Taught by: Hisham Othman

Slides are based on: Prof. Dr. Slim Abdennadher’s slides

German University Cairo, Department of Media Engineering and Technology

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Recall: Objectives
 We plan to learn:

 Sequential algorithms 

 Conditional algorithms 

 Iterative algorithms 

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Iterative operations
 Repeat a set of steps over and over – also called a looping
operation

 Notation
 Use the same primitives as before plus the following:

 while
 <operation>
 <operation>
 ...
 <operation>
 <operation>

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Execution
 1- Check, the

 2- If condition is true,
execute steps inside the
loop body.
 Then, Check the
.

 3- If condition is false
continue the execution
after the while loop.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
..
..

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
while
Q: What is the difference
<operation>
between “while” and “if”?
<operation>
...
<operation>
<operation>

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
while
Q: What is the difference
<operation>
between “while” and “if”?
<operation>
...
A: “if” checks its
<operation>
condition only once.
<operation>
“while” can check its
condition repeatedly.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 1:
 Given a natural number n, compute the sum of
numbers from 1 to n. n=5

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 1:
 Given a natural number n, compute the sum of
numbers from 1 to n. n=5
 Algorithm:
 n = eval(input())
 i=1
 result = 0
 while i <= n:
 result = ( result + i )

 i = (i+1)

 print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
 Example 1:
 Given a natural number n, compute the sum of
numbers from 1 to n. n=5
 Algorithm: i Result
 n = eval(input()) 1 0
 i=1 2 1
 result = 0 3 3

 while i <= n: 4 6

 result = ( result + i ) 5 10
Trace
 i = (i+1) 15

 print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
..
..

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
n = eval(input())
Q: What would happen if
i=1
push the last print
result = 0
statement under the
while i <= n:
shadow of “while”?
result = ( result + i )
i = (i+1)
A: This will print the
print(result)
intermediate values of
the variable “result”, as
follows:
1
3
6
10
15
Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
n = eval(input())
Q: What would happen if
i=1
use “<“ instead of “<=“?
result = 0
while i < n:
.
result = ( result + i )
i = (i+1)
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
n = eval(input())
Q: What would happen if
i=1
use “<“ instead of “<=“?
result = 0
while i < n:
A: this will end the loop
result = ( result + i )
one-round short.
i = (i+1)
If you enter n=5, the
print(result)
output will be result=10
because you’re gonna
miss the last n.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 2:
 Write an algorithm to perform the average of n values
entered by the user.
 For example:
 INPUT: The user can enter:
 n=3 (that’s the number of values)

 9,8,7 (these are the n values)

 OUTPUT:
 8 (which is (9+8+7)/3 )

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 2:
 Write an algorithm to perform the average of n
numbers entered by the user.
 Algorithm:
 n = eval(input())
 result = 0
 i=1
 while (i <= n):
 num = eval(input())

 result = result + num

 i=i+1

 average = result/n
 print(average)
Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
.
Q: Could we write this
statement in a shorter
way?

result = result + num

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
A: yes, you can:
Q: Could we write this
statement in a shorter
result += num
way?
You can also write:
result = result + num
i += 1

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 3:
 Multiplication of two positive integers N and M via
addition
 Trace for: N = 3, M = 4
 This means:
 Result =3 + 3 + 3 + 3 ….. M-times
 i.e. Result = 12

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 3:
 Multiplication of two positive integers N and M via
addition
 Trace for: N = 3, M = 4
 Algorithm:
 N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
 result = 0
 while M > 0:
 result = result + N

 M=M-1

 print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 3:
 Multiplication of two positive integers N and M via
addition
 Trace for: N = 3, M = 4
 Algorithm:
 N, M = eval(input()), eval(input()) N M Result
 result = 0 3 4 0
 while M > 0: 3 3 3
 result = result + N
3 2 6
 M=M-1
3 1 9
 print(result) 3 0 12

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
..
..

