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 CBSE 2027

ENGLISH R1
Based on New NCERT textbook KAVERI

CLASS 9

Chapter-wise Question Bank

NODIA
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CBSE Class 9 English R1 Question Bank
Edition April 2026
Published by : NODIA
An Imprint of NODIA EDITIONS LLP

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 CONTENTS
Section A : Reading Skills

CHAP 1. Descriptive/Discursive Passage 5-47

CHAP 2. Case-Based Passage 48-92

Section B : Writing Skills and Grammar

CHAP 1. Tenses 93-110

CHAP 2. Modals Auxiliaries 111-121

CHAP 3. Reported Speech 122-135

CHAP 4. Conditional Clause - Type 1 136-141

CHAP 5. Subject-Verb Concord 142-150

CHAP 6. Determiners 151-166

CHAP 7. Clauses 167-173

CHAP 8. Editing and Omitting 174-181

CHAP 9. Sentence Rearrangement 182-189

CHAP 10. Sentence Transformation 190-207

CHAP 11. Notice Writing 208-216

CHAP 12. Informal Invitation 217-228

CHAP 13. Letter to the Editor 229-242

CHAP 14. Formal E-mail 243-256

CHAP 15. Factual Description 257-269

CHAP 16. Article Writing 270-282

CHAP 17. Essay Writing 283-298

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 Section C : Language through Literature

Kaveri – Prose Section

CHAP 1. How I Taught My Grandmother to Read 299-323

CHAP 2. The Pot Maker 324-345

CHAP 3. Winds of Change 346-366

CHAP 4. Vitamin-M 367-389

CHAP 5. The World of Limitless Possibilities 390-414

CHAP 6. Twin Melodies 415-439

CHAP 7. Carrier of Words 440-462

CHAP 8. Follow That Dream 463-484

Kaveri – Poetry Section

CHAP 1. Bharat Our Land 485-503

CHAP 2. Gifts of Grace: Honouring Our Vocations 504-523

CHAP 3. Canvas of Soil 524-541

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CHAP 4. I Cannot Remember My Mother 542-558

CHAP 5. Nine Gold Medals 559-578

CHAP 6. A Friend Found in Music 579-595

CHAP 7. Words 596-615

CHAP 8. Believe in Yourself 616-635

********
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

CHAPTER 1
DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

1. INTRODUCTION • Should homework be banned?

Reading comprehension is an important part

of English learning. In Class 9, students come 4. POINTS TO REMEMBER
across different types of passages that test their
One should keep the following points in mind
understanding and thinking skills. Two such
before answering the questions set on a given
types are Descriptive and Discursive passages.
descriptive/discursive passage:
A descriptive passage helps the reader visualise
1. Read the passage carefully at least twice.
a scene through detailed description, while a
2. Identify the type of passage (descriptive or
discursive passage encourages the reader to think
discursive).
about ideas and opinions on a topic. Learning to
3. Look for keywords and main ideas.
understand these passages helps students answer
4. In descriptive passages, focus on details and
questions correctly and improves their overall
imagery.
reading and writing skills.
5. In discursive passages, focus on arguments
and viewpoints.
2. DESCRIPTIVE PASSAGE 6. Do not add your own ideas while answering.
7. Write answers in clear and simple sentences.
A descriptive passage gives a clear and detailed 8. Follow the word limit, if given.
picture of something. It uses sensory details like 9. Check your answers for grammar and spelling
sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. mistakes.
Features:
• Focuses on description and imagination
• Uses adjectives and figurative language 5. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES
• Creates a visual image in the reader’s mind
• Often emotional and expressive 1. Read the following passage carefully:
Example Topics:
1. In an era dominated by bite-sized digital content
• A rainy day
and endless video streams, the timeless act of
• A crowded market reading a book can seem like a quaint, almost
• A school playground forgotten, pastime. Yet, to dismiss reading as
outdated is to ignore a powerful tool for personal
and intellectual growth. Reading offers a unique
3. DISCURSIVE PASSAGE form of engagement that stimulates the mind in
A discursive passage discusses a topic by ways that passive screen consumption cannot. It
presenting facts, opinions, or arguments. It may is an active pursuit, a conversation between the
include both sides of an issue. reader and the author across time and space.
Features: 2. One of the most immediate benefits of reading
• Focuses on ideas and discussion is vocabulary expansion. Unlike everyday
• May present for and against views conversation, books introduce readers to a
• Uses logical reasoning plethora of new words and phrases in context,
• Language is formal and clear making them easier to remember and use.
Example Topics: This enhanced vocabulary not only improves
• Importance of education communication skills but also sharpens writing
• Advantages and disadvantages of mobile abilities. Furthermore, regular reading is a
phones formidable workout for the brain, particularly for

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PAGE 6 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

concentration and focus. In a world of constant ii. The word ‘quaint’ as used in paragraph 1 most
notifications and distractions, sitting with a book nearly means:
trains the mind to focus for sustained periods, (a) Modern and popular
a skill that is becoming increasingly rare and
(b) Useless and boring
valuable.
(c) Complicated and difficult
3. Beyond the cognitive gains, reading fiction, in
(d) Attractively old-fashioned
particular, has a profound impact on emotional
intelligence. When we read a story, we step into iii. Based on the passage, consider the following
the shoes of its characters, experiencing their statements:
joys, sorrows, and dilemmas. This process of I. Reading is an active conversation between
living vicariously through fictional characters reader and author.
fosters empathy, the ability to understand and II. Digital content is more mentally stimulating
share the feelings of another. It broadens our
than reading.
perspective, making us more compassionate and
Which of the following is correct?
understanding of the diverse human experiences
that exist beyond our own bubble. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
4. Reading is also a proven method of stress

NODIA
reduction. Just six minutes of reading can be (c) Both statements I and II are true.
enough to reduce stress levels by more than two- (d) Both statements I and II are false.
thirds, according to some studies. Escaping into
a compelling story provides a much-needed break iv. Identify two cognitive benefits of reading as
from the anxieties of daily life. It allows the mind mentioned in paragraph 2.
to relax and resets our emotional state more
v. Reading is described as a ‘formidable workout for
effectively than many other common relaxation
the brain’ because it:
methods.
(a) Promotes physical health
5. It’s important to remember that ‘reading’ isn’t
(b) Builds academic lists
confined to dense classical novels. Graphic novels,
fantasy series, science fiction, and non-fiction all (c) Sharpens mental focus
offer the same fundamental benefits. The key is (d) Escapes worldly reality
to find genres and authors that you genuinely
enjoy. The goal is not to impress others with vi. How does the act of reading fiction contribute
a sophisticated reading list, but to cultivate a to the development of emotional intelligence and
personal habit that brings joy, knowledge, and empathy?
tranquillity.
vii. Complete the following sentence:
6. Ultimately, reading is more than just a hobby; it is According to some studies, just six minutes of
a gateway to countless worlds and an investment reading can reduce ______ levels by more
in oneself. It sharpens the intellect, nurtures than two-thirds.
empathy, and provides a sanctuary from the
stresses of modern life, proving that the humble viii. State whether the following statement is True or
book remains one of our most potent tools for False:
growth. The author believes that passive screen
Answer the following questions, based on the above consumption stimulates the mind more effectively
passage: than reading.

i. Which of the following is the most suitable title ix. What is the author’s primary advice regarding
for the passage? the selection of genres and authors?
(a) The Dramatic Decline of Reading x. What is the ultimate message regarding reading
(b) Reading vs. Modern Digital Media as an investment in oneself?
(c) The Enduring Power of Reading Books Ans :
(d) Simple Ways to Improve Vocabulary i. (c) The Enduring Power of Reading Books
ii. (d) Attractively old-fashioned
iii. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

iv. Two cognitive benefits mentioned are the entangled in discarded fishing nets and plastic
expansion of vocabulary, which improves rings, leading to injury, drowning, or suffocation.
communication, and the training of the mind to 4. Over time, these larger plastic items break
maintain concentration and focus for sustained down under the sun’s glare and the ocean’s
periods. churning into smaller and smaller pieces known
v. (c) Sharpens mental focus as microplastics. These tiny particles, often less
vi. Reading fiction allows individuals to step into than five millimetres long, are an insidious form
the shoes of various characters and experience of pollution. They are ingested by small marine
their joys and dilemmas vicariously. This process organisms like plankton, and then they travel up
broadens perspectives and fosters the ability the food chain, eventually ending up on our own
dinner plates in the seafood we consume. The long-
to understand and share the feelings of people
term health effects of consuming microplastics are
outside one’s own immediate experience.
still being studied, but they are a growing concern
vii. stress for scientists.
viii. False.
5. Tackling this global problem requires a multi-
ix. The author suggests that one should choose pronged approach. While recycling is important,
genres and authors they genuinely enjoy rather it is not a complete solution, as many types of
than trying to impress others with a sophisticated plastic are difficult to recycle. The most effective
list. strategies focus on the first two ‘R’s: Reduce
x. The author conveys that reading is a potent tool and Reuse. We must consciously reduce our
for growth that sharpens the intellect, nurtures consumption of single-use plastics by opting for
empathy, and provides a sanctuary from modern sustainable alternatives—carrying reusable water
stress. bottles, using cloth shopping bags, and refusing
plastic straws.
6. The challenge of plastic pollution is monumental,
but it is not insurmountable. It begins with a
2. Read the following passage carefully: simple shift in our daily habits and consumer
1. Plastic is a material that has revolutionised the choices. By becoming more mindful of our plastic
modern world. Its versatility, durability, and low footprint, we can collectively turn the tide on this
cost have made it ubiquitous in our daily lives, from environmental threat and safeguard the planet for
packaging and electronics to clothing and medical future generations.
devices. However, the very quality that makes Answer the following questions, based on the above
plastic so useful—its durability—is also the source of passage:
an immense environmental crisis. Most plastics are
not biodegradable, meaning they do not decompose i. What is the primary paradox of plastic discussed
naturally. Instead, they persist in the environment in the first paragraph?
for hundreds, or even thousands, of years. (a) Its low cost compared to its high versatility.
2. The most menacing culprit in this crisis is the (b) Its use in electronics versus medical devices.
single-use plastic item. Think of the plastic bottle (c) Its durability being both a benefit and a
you drink from, the straw in your juice, the bag crisis.
you carry groceries in, and the wrapper on your (d) Its ubiquity on land versus its presence in
snack. These items are designed to be used for
oceans.
a few moments but are destined to pollute our
planet for centuries. A significant portion of this ii. Based on the passage, identify the most significant
plastic waste ends up in our oceans, transported culprit in the current environmental crisis and
by rivers and wind from landfills and cities. explain why.
3. Once in the ocean, plastic waste poses a grave
iii. According to the passage, microplastics primarily
threat to marine life. Sea turtles mistake floating
enter the human food chain through:
plastic bags for jellyfish, their natural prey,
and ingest them, leading to internal injury and (a) Consumption of seafood
starvation. Seabirds often feed plastic fragments (b) Contaminated bottled water
to their chicks, with fatal consequences. Larger (c) Air we breathe daily
animals, such as seals and dolphins, can become
(d) Contact with packaging

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PAGE 8 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. Identify the direct threat plastic bags pose their long-term health effects remain a concern
specifically to sea turtles. for scientists.
vii. non-biodegradable
v. Assertion (A): Microplastics are considered an
insidious form of pollution. viii. False.
Reason (R): They are tiny particles that travel up ix. (d) Subtle
the food chain to humans. x. Two examples mentioned are reusable water
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the bottles and cloth shopping bags.
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
3. Read the following passage carefully:
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. 1. Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is a term that once
belonged to the realm of science fiction. Today,
vi. How does the transition from large plastic waste it is a powerful reality that is reshaping our
to microplastics create a broader threat to the world. At its core, AI is the science of making
ecosystem and human health? machines smart—teaching them to learn, reason,
problem-solve, and even create. It’s the engine
vii. Complete the following sentence: behind the voice assistants on our phones, the
Plastics that persist in the environment and do recommendation systems that suggest what we
not decompose naturally are called ______. should watch next, and the navigation apps that
guide us through traffic.
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
False: 2. The potential benefits of AI are immense and span
The author believes that recycling alone is a across numerous fields. In medicine, AI algorithms
sufficient solution to the plastic crisis. can analyse medical images like X-rays and MRIs
to detect diseases like cancer with a speed and
ix. The word ‘insidious’ in paragraph 4 most nearly accuracy that can surpass human experts. In
means: transportation, AI is the key to developing self-
(a) Harmless (b) Visible driving cars, which promise to make our roads
safer and reduce traffic congestion. It optimises
(c) Rapid (d) Subtle
supply chains, predicts weather patterns, and
x. List two examples of sustainable alternatives to helps scientists tackle complex problems like
single-use plastics mentioned by the author. climate change.
Ans : 3. But how does a machine ‘learn’ ? The most
common approach is called machine learning,
i. (c) Its durability being both a benefit and a crisis.
where an AI system is fed vast amounts of data.
ii. The most significant culprit is the single-use For instance, to teach an AI to recognise a cat,
plastic item, such as bottles, straws, and bags. developers would show it millions of images
These items are problematic because they are labelled ‘cat’. The system learns to identify the
designed for only a few moments of use but persist patterns, features, and characteristics common to
in the environment for centuries, often ending up all cats. Over time, it can identify a cat in a new
in oceans. picture it has never seen before, much like how a
iii. (a) Consumption of seafood human learns from experience.
iv. Sea turtles mistake floating plastic bags for 4. Despite its incredible potential, the rise of AI also
jellyfish, leading to ingestion, internal injury, and brings significant challenges and ethical questions.
eventual starvation. One of the primary concerns is job displacement.
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the As AI becomes more capable of automating
correct explanation of (A). routine tasks, many jobs currently performed by
humans could become obsolete. Another critical
vi. Large plastic items break down into microplastics
issue is algorithmic bias. If the data used to train
under sunlight and ocean movement. These tiny an AI system is biased, the AI’s decisions will
particles are ingested by small organisms like reflect that bias. For example, an AI hiring tool
plankton and then travel up the food chain, trained on historical data from a male-dominated
eventually reaching human dinner plates, where industry might unfairly favour male candidates.

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

5. Therefore, the future of AI is not just in the vi. Discuss the two major ethical challenges and risks
hands of computer scientists but in all of ours. associated with the rise of Artificial Intelligence.
Developing AI responsibly is paramount. We must
ensure that these systems are designed to be fair, vii. Complete the following sentence:
transparent, and accountable. Human oversight The technology behind self-driving cars, which
and ethical guidelines are crucial to steer the aims to make roads safer, is ______.
development of AI in a direction that benefits
humanity as a whole, rather than creating new viii. State whether the following statement is True or
forms of inequality. False:
The passage suggests that AI learns by being
6. In conclusion, AI is not merely a technological explicitly programmed for every single task.
advancement; it is a transformative force. Like
any powerful tool, it holds the potential for both ix. The author’s attitude towards the future of AI
tremendous good and significant harm. The key can best be described as:
is to approach its development with foresight and (a) Fearful (b) Indifferent
wisdom, ensuring that we harness its power to
(c) Enthusiastic (d) Cautious
build a better, more equitable future for everyone.
Answer the following questions, based on the above x. According to the author, what is essential for
passage: steering the development of AI in a direction that
benefits humanity?
i. What is the primary theme of the passage? Ans :
(a) AI will inevitably replace all human jobs. i. (b) AI offers great benefits despite challenges.
(b) AI offers great benefits despite challenges. ii. Everyday examples include voice assistants
(c) Machine learning is too complex for humans. on phones, recommendation systems for
(d) AI is mainly used for digital assistants. entertainment, and navigation apps for traffic.
iii. (c) I, II, and IV only
ii. According to the first paragraph, what are some
everyday examples of AI? iv. (b) Critical
v. Machine learning involves feeding an AI system
iii. Based on paragraph 2, which of the following are vast amounts of data to help it identify patterns.
potential benefits of AI? For example, to recognize a cat, the system is
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I. Detecting cancer in medical images with high shown millions of labeled images; over time, it
accuracy. learns the specific characteristics of a cat so it
II. Developing self-driving cars to reduce traffic. can identify one in a new picture it has never seen
III. Completely eliminating the need for human before.
scientists.
vi. The first major challenge is job displacement,
IV. Optimising supply chains and weather
where the automation of routine tasks may
prediction.
make many human roles obsolete. The second is
Choose the correct option:
algorithmic bias, which occurs when AI systems
(a) I, II, and III only produce unfair results because they were trained
(b) II, III, and IV only on biased historical data, leading to inequality in
(c) I, II, and IV only areas like hiring.
(d) All of the above vii. Artificial Intelligence
viii. False.
ix. (d) Cautious
iv. The word ‘paramount’ as used in paragraph 5 x. The author emphasizes that human oversight
most nearly means: and the implementation of ethical guidelines are
essential for responsible AI development.
(a) Optional (b) Critical
(c) Complex (d) Passive 4. Read the following passage carefully:

v. Explain the process of ‘Machine Learning’ as 1. In our fast-paced world, food is often seen as a
described in the passage using the example of quick fuel stop rather than a source of nourishment.
image recognition. Amidst a flood of diet fads and conflicting advice,
PAGE 10 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

the fundamental concept of a balanced diet can Answer the following questions, based on the above
seem confusing. However, the principle is quite passage:
simple: a balanced diet provides our body with
all the essential nutrients it needs to function i. What is the central message conveyed by the
correctly. It isn’t about extreme restrictions but author regarding a balanced diet?
about making mindful choices to consume a (a) It requires following the latest modern diet
variety of foods in the right proportions. fads.
2. The primary building blocks of our diet are the (b) It is about variety and making mindful food
macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and choices.
fats. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of (c) It involves avoiding all fats to maintain
energy, powering everything from a morning run to health.
brain function. Proteins are essential for growth,
(d) It is only possible through extreme restrictions.
repair, and maintaining tissues and muscles—
think of them as the repair crew for your body. ii. The passage compares proteins to a ‘repair crew’
Fats, often unfairly demonised, are crucial for because they are essential for:
storing energy, protecting organs, and absorbing (a) Providing quick energy
certain vitamins. The key is to consume healthy
fats, found in foods like avocados and nuts, rather (b) Absorbing all vitamins
than unhealthy ones. (c) Enabling brain activity
3. Beyond these are the micronutrients—vitamins (d) Maintaining body tissues
and minerals. Though needed in smaller amounts,
iii. Based on the information in Paragraph 2, describe
they are vital for our health. They act like spark
the specific functions of carbohydrates and fats in
plugs in a car, enabling hundreds of chemical
the human body.
reactions in the body. A simple way to ensure
a wide range of these micronutrients is to ‘eat iv. Which of the following best describes the concept
the rainbow’. This means including fruits and of ‘eating the rainbow’ ?
vegetables of different colours in your diet—red
(a) Consuming a wide range of micronutrients
tomatoes, orange carrots, green spinach, and
purple berries. Each colour typically signifies the (b) Eating only red and orange vegetables
presence of different vitamins and antioxidants. (c) Focusing purely on healthy macronutrients
4. A major challenge to healthy eating today is (d) Avoiding any form of processed food items
the prevalence of highly processed foods. These
v. Read the two statements below and choose the
foods are often engineered to be hyper-palatable
correct option:
(extremely tasty) but are loaded with added
Statement I: Vitamins and minerals act like spark
sugar, unhealthy fats, and sodium, while being
plugs for chemical reactions.
stripped of fibre, vitamins, and minerals. A diet
heavy in such foods is linked to an increased risk Statement II: Micronutrients are required by the
of various health problems, including obesity and body in very large quantities.
heart disease. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
5. Improving one’s diet doesn’t require a radical (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
overhaul. Small, consistent changes can make a (c) Both statements I and II are true.
huge difference. Swapping sugary drinks for water, (d) Both statements I and II are false.
adding a side of salad or fruit to every meal, and
learning to read food labels to understand what vi. Explain why highly processed foods are considered
you’re consuming are practical first steps. It’s a major challenge to healthy eating despite being
about progress, not perfection. “hyper-palatable.”
6. Ultimately, a balanced diet is one of the vii. Complete the following sentence:
cornerstones of good health. It is an act of self-care The body’s main source of energy for powering
and a long-term investment in your physical and the brain and physical activity comes from
mental well-being. By understanding the basics ______.
and making conscious choices, we can nourish our
bodies to lead healthier and more energetic lives. viii. State whether the following statement is True or
False:

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

The author suggests that making small, consistent up easily, believing that if they are not good at
changes is an ineffective way to improve one’s diet. something immediately, they will never be. For
them, effort is a negative sign; they think that if
ix. The word ‘prevalence’ in paragraph 4 most nearly you need to work hard, you must not be smart.
means: They often feel threatened by the success of others
(a) Scarcity (b) Commonness and ignore useful negative feedback.
(c) Nutrition (d) Expense 3. On the other hand, those with a growth
mindset thrive on challenges, viewing them as
x. Identify the three primary macronutrients that exciting opportunities for self-improvement.
serve as the building blocks of our diet. They understand that failure is not a sign of
Ans : unintelligence but a natural part of the learning
i. (b) It is about variety and making mindful food process. They persist in the face of setbacks,
choices. believing that effort is the path to mastery.

