project: 50 Marks
Question Paper Pattern for End Sem Exam:
• 5 Question of 2 marks
• 4 Questions of 5 Marks
• 2 Questions of 10 Marks
Each questions will have one alternative Questions
Syllabus: Meaning, Objectives and Motivation in Research, Types of Research and its
Examples, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus
Methodology, Library Research, Field Research, Laboratory Research, Introduction to
Review Article, Structure of a Review Articles, How to Write a Review Article,
Advantages of Writing a Review Article, Importance of Google Scholar, Google Patent
and Research-gate for Design Thinking and Innovation, Literature Survey, Reading a
Review Articles and Research Articles to Generate Ideas [with reference to few latest
research article], Databases of Library Research, Open-Source Databases, Introduction to
Journal Indexing, H-Index and i-10 Index, Introduction to Journal Impact Factor, Impact
Factor and 5-Year Impact Factor, Choosing the right Journal for Your Article, Research
Ethics, Importance of Research Ethics.
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MEANING OF RESEARCH
 Research is a derivative of the French word;
„Researche‟ means quest, search, pursuit and search
for truth.
 Research in common parlance refers to a search for
knowledge.
 It is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
 It is systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

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5. According to “Clifford Woody’’ research comprises

 defining and redefining problems,
 formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
 collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
 making deductions and reaching conclusions;
 and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

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6.D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of Social

Sciences define research as “the manipulation of things, concepts
or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or
verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of
theory or in the practice of an art.”

[Link] is, an original contribution to the existing stock of

knowledge making for its advancement. It is the detection of truth
with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment.

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 Research is the systematic approach concerning generalisation and the
formulation of a theory.

 The research refers to the systematic method consisting of

 enunciating the problem,
 formulating a hypothesis,
 collecting the facts or data,
 analysing the facts
 and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s) towards the
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 Scientific research is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical

investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations
among natural phenomenon.
 Research is a careful, critical and disciplined enquiry, varying in technique and
method.
 According to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, research is
directed towards clarification or/and resolution of the problem. The purpose
of research is to discover answers to questions or problems through the
application of scientific procedures

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
 The purpose of research is to discover answers to
questions through the application of scientific
procedures.
 The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.
 Though each research study has its own specific
purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling
into a number of following broad groupings

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[Link] gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to

achieve new insights into it (studies with this object
in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies);
[Link] portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group (studies
with this object in view are known as descriptive
research studies);

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[Link] determine the frequency with which

something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else (studies with this object in
view are known as diagnostic research studies)

[Link] test a hypothesis of a causal relationship

between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).

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MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
What makes people to undertake research? This is a question
of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing
research may be either one or more of the following:
[Link] to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
[Link] to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems,
i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;

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5. Desire to get respectability.

6. Curiosity about unknown
[Link] to understand the cause and effect of
wide spread social problems
[Link] of novel and unanticipated
situations
[Link] to discover new and test old scientific
procedure as an efficient way to gain useful and
fundamental knowledge.

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Types of Research

Research Approaches

How to Search Literature

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THE BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH ARE AS FOLLOWS

(Descriptive)
 Descriptive research includes surveys
and fact-finding enquiries of different
kinds.
 In social science and business research
we quite often use the term Ex post
facto research for descriptive research
studies.

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 The main characteristic of this method is that the

researcher has no control over the variables; he can

only report what has happened or what is happening.

 Most ex post facto research projects are used for

descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to

measure such items as, for example, frequency of

shopping, preferences of people, or similar data.

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Applied and Fundamental
 Research can either be applied (or action) research or
fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
 Applied research aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organisation, whereas fundamental
research is mainly concerned with generalisations and
with the formulation of a theory.

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 Gathering knowledge for knowledges sake is termed pure or
basic research.
 Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to
pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
 Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried
on with a view to make generalisations about human
behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research, but
research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a
concrete social or business problem is an example of applied
research.
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 Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may

affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to
find out whether certain communications will be read and
understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are
examples of applied research.
 Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution
for some pressing practical problem, whereas basic research is
directed towards finding information that has a broad base of
applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body
of scientific knowledge.