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: Can we make another N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
solution counting up to result = 0
M? while M > 0:
result = result + N
M=M-1
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: Can we make another N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
solution counting up to result = 0
M? i=1
while i <= M :
A: Yes. You can. result = result + N
See: This Alternative i=i+1
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: Why did we use M as a N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
counter in this case? result = 0
Could we use N? while M > 0:
result = result + N
M=M-1
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: Why did we use M as a N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
counter in this case? result = 0
Could we use N? while N > 0:
result = result + M
A: Yes. N=N-1
You can use N as a print(result)
counter instead of M.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: What would happen N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
the user enters a negative result = 0
value of N? while M > 0:
result = result + N
M=M-1
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: What would happen N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
the user enters a negative result = 0
value of N? while M > 0:
result = result + N
A: With the way the M=M-1
algorithm is written, it is print(result)
going to work fine.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: What would happen N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
the user enters a negative result = 0
value of M? while M > 0:
result = result + N
M=M-1
print(result)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
Q: What would happen N, M = eval(input()), eval(input())
the user enters a negative result = 0
value of M? while M > 0:
result = result + N
A: With the way the M=M-1
algorithm is written, it is print(result)
going to print 0.

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 4: Compound Interest
 Invest 10000 Euros with 5% interest compounded annually

 Question:
 When will the balance be at least 20000 Euro?

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 4: Compound Interest
 Invest 10000 Euros with 5% interest compounded annually

 Question:
 When will the balance be doubled, i.e. at least 20000 Euro?

Year Balance
0 10000
1 10500
2 11025
3 11576.25
4 12,155.06
… …

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 4: Compound Interest

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 4: Compound Interest
 Algorithm:
 balance = eval(input())
 rate = 5
 targetBalance = 20000
 year = 0
 while (balance < targetBalance):
 year = year + 1

 interest = balance * rate / 100

 balance = balance + interest

 print(year, balance)

 print("The investment doubled after", year, "years")

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 4: Compound Interest
Year Balance
 Algorithm: 1 10500
2 11025
 balance = eval(input()) 3 11576
 rate = 5 4 12155
5 12763
 targetBalance = 20000 6 13401
7 14071
 year = 0 8 14775
9 15513
 while (balance < targetBalance): 10 16289
11 17103
 year = year + 1
12 17959
 interest = balance * rate / 100 13 18856
14 19799
 balance = balance + interest 15 20789
The investment doubled after 15 years
 print(year, balance)

 print("The investment doubled after", year, "years")

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
  Any Question ?
..
..

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Question

Q: Can I calculate the new balance balance = eval(input())

rate = 5
directly?
targetBalance = 20000
year = 0
A: Yes you can: while (balance < targetBalance):
balance *= (1+rate/100) year = year + 1
interest = balance * rate / 100
balance = balance + interest
This means: print(year, round(balance) )
balance = balance * (1+rate/100) print("The investment doubled after", year,
"years")

This means:
balance = balance + (balance * rate/100)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Question

Q: Can I calculate the new balance balance = eval(input())

rate = 5
directly?
targetBalance = 20000
year = 0
while (balance < targetBalance):
year = year + 1
interest = balance * rate / 100
balance = balance + interest
print(year, round(balance) )
print("The investment doubled after", year,
"years")

A: Yes you can:

balance = balance + (balance * rate/100)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 5:
 Write an algorithm to get 4 exam scores as inputs and
find the highest score. (Assume scores are from 0 to
10)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Example 5:
 Write an algorithm to get 4 exam scores as inputs and
find the highest score. (Assume scores are from 0 to
10)
 Algorithm:
 max = 0
 i=1
 while (i <= 4):
 num = eval(input())
 if (num > max):
 max = num

 i=i+1

 print(max)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Any Question ?

. .

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
 Any Question ?
Q: What would happen if we
push the last print statement
into the shadow of “while”?
max = 0
A: In this case, the intermediate i=1
values of the max variable will be while (i <= 4):
printed. We will have 4 printouts, num = eval(input())
once per iteration, i.e. once per if (num > max):
round. max = num
i=i+1
(You can do this for debugging and print(max)
tracing purposes !)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
 Any Question ?
Q: What would happen if we
push the last print statement
into the shadow of “while”?
max = 0
A: In this case, the intermediate i=1
values of the max variable will be while (i <= 4):
printed. num = eval(input())
- We will have 4 printouts, once if (num > max):
per iteration, i.e. once per max = num
round. i=i+1
- The last printout will be the print(max)
final and the correct one.

(You can do this for debugging and

tracing purposes !)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman
Summary
 While loop running for n times
 Counting up to n (as seen in example 1)
 Counting down to 0 (as seen in example 3)
 Receiving n inputs (as seen in example 2)

 Main parts of while loop:

 Initialization
 Condition
 Loop body (under the shadow of while)

Course Code: CSIS104 Course Title : Introduction to Computer Science Taught by: Hisham Othman