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ii. (d) Maintaining body tissues They learn from criticism and find lessons and
inspiration in the success of others.
iii. Carbohydrates serve as the body’s primary source
of energy, fueling both physical activities like 4. One of the most powerful tools for cultivating a
running and cognitive functions of the brain. Fats growth mindset is the simple power of the word
are essential for long-term energy storage, the “yet.” When a student with a fixed mindset says,
protection of internal organs, and the absorption “I can’t solve this math problem,” they are stating
a permanent condition. But by adding “yet” – “I
of specific vitamins.
can’t solve this math problem yet” – the statement
iv. (a) Consuming a wide range of micronutrients transforms. It implies that with more time, effort,
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. or a different strategy, a solution is possible.
vi. While processed foods are engineered to be This small linguistic shift reframes failure as a
extremely tasty, they are often loaded with temporary state on the journey towards success.
harmful ingredients like added sugars, sodium, 5. This concept is not just applicable to academics.
and unhealthy fats. Simultaneously, the processing Whether it’s learning to play a musical
strips away essential fiber, vitamins, and minerals, instrument, mastering a new sport, or navigating
making them a primary driver for health issues social relationships, a growth mindset is crucial. It
like obesity and heart disease. allows us to embrace the learning process, with all
vii. carbohydrates its ups and downs, and encourages the resilience
needed to achieve long-term goals.
viii. False.
ix. (b) Commonness 6. Ultimately, the mindset we adopt is a choice. It
is not about denying our current weaknesses but
x. The three primary macronutrients are about understanding that our potential is not a
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. predetermined limit. By choosing to cultivate a
growth mindset, we empower ourselves to learn,
5. Read the following passage carefully: grow, and unlock our true capabilities throughout
1. Have you ever thought about how you view your our entire lives.
own intelligence and abilities? According to Answer the following questions, based on the above
Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, our beliefs passage:
about our own potential profoundly shape our
lives. She identifies two core mindsets: a ‘fixed i. What is the fundamental difference between a
mindset’ and a ‘growth mindset’. A fixed mindset fixed and a growth mindset?
is the belief that qualities like intelligence or talent (a) Growth mindsets possess more natural
are static, inborn traits that cannot be changed. intelligence.
In contrast, a growth mindset is the belief that
(b) Fixed mindsets believe abilities are
abilities can be developed and strengthened
unchangeable.
through dedication, hard work, and learning.
(c) Fixed mindsets never achieve any form of
2. Individuals with a fixed mindset tend to avoid
success.
challenges, as they see them as risks that might
expose their perceived lack of ability. When they (d) Growth mindsets ignore the reality of all
encounter an obstacle, they are more likely to give failure.
PAGE 12 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ii. Contrast the way individuals with fixed and iii. (b) II and IV only
growth mindsets perceive the concept of “effort.” iv. (b) Reframe a permanent failure
iii. Based on the passage, how does a person with a v. Adding the word “yet” transforms a statement
growth mindset respond to the success of others? of permanent inability into a temporary state. It
I. They feel deeply threatened by it. implies that while a solution hasn’t been found
II. They find inspiration in the success. at the present moment, it remains possible in the
III. They ignore the success of others. future through continued effort, time, or a change
IV. They find lessons within that success. in strategy.
Choose the correct option: vi. (b) Developing
(a) I and III only (b) II and IV only vii. Developed Abilities
(c) I and II only (d) III and IV only viii. False.
ix. Carol Dweck
iv. The author introduces the power of the word
“yet” as a tool to: x. It encourages the learner to embrace the ups
and downs of practice and provides the resilience
(a) Finalise a negative conclusion
needed to persist until they become skilled.
(b) Reframe a permanent failure
(c) Make excuses for any inability 6. Read the following passage carefully:
(d) Show that a task is impossible
1. There is a well-known African proverb that says,
v. Explain the linguistic shift caused by adding the “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want
word “yet” to a negative statement and how it to go far, go together.” This simple yet profound
impacts a student’s perspective. statement captures the very essence of teamwork.
In our modern world, which often celebrates
vi. The word ‘cultivating’ in paragraph 6 most nearly individual achievement, it is easy to overlook
means: the immense power of collaboration. Teamwork
(a) Neglecting (b) Developing is the process where a group of individuals work
together cohesively, leveraging their diverse
(c) Concealing (d) Finalising
talents and skills to achieve a common objective.
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the 2. The core principle that makes teamwork so
passage: effective is synergy. This is the idea that the final
Fixed Mindset : Static Traits :: Growth Mindset outcome of a group’s effort is greater than the sum
: ______ of the individual efforts of its members. Think of
a successful sports team; it is not just the star
viii. State whether the following statement is True or player who wins the match, but the coordinated
False: effort of every member, each playing their specific
According to the passage, a person with a growth role. When different perspectives, skills, and
mindset is often threatened by the success of experiences are combined, the team can generate
others. more creative and robust solutions than any one
ix. Complete the following sentence: person could alone.
The psychologist credited with developing the 3. Beyond achieving a better outcome, working in a
theory of the two mindsets is ______. team offers significant benefits for the individuals
x. How does a growth mindset apply to learning a involved. It is a powerful learning experience.
new skill, such as playing a musical instrument? Teamwork cultivates essential life skills such
as communication, negotiation, and conflict
Ans :
resolution. It teaches us how to listen to others,
i. (b) Fixed mindsets believe abilities are articulate our own ideas clearly, and find a middle
unchangeable. ground through compromise. Moreover, being
ii. For those with a fixed mindset, effort is seen part of a team provides a support system that
as a negative sign suggesting a lack of natural can boost morale and motivation, especially when
talent or intelligence. In contrast, those with a facing difficult challenges.
growth mindset view effort as the necessary path 4. However, successful teamwork does not happen
to mastery and believe that hard work is how automatically. It requires a conscious effort from
abilities are strengthened. all members and a clear framework to operate

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

within. One of the most critical components is v. According to the passage, what is the ‘glue’ that
open and honest communication. Team members holds a team together?
must feel safe to share ideas, voice concerns, and (a) Strict leadership (b) Individual fame
provide constructive feedback without fear of
(c) Mutual respect (d) Fear of failure
ridicule.
5. Effective teams also establish clear goals and vi. What is ‘social loafing,’ and how do effective
define the roles and responsibilities of each teams establish a framework to prevent it?
member. This ensures that everyone is working
vii. Complete the following sentence:
towards the same target and that the workload
is distributed fairly, preventing issues like social The problem where some team members rely
loafing, where some members rely on others to do on others to do most of the work is known as
all the work. Mutual respect is the glue that holds ______.
it all together; team members must value the
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
contributions of others, even when they disagree.
False:
6. In conclusion, teamwork is a fundamental skill The author believes that effective teamwork
for the 21st century. From group projects in the happens naturally without any need for a clear
classroom to tackling complex global issues, our framework or conscious effort.
ability to collaborate effectively is paramount. It
empowers us to go further than we ever could ix. What specific message does the African proverb
alone, transforming individual potential into in the first paragraph convey about the scope of
collective success. teamwork?
Answer the following questions, based on the above x. Besides open communication, name one other
passage: critical requirement for an effective team
NODIA

mentioned in the passage.

i. What is the central idea conveyed by the author
in this passage? Ans :
(a) Individual success is the ultimate modern i. (b) Teamwork is essential for growth and success.
goal. ii. (c) Unitedly
(b) Teamwork is essential for growth and success. iii. Synergy is the principle where the final result of a
(c) Working alone is always the fastest approach. group’s collective work is greater than the simple
(d) Sports are the only true measure of synergy. sum of the individual efforts of its members. By
combining different perspectives and experiences,
ii. The word ‘cohesively’ in paragraph 1 most nearly a team can generate more robust and creative
means: solutions than a single person working in isolation.
(a) Independently (b) Competitively iv. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
(c) Unitedly (d) Inefficiently v. (c) Mutual respect
vi. Social loafing occurs when certain members of a
iii. Explain the concept of ‘Synergy’ as described in
group exert less effort because they rely on others
the passage and how it relates to the final outcome
to complete the work. To prevent this, effective
of a group.
teams define clear roles and responsibilities for
iv. Based on the passage, read the following every member and establish specific goals to
statements and choose the correct option: ensure the workload is distributed fairly.
Statement I: Teamwork helps individuals develop vii. social loafing
skills like negotiation and conflict resolution. viii. False.
Statement II: Being part of a team can decrease a
ix. It conveys that while going alone might be faster
person’s morale and motivation.
for small tasks, reaching significant or long-term
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. goals requires the collective effort of a group.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. x. The establishment of clear goals or the definition
(c) Both statements I and II are true. of specific roles and responsibilities for each
(d) Both statements I and II are false. member.
PAGE 14 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. Read the following passage carefully: 6. In essence, learning about money is about
1. In today’s complex world, learning about money learning about choices. Mastering your finances
is just as important as learning mathematics or early on provides you with the freedom to build
science. Financial literacy—the knowledge and the future you want. It’s not about becoming rich
skills to manage financial resources effectively—is overnight; it’s about building a solid foundation
no longer a topic reserved for adults. For teenagers of good habits that will support you throughout
standing at the threshold of adulthood, developing your entire life.
a healthy relationship with money is one of the Answer the following questions, based on the above
most crucial steps towards independence and passage:
security. It’s a life skill that pays dividends for a
lifetime. i. What is the primary purpose of the passage
provided?
2. The journey to financial literacy often begins
with the concepts of earning and budgeting. (a) To provide a guide for stock market investing.
Whether it’s money from an allowance, a part- (b) To explain why financial literacy is a life skill.
time job, or gifts, learning to manage this income (c) To argue that saving is better than earning.
is fundamental. A budget is simply a plan for (d) To teach teenagers how to get wealthy fast.
your money. It involves tracking how much money
comes in and how much goes out. Creating a ii. According to Paragraph 2, how does the process
budget helps you see where your money is going, of creating a budget help an individual manage
enabling you to prioritise spending and avoid their finances?
running out of money before your next allowance
or paycheck. iii. Read the two statements below and choose the
correct option:
3. Beyond managing day-to-day expenses, a key pillar
Statement I: Compound interest allows you to
of financial health is saving. This means setting
earn interest on both the initial principal and
aside a portion of your income for future goals,
both short-term (like buying a new video game) accumulated interest.
and long-term (like education). Closely related to Statement II: The passage compares the growth
saving is the powerful concept of investing, where of debt to a snowball rolling downhill and getting
you make your money work for you. One of the bigger.
miracles of investing is compound interest, where (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
you earn interest not only on your initial money (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
but also on the accumulated interest. It’s like a (c) Both statements I and II are true.
small snowball rolling downhill, gathering more
snow and getting bigger and bigger over time. (d) Both statements I and II are false.

4. On the flip side of saving is the danger of debt. iv. The snowball analogy is used specifically to
Debt occurs when you borrow money that you explain:
must pay back, usually with an extra charge called (a) Budgeting (b) Debt
interest. While some debt can be necessary (like a (c) Interest (d) Spending
student loan), getting into unnecessary debt due
to impulse buying can be a serious trap. It limits v. Explain the difference between ‘needs’ and ‘wants’
your financial freedom and can cause significant and why distinguishing between them is vital to
stress. Understanding the difference between avoiding the “debt trap.”
‘needs’ (things you must have to survive) and
‘wants’ (things you would like to have) is critical vi. The word ‘prioritise’ in paragraph 2 most nearly
to avoiding this pitfall. means:
5. Becoming a smart consumer is another vital aspect. (a) Spend (b) Rank
This involves more than just not overspending. (c) Earn (d) Save
It means comparing prices, reading reviews, and
being aware of advertising tactics designed to vii. Complete the following sentence:
persuade you to buy things you may not need. The knowledge and skills needed to manage
A financially literate person makes informed and financial resources effectively for a lifetime of
intentional decisions rather than being swayed by financial well-being is called ______.
momentary desires.

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

viii. State whether the following statement is True or 2. Your active digital footprint is created when you
False: deliberately share information about yourself.
The passage suggests that the difference between This includes posting on social media sites like
‘needs’ and ‘wants’ is unimportant for managing Instagram or Facebook, commenting on a blog,
money. uploading a video to YouTube, or sending a
public tweet. It’s the digital identity that you are
ix. Which of the following is presented as a primary consciously building for others to see.
danger of unnecessary debt?
3. In contrast, a passive digital footprint is a data
(a) Increased financial freedom trail you unintentionally leave online. When you
(b) Improved credit history visit a website, the web server may log your IP
(c) Stress and limited choice address, which identifies your device. Websites
(d) Easy payment for needs also often use ‘cookies’ to track your visits and
preferences. Your search history on Google and
x. According to the author, what is the core your browsing history are also parts of your
requirement for being a ‘smart consumer’ ? passive footprint, collected by various services to
Ans : understand your interests.
i. (b) To explain why financial literacy is a life skill. 4. One of the most critical things to understand is
the permanence of the digital world. The phrase
ii. A budget acts as a plan for your money by
“once on the internet, always on the internet”
tracking exactly how much income comes in and
holds a lot of truth. Even if you delete a post or a
how much goes out. By doing this, an individual
NODIA
photo, it might have already been screenshotted,
can see exactly where their money is going, which shared, or saved by others. This information can
allows them to rank their spending by importance persist for years and can be seen by a much wider
and prevents them from running out of funds audience than you intended, including future
prematurely. colleges or employers.
iii. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. 5. Therefore, managing your digital footprint—a
iv. (c) Interest practice often called ‘digital hygiene’—is essential.
v. ‘Needs’ are essential items required for survival, The first rule is to think before you post. Ask
while ‘wants’ are things we desire but do not yourself if you would be comfortable with a
strictly require. Distinguishing between them is parent, a teacher, or a future boss seeing what
vital because failing to do so often leads to impulse you are about to share. Regularly reviewing the
buying and the accumulation of unnecessary debt, privacy settings on your social media accounts is
which creates financial stress and restricts long- another crucial step. This allows you to control
term freedom. who sees your posts and personal information.
Using strong, unique passwords for different
vi. (b) Rank
accounts can also protect your digital identity
vii. financial literacy from being compromised.
viii. False. 6. Your digital footprint is an extension of your real-
ix. (c) Stress and limited choice world identity. It is not something to be feared,
x. Being a smart consumer means making informed, but something to be managed with mindfulness
intentional decisions by comparing prices and and responsibility. By being a conscious and
staying aware of persuasive advertising tactics. careful digital citizen, you can build a positive
online reputation that can serve you well in the
8. Read the following passage carefully: future.
1. Every time you go online, you leave a trail. Much Answer the following questions, based on the above
like footprints in the sand, you leave behind a passage:
path of data that is uniquely yours. This trail is
your digital footprint. It is the collection of all i. What is the best definition of a ‘digital footprint’
your online activities, from the websites you visit according to the passage?
and the emails you send, to the information you (a) Time spent on daily internet usage
submit to online services. Your digital footprint (b) Data trail left from online activity
can be created actively, by sharing information,
(c) Password used for online accounts
or passively, without you even realising it.
(d) Brand of the electronic hardware
PAGE 16 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ii. Differentiate between an ‘active’ and a ‘passive’ iv. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
digital footprint using examples provided in the correct explanation of (A).
text. v. (b) Risked
iii. Which of the following is a specific example of a vi. Digital hygiene refers to the essential practice of
passive digital footprint? managing one’s digital footprint through mindful
(a) Uploading a photo posting and security checks. It is emphasized
because online information is permanent and
(b) Logging an IP address
can be accessed by future colleges or employers,
(c) Writing a comment significantly impacting one’s long-term reputation
(d) Sending an email and career prospects.
iv. Assertion (A): The digital world is considered a vii. digital hygiene
permanent environment. viii. False.
Reason (R): Even deleted posts may have been ix. Information can be permanent and seen by a wide
screenshotted or shared by others previously. audience you didn’t intend, such as future bosses
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the or teachers.
correct explanation of (A). x. Regularly reviewing privacy settings on social
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the media accounts or using strong, unique passwords.
correct explanation of (A).
9. Read the following passage carefully:
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
1. The water you drank today might have once been
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
part of a distant ocean, a fluffy cloud, or a raindrop
v. The word ‘compromised’ in paragraph 5 most that fell on a dinosaur. This is possible because of
nearly means: the water cycle, Earth’s magnificent and perpetual
recycling system. The water cycle, also known
(a) Improved (b) Risked
NODIA