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Quantitative and Qualitative
 Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or
amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in
terms of quantity.
 Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving
quality or kind.
 For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for
human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we
quite often talk of Motivation Research, an important type of
qualitative research.
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 This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives
and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose.
 Other techniques of such research are word association tests,
sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other
projective techniques.
 Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how
people feel or what they think about a particular subject or
institution is also qualitative research.
 Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioural
sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of
human behaviour.
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 Through such research we can analyse the various

factors which motivate people to behave in a
particular manner or which make people like or
dislike a particular thing.
 It may be stated, however, that to apply
qualitative research in practice is relatively a
difficult job and therefore, while doing such
research, one should seek guidance from
experimental psychologists.

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Conceptual vs. Empirical

 Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or
theory.
 It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
 On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or
observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
 It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observation or experiment.
 We can also call it as experimental type of research.

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 In such a research it is necessary to get at facts

first hand, at their source, and actively to go
about doing certain things to stimulate the
production of desired information.
 In such a research, the researcher must first
provide himself with a working hypothesis or
guess as to the probable results.
 He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove
or disprove his hypothesis.

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 Such research is thus characterised by the

experimenter's control over the variables under study
and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to
study its effects.
 Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought
that certain variables affect other variables in some way.
 Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical
studies is today considered to be the most powerful
support possible for a given hypothesis.

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 The Inferential Approach

 Experimental approach

 Simulation approach

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The inferential approach’s purpose is

To form a data base from which to infer
characteristics or relationships.
This usually means survey research where a
sample of population is studied (questioned or
observed) to determine its characteristics

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Experimental approach is

 Characterized by much greater control over

the research environment.

 In this case some variables are manipulated

to observe their effect on other variables.

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Simulation approach involves

 The construction of an artificial environment
within which relevant information and data can
be generated.
 This permits an observation of the dynamic behaviour of a
system (or its sub-system) under controlled conditions.

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 The term „simulation‟ in the context of business and

social sciences applications refers to “the operation of a
numerical model that represents the structure of a
dynamic process.
 Given the values of initial conditions, parameters and
exogenous variables, a simulation is run to represent the
behaviour of the process over time.

 Simulation approach can also be useful in building

models for understanding future conditions.

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Research Methods

Library Research Field Research Laboratory Research

Most Important at the Beginning

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Research Methods
Library Research

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How to Read a Research Article

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How to Do Literature Search?

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Open Access “E-Resources”

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Define Your Topic

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Use Electronic Database

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How to Do Literature Survey Or Library Search?

 Google Scholar

 Google Patent

 Research Gate

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Various Source of Data Bases for Literature Review

WEB OF SCIENCE SCOPUS DATABASE

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PUBMED IEEE XPLORE

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SCIENCEDIRECT

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Sample Assignments
Search in Google Scholar and Google Patent for the following Topics

Solar Powered Electric Vehicle

Alternative Engine Fuel

Biodiesel Engine

Quantum Computer
Cryptocurrency Security

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Field Research

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Laboratory Research

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Practice Problems
Why research is important for design Thinking?

How will Literature study help in research?

What do you understand by open access resources?

How can field research help you?

How will you do library research?

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The Purpose of Review Papers

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Content of a Review Article

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How to Do Literature Survey Or Library Search?

 Google Scholar

 Google Patent

 Research Gate

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How to Conduct The Research Step by Step
1. Formulating the research problem
2. Extensive literature survey
3. Developing the hypothesis
4. Preparing the research design
5. Determining sample design
6. Collecting the data
7. Execution of the project
8. Analysis of data
9. Hypothesis testing
10. Generalisations and interpretation
11. Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.

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Define Research Problem

Review Concept and Theory (Review Previous Research Findings)

Formulation of Hypothesis

Design Research Including Sample Design

Collect Data

Analyse Data

Interpret and Report

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Formulating the Research Problem
 At the very outset the researcher must single out the problem he wants to
study, i.e., he must decide the general area of interest or aspect of a
subject-matter that he would like to inquire into.

 Initially the problem may be stated in a broad general way and then the
ambiguities, if any, relating to the problem be resolved.

 Then, the feasibility of a particular solution has to be considered before a

working formulation of the problem can be set up.

 The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem, thus,

constitutes the first step in a scientific enquiry.

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 The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with

one's own colleagues or with those having some expertise in the
matter.
 In an academic institution the researcher can seek the help from a
guide who is usually an experienced man and has several research
problems in mind.
 Often, the guide puts forth the problem in general terms and it is
up to the researcher to narrow it down and phrase the problem in

operational terms.