as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous

(c) Shared (d) Deleted movement of water on, above, and below the
vi. What is ‘digital hygiene,’ and why does the surface of the Earth. The total amount of water on
author emphasize its importance for future our planet remains constant; it simply changes its
opportunities? form and location in a never-ending journey.
2. The cycle is powered by the sun’s energy. The
vii. Complete the following sentence: first major stage is evaporation. The sun heats
The conscious practice of managing one’s online up water in oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it
identity and data trail is often called ______. into water vapour, a gas, which then rises into the
atmosphere. A similar process called transpiration
viii. State whether the following statement is True or occurs when plants release water vapour from
False: their leaves. Together, these processes move vast
According to the passage, your digital footprint is amounts of water into the air.
only visible to your close friends and family.
3. As the warm, moist air rises, it begins to cool.
ix. Why is it important to “think before you post” in This leads to the next stage: condensation. During
the context of a wider audience? condensation, the water vapour in the air cools
down and changes back into tiny liquid water
x. List one practical step, other than thinking before droplets or ice crystals. These particles clump
you post, that can protect your digital identity. together to form the clouds we see in the sky.
Ans : You can see a small-scale example of condensation
i. (b) Data trail left from online activity when droplets form on the outside of a cold glass
on a humid day.
ii. An active digital footprint is created when a user
deliberately shares information, such as posting 4. When these clouds become saturated and the
a photo on Instagram or sending a tweet. In water droplets grow too heavy to stay suspended
contrast, a passive footprint is left unintentionally, in the air, the water falls back to Earth. This
such as when a web server logs a user’s IP address stage is called precipitation. Precipitation can
or tracks their browsing history through cookies. take various forms depending on the temperature,
including rain, snow, sleet, or hail. It is the primary
iii. (b) Logging an IP address
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

route for water to return from the atmosphere to v. The word ‘perpetual’ in paragraph 1 most nearly
the Earth’s surface. means:
5. Once the water reaches the ground, it begins the (a) Temporary (b) Complicated
final stage of its journey, collection. Some of the (c) Never-ending (d) Scientific
water seeps into the ground through a process
called infiltration, becoming groundwater. The vi. Explain how the water cycle acts as a distribution
rest of the water flows over the surface of the system and why it is considered vital for the
land as runoff, collecting in streams, rivers, lakes, survival of all living organisms.
and eventually flowing back into the oceans. From
vii. Complete the following sentence:
these bodies of water, the sun’s heat starts the
process of evaporation all over again, continuing Water that flows over the land’s surface after
the cycle. precipitation, eventually collecting in rivers and
lakes, is known as ______.
6. The water cycle is a delicate yet powerful
system that is absolutely vital for supporting viii. State whether the following statement is True or
all life on Earth. It connects our land, oceans, False:
and atmosphere, distributing fresh water across According to the passage, the total amount of
the globe. Understanding this cycle helps us water on Earth is gradually decreasing over time.
appreciate the importance of protecting our water
resources from pollution and overuse, which can ix. What is the primary difference between the
disrupt this essential natural balance. physical states of water during the stages of
evaporation and precipitation?
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage: x. During which specific stage do water vapour
particles clump together to form the clouds we
i. What is the central theme of the passage?
see in the sky?
(a) Dangers of global water pollution
Ans :
(b) Vital process of the water cycle
i. (b) Vital process of the water cycle.
(c) Formation of different cloud types
ii. (b) II → IV → I → III
(d) Importance of sun for plant life
iii. The two processes are evaporation and
ii. Based on the passage, identify the correct sequence transpiration. Evaporation occurs when the
of the water cycle’s stages as water moves from sun heats water in bodies like oceans and lakes,
the surface to the atmosphere and back: turning it into gas. Transpiration is a similar
I. Precipitation process where plants release water vapour into
II. Evaporation the air through their leaves.
III. Collection iv. (c) Sun’s heat
IV. Condensation v. (c) Never-ending
Choose the correct option:
vi. The water cycle is a perpetual recycling system
(a) I → II → III → IV that connects the land, oceans, and atmosphere.
(b) II → IV → I → III It is vital because it is the primary mechanism for
(c) II → I → IV → III distributing fresh water across the entire globe,
(d) IV → II → III → I ensuring that all life forms have access to the
water they need to survive.
iii. Describe the two distinct processes mentioned in vii. runoff
Paragraph 2 that move water from the Earth’s
viii. False.
surface and vegetation into the atmosphere.
ix. During evaporation, water changes from a
iv. The energy that powers the entire hydrologic liquid to a gas (water vapour), whereas during
cycle comes from: precipitation, it returns to Earth as a liquid (rain)
(a) Earth’s core (b) Moon’s pull or a solid (snow/hail).
(c) Sun’s heat (d) Wind power x. Condensation.

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PAGE 18 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

10. Read the following passage carefully: writing is the primary reason why their system
1. Long before the rise of ancient Greece or Rome, one of governance, their religious beliefs, and many
of the world’s earliest and most advanced urban aspects of their daily life remain shrouded in
civilizations flourished in the basin of the Indus mystery.
River. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also 6. Around 1800 BCE, this great civilization began

NODIA
known as the Harappan Civilization, thrived from to decline. The precise reasons for its collapse
approximately 3300 to 1300 BCE. Contemporary are still debated. Leading theories point towards
with the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and environmental factors, such as climate change
ancient Egypt, the IVC was the most widespread that altered monsoon patterns and dried up major
of the three, yet it remains the most enigmatic. rivers like the Sarasvati. While the IVC eventually
2. The hallmark of the Indus Valley Civilization faded, it left behind a legacy of urban planning
was its extraordinary urban planning. Cities like and craftsmanship that continues to fascinate and
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were masterpieces mystify historians and archaeologists today.
of engineering for their time. They were laid out Answer the following questions, based on the above
in a grid-like pattern with well-planned, straight passage:
streets. Houses were built with uniform, baked
bricks and many had their own private wells i. What is considered the most remarkable hallmark
and bathrooms. Most impressively, these cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?
featured some of the world’s earliest and most (a) The construction of massive royal pyramids
advanced sanitation systems, including covered (b) The advanced urban planning and sanitation
drains and sewers that were far superior to those
(c) The presence of powerful kings and armies
found in many parts of the world even centuries
later. (d) The decoded and well-understood writing
3. The civilization’s economy was robust, based ii. Based on the passage, read the following
primarily on agriculture and trade. Farmers statements and choose the correct option:
grew crops like wheat, barley, and cotton. This Statement I: Distinctive Indus seals found in
agricultural surplus supported the large urban Mesopotamia suggest international trade.
populations and allowed for a flourishing trade Statement II: The Harappan artisans were
network. Evidence for this trade is widespread; unskilled in producing bronze tools.
distinctive Indus seals, used to mark goods,
(a) Statement I is true and II is false.
have been found as far away as Mesopotamia
(modern-day Iraq), indicating a well-established (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
international trade route. Harappan artisans were (c) Both statements I and II are true.
masters of their craft, producing intricate pottery, (d) Both statements I and II are false.
jewellery from beads, and tools from bronze.
iii. Describe the specific features of Harappan
4. Much about Harappan society remains a puzzle.
engineering that made their cities “masterpieces”
Unlike their Egyptian and Mesopotamian
of urban planning.
counterparts, they did not build monumental
structures like pyramids or grand palaces for kings. iv. The word ‘enigmatic’ in paragraph 1 most nearly
The relative uniformity of the houses suggests means:
a society that may have been more egalitarian,
(a) Ancient (b) Massive
or equal, than others. Famous artifacts like the
“Priest-King” statue and the bronze “Dancing (c) Mysterious (d) Simple
Girl” offer tantalizing glimpses into their culture,
v. The society of the IVC is described as potentially
but without written records, their social structure
‘egalitarian’ because:
is open to interpretation.
(a) They possessed very powerful monarchs
5. Perhaps the greatest mystery of all is the Indus
(b) They lacked grand palaces and monuments
script. Archaeologists have discovered thousands
of short inscriptions on seals and pottery, (c) They built numerous large public temples
featuring hundreds of unique symbols. However, (d) They shared the same agricultural roles
despite numerous attempts by scholars from
around the world, this elegant script has not vi. What is the ‘Indus script,’ and how has the
yet been deciphered. This inability to read their inability to decipher it affected our understanding
of Harappan life?
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

vii. Complete the following sentence: 2. On one hand, the case for connection is strong.
Two of the most well-known cities of the Indus Social media allows us to effortlessly maintain
Valley Civilization are Harappa and ______. relationships with friends and family who live
far away. For individuals with unique hobbies
viii. State whether the following statement is True or or those who feel like outsiders in their local
False: communities, the internet provides a space to find
The passage suggests that the decline of the IVC like-minded people, fostering a sense of belonging
was definitively caused by a massive invasion. and support that might otherwise be absent. It
can be a powerful tool for building and sustaining
ix. Identify the primary agricultural crops that communities across geographical barriers.
supported the large urban populations of the
3. However, there is a significant counterargument.
IVC.
The very nature of social media can contribute to
x. What are the leading environmental theories feelings of loneliness and inadequacy. Platforms
regarding the decline of this great civilization? often showcase a curated, highlight reel of people’s
lives—perfect vacations, happy relationships, and
Ans :
great achievements. This constant exposure can
i. (b) The advanced urban planning and sanitation lead to social comparison, where we measure our
ii. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. own ordinary lives against others’ extraordinary
iii. Harappan cities were engineered with a grid-like online personas, often leaving us feeling
pattern featuring straight streets and uniform, dissatisfied. Furthermore, the phenomenon of
baked bricks. Most notably, they included “phubbing” (phone snubbing), where we ignore
advanced sanitation systems with covered drains the people we are physically with in favour of
and private bathrooms, which were far superior to our devices, shows how virtual connections can
systems found in other parts of the world at that damage our real-world relationships.
time. 4. This brings up the debate of quantity versus quality.
iv. (c) Mysterious On social media, it’s possible to have hundreds or
even thousands of “friends” or “followers.” Yet,
v. (b) They lacked grand palaces and monuments
these connections are often superficial. They lack
vi. The Indus script is a system of writing consisting the depth, empathy, and non-verbal cues of face-
of hundreds of unique symbols found on seals and to-face interaction. A “like” on a post is not the
pottery. Because scholars have not yet deciphered same as a supportive conversation with a friend,
it, many aspects of Harappan life, including and an online comment thread can rarely replace
their religious beliefs, system of governance, and a heartfelt chat.
specific daily rituals, remain a mystery. 5. The key, therefore, is not to demonize social
vii. Mohenjo-daro media but to cultivate a healthy and mindful
viii. False. relationship with it. This involves being conscious
ix. The primary crops grown were wheat, barley, and of the time spent scrolling and recognising the
cotton. signs of social comparison. It means curating your
feed to follow accounts that inspire or educate you
x. Leading theories point to climate change, rather than those that make you feel inadequate.
specifically the alteration of monsoon patterns and Most importantly, it requires prioritising genuine,
the drying up of major rivers like the Sarasvati. real-world interactions and using social media as
a supplement to, not a replacement for, them.
11. Read the following passage carefully:
6. Ultimately, social media is a double-edged
1. In the last two decades, social media has
sword. It is a powerful tool with the potential
transformed from a niche novelty into a
to both unite and divide, to foster community
ubiquitous force in the lives of billions. Platforms
and to create isolation. The outcome depends
like Instagram, Facebook, X (formerly Twitter),
entirely on how we choose to wield it. By using
and TikTok have fundamentally changed how we
it intentionally, we can harness its power for
communicate, share information, and perceive the
connection while mitigating its risks, ensuring our
world. This constant connectivity raises a crucial
digital lives enrich our real ones.
question: are these platforms genuinely bringing
us closer together, or are they paradoxically Answer the following questions, based on the above
making us feel more isolated? passage:

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PAGE 20 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

i. What is the central question explored by the vii. Complete the following sentence:
author in this passage? The passage describes social media as a
(a) Which social media platform is currently the ______, meaning it has both positive and
most popular? negative potential.
(b) How can individuals become famous on the viii. State whether the following statement is True or
global internet? False:
(c) Does social media truly connect us or The author argues that online connections are

NODIA
primarily isolate us? always deeper and more meaningful than face-to-
(d) What is the historical origin of modern digital face interactions.
connectivity?
ix. The word ‘ubiquitous’ in paragraph 1 most nearly
ii. According to the second paragraph, how can means:
social media serve as a “power for connection”? (a) Rare (b) Complex
iii. Based on the passage, consider the following (c) Everywhere (d) Innovative
statements about “phubbing”: x. What does it mean to ‘curate your feed’ for a
I. It involves creating a fake online persona to healthier social media experience?
impress others.
Ans :
II. It refers to ignoring people in person to focus
on a device. i. (c) Does social media truly connect us or primarily
III. It is a behavior that can damage real-world isolate us?
relationships. ii. Social media acts as a tool for connection
Choose the correct option: by allowing people to maintain long-distance
(a) I and II only relationships effortlessly. It also provides a vital
space for individuals with niche interests or those
(b) II and III only
who feel marginalized in their local areas to
(c) I and III only find supportive, like-minded communities across
(d) All of the above geographical barriers.
iv. The term ‘social comparison’ in the context of the iii. (b) II and III only
passage refers to: iv. (b) Comparing one’s own life to curated online
(a) Building a large community of online followers posts
(b) Comparing one’s own life to curated online v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
posts vi. Quantity refers to the high number of “friends”
(c) Finding like-minded people with unique or followers one can accumulate online, which are
hobbies often superficial and lack depth. Quality, however,
(d) Measuring the speed of different internet refers to face-to-face interactions that include
services empathy and non-verbal cues, providing a level
of emotional support that digital “likes” cannot
v. Read the two statements below and choose the replicate.
correct option: vii. double-edged sword
Statement I: Digital connections often lack the viii. False.
non-verbal cues of face-to-face interaction.
ix. (c) Everywhere
Statement II: Online “likes” are equivalent to
having a supportive, deep conversation. x. It means intentionally choosing to follow accounts
that inspire or educate you while unfollowing
(a) Statement I is true and II is false.
those that trigger feelings of inadequacy or envy.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
(c) Both statements I and II are true. 12. Read the following passage carefully:
(d) Both statements I and II are false. 1. Our mind is a powerful tool that shapes our
experience of the world. The attitude we adopt
vi. Contrast the concepts of ‘quantity’ and ‘quality’ in when facing life’s challenges can dramatically
friendships as discussed in the fourth paragraph. influence the outcome. This is the core idea behind
positive thinking. It is not about ignoring reality
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

or pretending that problems don’t exist. Rather, fulfilling life.

it is the practice of approaching difficulties
Answer the following questions, based on the above
and setbacks with a productive and optimistic
passage:
outlook, focusing on potential solutions rather
than dwelling on the negative. i. What is the best definition of positive thinking as
2. The benefits of this mindset are not just described in the passage?
psychological; they have a tangible impact (a) Ignoring all problems and pretending to be
on our physical health. Scientific studies have happy
shown a strong mind-body connection. Optimism (b) Believing that nothing bad will ever happen
and positive thinking are linked to lower stress
(c) Approaching challenges with an optimistic
levels, a stronger immune system, and better
attitude
cardiovascular health. When we are stressed or
pessimistic, our bodies produce more of the stress (d) Blaming others for all of your personal
hormone cortisol, which can be harmful over time. setbacks
A positive outlook, however, can help regulate
these responses, promoting overall well-being. ii. Explain the ‘mind-body connection’ mentioned in
Paragraph 2 and how a positive outlook physically
3. The fundamental difference between an optimist benefits the human body.
and a pessimist lies in their explanatory style.
When faced with a failure, a pessimist tends to iii. How does an optimist typically perceive and
see it as permanent (“This will never change”), explain a personal failure?
universal (“I fail at everything”), and personal (a) As a permanent and personal flaw
(“It’s all my fault”). In contrast, an optimist (b) As a sign that they should give up
views the same setback as temporary (“I’ll do
better next time”), specific (“I struggled with (c) As a temporary and specific event
this one task”), and external (“The circumstances (d) As a universal and constant state
were difficult”). This outlook fosters resilience,
the ability to bounce back from adversity. iv. Compare and contrast the ‘explanatory styles’ of
an optimist and a pessimist when they encounter
4. This difference in mindset can lead to a self- a significant setback.
fulfilling prophecy. If you constantly believe
you are going to fail an exam, you may feel
unmotivated to study, thus making failure more
likely. Conversely, if you believe in your ability v. Read the two statements below and choose the
to succeed, you are more likely to put in the correct option:
effort, persist through challenges, and seek help Statement I: A ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ occurs
when needed—actions that greatly increase your when a person’s beliefs influence their actions to
chances of success. In this way, our beliefs can bring about an expected result.
help create our reality.
Statement II: Constant belief in failure has no
5. The good news is that optimism is a skill that can actual impact on a student’s motivation or their
be cultivated. One of the most effective techniques final exam results.
is practicing gratitude—regularly taking time (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
to acknowledge and appreciate the good things (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
in your life. Another method is using positive
(c) Both statements I and II are true.
affirmations, which are positive statements you
repeat to yourself to challenge negative thoughts. (d) Both statements I and II are false.
Surrounding yourself with positive and supportive vi. The word ‘resilience’ in paragraph 3 most nearly
people also makes a significant difference. means:
6. In conclusion, positive thinking is not a magic (a) Predictability (b) Recovery
solution that makes all problems disappear. It
(c) Happiness (d) Pessimism
is a powerful psychological tool that equips us
with the strength, motivation, and resilience to vii. Complete the following sentence:
face challenges head-on. By choosing to focus on According to the passage, a positive outlook can
possibilities and solutions, we empower ourselves lower the levels of the stress hormone ______.
to lead a healthier, more successful, and more

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PAGE 22 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

viii. State whether the following statement is True or 2. Life for a sailor during this era was fraught with
False: danger. The ships were small, wooden vessels,
The passage suggests that optimism and pessimism vulnerable to the immense power of the ocean.
are inborn traits that cannot be changed. Journeys could last for years, and crews faced the
constant threats of violent storms, running out
ix. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a
of food and fresh water, and battling unknown
method for cultivating a positive mindset?
diseases. One of the most feared ailments was
(a) Practicing gratitude scurvy, a debilitating illness caused by a severe
(b) Using affirmations lack of Vitamin C, which was common on long

NODIA
(c) Dwelling on mistakes voyages without fresh fruit and vegetables. Many
(d) Seeking support ships that set sail never returned.
3. Navigation was an immense challenge. Without
x. What are positive affirmations, and how are they modern technology like GPS, sailors relied on
used to challenge negative thoughts? celestial navigation (using the positions of the sun
Ans : and stars), the magnetic compass, and rudimentary
i. (c) Approaching challenges with an optimistic maps. These maps were often wildly inaccurate,
attitude filled with vast blank spaces and sometimes
even depicting mythical sea monsters. A single
ii. The mind-body connection refers to the
miscalculation could send a ship hundreds of miles
psychological and physical link where our mental
off course into uncharted and dangerous waters.
state affects our health. A positive outlook lowers
stress levels and reduces the production of the 4. Despite the risks, this era produced some of the
hormone cortisol, which in turn strengthens the most legendary voyages in history. Christopher
immune system and improves cardiovascular Columbus, seeking a westward route to Asia,
health. crossed the Atlantic in 1492 and made contact
with the Americas, connecting the “Old World” of
iii. (c) As a temporary and specific event Europe, Asia, and Africa with the “New World.”
iv. A pessimist views failure as a permanent, Vasco da Gama successfully navigated around
universal, and personal defect, believing things Africa to reach India in 1498, opening a direct sea
will never change. An optimist, however, sees route for the spice trade. Perhaps most famously,
the same failure as a temporary setback tied Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition (1519-1522)
to a specific task and influenced by external completed the first circumnavigation of the globe,
circumstances, which allows them to maintain proving definitively that the Earth was round.
hope and persistence. 5. The consequences of these voyages were profound.
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. They initiated the Columbian Exchange, the
vi. (b) Recovery widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases,
vii. cortisol technology, and ideas between the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres. While this led to new foods
viii. False. and goods being shared globally, it also marked
ix. (c) Dwelling on mistakes the beginning of European colonialism and had a
x. They are positive statements repeated to oneself devastating impact on the indigenous populations
to challenge negative internal dialogue and of the Americas, who suffered from new diseases
reinforce a more productive mindset. and conquest.
6. In conclusion, the Age of Exploration was a
13. Read the following passage carefully: defining period of human courage and ambition. It
1. The Age of Exploration, spanning roughly from was an era of incredible discovery that connected
the 15th to the 17th centuries, was a remarkable the world in unprecedented ways, but it also
period in human history. Driven by a thirst for unleashed powerful forces of change that had
discovery, wealth, and glory, European sailors both positive and tragic consequences, the effects
embarked on ambitious and perilous voyages that of which are still felt today.
would forever change the world map. The primary
Answer the following questions, based on on the
motivations were to find new, faster trade routes
above passage:
to the lucrative spice markets of Asia, to acquire
gold and other valuable resources, and to expand i. What was one of the primary motivations for
national influence. European sailors during the Age of Exploration?
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

(a) To prove that the Earth was flat Ans :

(b) To find new sea routes to Asia i. (b) To find new sea routes to Asia
(c) To escape European diseases ii. Sailors lived in small, vulnerable wooden
(d) To discover new aquatic life vessels and faced the constant threat of violent
oceanic storms. Additionally, they dealt with
ii. According to Paragraph 2, describe the physical life-threatening resource shortages, such as
and environmental dangers that made life for a running out of food and fresh water, and battled
sailor “fraught with danger.” debilitating diseases like scurvy.
iii. The disease scurvy, which was common among iii. (b) Vitamin C deficiency
sailors on long voyages, was caused by: iv. Sailors relied on celestial navigation, using the
(a) Dehydration (b) Vitamin C deficiency positions of the stars and sun, alongside magnetic
(c) Tropical heat (d) Contaminated water compasses and rudimentary maps. Because these
maps were often wildly inaccurate and filled with
iv. Explain the various methods and tools early blank spaces, a single mathematical error could
navigators used to find their way and why these send a ship hundreds of miles off course into
methods often led to “uncharted and dangerous unknown territory.
waters.” v. (c) I and IV only
v. Based on the passage, identify the correct pairings vi. (b) Intense
of explorers and their primary achievements: vii. The Americas
I. Christopher Columbus — Contact with the viii. False.
Americas ix. celestial navigation
II. Vasco da Gama — First circumnavigation of
x. Indigenous populations suffered from the
the globe
introduction of new diseases and the onset of
III. Ferdinand Magellan — Direct sea route to
European conquest.
India
IV. Magellan’s Expedition — Proof that the 14. Read the following passage carefully:
Earth was round
Choose the correct option: 1. Of all the systems of government humans have
devised, perhaps none is more aspirational than
(a) I and II only (b) II and III only democracy. Often defined by the simple yet
(c) I and IV only (d) III and IV only powerful phrase, “government of the people, by
the people, for the people,” democracy is a system
vi. The word ‘profound’ in paragraph 5 most nearly where the ultimate power rests with the citizens.
means: Unlike a monarchy, where a king or queen rules,
(a) Insignificant (b) Intense or a dictatorship, where one person holds absolute
(c) Risky (d) Immediate power, a democracy is founded on the principle of
popular sovereignty.
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
2. A healthy democracy is supported by several
passage:
key pillars. The first is citizen participation,
Old World : Europe, Asia, and Africa :: New
where people have the right and duty to engage
World : ______
in political life. Another is a commitment to
viii. State whether the following statement is True or equality, ensuring that all citizens are equal
False: before the law and have an equal opportunity to
The passage suggests that the maps used by early participate. Crucially, democracy operates under
explorers were highly accurate and complete. the rule of law, which means that no one, not even
the government itself, is above the law.
ix. Complete the following sentence: 3. The most visible mechanism of democracy is
Navigators during the Age of Exploration used the the holding of free and fair elections. Through
sun and stars for a method known as ______. elections, citizens choose their leaders and hold
them accountable for their actions. This process is
x. Identify one major negative consequence of
built on the concept of universal adult franchise,
the Columbian Exchange for the indigenous
which guarantees the right to vote to all adult
populations of the Americas.

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PAGE 24 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

citizens, regardless of their gender, caste, religion, (d) Laws are made by a single, unelected head
or wealth. Regular and transparent elections
ensure that power can be transferred peacefully iv. Read the two statements below and choose the
and that the government reflects the will of the correct option:
people. Statement I: Universal adult franchise guarantees
the right to vote regardless of caste or religion.
4. However, democracy is a two-way street; it
Statement II: Democracy is a one-way street
involves both rights and responsibilities. It grants
where citizens have rights but no responsibilities.
citizens fundamental rights, such as freedom of
speech and expression, the freedom to assemble (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
peacefully, and a free press to report without (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
censorship. In return, it requires citizens to fulfill (c) Both statements I and II are true.
certain responsibilities. These include being
(d) Both statements I and II are false.
informed about civic issues, respecting the law,
paying taxes, and, most importantly, respecting v. The word ‘apathy’ in paragraph 5 most nearly
the rights and diverse opinions of fellow citizens. means:
5. Democracy is not without its challenges. Issues (a) Excitement (b) Indifference
like voter apathy (a lack of interest in voting), (c) Respect (d) Diligence
the spread of misinformation, and corruption
can weaken its foundations. A constant challenge vi. Why is active citizen participation considered
is to protect the rights of minority groups and essential, and what are the specific responsibilities
ensure that the majority does not oppress them. expected of a citizen in return for their rights?
Maintaining a democracy requires constant
vigilance and effort from its citizens. vii. Complete the following sentence:
Democracy is famously defined as the
6. In conclusion, democracy is more than just
“government of the people, by the people, and for
a method of choosing a government. It is a
the ______.”
continuous process and a shared commitment to
the values of liberty, equality, and justice. While viii. State whether the following statement is True or
it can often be slow and contentious, it provides False:
a framework for resolving differences peacefully. The passage suggests that democracy is a
Its ultimate success rests on the shoulders of an perfect system without any internal challenges or
active, informed, and engaged citizenry. weaknesses.
Answer the following questions, based on on the
above passage: ix. Which of the following is considered a primary
responsibility of a citizen in a democracy?
i. What is the core principle that distinguishes a (a) Right to free speech
democracy from other systems? (b) Staying civic-minded
(a) The government is all-powerful and above the (c) Right to equality
law.
(d) Freedom of the press
(b) Political power is inherited by the ruler’s
children. x. What is the primary role of regular and transparent
(c) The ultimate power of the state rests with elections in a democratic framework?
citizens. Ans :
(d) Only the wealthiest individuals are allowed to i. (c) The ultimate power of the state rests with
vote. citizens.
ii. The three key pillars are citizen participation,
ii. According to Paragraph 2, describe the three key
where people engage in political life; a commitment
pillars that support a healthy democratic system.
to equality, ensuring all citizens have equal
iii. The ‘rule of law’ as described in the passage opportunities before the law; and the rule of law,
specifically means that: which mandates that no individual or government
(a) Only common citizens must follow the law body is above legal statutes.
(b) The government can change laws at will iii. (c) Everyone, including leaders, must obey
(c) Everyone, including leaders, must obey iv. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

v. (b) Indifference help improve memory and concentration. Studies

vi. Citizen participation is essential because have consistently shown that students who are
democracy is built on the concept of popular physically active tend to have better focus in the
classroom and achieve higher academic scores.

NODIA
sovereignty, meaning power originates from the
people. In return for their fundamental rights, Exercise is truly a workout for the brain as much
citizens are responsible for being informed about as it is for the body.
civic issues, paying taxes, respecting the law, and 5. The key to reaping these benefits is consistency,
valuing the diverse opinions of others to prevent and the key to consistency is enjoyment. Exercise
the oppression of any group. doesn’t have to mean spending hours in a gym. It
vii. people can be anything that gets you moving and that
you find fun. It could be playing a team sport
viii. False. like cricket or football, dancing to your favourite
ix. (b) Staying civic-minded music, cycling, swimming, or even taking a brisk
x. Elections allow citizens to choose their leaders, daily walk with a friend. When you find an
hold them accountable for their actions, and activity you love, it no longer feels like a chore.
ensure a peaceful transfer of political power. 6. In conclusion, physical exercise is a holistic tool
for a better life. It strengthens the body, sharpens
15. Read the following passage carefully: the mind, and uplifts the spirit. Making regular
1. In our increasingly sedentary world of screens and physical activity a non-negotiable part of your
chairs, the importance of physical exercise cannot routine is one of the best investments you can
be overstated. Exercise is any bodily activity that make in your long-term health and happiness.
maintains or enhances physical fitness and overall
health. While many people associate it with Answer the following questions, based on on the
building muscle or losing weight, the benefits of above passage:
regular physical activity are far more profound,
touching every aspect of our well-being—from our i. What is the central theme of the passage?
bones and heart to our mood and mind. (a) Exercise is only for professional athletes.
2. Let’s start with the well-known physical benefits. (b) The sole benefit of exercise is weight loss.
Regular exercise strengthens the cardiovascular (c) Physical activity offers holistic health gains.
system, making the heart more efficient at (d) Gym memberships are required for true
pumping blood. This reduces the risk of heart fitness.
disease, a leading cause of death worldwide. It
helps in maintaining a healthy body weight ii. Based on the passage, read the following
by burning calories and building muscle. statements and choose the correct option:
Furthermore, weight-bearing exercises, like I. Regular exercise makes the heart more
walking or running, strengthen our bones, which is efficient at pumping blood.
crucial for preventing osteoporosis later in life. A II. Weight-bearing exercises are primarily used
strong body is also better at fighting off illnesses, to improve skin health.
as exercise can boost the immune system. III. Exercise helps prevent osteoporosis by
3. Perhaps less visible but equally important are the strengthening the bones.
mental health benefits. When you exercise, your IV. A sedentary lifestyle is characterized by high
body releases chemicals called endorphins. These levels of physical activity.
endorphins interact with the receptors in your Choose the correct option:
brain that reduce your perception of pain and (a) I and II only (b) II and IV only
also trigger a positive feeling in the body, similar (c) I and III only (d) III and IV only
to that of morphine. This is often described as
a “runner’s high” and can significantly reduce iii. According to Paragraph 2, how does regular
feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression. A good exercise specifically benefit the cardiovascular
workout can be one of the most effective ways to and immune systems?
clear your mind and improve your mood.
iv. The word ‘sedentary’ in paragraph 1 most nearly
4. The advantages extend to our cognitive function—
means:
our ability to think, learn, and remember. Physical
activity increases heart rate, which pumps more (a) Energetic (b) Inactive
oxygen to the brain. This increased blood flow can (c) Healthy (d) Outdoor
PAGE 26 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. A ‘cognitive’ benefit of exercise, as described in feels like a chore.

the text, refers to:
16. Read the following passage carefully:
(a) Increased bone density
(b) Immune system strength 1. We are living in an increasingly connected
world, but this connectivity is no longer just
(c) Stress management skills
about people. A new technological revolution is
(d) Improved mental functions unfolding: the Internet of Things (IoT). In simple
terms, the IoT refers to the giant network of
vi. Explain the role of endorphins in the body during
physical objects—from smartwatches and home
exercise and how they contribute to what is
appliances to cars and industrial machinery—
known as a “runner’s high.”
that are embedded with sensors and software to
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the connect and exchange data with other devices
passage: over the internet.
Cardiovascular system : Heart :: Cognitive 2. The operation of an IoT system is a simple, four-
function : ______ stage process. First, sensors or devices collect
data from their environment. This could be a
viii. State whether the following statement is True or temperature reading from a smart thermostat or
False: a video feed from a security camera. Second, this
The passage suggests that the benefits of exercise data is sent to the cloud (a network of servers)
are limited to improving physical appearance. through a form of connectivity like Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth. Third, software in the cloud processes
ix. Complete the following sentence:
this data. Finally, the processed information can
Weight-bearing exercises are particularly
trigger an action, like automatically adjusting
important for strengthening our ______ and your home’s temperature or sending an alert to
preventing osteoporosis. your phone.
x. What is the author’s primary advice for ensuring 3. The most familiar application of IoT is in the
that an exercise routine remains consistent over smart home. Imagine your alarm clock waking
time? you up and then signalling your coffee maker
Ans : to start brewing. Smart refrigerators can track
your groceries and add items to a shopping list.
i. (c) Physical activity offers holistic health gains.
Smart lights can be turned on or off with a voice
ii. (c) I and III only command, and smart thermostats learn your
iii. Regular exercise strengthens the cardiovascular daily routine to adjust the temperature, saving
system by making the heart a more efficient energy and money. These devices aim to make
pump, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease. our lives more convenient and efficient through
Additionally, it boosts the immune system, automation.
making the body better equipped to fight off 4. But the impact of IoT extends far beyond the home.
various illnesses and infections. In smart cities, IoT sensors can monitor traffic flow
iv. (b) Inactive to reduce congestion, manage waste collection more
v. (d) Improved mental functions efficiently, and even detect air pollution levels. In
agriculture, farmers can use sensors to monitor soil
vi. During exercise, the body releases chemicals
moisture and nutrient levels, allowing them to use
called endorphins which interact with brain
water and fertilizer more precisely. In healthcare,
receptors to reduce the perception of pain. These wearable IoT devices like fitness trackers and
chemicals trigger a positive feeling in the body, smartwatches can monitor a patient’s heart rate
often called a “runner’s high,” which effectively or activity levels in real-time and alert a doctor in
reduces feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression case of an emergency.
while improving overall mood.
5. Despite its incredible potential, the growth of IoT
vii. Brain also presents significant challenges. The two most
viii. False. pressing concerns are privacy and security. With
ix. bones billions of devices constantly collecting data about
x. The author suggests finding an activity that you our lives, questions about who owns this data and
genuinely enjoy so that the exercise no longer how it is used are paramount. Furthermore, each
connected device is a potential entry point for

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

hackers. A compromised smart lock could grant a vi. Discuss the two primary challenges of IoT
burglar access to your home, and a hacked medical (Privacy and Security) and why a “compromised”
device could have life-threatening consequences. device can have life-threatening consequences.
6. The Internet of Things is rapidly transforming vii. Complete the following sentence:
our world from a collection of isolated devices

NODIA
In an IoT system, data from sensors is sent to the
into a vast, intelligent network. While it promises
______ for processing and analysis.
a future of greater efficiency and convenience,
it also demands that we proceed with caution, viii. State whether the following statement is True or
developing strong security measures and clear False:
privacy rules to ensure this technology is used The passage suggests that the Internet of Things
safely and responsibly. is a technology that will only be available in the
Answer the following questions, based on on the distant future.
above passage:
ix. Which of the following is an example of an IoT
i. What is the best definition of the Internet of application in a “Smart City”?
Things (IoT) according to the passage? (a) Brewing coffee automatically
(a) A new type of high-speed internet for personal (b) Tracking grocery shopping lists
computers (c) Monitoring urban traffic flow
(b) A network of physical objects that connect (d) Adjusting a home’s thermostat
and share data
(c) A social media platform designed for electronic x. Give one specific example of an IoT device
devices mentioned in the text that would be found in a
smart home.
(d) A system specifically for storing digital data
in the cloud Ans :
i. (b) A network of physical objects that connect
ii. Based on the information in the second paragraph, and share data.
explain the four-stage process of how an IoT
ii. The process begins with sensors collecting
system operates.
environmental data, which is then sent to the
iii. According to the passage, what is the primary cloud via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Next, specialized
role of a sensor within an IoT device? software in the cloud processes this information,
(a) To process data in the cloud and finally, the system triggers a specific action,
such as adjusting a temperature setting or sending
(b) To perform a final action
a phone alert.
(c) To connect to the internet
iii. (d) To collect environment data
(d) To collect environment data
iv. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
iv. Read the two statements below and choose the v. (b) Supreme
correct option: vi. Privacy is a concern because billions of devices
Statement I: IoT applications in agriculture allow collect personal data, raising questions about
farmers to use water and fertilizer more precisely. ownership and usage. Security is critical because
Statement II: Wearable IoT devices in healthcare every connected device is a potential entry point
are used only to track a patient’s social media for hackers; for example, a hacked medical device
activity. could lead to fatal results, while a compromised
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. smart lock could allow unauthorized physical
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. access to a home.
(c) Both statements I and II are true. vii. cloud
(d) Both statements I and II are false. viii. False.
ix. (c) Monitoring urban traffic flow
v. The word ‘paramount’ in paragraph 5 most nearly
means: x. A smart thermostat/smart refrigerator/smart lights.
(a) Minor (b) Supreme
(c) Optional (d) Complex
PAGE 28 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

17. Read the following passage carefully: Answer the following questions, based on the above
1. Music is a uniquely human experience. It is a passage:
universal language that transcends cultural,
i. What is the central theme explored by the author
social, and linguistic barriers, speaking to us in
in this passage?
a way that words often cannot. Found in every
known society, past and present, music is not just (a) Music is primarily used for entertainment and
a form of entertainment but a fundamental part parties.
of what it means to be human. It has the power to (b) Playing an instrument is too difficult for most
stir our emotions, sharpen our minds, and bring people.
us together. (c) Music is a vital part of the human experience.
2. The most immediate power of music lies in its (d) Only certain cultures possess a musical
profound connection to our emotions. A song can tradition.
make us feel happy, sad, energetic, or calm. A fast
tempo and major key can evoke feelings of joy, ii. Based on Paragraph 2, explain the relationship
while a slow tempo in a minor key can bring about between music, the brain, and the chemical
a sense of melancholy. This emotional response is dopamine.
deeply wired into our brains. Music can trigger
iii. According to the passage, how does music
the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter
specifically function as a “social glue”?
associated with pleasure and reward, which is
why a favourite song can feel so good to listen to. (a) By making individuals feel more isolated
3. Beyond its emotional impact, engaging with (b) By creating a shared sense of identity
music has significant cognitive benefits. Numerous (c) By being difficult for others to understand
studies have shown that learning to play a musical (d) By causing debates about different tastes
instrument is a powerful workout for the brain. It
can enhance memory, improve concentration, and iv. The word ‘transcends’ in paragraph 1 most nearly
even boost mathematical and spatial-reasoning means:
skills. This is because playing music requires (a) Surpasses (b) Restricts
the simultaneous coordination of multiple brain (c) Matches (d) Reduces
regions, strengthening the connections between
them.
4. Music also acts as a powerful social glue. Think
of the songs you sing at festivals, the national v. Based on the passage, identify the cognitive
anthem at a sporting event, or the hymns in a benefits associated with learning a musical
religious service. These are all examples of music instrument:
creating a sense of shared identity and unity. I. Enhancement of memory
Attending a concert or dancing with friends is a II. Release of social stress
communal experience that fosters social bonding III. Improvement in concentration
and a feeling of belonging to a group. IV. Boost in mathematical skills
5. Finally, music is one of our most potent forms Choose the correct option:
of self-expression. For a songwriter or composer, (a) I, II, and III only
it is a medium to convey complex feelings and (b) II, III, and IV only
ideas that might be difficult to put into words. (c) I, III, and IV only
For the listener, music can offer comfort and
validation. Finding a song that perfectly captures (d) All of the above
your feelings can make you feel understood and vi. Explain why learning a musical instrument is
less alone in your experiences. considered a “workout for the brain” and list the
6. In conclusion, music is a multifaceted and specific skills it enhances.
indispensable part of life. It is a source of emotional
release, a tool for cognitive enhancement, a unifier vii. Complete the following sentence:
of communities, and a deeply personal language Because it can be understood and appreciated
of the heart. Its enduring and universal appeal across different cultures, music is often called a
is a testament to its power to enrich the human ______.
experience.