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 The researcher must at the same time examine all
available literature to get himself acquainted with the
selected problem.
 May review two types of literature—the conceptual
literature concerning the concepts and theories, and the
empirical literature consisting of studies made earlier which
are similar to the one proposed.
 The basic outcome of this review will be the knowledge as
to what data and other materials are available for
operational purposes which will enable the researcher to

specify his own research problem in a meaningful context

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The statement of the objective is of basic importance

because
 it determines the data which are to be collected,
 the characteristics of the data which are relevant,
 relations which are to be explored,
 the choice of techniques to be used in these
explorations and the form of the final report.

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Extensive Literature Survey
 At this juncture the researcher should undertake extensive
literature survey connected with the problem.

 For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and

published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go
to.
 Academic journals, conference proceedings, government
reports, books etc., must be tapped depending on the nature of
the problem.

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Development of Working Hypotheses
 Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order
to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
 As such the manner in which research hypotheses are
developed is particularly important since they provide the
focal point for research.
 They also affect the manner in which tests must be
conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the
quality of data which is required for the analysis.

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How does one go about developing working hypotheses?

The answer is by using the following approach:
 Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem,
its origin and the objectives in seeking a solution;
 Examination of data and records, if available, concerning
the problem for possible trends, peculiarities and other
clues;
 Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on
similar problems.

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Preparing the Research Design
The research problem having been formulated in clear cut terms,

the researcher will be required to prepare a research design

 to state the conceptual structure within which research would be

conducted.

 The preparation of such a design facilitates research to be as

efficient as possible yielding maximal information.

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Determining Sample Design
 Sampling is the process of selecting units so that by
studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results.
 The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample
or what is popularly known as the sample design.
 In other words, a sample design is a definite plan
determined before any data are actually collected for
obtaining a sample.

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Collecting the Data
 In dealing with any real life problems, it is often found that data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it
becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate.

 There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ considerably in context of money costs,
time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher.

 If the researcher conducts an experiment, he observes some quantitative measurements, or the data, with the
help of which he examines the truth contained in his hypothesis.

Primary data can be collected either through

experiment or through survey.
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How to Collect the Data for Survey based Research?

By Observation

Through Personal Interview

Through Telephone Interviews

By mailing of questionnaires

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Execution of the Project
 If the execution of the project proceeds on correct
lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and
dependable.
 The researcher should see that the project is
executed in a systematic manner and in time.
 If the survey is to be conducted by means of
structured questionnaires, data can be readily
machine-processed.

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Indexing of Journal, Citation and

Journal Impact Factor

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What is Impact Factor?

 The Impact Factor is probably the most well-known metric for assessing journal
performance. Designed to help librarians with collection management in the
1960s, it has since become a common proxy for journal quality.

 The Impact Factor is a simple research metric: it’s the average number of
citations received by articles in a journal within a two-year window.

 The Web of Science Journal Citation Reports (JCR) publishes the official results
annually, based on this calculation:
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Disadvantages of Impact Factor

 The Impact Factor is an arithmetic mean and doesn’t adjust for the
distribution of citations.
 The Impact Factor only considers the number of citations, not the nature or
quality.
 You can’t compare Impact Factors like-for-like across different subject areas.
 Impact Factors can show significant variation year-on-year, especially in
smaller journals.

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 The 5-year Impact Factor is a modified version of

the Impact Factor, using five years’ data rather
than two.
 A journal must be covered by the JCR for five
years or from Volume 1 before receiving a 5-year
Impact Factor.

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Calculation of Impact Factor

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Impact factor of a Journal in 2008

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h-Index
The h-index is an author-level research metric, first introduced
by Hirsch in 2005. The h-index attempts to measure the
productivity of a researcher and the citation impact of their
publications.

 For example, if you’ve published at least 10 papers that have

each been cited 10 times or more, you will have a h-index of
10
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i-10 Index

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Research Ethics

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A code of guidelines on how to conduct scientific

research in a morally acceptable way.

Principles and standards that help researchers to

uphold the value and standards of knowledge
construction.

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Major Areas of Research Ethics

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Example of Research Misconduct

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Institute of Engineering & Management, Kolkata

End of Module-3

Prepared by Dr. Chandan Adhikari 121