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

viii. State whether the following statement is True or 2. The primary reasons for migration are intertwined
False: with the availability of resources and suitable
The passage suggests that music’s effects are conditions for breeding. Many species migrate to
purely emotional and have no impact on our find food. For instance, birds that feed on insects
physical brain. in the northern hemisphere fly south for the
winter to escape the cold and find a plentiful food
ix. Which of the following is described as a way music supply. Others migrate to find a more hospitable
serves as self-expression for a composer? climate or a safe and protected place to give birth
(a) Building a shared national identity and raise their young.
(b) Conveying complex feelings and ideas 3. One of the most awe-inspiring aspects of
(c) Improving their mathematical skills migration is the animals’ extraordinary ability to
(d) Reducing the perception of physical pain navigate. For years, scientists have been studying
how they find their way over thousands of miles
x. What is one way the tempo or key of a song can of unfamiliar territory. Many birds use a form of
specifically affect a listener’s mood? celestial navigation, using the sun as a compass
Ans : during the day and the stars at night. Some
animals, including sea turtles and salmon, can
i. (c) Music is a vital part of the human experience. sense the Earth’s magnetic field to guide them.
ii. Music has a deep connection to our biology; Others rely on a keen sense of smell or follow
specifically, it can trigger the brain to release familiar landmarks like coastlines and mountain
dopamine. This neurotransmitter is associated ranges.
with the body’s pleasure and reward system, 4. The world is full of epic migrations. The Arctic
which is why listening to a favorite song provides Tern holds the record for the longest journey,
a tangible sense of enjoyment. flying from its breeding grounds in the Arctic to
iii. (b) By creating a shared sense of identity the Antarctic and back again each year, a round
iv. (a) Surpasses trip of about 90,000 kilometres. In Africa, the
v. (c) I, III, and IV only great wildebeest migration sees over a million of
these animals travel in a massive loop across the
vi. Learning an instrument is a mental workout Serengeti in search of green pasture. The delicate
because it requires the simultaneous coordination monarch butterfly also undertakes a multi-
of multiple brain regions, which strengthens the generational migration, travelling thousands of
neural connections between them. This process miles from Canada and the US to Mexico.
leads to enhanced memory, better concentration,
5. These journeys are fraught with peril. Migrating
and a boost in spatial-reasoning and mathematical
animals face the constant threats of exhaustion,
skills.
starvation, and an increased risk from predators
vii. universal language who line the migratory routes. They must also
viii. False. endure harsh weather conditions, from violent
ix. (b) Conveying complex feelings and ideas storms to extreme temperatures. Increasingly,
NODIA

human activities pose the greatest threat. The

x. A fast tempo in a major key typically evokes
loss of habitats, the construction of obstacles
joy, while a slow tempo in a minor key can bring
like dams and fences, and pollution disrupt these
about a sense of melancholy.
ancient routes and endanger the survival of many
migratory species.
6. Animal migration is a powerful testament to the
18. Read the following passage carefully: resilience and instinct of the natural world. These
great journeys, etched into the DNA of species
1. Each year, across the globe, one of nature’s most over millennia, are vital for maintaining the
spectacular events unfolds as billions of animals balance of ecosystems. Protecting the corridors
embark on incredible journeys. This regular, and habitats these animals depend on is a crucial
large-scale movement of a species from one place responsibility to ensure that nature’s great
to another is known as migration. These are not journeys can continue.
random wanderings but are purposeful, seasonal
journeys, often covering vast distances, driven by Answer the following questions, based on the above
the fundamental instinct for survival. passage:
PAGE 30 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

i. What is the best definition of animal migration as ix. Complete the following sentence:
provided in the passage? The great wildebeest migration is a search for
(a) A random movement of an animal in search green pasture and is located on the continent of
of a new home ______.
(b) A regular, large-scale seasonal movement for x. Name two natural dangers migrating animals
survival face on their journeys, excluding human-related
(c) A one-time journey an animal takes when activities.
leaving its parents Ans :
(d) The natural process of an animal hibernating i. (b) A regular, large-scale seasonal movement for
during winter survival
ii. Based on Paragraph 3, explain the different ii. Animals use a variety of sophisticated methods to
natural mechanisms animals use to navigate navigate. Many birds utilize celestial navigation,
thousands of miles of unfamiliar territory. using the sun and stars as a compass. Other
species, such as sea turtles and salmon, can
iii. According to the passage, which of the following
animals holds the record for the longest migratory sense the Earth’s magnetic field, while some rely
journey? on a keen sense of smell or recognize physical
landmarks like coastlines.
(a) The wildebeest
iii. (d) The Arctic Tern
(b) The monarch butterfly
iv. Migration is driven by the need for resources
(c) The salmon
and suitable breeding conditions. Species move
(d) The Arctic Tern vast distances to escape harsh winters and find
iv. Identify the primary reasons for migration and plentiful food supplies, or to reach hospitable
how they are “intertwined” with a species’ climates and protected environments where they
survival and reproduction. can safely give birth and raise their young.
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
v. Read the two statements below and choose the
vi. (b) Infested
correct option:
Statement I: Human activities, such as pollution vii. Magnetic Sensing
and habitat loss, are currently the greatest threat viii. False.
to migration. ix. Africa
Statement II: Migrating species are only found x. Exhaustion, starvation, predators, harsh weather
on the continent of Africa and in the northern (Any two).
hemisphere.
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. 19. Read the following passage carefully:
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. 1. From the sour taste of a lemon to the slippery feel
(c) Both statements I and II are true. of soap, we encounter acids and bases every day.
They are two fundamental classes of substances
(d) Both statements I and II are false.
that play a vital role in chemistry, biology, and
vi. The word ‘fraught’ in paragraph 5 most nearly our daily lives. Understanding their properties
means: and how they interact is key to understanding the
chemical world around us. A special scale, known
(a) Facilitated (b) Infested
as the pH scale, is used to measure how acidic or
(c) Lacking (d) Commenced basic a substance is.
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the 2. Traditionally, acids and bases are identified by
passage: their distinct properties. Acids are known for
Birds : Celestial Navigation :: Sea Turtles : their sour taste, their ability to be corrosive, and
______ their reaction with certain metals to produce
hydrogen gas. Common examples include citric
viii. State whether the following statement is True or acid in fruits and acetic acid in vinegar. Bases,
False: also known as alkalis, often have a bitter taste
The passage suggests that animal migration is a and feel slippery to the touch. Soap and baking
recent phenomenon caused by climate change. soda are familiar household bases. A simple way

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

to distinguish them is the litmus test: acids turn (a) pH 7 (b) pH 8

blue litmus paper red, while bases turn red litmus (c) pH 3 (d) pH 13
paper blue.
3. The pH scale provides a precise way to measure iv. Read the two statements below and choose the
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, correct option:
which determines its acidity. The scale ranges from Statement I: Acids react with certain metals to
0 to 14. A substance with a pH of 7 is considered produce oxygen gas.
neutral; pure water is the best example. A pH Statement II: The litmus test uses blue paper to
value less than 7 indicates an acid. The lower identify acids by turning it red.
the number, the stronger the acid. For instance, (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
lemon juice has a pH of about 2, making it quite (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
acidic. A pH value greater than 7 indicates a base.
(c) Both statements I and II are true.
The higher the number, the stronger the base.
Bleach, a strong base, has a pH of around 13. (d) Both statements I and II are false.

4. The importance of pH is evident in our own bodies. v. The word ‘corrosive’ in paragraph 2 most nearly
Our blood must be kept at a slightly basic pH of means:
around 7.4 to function properly. Our stomach, on (a) Pleasant (b) Destructive
the other hand, contains strong hydrochloric acid
(c) Soluble (d) Slippery
with a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 to help digest food and kill NODIA
harmful bacteria. When we get indigestion, it’s vi. What is a “neutralization” reaction, and how is it
often due to excess stomach acid. To relieve this, used practically to treat human indigestion?
we take antacids, which are mild bases.
5. This brings us to a crucial chemical reaction: vii. Complete the following sentence:
neutralization. When an acid and a base are A substance with a pH of 7, such as pure water,
mixed, they react to neutralize each other’s is considered to be ______.
properties. The products of this reaction are
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
typically a salt and water. The use of a basic
False:
antacid to counteract excess stomach acid is a
The passage states that acids typically taste bitter
perfect real-world example of neutralization.
and feel slippery to the touch.
6. In conclusion, the concepts of acids, bases, and pH
are not confined to the chemistry laboratory. They ix. Why is it biologically necessary for the human
are a constant and vital part of our environment stomach to maintain a very low pH level?
and our biology. From the soil in which our food
grows to the intricate chemical balances within x. Give one example of a common household acid
our own cells, the interplay of acids and bases is and one example of a household base mentioned
fundamental to life. in the text.
Ans :
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage: i. (b) To measure acidity or basicity levels
ii. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being
i. What is the primary function of the pH scale as neutral. Values less than 7 indicate an acid, where
described in the passage? lower numbers represent stronger acidity. Values
(a) To determine the specific temperature greater than 7 indicate a base, where higher
(b) To measure acidity or basicity levels numbers represent a stronger base.
(c) To calculate the weight of a substance iii. (d) pH 13
(d) To identify the exact chemical color iv. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
v. (b) Destructive
ii. Based on Paragraph 3, explain how the pH scale
is structured and how different values represent vi. Neutralization is a chemical reaction that occurs
the strength of acids and bases. when an acid and a base are mixed, resulting in
the production of a salt and water. Practically,
iii. Which of the following pH values represents the when someone suffers from indigestion caused by
strongest base mentioned in the text? excess stomach acid, they consume antacids (mild
Ans : bases) to neutralize the acid and provide relief.
PAGE 32 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

vii. neutral 5. Protecting our planet’s biodiversity is one of the

viii. False. most critical challenges of our time. Conservation
efforts are crucial. This includes establishing
ix. A low pH (strong acid) is required in the stomach
protected areas like national parks and wildlife
to help digest food effectively and kill harmful
sanctuaries, where ecosystems can thrive without
bacteria.
human interference. It also involves promoting
x. Acid: Vinegar (or citric acid in fruits). Base: Soap sustainable practices in farming, fishing, and
(or baking soda). forestry that allow us to meet our needs without
depleting natural resources. On an individual
20. Read the following passage carefully: level, reducing waste, conserving water and energy,
1. Our planet is home to a staggering variety of life, and supporting conservation organizations can all
from the tiniest microbe in the soil to the giant make a difference.
blue whale in the ocean. This rich tapestry of 6. In conclusion, biodiversity is not just about
life is known as biodiversity (short for biological saving charismatic animals like tigers or pandas.
diversity). It encompasses not just the millions It is about maintaining the intricate, interwoven
of different species of plants, animals, and fungi, fabric of life that supports our planet’s health and
but also the genetic diversity within those species our own survival. Every species, no matter how
and the diversity of the ecosystems—like forests, small or seemingly insignificant, has a role to play
deserts, and coral reefs—in which they live. in this complex web.
2. Why does this variety matter? A high level of Answer the following questions, based on the above
biodiversity is a sign of a healthy, resilient
passage:
ecosystem. Diverse ecosystems provide essential
”ecosystem services” that are crucial for human i. What is the most comprehensive definition of
survival. For example, forests act as the planet’s biodiversity as described in the passage?
lungs, producing oxygen and absorbing carbon
(a) The total count of all individual animals
dioxide. Wetlands filter our water and protect
currently living
coastal areas from storms. Insects like bees and
butterflies pollinate a vast majority of the crops (b) The variety of species, genetic traits, and
we eat. When biodiversity declines, these vital ecosystems
services are weakened. (c) The scientific study of a single species in its
3. All species in an ecosystem are interconnected in habitat
a complex ”web of life.” The extinction of a single (d) The total number of national parks within a
species can set off a chain reaction, affecting many country
others. Consider a keystone species, which is a
species that has a disproportionately large effect ii. Based on the passage, define “ecosystem services”
on its environment relative to its abundance. A and provide two specific examples of how nature
classic example is the sea otter. By preying on supports human survival.
sea urchins, sea otters prevent the urchins from iii. Which of the following is an example of an
NODIA

destroying kelp forests, which in turn provide a ‘ecosystem service’ provided by wetlands?
habitat for hundreds of other species. Removing
the otters would cause the entire ecosystem to (a) Producing factory goods
collapse. (b) Filtering water supplies
4. Unfortunately, global biodiversity is currently (c) Building new city roads
facing a crisis, with species disappearing at an (d) Selling natural products
alarming rate. The primary driver of this loss
is human activity. Habitat destruction, through iv. Read the two statements below and choose the
deforestation and urbanization, is the leading correct option:
cause. Pollution, from plastics in the ocean to Statement I: Biodiversity includes the genetic
pesticides on farmland, poisons ecosystems. diversity found within a single species.
Climate change is altering habitats faster than Statement II: The extinction of one species has
many species can adapt, and the introduction no impact on the rest of the “web of life.”
of invasive species to new environments can (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
outcompete and wipe out native organisms.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

(c) Both statements I and II are true. kelp forests, leading to the collapse of the habitat
(d) Both statements I and II are false. for hundreds of other species.
vii. national parks/wildlife sanctuaries
v. Assertion (A): Habitat destruction is the leading
viii. False.
cause of modern biodiversity loss.
Reason (R): Deforestation and urbanization are ix. (d) Strong
primary drivers of human-led habitat loss. x. Species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the diversity.
correct explanation of (A).
21. Read the following passage carefully:
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). 1. In our information-saturated world, we are
constantly bombarded with facts, opinions, news,
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. and advertisements. Simply accepting all this
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. information at face value can be misleading and
even dangerous. This is where critical thinking
vi. Explain the concept of a “keystone species” using
becomes an essential skill. Critical thinking is not
the specific example of the sea otter provided in
about being negative or finding fault; it is the
the text.
intellectually disciplined process of actively and
vii. Complete the following sentence: skillfully analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing
Establishing protected areas like ______ is information to form a judgment.
one important method of conservation. 2. At the heart of critical thinking lies the art of
asking questions. Instead of passively absorbing
viii. State whether the following statement is True or information, a critical thinker actively engages
False: with it. They ask questions like: “Who is the
The passage uses the “web of life” analogy source of this information?”, “What evidence
to suggest that all species are isolated and is being presented to support this claim?”, “Is
independent of each other. this source biased in any way?”, and “Are there
alternative explanations or perspectives?”. This
ix. The word ‘resilient’ in paragraph 2 most nearly process of inquiry is what separates superficial
means: understanding from deep, analytical thought.
(a) Fragile (b) Complex
3. This skill is our primary defense against the
(c) Trivial (d) Strong spread of misinformation and fake news. In
the age of social media, false stories can travel
x. Identify the three distinct levels of biodiversity
around the globe in minutes. A critical thinker
mentioned in the first paragraph.
doesn’t immediately share a shocking headline.
Ans : Instead, they pause to evaluate it. They check
i. (b) The variety of species, genetic traits, and the credibility of the source, look for supporting
ecosystems evidence from other reliable news outlets, and
ii. Ecosystem services are vital processes provided are wary of content that is designed to provoke
by healthy environments that are necessary for a strong emotional response, as this is a common
human life. Examples include forests acting as the tactic of misinformation.
planet’s lungs by producing oxygen and absorbing 4. The value of critical thinking extends far beyond
carbon dioxide, and insects like bees pollinating spotting fake news. It is a crucial life skill that
the majority of the crops humans consume. helps in everyday decision-making. When you
iii. (b) Filtering water supplies are deciding which product to buy, you critically
evaluate reviews and compare features. When
iv. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
you listen to a political debate, you analyze the
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the arguments of each side rather than just accepting
correct explanation of (A). the one you initially agree with. It empowers you
vi. A keystone species is one that has a to solve problems more effectively by looking at
disproportionately large impact on its environment them from multiple angles.
relative to its population size. For example, sea 5. Critical thinking is not an innate talent that you
otters are keystone species because they prey on are born with; it is a skill that must be practiced
sea urchins; without otters, urchins would destroy and developed. One of the best ways to cultivate

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PAGE 34 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

this skill is to read widely and expose yourself vi. The word ‘innate’ in paragraph 5 most nearly
to diverse viewpoints. Practice identifying the means:
main arguments in a text and the evidence used (a) Learned (b) Complex
to support them. Engage in respectful debates
(c) Natural (d) Trivial
where you are forced to defend your position and
consider others’. Crucially, a good critical thinker

NODIA
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
is humble and open to changing their mind when passage:
presented with new, compelling evidence. Passive Recipient : Absorption :: Critical Thinker
6. In conclusion, critical thinking empowers us to : ______
be independent thinkers rather than passive
recipients of information. It is a tool that allows viii. State whether the following statement is True or
us to navigate the complexities of the modern False:
world with clarity and confidence. By cultivating The passage suggests that critical thinking is
our ability to think critically, we take control of a skill that only needs to be used for academic
our own learning and our own beliefs. subjects.
Answer the following questions, based on the above ix. Complete the following sentence:
passage: False information that is created and spread with
the intent to deceive is often called ______.
i. What is the most accurate definition of critical
thinking as described in the text? x. Identify one practical way mentioned in the text
(a) Being consistently negative and criticizing to develop and cultivate your critical thinking
others skills.
(b) Quickly accepting information from the Ans :
internet i. (c) Active analysis and evaluation to form a
(c) Active analysis and evaluation to form a judgment
judgment ii. The heart of critical thinking is the active
(d) Memorizing a large number of independent engagement with information through inquiry.
facts While a passive recipient simply absorbs data,
a critical thinker asks specific questions about
ii. According to Paragraph 2, describe the “art of the credibility of the source, the strength of the
asking questions” and explain how it differentiates evidence, potential biases, and the existence of
a critical thinker from a passive recipient. alternative perspectives to gain a deep, analytical
iii. Read the two statements below and choose the understanding.
correct option: iii. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
Statement I: Critical thinking is an innate talent iv. (a) Questioning
that individuals are born with. v. Critical thinking encourages individuals to pause
Statement II: A good critical thinker is humble rather than immediately share shocking content.
and open to changing their mind. By checking the credibility of sources, seeking
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. supporting evidence from reliable outlets, and
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. being wary of content designed to trigger strong
(c) Both statements I and II are true. emotions, a critical thinker can identify and halt
the spread of false stories.
(d) Both statements I and II are false.
vi. (c) Natural
iv. What lies at the core of the critical thinking vii. Analysis
process according to the author?
viii. False.
(a) Questioning (b) Sharing
ix. fake news
(c) Agreeing (d) Sticking
x. Reading widely to expose yourself to diverse
v. How does critical thinking serve as a primary viewpoints (or engaging in respectful debates).
defense against the global spread of misinformation
and fake news?
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

22. Read the following passage carefully: omnipresent force that shapes our world. While
1. Gravity is the invisible force that governs the our scientific understanding of it continues to
universe. It is the pull that keeps your feet firmly evolve, its fundamental importance remains
on the ground, the force that holds the Moon undisputed, a constant source of wonder and
in orbit around the Earth, and the cosmic glue inquiry.
that binds galaxies together. While its effects are Answer the following questions, based on the above
everywhere, making it the most familiar of nature’s passage:
fundamental forces, it is also paradoxically the
weakest. i. What is the primary subject explored in this
passage?
2. Our classical understanding of gravity was
formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th (a) Comparisons between the planets and stars
century. His law of universal gravitation was a (b) Scientific understanding of the force of gravity
revolutionary idea. He proposed that the same (c) Detailed biography of the life of Isaac Newton
force that caused an apple to fall from a tree also (d) Technical challenges of modern-day space
kept the planets in their orbits. The law states that travel
every object in the universe attracts every other
object. The strength of this attraction depends on ii. According to Paragraph 2, describe the two
two factors: the mass of the objects (more massive primary factors that determine the strength of
objects have a stronger gravitational pull) and gravitational attraction between two objects.
the distance between them (the force gets weaker
as the objects get farther apart). iii. According to Newton’s law, the force of gravity
between two objects increases if:
3. Newton’s work helps us understand the crucial
difference between mass and weight. An object’s (a) Their distance apart increases
mass is the amount of matter it contains, and (b) Their total masses increase
this value is constant no matter where the object (c) Their temperature increases
is in the universe. Weight, on the other hand, is (d) Their relative speed increases
the measure of the force of gravity acting on an
object’s mass. This is why an astronaut would iv. Contrast the concepts of ‘mass’ and ‘weight’
weigh much less on the Moon—about one-sixth as described in the third paragraph, using the
of their Earth weight—because the Moon’s example of an astronaut on the Moon.
gravitational pull is much weaker. Their mass,
however, the amount of “stuff” they are made of, v. Read the two statements below and choose the
remains exactly the same. correct option:
Statement I: Einstein proposed that gravity is a
4. In the early 20th century, Albert Einstein offered
a new and more accurate description of gravity result of the curvature of spacetime.
with his theory of General Relativity. Einstein Statement II: Massive objects like the Sun exert
reimagined gravity not as a force, but as a a physical “pull” on the Earth.
consequence of the curvature of spacetime. He (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
proposed that massive objects like the Sun don’t (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
“pull” on the Earth; instead, they warp or bend (c) Both statements I and II are true.
the fabric of spacetime around them. Planets then
(d) Both statements I and II are false.
follow these curves, much like a marble rolling
around the dip created by a heavy bowling ball vi. The word ‘omnipresent’ in paragraph 6 most
placed on a stretched rubber sheet. nearly means:
5. On a cosmic scale, gravity is the master architect. (a) Weak (b) Pervasive
It was gravity that pulled together clouds of dust (c) Complex (d) Planetary
and gas in the early universe to form the first stars
and galaxies. It is gravity that dictates the orbits vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
of planets, the dance of binary stars, and the passage:
majestic swirl of spiral galaxies. It is responsible Newton : Universal Gravitation :: Einstein :
for the large-scale structure of the entire cosmos. ______
6. From the simple act of dropping a pen to the
grand motion of celestial bodies, gravity is the

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PAGE 36 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

viii. State whether the following statement is True or 2. The creation of the Indian Constitution was a
False: monumental task, undertaken by the Constituent
The passage states that gravity is the strongest of Assembly, a body of representatives elected by the
the four fundamental forces of nature. people of India. This assembly worked for nearly
three years to draft a constitution for a nation of
ix. What specific analogy is used in the text to immense diversity, grappling with the challenges
explain Einstein’s theory of gravity in a simplified of poverty and the aftermath of partition. The
way? Chairman of the Drafting Committee, Dr. B.R.
(a) An apple falling from a tree Ambedkar, a brilliant legal scholar, is widely
(b) A marble on a rubber sheet regarded as the chief architect of the Indian
Constitution for his pivotal role in its creation.
(c) The Moon orbiting the Earth
(d) Two magnets attracting objects 3. The soul of the Constitution is encapsulated in its
Preamble. The Preamble is a brief introductory
x. What is gravity’s specific role in the formation of statement that sets out the guiding purpose and
stars and galaxies in the early universe? principles of the document. It declares India to
Ans : be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic
Republic, and it resolves to secure for all its citizens
i. (b) Scientific understanding of the force of gravity
Justice, social, economic, and political; Liberty of
ii. The strength of gravitational attraction depends thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship;
on the mass of the objects and the distance and Equality of status and of opportunity.
between them. More massive objects exert a
4. One of the most remarkable features of the Indian
stronger pull, while the force significantly weakens
Constitution is that it is a ”living document.”
as the distance between the two objects increases. This means it is not a static and unalterable text.
iii. (b) Their total masses increase The makers of the Constitution were wise enough
iv. Mass is the constant amount of matter within to know that society would evolve and face new
an object, while weight is a measure of the challenges. Therefore, they included a provision
gravitational force acting upon that mass. Because for amendment, allowing the Constitution to be
the Moon’s gravity is one-sixth of Earth’s, an changed according to the needs and aspirations of
astronaut’s weight would decrease significantly the time. This flexibility has enabled it to remain
on the Moon, even though their physical mass relevant and effective for over seven decades.
NODIA

remains exactly the same. 5. Among its key features are the Fundamental
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. Rights, which are the basic human rights
guaranteed to every citizen. These include the
vi. (b) Pervasive
Right to Equality, the Right to Freedom, and
vii. General Relativity the Right to Constitutional Remedies, which
viii. False. allows citizens to go to court if their rights are
ix. (b) A marble on a rubber sheet violated. Complementing these rights are the
x. Gravity acts as a master architect, pulling Fundamental Duties, which were added later and
together vast clouds of dust and gas until they serve as a moral compass, reminding citizens of
their responsibilities towards the nation, such as
collapse to form stars and galaxies.
upholding its unity and promoting harmony.
23. Read the following passage carefully: 6. In conclusion, the Constitution of India is not
1. Every great nation is built on a foundation of merely a legal document but a testament to the
laws and principles. For India, this foundation ideals of the freedom struggle and the vision for a
is its Constitution. The Constitution of India is modern, democratic India. Its ability to adapt and
the supreme law of the land, a comprehensive grow with the nation makes it a truly dynamic
document that lays down the framework of the framework that continues to guide and inspire.
country’s political structure, procedures, powers, Answer the following questions, based on the above
and duties of government institutions. More than passage:
just a rulebook for the government, it outlines the
fundamental rights, principles, and duties of its i. What is the primary role of the Indian Constitution
citizens. Adopted on 26 November 1949, it came as described in the passage?
into full effect on 26 January 1950. (a) To serve as a history book of the freedom
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

struggle ix. Complete the following sentence:

(b) To provide the supreme legal framework of The basic rights guaranteed to every citizen,
the land which are protected by the courts, are known as
(c) To list the names of all citizens within the the ______.
country x. What is the main difference between Fundamental
(d) To act as a temporary set of rules for the Rights and Fundamental Duties as explained in
people the text?
Ans :
ii. Based on the information in Paragraph 2, describe
the monumental task faced by the Constituent i. (b) To provide the supreme legal framework of
Assembly and identify its chief architect. the land
ii. The Constituent Assembly, elected by the people,
iii. According to the passage, the Indian Constitution spent nearly three years drafting the Constitution
is considered a “living document” because:
while navigating immense national diversity
(a) It is remarkably long and contains many and the challenges of poverty and partition. Dr.
details B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting
(b) It was written by people who are currently Committee, is recognized as the chief architect for
alive his pivotal role in this process.
(c) It can be amended to suit the needs of the iii. (c) It can be amended to suit the needs of the
time time
(d) It is stored in a special, climate-controlled iv. The provision for amendment allows the
case Constitution to be a flexible, “living document”
rather than a static text. This enables the legal
iv. Explain the significance of the “provision
framework to evolve alongside society, adapting
for amendment” and how it has helped the
to new challenges and the changing aspirations
Constitution remain effective for over seven
of the people, which has kept it relevant for over
decades.
seventy years.
v. Based on the Preamble, which of the following v. (c) I, II, and IV only
values does the Constitution resolve to secure for vi. (a) Unchanging
its citizens?
vii. The soul of the Constitution.
I. Justice: social, economic, and political
II. Liberty of thought, expression, and belief viii. False.
III. Absolute power for the central government ix. Fundamental Rights
IV. Equality of status and of opportunity x. Fundamental Rights are basic human rights
Choose the correct option: protected by courts, whereas Fundamental Duties
(a) I, II, and III only are moral responsibilities reminding citizens of
(b) II, III, and IV only their duties toward the nation.
(c) I, II, and IV only
24. Read the following passage carefully:
(d) All of the above
1. While we often focus on macronutrients like
vi. The word ‘static’ in paragraph 4 most nearly carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, there is another
means: group of nutrients that are equally crucial for our
(a) Unchanging (b) Evolving health: micronutrients. This group consists of
(c) Detailed (d) Democratic vitamins and minerals. They are called “micro”
because our bodies only need them in tiny
vii. What is the Preamble of the Indian Constitution amounts. However, these small quantities are
often referred to as? absolutely essential for a vast range of bodily
functions, acting as the unsung heroes of our
viii. State whether the following statement is True or nutrition.
False:
2. Vitamins are organic compounds that our bodies
The passage states that the Indian Constitution
need to grow and develop normally. They often
was drafted in less than a year. act as coenzymes, which are helper molecules

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PAGE 38 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

that enable the chemical reactions in our cells to (c) The body requires them in very small
happen efficiently. They are like the oil that keeps amounts.
a complex machine running smoothly. Vitamins (d) They are physically smaller than
are generally categorized into two groups: fat- macronutrients.
soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, and K), which can
be stored in the body’s fatty tissue, and water- ii. Differentiate between fat-soluble and water-
soluble (Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins), soluble vitamins based on how the body stores
which are not stored and need to be replenished and processes them.
regularly.
iii. According to the passage, what is the primary
3. Each vitamin has a specific job. For example,
biological function of iron?
Vitamin A, found in carrots and sweet potatoes,
is vital for good vision and a healthy immune (a) Assisting with building strong human bones
system. Vitamin C, abundant in citrus fruits (b) Helping the eyes maintain a healthy vision
like oranges and lemons, is crucial for fighting (c) Fighting off various bacterial infections
infections and maintaining healthy skin. Vitamin (d) Helping red blood cells carry vital oxygen
D, often called the “sunshine vitamin” because
our skin produces it in response to sunlight, is iv. Explain the specific roles of Calcium and Iron as
essential for bone health because it helps the mentioned in the text, and identify the health
body absorb calcium. condition that results from an iron deficiency.
4. Minerals, unlike vitamins, are inorganic elements
v. Read the two statements below and choose the
that the body needs for various functions. They
correct option:
are the building blocks of our bones, teeth, and
Statement I: Vitamins often act as coenzymes that
blood, and they play a key role in regulating
enable chemical reactions to happen efficiently.
our body’s processes, such as nerve function and
Statement II: The passage suggests that
NODIA

muscle contraction.
supplements are the best way to ensure an
5. Like vitamins, different minerals have different adequate intake of nutrients.
roles. Calcium, found in dairy products and leafy
(a) Statement I is true and II is false.
greens, is the primary mineral responsible for
building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
Iron, present in foods like spinach and red meat, (c) Both statements I and II are true.
is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein (d) Both statements I and II are false.
in red blood cells that carries oxygen from our
lungs to the rest of the body. A deficiency in iron vi. The word ‘minuscule’ in paragraph 6 most nearly
can lead to anemia, a condition characterized by means:
fatigue. Potassium, found in bananas, is essential (a) Enormous (b) Moderate
for maintaining proper fluid balance and nerve (c) Tiny (d) Vital
function.
6. In conclusion, while they may be needed in vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
minuscule amounts, the role of vitamins and passage:
minerals is monumental. A deficiency in any Macronutrients : Fuel :: Vitamins : ______
one of them can lead to serious health problems.
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
The best way to ensure an adequate intake of
False:
these essential micronutrients is not through
The passage suggests that a deficiency in
supplements, but through a varied and balanced
diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and micronutrients has no major effect on our health.
lean proteins. ix. Complete the following sentence:
Answer the following questions, based on the above Vitamin D is known as the “sunshine vitamin”
passage: because our skin can produce it in response to
______.
i. Why are vitamins and minerals specifically
classified as ‘micronutrients’ ? x. What is the author’s recommended method for
(a) They are found only in microscopic organisms. ensuring a person receives enough vitamins and
minerals?
(b) They provide the body with very little energy.
 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

Ans : cacti, have thick, fleshy stems to store water and

i. (c) The body requires them in very small amounts. waxy skins to reduce evaporation. Other plants
have incredibly deep taproots that can reach
ii. Vitamins are categorized by their solubility. Fat-
groundwater far below the surface, or widespread,
soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in
shallow root systems to absorb moisture quickly
the body’s fatty tissues for future use. In contrast,
after a rare rainfall.
water-soluble vitamins (C and the B-complex) are
not stored in the body and must be replenished 4. Desert animals have also developed unique
regularly through a person’s diet. adaptations. Many are nocturnal, meaning they
are active only during the cooler temperatures of
iii. (d) Helping red blood cells carry vital oxygen
the night and rest in burrows during the heat of the
iv. Calcium is the primary mineral responsible for day. Some animals, like the camel, are famous for
the construction and maintenance of strong their ability to go long periods without drinking,
bones and teeth. Iron is a critical component conserving water with incredible physiological
of hemoglobin, which allows red blood cells to efficiency. Others, like the kangaroo rat, get all
transport oxygen. A lack of iron leads to anemia, the water they need from the seeds they eat. The
a condition characterized by persistent fatigue. fennec fox of the Sahara has enormous ears that
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. act like radiators to dissipate body heat.
vi. (c) Tiny 5. Despite the resilience of the life found there, desert
vii. Coenzymes ecosystems are incredibly fragile. The slow rate of
plant growth and the scarcity of water mean that
viii. False.
these environments recover from damage very
ix. sunlight slowly. Human activities such as off-road vehicle
x. The best way is through a varied and balanced use, which can damage the soil crust, mining
diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and operations, and the overuse of groundwater
lean proteins. resources can cause irreversible harm to these
delicate landscapes.
25. Read the following passage carefully:
6. In conclusion, deserts are far from the empty
1. When you picture a desert, your mind probably wastelands they are often perceived to be. They
conjures images of vast, sun-scorched sand are complex and diverse ecosystems, teeming
dunes under a blazing sun—a barren and lifeless with specialized life that has adapted to survive
wasteland. While some deserts fit this description, in some of the most extreme conditions on Earth.
this stereotype is a vast oversimplification. The Understanding their unique beauty and fragility is
defining characteristic of a desert is not heat, but the first step toward appreciating and protecting
aridity—a severe lack of precipitation. By this these remarkable parts of our planet.
definition, a desert is any region that receives less
Answer the following questions, based on the above
than 250 millimetres (10 inches) of rain per year.
passage:
This means deserts can be hot, like the Sahara, or
bone-chillingly cold, like Antarctica. i. What is the actual defining characteristic of a
2. Deserts are categorized based on their climate desert according to the passage?
and location. Hot and dry deserts are what we (a) Constant high temperatures
typically imagine, with extreme temperature (b) The presence of sand dunes
fluctuations between day and night. The Sahara
in Africa is a prime example. Cold deserts, such (c) A severe lack of precipitation
as the Gobi Desert in Asia and the polar deserts (d) A complete absence of all life
of Antarctica, have long, frigid winters with
ii. Based on Paragraph 3, explain the different
precipitation falling mainly as snow. There are
structural adaptations plants have evolved to
also coastal deserts, like the Atacama in Chile,
survive in arid desert environments.
which are located near the sea but remain arid
due to specific wind and ocean currents that iii. An animal that is primarily active during the
prevent rainfall. night to avoid heat is described as:
3. Life in the desert is a masterclass in adaptation. (a) Nocturnal (b) Succulent
Plants have evolved remarkable strategies to (c) Arid (d) Fragile
survive with minimal water. Succulents, such as

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PAGE 40 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. Describe the specific physiological and behavioral stable temperature.

adaptations of desert animals like the camel, the v. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
kangaroo rat, and the fennec fox.
vi. (b) Severe dryness
v. Read the two statements below and choose the vii. Cold
correct option: viii. True.
Statement I: A region must be hot and sandy to ix. coastal
be scientifically classified as a desert.
x. Off-road vehicle use.
Statement II: Desert ecosystems are fragile because
they recover very slowly from environmental 26. Read the following passage carefully:
damage.
1. Accidents and medical emergencies can happen
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. at any time, in any place. In the critical moments
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. between when an incident occurs and when
(c) Both statements I and II are true. professional medical help arrives, the actions of
(d) Both statements I and II are false. a bystander can make a life-or-death difference.
This immediate assistance is known as First Aid.
vi. The word ‘aridity’ in paragraph 1 most nearly It is the initial care given to a victim of injury
means: or sudden illness. The primary goal of first aid
(a) Extreme heat (b) Severe dryness is not to be a substitute for a doctor, but to
provide essential care to preserve life, prevent the
(c) Sandy quality (d) Lifeless state
condition from worsening, and promote recovery.
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the 2. The core principles of first aid can be remembered
passage: by the ”Three Ps”: Preserve life, Prevent further
Sahara : Hot :: Antarctica : ______ harm, and Promote recovery. Preserving life is
the ultimate aim, which includes critical actions
viii. State whether the following statement is True or like performing CPR if someone is not breathing.
False: Preventing further harm involves making the
The passage states that Antarctica, despite being area safe for both the victim and the rescuer
covered in ice, is classified as a desert. and taking steps to ensure the injury doesn’t
become more severe. Promoting recovery includes
ix. Complete the following sentence:
providing initial treatment for injuries, reassuring
The Atacama in Chile is an example of a
the victim, and arranging for prompt emergency
______ desert.
medical help.
x. Identify one specific human activity mentioned 3. One of the most common household injuries is
in the text that can cause irreversible harm to a minor burn. Correct first aid can significantly
delicate desert landscapes. reduce the pain and damage. The first and most
Ans : important step is to cool the burn under cool
i. (c) A severe lack of precipitation (not ice-cold) running water for at least 10 to 20
minutes. This helps to draw heat out of the skin.
ii. Desert plants have evolved several strategies: It is crucial to avoid common myths like applying
succulents like cacti use thick, fleshy stems to store butter, oil, or toothpaste to a burn, as these can
water and waxy skins to prevent evaporation. trap heat and increase the risk of infection.
Other plants utilize extremely deep taproots to
4. For someone who is unconscious but breathing, a
access underground water or widespread, shallow
simple procedure called the recovery position can
roots to absorb moisture immediately following
be lifesaving. By carefully rolling the person onto
rare rainfall events.
their side and tilting their head back, you ensure
iii. (a) Nocturnal their airway remains open. This position prevents
iv. Desert animals use unique survival tactics: them from choking on their tongue or any fluid
camels possess high physiological efficiency to go like vomit, which is a major risk when lying flat
long periods without water, while kangaroo rats on their back.
extract all necessary moisture from the seeds they 5. Beyond any technical skill, one of the most
consume. The fennec fox uses its large ears as important roles of a first aider is to remain calm
radiators to dissipate body heat and maintain a and reassuring. Panic is contagious and can make

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

the injured person more distressed, which can vii. What is one action included under “Promote
worsen their condition. By speaking calmly and recovery” in first aid?
confidently, you can help the victim feel safe and
reduce their anxiety, which is an important part viii. State whether the following statement is True or
of the healing process. False:
The passage recommends applying toothpaste to
6. In conclusion, first aid is a vital skill that empowers
a burn to cool it down.

NODIA
individuals to act decisively in an emergency. It
is the critical first link in the chain of survival. ix. Complete the following sentence:
While it does not replace the need for professional One of the most important, non-technical roles
medical services, the knowledge of basic first aid of a first aider is to remain calm and ______.
can prevent a minor incident from becoming a
major tragedy and can equip anyone with the x. Why is the emotional state of the first aider
confidence to save a life. (remaining calm) considered a critical part of the
Answer the following questions, based on the above healing process for the victim?
passage: Ans :
i. (b) To provide initial life-saving care
i. What is the primary goal of First Aid as described
ii. The “Three Ps” are: 1. Preserve life (e.g.,
in the passage?
performing CPR); 2. Prevent further harm (e.g.,
(a) To replace the need for hospitals making the area safe to ensure injuries don’t
(b) To provide initial life-saving care worsen); and 3. Promote recovery (e.g., providing
(c) To perform complex medical surgery initial treatment and arranging for professional
(d) To only treat minor skin abrasions medical help).
iii. (c) Preserve, Prevent, and Promote
ii. According to Paragraph 2, explain the “Three
Ps” of first aid and provide one specific action iv. The recovery position involves rolling a person
associated with each. onto their side and tilting their head back to
ensure the airway remains open. This is vital
iii. The “Three Ps” of first aid stand for: because it prevents the unconscious victim from
(a) Protect, Provide, and Pacify choking on their tongue or fluids like vomit, which
(b) Prepare, Practice, and Perfect is a high risk if they are left lying flat on their
back.
(c) Preserve, Prevent, and Promote
v. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
(d) Panic, Phone, and Pray
vi. (c) Effectively
iv. Explain the medical purpose of the ‘recovery vii. Reassuring the [Link]. False.
position’ and how it specifically protects an ix. reassuring
unconscious person from life-threatening risks.
x. Staying calm prevents panic from spreading to
v. Read the two statements below and choose the the victim, reducing their anxiety and preventing
correct option: their physical condition from worsening due to
Statement I: Butter and toothpaste are effective distress.
treatments to draw heat out of a minor burn.
Statement II: A minor burn should be cooled 27. Read the following passage carefully:
under cool running water for at least 10 to 20 1. Deep beneath the Earth’s surface, immense
minutes. heat and pressure create molten rock known as
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. magma. Sometimes, this magma finds its way
to the surface through a rupture in the crust,
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
resulting in one of nature’s most spectacular and
(c) Both statements I and II are true. powerful events: a volcanic eruption. A volcano is
(d) Both statements I and II are false. a landform, typically a mountain, created by the
accumulation of lava, ash, and other materials that
vi. The word ‘decisively’ in paragraph 6 most nearly escape from a magma chamber below the ground.
means: These fiery mountains are both destructive forces
(a) Hesitantly (b) Slowly and architects of our planet’s landscape.
(c) Effectively (d) Panicked
PAGE 42 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. The vast majority of volcanoes are located along (a) A mountain formed entirely by frozen ice
the boundaries of the Earth’s tectonic plates. (b) A deep trench located on the ocean floor
The most active volcanic zone is the ”Ring of
(c) An opening for molten rock and ash to escape
Fire,” a massive arc that encircles the Pacific
Ocean. Volcanoes are formed when plates collide (d) A type of earthquake occurring under the sea
(converge) or pull apart (diverge). When two ii. Based on Paragraph 3, identify and describe the
plates converge, one can slide beneath the other primary structural parts of a typical volcano.
in a process called subduction. The subducted
plate melts, creating magma that is less dense iii. The “Ring of Fire” is a major zone of volcanic
than the surrounding rock, causing it to rise to activity located around the:
the surface and erupt. (a) Atlantic Ocean (b) Indian Ocean
3. A typical volcano has several key parts. Below the (c) Arctic Ocean (d) Pacific Ocean
surface is the magma chamber, a large reservoir
of molten rock. This magma travels upwards iv. Contrast ‘Effusive’ and ‘Explosive’ eruptions by
through a central pipe called the main vent. explaining the role of magma viscosity and gas
At the summit of the volcano is a bowl-shaped pressure in each.
depression called the crater, which is the primary
opening for an eruption. Some volcanoes also have v. Read the two statements below and choose the
smaller, secondary vents on their flanks. correct option:
Statement I: Subduction occurs when one tectonic
4. Volcanic eruptions can vary dramatically in
plate slides beneath another, creating magma.
their intensity. Geologists broadly classify them
Statement II: Volcanic ash is harmful to agriculture
into two types. Effusive eruptions involve the
and prevents civilizations from thriving.
relatively gentle outflow of fluid lava. This type
of eruption is common in Hawaiian volcanoes and (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
creates broad, gently sloping shield volcanoes. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
In contrast, explosive eruptions are violent and (c) Both statements I and II are true.
catastrophic. They occur when thick, viscous (d) Both statements I and II are false.
magma traps a large amount of gas. The pressure
builds until it is released in a massive explosion, vi. Assertion (A): Shield volcanoes, like those in
ejecting hot gas, ash, and rock fragments high Hawaii, have broad and gentle slopes.
into the atmosphere. Reason (R): These volcanoes are formed by
5. While eruptions can be incredibly destructive, explosive eruptions that eject thick, viscous
volcanoes also have a creative side. The volcanic magma.
ash and lava that they deposit are rich in (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
minerals. Over time, these materials break down correct explanation of (A).
to form extremely fertile soil, which is ideal for (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
agriculture. This is why many civilizations have
correct explanation of (A).
historically thrived in the shadow of volcanoes.
Volcanic activity is also responsible for forming (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
new land, such as the entire chain of the Hawaiian (d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Islands, and is a source of geothermal energy.
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
6. In conclusion, volcanoes are a profound reminder passage:
of the dynamic and powerful forces that shape Magma : Beneath the surface :: Lava : ______
our planet. They are a direct window into the
fiery heart of the Earth. While they command viii. State whether the following statement is True or
respect for their destructive potential, they are False:
also a fundamental part of the geological cycle The passage suggests that all volcanic eruptions
that creates land, enriches soil, and has helped to are gentle and relatively harmless.
sculpt the world we live in.
ix. The word ‘viscous’ in paragraph 4 most nearly
Answer the following questions, based on the above
means:
passage:
(a) Runny (b) Fiery
i. What is the most accurate definition of a volcano (c) Thick (d) Light
based on the passage?

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

x. Give one example of a creative or positive countless new experiences and pieces of
geological outcome of volcanic activity mentioned information. During sleep, the brain sifts through
in the text. these, strengthening important memories and
Ans : transferring them from fragile, short-term storage
to more robust, long-term storage. It is like a
i. (c) An opening for molten rock and ash to escape
librarian meticulously organizing the day’s new
ii. A typical volcano consists of a magma chamber books onto the correct shelves. Without adequate
(a reservoir of molten rock underground), a sleep, this process is disrupted, making it difficult
main vent (a central pipe through which magma to learn and retain new information.
travels), and a crater (a bowl-shaped depression at
4. Sleep also plays a critical role in emotional
the summit that serves as the primary opening).
regulation. When you are sleep-deprived, the
Some may also have secondary vents on their
emotional centers of your brain, particularly the
sides. amygdala, can become hyperactive. This can
iii. (d) The Pacific Ocean lead to increased irritability, mood swings, and a

NODIA
iv. Effusive eruptions involve the gentle flow of reduced ability to cope with stress. A well-rested
fluid, low-viscosity lava, creating shield-shaped mind is calmer and better equipped to handle
mountains. Explosive eruptions occur when thick, life’s daily frustrations and challenges with a
viscous magma traps gas; the resulting high balanced perspective.
pressure leads to a violent explosion that ejects 5. The amount of sleep required varies by age. While
ash and rock fragments into the atmosphere. most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night,
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false. teenagers actually need more, typically between 8
vi. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. and 10 hours, to support their rapidly developing
brains and bodies. Equally important as the
vii. Above the surface quantity of sleep is its quality and consistency.
viii. False. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule—going to
ix. (c) Thick bed and waking up around the same time each
x. The creation of extremely fertile soil for day, even on weekends—helps to regulate the
agriculture. body’s internal clock, or circadian rhythm.
6. In conclusion, sleep should be treated as a non-
28. Read the following passage carefully: negotiable pillar of a healthy lifestyle. It is not
1. In our fast-paced, 24/7 world, sleep is often viewed a sign of laziness but a biological imperative for
as a luxury or even a waste of time. We sacrifice physical healing, mental clarity, and emotional
it for work, study, or entertainment, believing we stability. Prioritizing a good night’s sleep is one
can function just fine on less. However, a growing of the most effective things you can do to improve
body of scientific research reveals that sleep is your overall health and quality of life.
not a passive state of rest but a crucial and active Answer the following questions, based on the above
period for our physical and mental well-being. It passage:
is a fundamental biological necessity, as vital as
breathing or eating. i. What is the central argument presented by the
2. During sleep, our bodies undertake critical repair author in this passage?
and maintenance work. While we rest, the body (a) Sleep is an unproductive waste of time in a
increases the production of proteins that are busy world.
essential for cell growth and repair. The immune (b) Teenagers require much less sleep than
system is also strengthened, producing protective average adults.
proteins and antibodies that help us fight off
(c) Sleep is a vital process for physical and mental
infections. This is why when you are sick, your
health.
body naturally craves more sleep. Chronic sleep
deprivation can weaken your immune defenses, (d) The sole purpose of sleep is to rest the body’s
making you more susceptible to common illnesses muscles.
like the cold and flu.
ii. According to Paragraph 3, explain the “librarian”
3. The brain is particularly active during sleep, analogy of memory consolidation and why sleep is
performing a vital task known as memory essential for a student’s learning process.
consolidation. Throughout the day, we acquire
PAGE 44 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iii. The process of strengthening memories and Ans :

moving them to long-term storage during sleep is i. (c) Sleep is a vital process for physical and mental
called: health.
(a) Emotional regulation ii. Memory consolidation is like a librarian
(b) Memory consolidation organizing books; the brain sifts through the day’s
(c) Immune response experiences, moving them from fragile short-
(d) Circadian rhythm term storage to robust long-term storage. For a
student, missing sleep disrupts this organization,
iv. Explain the concept of the “circadian rhythm” making it significantly harder to retain and recall
and why maintaining a consistent sleep schedule new information learned during study sessions.
is important for regulating the body’s internal iii. (b) Memory consolidation
clock.
iv. The circadian rhythm is the body’s natural
v. Read the two statements below and choose the internal clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
correct option: Maintaining a consistent schedule—waking and
Statement I: Chronic sleep deprivation strengthens sleeping at the same time daily—helps keep this
the body’s immune defenses. rhythm stable, ensuring the body performs its
Statement II: During sleep, the body increases repair and maintenance tasks efficiently.
protein production essential for cell growth and v. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
repair. vi. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. correct explanation of (A).
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. vii. 8-10 hours
(c) Both statements I and II are true. viii. False.
(d) Both statements I and II are false. ix. (c) Vulnerable
vi. Assertion (A): Sleep-deprived individuals often x. It is the brain’s ability to manage and balance
experience increased irritability and mood swings. emotional responses and stress, a process governed
Reason (R): Lack of sleep causes the emotional by a well-rested amygdala.
centers of the brain, like the amygdala, to become
29. Read the following passage carefully:
hyperactive.
1. Communication, the act of sharing information,
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
is a fundamental human need. Throughout
correct explanation of (A).
history, our methods for communicating over long
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the distances have undergone a dramatic evolution,
correct explanation of (A). from the simplest signals to the sophisticated
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. devices we use today. This journey is not just a
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. story of technological advancement; it is the story
of how humanity has become more interconnected,
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the making our world feel progressively smaller.
passage:
2. In ancient times, long-distance communication
Adults : 7-9 hours :: Teenagers : ______ was slow and limited. Early methods included
viii. State whether the following statement is True or smoke signals, drum beats, and messenger
False: pigeons. While ingenious for their time, these
The passage describes sleep as a passive state in systems were rudimentary. A smoke signal could
convey a simple, pre-arranged message like
which the brain remains completely inactive.
“danger” or “all is well,” but it could not be used
ix. The word ‘susceptible’ in paragraph 2 most nearly for a complex conversation. Messages carried by
means: runners or pigeons could take days or even weeks
(a) Resistant (b) Ignorant to reach their destination and were subject to the
perils of the journey.
(c) Vulnerable (d) Drowsy
3. The 19th century heralded a revolution with the
x. In the context of sleep, what is meant by invention of the electrical telegraph. Developed
“emotional regulation”? by Samuel Morse, the telegraph allowed complex

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

messages to be sent almost instantaneously across iii. What was the primary advantage of the
continents and oceans using a system of electrical electrical telegraph over older methods of sharing
pulses known as Morse code. For the first time information?
in history, information could travel faster than (a) It provided a more personal form of
any human messenger. This dramatically changed communication
journalism, business, and even warfare.
(b) it was significantly faster than human
4. The next great leaps were the telephone and the messengers
radio. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell’s invention (c) It did not require any specialized training to
of the telephone personalized communication
use
by allowing the human voice to be transmitted
directly over wires. This was followed by the (d) It allowed for the transmission of detailed
development of the radio, which enabled the images
wireless broadcast of sound to a mass audience.
iv. Explain how the telephone and radio further
Radio transformed society by providing a shared
“personalized” and “transformed” society beyond
source of news and entertainment, connecting
the capabilities of the telegraph.
entire nations in real-time.
5. The late 20th century brought the most profound v. Read the two statements below and choose the
change of all: the internet. It created a global correct option:
network where vast amounts of information in Statement I: Samuel Morse developed a system of
any format—text, images, audio, video—could electrical pulses known as Morse code.
be shared instantly. The subsequent invention of Statement II: The smartphone is a convergence of
the smartphone put this power into our pockets. past technologies like the telegraph and telephone.
A smartphone is a remarkable convergence of (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
past technologies; it is a telegraph (texting), a
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
telephone, a radio, and an internet portal all
in one portable device, enabling instant global (c) Both statements I and II are true.
communication from almost anywhere. (d) Both statements I and II are false.
NODIA

6. In conclusion, the evolution of communication vi. The word ‘rudimentary’ in paragraph 2 most
from a simple smoke signal to a feature-rich nearly means:
smartphone is a testament to human ingenuity.
(a) Basic (b) Complex
Each step in this journey has broken down
the barriers of distance, fostering greater (c) Flawless (d) Atmospheric
understanding and creating the global village we
vii. Complete the following analogy based on the
live in today. This ongoing evolution continues to
passage:
shape how we interact with our world and with
Telegraph : Morse Code :: Telephone : ______
each other.
Answer the following questions, based on the above viii. State whether the following statement is True or
passage: False:
The passage suggests that the radio was primarily
i. What is the central topic addressed by the author a form of one-to-one communication, similar to
in this passage? the telephone.
(a) The specific invention of the modern
smartphone ix. Which device is described in the text as a
“convergence of past technologies”?
(b) The historical evolution of long-distance
communication (a) Radio (b) Telegraph
(c) The biography and personal life of Samuel (c) Telephone (d) Smartphone
Morse x. In your own words, explain what the author means
(d) The technical challenges of ancient signal by the term “global village” in the concluding
systems paragraph.
Ans :
ii. According to Paragraph 2, describe the limitations
of pre-electric communication methods such as i. (b) The historical evolution of long-distance
smoke signals and carrier pigeons. communication
PAGE 46 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ii. Ancient methods like smoke signals were limited To maintain their profits, businesses pass these
to very simple, pre-arranged messages (such increased costs on to the consumer in the form of
as “danger”) and could not support complex higher prices.
dialogue. Methods like runners or pigeons were 4. Governments and economists measure inflation
extremely slow, taking days or weeks, and were by tracking the price of a standard “basket of
often interrupted by the physical dangers of the goods and services.” This basket contains a
journey. representative sample of items that an average
iii. (b) It was significantly faster than human household consumes, such as food, clothing,
messengers housing, transportation, and healthcare. By
iv. The telephone personalized communication by monitoring the total cost of this basket over time,
they can calculate the overall inflation rate, which
allowing the actual human voice to be transmitted
is usually expressed as a percentage.
over distances for the first time. The radio
transformed society by acting as a mass broadcast 5. Inflation has a significant impact on our personal
tool, providing a shared source of real-time news finances, especially our savings. If you keep your
and entertainment that connected entire nations money in a savings account that earns an interest
simultaneously. rate of 4% per year, but the annual inflation rate
is 6%, the real value of your money is actually
v. (c) Both statements I and II are true.
shrinking. Even though the amount of money in
vi. (a) Basic your account is growing, its purchasing power—
vii. Human Voice its ability to buy things—is decreasing by 2%
viii. False. each year. Inflation erodes the value of savings
over time.
ix. (d) Smartphone
x. The “global village” refers to a world where 6. In conclusion, inflation is a fundamental concept
distance no longer acts as a barrier to interaction, in economics that affects everyone. While a small,
making the entire planet feel small and stable amount of inflation is generally considered
a sign of a healthy economy, high or unpredictable
interconnected through instant communication.
inflation can create uncertainty and reduce the
30. Read the following passage carefully: standard of living. Understanding how it works
is a crucial part of being financially literate and
1. Have you ever heard your parents or grandparents making smart decisions with your money.
say that things were much cheaper in their day?
This is not just a trick of memory; it is a real Answer the following questions, based on the above
economic phenomenon known as inflation. In passage:
simple terms, inflation is the rate at which the
general level of prices for goods and services in i. What is the most accurate definition of inflation
an economy rises, and as a consequence, the as described in the passage?
purchasing power of currency falls. It means that (a) A decrease in the general price of goods and
the same `100 note buys you less today than it services.
did last year. (b) An increase in the total purchasing power of
2. There are two primary causes of inflation. The money.
first is ”demand-pull” inflation. This occurs when (c) A rise in price levels causing a fall in currency
the demand for goods and services in an economy value.
outstrips the supply. When more people want (d) A government plan to make essential items
to buy something than is available, sellers can cheaper.
raise prices. A simple way to think of this is “too
much money chasing too few goods.” This often ii. Based on Paragraphs 2 and 3, differentiate between
happens in a growing economy where people have “Demand-pull” and “Cost-push” inflation.
more money to spend.
iii. “Demand-pull” inflation specifically occurs when:
3. The second cause is ”cost-push” inflation.
This happens when the costs of production for (a) The cost of raw materials and energy increases
businesses increase. For example, if the price of (b) Demand for goods exceeds the available
raw materials, energy (like electricity or petrol), supply
or wages for workers goes up, it becomes more (c) Consumers decide to save more of their
expensive for a company to make its product. income

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 DESCRIPTIVE / DISCURSIVE PASSAGE

(d) The government reduces the total money as a percentage to determine the overall inflation
supply rate.
v. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
iv. How is the “basket of goods and services” used by
economists to track the inflation rate over time? vi. (b) Destroys
vii. Cost-push inflation.
v. Read the two statements below and choose the
viii. True.
correct option:
Statement I: Inflation is often described as “too ix. The real value of their money is shrinking because
much money chasing too few goods.” the cost of living is rising faster than the interest
Statement II: High or unpredictable inflation is they are earning.
generally a sign of a healthy economy. x. Purchasing power is the ability of a specific
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. amount of money to buy a certain quantity of
goods and services.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false.
(c) Both statements I and II are true.

(d) Both statements I and II are false.

vi. The word ‘erodes’ in paragraph 5 most nearly

means:
(a) Builds (b) Destroys
(c) Shields (d) Invests

vii. What type of inflation occurs when production

costs increase?

viii. State whether the following statement is True or

False:
The passage states that a small, stable amount
of inflation is often considered a sign of a healthy
economy.

ix. Why does a 6% inflation rate pose a problem for

a person whose savings account only earns 4%
interest?

x. Define the term “purchasing power” in the context

of the provided text.
Ans :
i. (c) A rise in price levels causing a fall in currency
value.
ii. Demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand for
goods is higher than the supply—often described
as “too much money chasing too few goods.”
NODIA

Cost-push inflation occurs when production costs

(wages, raw materials, or energy) rise, forcing
businesses to increase prices to maintain their
profit margins.
iii. (b) Demand for goods exceeds the available
supply
iv. The “basket” contains a representative sample
of items an average household consumes, such
as food, housing, and healthcare. Economists
monitor the total cost of this specific basket over
time; the change in the basket’s price is expressed
PAGE 48 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 2
CASE-BASED PASSAGE

1. INTRODUCTION health effects might be a concern for you.

A Case-Based Passage is a factual text that presents 2. The AQI is calculated for major air pollutants
a specific scenario, report, or study through a and is categorized into different levels. An AQI
logical sequence of information. Its primary goal is between 0 and 50 is considered ‘Good’ with
to provide an objective view of a subject—such as a minimal health impact. 51 to 100 is ‘Moderate’,
survey or a scientific discovery—by using evidence causing minor breathing discomfort to sensitive
rather than just narration. What makes these people. An AQI of 101 to 200 is ‘Unhealthy for
passages unique is the combination of written text Sensitive Groups’, while 201 to 300 is ‘Poor’ and
with visual or verbal inputs, including Statistical can cause breathing discomfort to most people
Data, Charts and Graphs, Tables etc. By studying on prolonged exposure. Anything above 301
these passages, you learn to synthesize text and is considered ‘Very Poor’ to ‘Severe’, seriously
data to form a complete understanding of the impacting health.
subject and accurately compare different sets of 3. The main sources of urban air pollution are
information. vehicular emissions, industrial pollutants, dust
from construction sites, and the burning of waste.
These activities release harmful particles and
2. POINTS TO REMEMBER
gases into the atmosphere, leading to a high AQI.
To score well in this section, you must be precise
4. The table below shows the average AQI recorded
and observant. Keep the following points in mind
in five major Indian cities on a particular day,
while solving a case-based passage:
illustrating the scale of the challenge. The data
1. Read the text quickly to understand the
highlights the varying levels of air pollution across
general subject matter and the main theme.
the country and the potential health risks faced
2. Carefully look at any provided charts, graphs,
by their residents.
or tables. Pay close attention to titles, labels,
and the units of measurement used. Air Quality Index (AQI) of Major Indian Cities
3. Read the passage a second time and underline
City AQI Value AQI Category
important facts, figures, and dates that act as
evidence. Delhi 285 Poor
4. When a question is asked, check if the answer Mumbai 165 Unhealthy for
is in the written text, the visual data, or a Sensitive Groups
combination of both.
Chennai 85 Moderate
5. Read the questions carefully to understand
whether you need to identify a specific fact or Kolkata 190 Unhealthy for
NODIA

interpret a trend. Sensitive Groups

Bengaluru 95 Moderate
3. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES Answer the following questions, based on the above
1. Read the following passage carefully: passage and data table:
1. Air pollution is one of the most pressing
i. Which of the following best describes the primary
environmental issues facing urban India. To
objective of the Air Quality Index (AQI) as
monitor the level of pollution and communicate it
discussed in the passage?
to the public in a simple way, the government uses
the Air Quality Index (AQI). The AQI is a tool for (a) To track the total number of urban vehicles.
measuring the daily air quality. It tells you how (b) To forecast daily temperature and weather.
clean or polluted your air is, and what associated (c) To measure water purity in industrial zones.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

(d) To report air quality and related health risks. AQI value, indicating the best air quality among
those listed?
ii. Based on the data table provided, identify the
Ans :
correct chronological order of cities from the
lowest (best) AQI to the highest (worst) AQI: i. (d) To report air quality and related health risks.
(i) Chennai ii. (a) (i) - (ii) - (iii) - (iv) [Chennai: 85, Bengaluru:
(ii) Bengaluru 95, Kolkata: 190, Delhi: 285]
(iii) Kolkata iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(iv) Delhi correct explanation of (A).
Choose the correct option: iv. (c) Farm drainage (Refers to ‘Agricultural runoff’
(a) (i) - (ii) - (iii) - (iv) which is not mentioned as an urban source).
(b) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i) v. The numerical difference between Delhi (285) and
(c) (ii) - (i) - (iii) - (iv) Chennai (85) is 200. This massive gap indicates
(d) (i) - (iii) - (ii) - (iv) that while Chennai enjoys ‘Moderate’ air quality
with minor discomfort for sensitive groups, Delhi
iii. Assertion (A): The air quality in both Mumbai suffers from ‘Poor’ air quality, posing a significant
and Kolkata is classified as ‘Unhealthy for health risk to most residents.
Sensitive Groups’. vi. A resident of Delhi can expect to experience
Reason (R): Both cities recorded an AQI value breathing discomfort. With an AQI of 285, the
that falls within the range of 101 to 200. city falls into the ‘Poor’ category. According to
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the the passage, exposure to this level for a prolonged
correct explanation of (A). duration negatively impacts the health of most
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the people.
correct explanation of (A). vii. Good
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. viii. True (95 is lower/better than 165).
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. ix. 190
iv. Which of the following is NOT a source of urban x. Chennai
air pollution?
2. Read the following passage carefully:
(a) Waste burning (b) Construction
1. The automobile industry in India is the world’s
(c) Farm drainage (d) Car emissions
fourth-largest. India was the world’s fourth-
v. Calculate the numerical difference in the AQI largest manufacturer of cars and the seventh-
values recorded for Delhi and Chennai, and largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in
explain what this difference indicates about the 2019. The Indian automotive industry (including
air quality of the two cities. component manufacturing) is expected to reach
216.16–18.18 trillion (US $ 251.4–282.8 billion)
vi. According to the passage and data table, what by 2026. The industry attracted Foreign Direct
specific health impact would a resident of Delhi Investment (FDI) worth US $ 24.21 billion from
likely experience upon prolonged exposure to the April 2000 to March 2020 according to the data
atmosphere, and why? released by the Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
vii. Complete the following sentence:
2. Two-wheelers and passenger vehicles dominate
An AQI value between 0 and 50 is considered
the domestic Indian auto market. Passenger
‘______’ and has minimal health impact.
car sales are dominated by small and mid-sized
viii. State whether the following statement is True or cars. Two-wheelers and passenger cars accounted
False with reference to the data table: for 80.8 percent and 12.9 percent market share,
Bengaluru’s air quality is better than Mumbai’s respectively, accounting for a combined sale of
air quality. over 21.55 million vehicles in FY20. The CAGR
during FYI 6-FY20 is 1.29 percent.
ix. What is the specific AQI value recorded for the 3. The government aims to develop India as global
city of Kolkata as shown in the table? manufacturing and Research and Development (R
and D) hub. It has set up National Automotive
x. According to the table, which city has the lowest

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PAGE 50 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Testing and R and D Infrastructure Project i. According to the first paragraph, what was India’s
(NATRIP) centres as well as National Automotive global ranking in terms of car manufacturing in
Board to act as a facilitator between the government 2019?
and the industry. Under (NATRIP), five testing (a) Second (b) Fourth
and research centres have been established in
(c) Seventh (d) Tenth
the country since 2015. NATRIPs proposal for
“Grant-In-Aid for test facility infrastructure for ii. Based on the data in Paragraph 2, which of the
Electric Vehicle (EV) performance Certification following statements are correct?
from NATRIP Implementation Society” under (i) Two-wheelers hold over 80% of the market
FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of share.
(Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles in India) scheme (ii) Passenger cars account for 12.9% of the
was approved by Project Implementation and market.
Sanctioning Committee (PISC) on 3rd January, (iii) FY19 recorded the lowest sales in the five-
2019.
year period.
4. The Indian Government has also set up an (iv) Small and mid-sized cars dominate passenger
ambitious target of having only EVs sold in sales.
the country. The Ministry of Heavy Industries, Choose the correct option:
Government of India, has shortlisted 11 cities
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
in the country for the introduction of EVs in
their public transport system under the FAME (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
scheme. The first phase of the scheme was iii. Identify the two primary testing and R&D
extended to March 2019 while in February 2019, organizations established by the government to
the government approved the FAME-II scheme facilitate the automotive industry’s growth.
with a fund requirement of `10,000 crore (US $
1.39 billion) for FY20-22. Under Union Budget iv. Which of the following is the primary goal of the
2019-20, government announced providing an FAME and FAME-II schemes as described in the
additional income tax deduction of Z1.5 lakh (US text?
$ 2146) on the interest paid on the loans taken to (a) Increasing diesel car exports.
purchase EVs.
(b) Reducing mid-sized car prices.
5. EV sales, excluding e-rickshaws, in India witnessed
(c) Promoting Electric Vehicle adoption.
a growth of 20 percent and reached 1.56 lakh units
in FY20 driven by two-wheelers. The Government (d) Funding rural road infrastructure.
of India expects the automobile sector to attract v. Analyze the sales trend from FY18 to FY20
US $ 8-10 billion in local and foreign investment using the bar chart. What happened to the total
by 2023. number of automobiles sold during this period?

vi. The word “facilitator” as used in Paragraph 3

most nearly means:
(a) An obstacle (b) A competitor
(c) A helper (d) A consumer

vii. Complete the following Analogy based on the

NODIA

market data provided in Paragraph 2:

Two-wheelers : 80.8% :: Passenger vehicles :
______

viii. State whether the following statement is True or

False based on the bar chart:
The total number of automobiles sold in India
reached its peak in the fiscal year 2019 (FY19).

ix. According to the final paragraph, how many units

Answer the following questions, based on the above
did EV sales (excluding e-rickshaws) reach in
passage:
FY20?
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

x. Name one of the financial incentives offered in the years and above is 77.7%. However, for the same
Union Budget 2019-20 to encourage the purchase age group, rural literacy is 73.5% and for urban
of Electric Vehicles. areas it is, 87.7%.
Ans : 5. The digital divide between rural and urban
i. (b) Fourth. households is stark with just 4% of the rural
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) [FY19 recorded the highest population having access to computers. The
sales, not the lowest]. report highlighted that while only 15% surveyed
population in the rural cluster has internet access,
iii. The National Automotive Testing and R&D 42% of the students in the urban areas have access
Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) and the to the internet.
National Automotive Board.
6. At school level while the majority of the urban
iv. (c) Promoting Electric Vehicle adoption.
households had shown a preference for private
v. Sales grew between FY18 and FY19 (peaking at schools, it’s the opposite for rural households.
over 25 million) but then saw a significant decline The report highlights that 76.1% of the rural
in FY20, dropping back to approximately 20.8 children are attending primary and middle school
million units. run by the government, while only 38% of the
vi. (c) A helper. urban children are attending government schools.
vii. 12.9% However, for graduate and above studies, 49.7%
rural students are attending classes in government
viii. True (The chart shows it as the highest bar). institutions as compared to 41% of the urban
ix. 1.56 lakh units. counterparts in government institutions.
x. Income tax deduction of `1.5 lakh on loan interest.

3. Read the following passage carefully:

1. Right from literacy, accessibility to schools and
household expenditure on education, the rural-
urban gap remains significant. There is a digital
divide, too, with just 4% of rural households
having access to computers as compared to 23%
in urban areas. These and other trends in a rural-
urban gap in education are revealed in the details
of a survey conducted by the National Statistical
Office (NSO).
Answer the following questions, based on the above
2. The report on ‘Household Social Consumption: passage:
Education’ surveyed 1.13 lakh households spread
across over 8,000 villages and 6,000 urban blocks i. According to the first paragraph, which
between July 2017 and June 2018. The study organization revealed the trends in the rural-
involved 1.52 lakh students across different levels urban education gap?
of study. (a) Ministry of Education
3. On accessibility, while 92.7% of the rural (b) National Statistical Office
households have a primary school within 1 km as (c) Digital India Council
compared to 87.2% in urban areas, the situation
gets skewed as only 38% of the rural households (d) Rural Development Bank
have access to secondary school as compared to ii. Based on the data in Paragraph 6, which of the
70% in the urban areas on similar parameters. following statements about school preferences is
4. While accessibility to a neighbourhood school at correct?
the primary level is not an issue in rural areas, (i) 76.1% of rural children attend government-
the gross attendance ratio is also satisfactory with run primary schools.
nearly 100% of boys and girls in rural as well as (ii) 38% of urban children attend government-run
urban areas attending classes. However, in sync primary schools.
with reduced accessibility, there is a gap at a the (iii) Rural students avoid government institutions
secondary level between rural and urban settings. for graduate studies.
The all India literacy rate among persons aged 7

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PAGE 52 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(iv) Urban households generally prefer private of rural students stay in government institutions
schools over government ones. for graduate studies].
Choose the correct option: iii. Primary school access is high in rural areas (92.7%
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv) within 1 km), but accessibility “gets skewed”
(c) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) at the secondary level, where only 38% of rural
households have access compared to 70% in urban

NODIA
iii. How does the accessibility of secondary schools in areas.
rural areas compare to that of primary schools, iv. (c) `17,518.
and what specific percentage represents rural
secondary access? v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
iv. Which of the following figures represents the vi. 4%
annual average expenditure per student at the vii. At the school level, rural students heavily favor
Secondary Level in urban areas?
government institutions (76.1%) while urban
(a) `5,856 (b) `9,148 students do not (38%). However, at the graduate
(c) `17,518 (d) `23,832 level, the gap narrows significantly, with 49.7%
of rural students and 41% of urban students
v. Assertion (A): There is a significant “digital
attending government institutions.
divide” between rural and urban education
settings. viii. True.
Reason (R): Internet access is available to 42% ix. 77.7%.
of urban students, whereas only 15% of the rural x. 87.7%.
surveyed population has access.
4. Read the following passage carefully:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A). 1. In 2023, India achieved a significant demographic
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the milestone, surpassing China to become the
correct explanation of (A). world’s most populous nation. This monumental
shift brings both immense opportunities and
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
formidable challenges. A large population is a
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. powerful resource, but it also places significant
strain on a nation’s infrastructure and resources.
vi. Complete the following Analogy based on the
How India navigates this reality will shape its
computer access data provided in the infographic:
future for decades to come.
Urban Households : 23% :: Rural Households :
______ 2. A key concept in this discussion is the
”demographic dividend.” This refers to the
vii. Explain the change in the proportion of students potential for accelerated economic growth when a
attending government institutions when moving country’s working-age population is large and the
from the school level to graduate-level studies. dependency ratio—the proportion of non-working
people (children and the elderly)—is low. A low
viii. State whether the following statement is True or median age, the age that divides the population
False with reference to the infographic: into two equal halves, is often an indicator of a
The annual average expenditure for a student country’s potential to benefit from this dividend.
at the Senior Secondary level in a rural area is
3. The primary opportunity for India lies in
`9,148.
its youthful population. A large, young, and
ix. What is the all-India literacy rate among persons aspirational workforce can drive innovation, boost
aged 7 years and above, as mentioned in Paragraph consumption, and attract foreign investment,
4? potentially turning India into a global economic
powerhouse. This “youth bulge” provides a
x. According to the infographic, what is the literacy window of opportunity that many developed
rate for the urban population aged 7 and above? nations, with their ageing populations, no longer
Ans : have.
i. (b) National Statistical Office. 4. However, the challenges are equally significant.
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) [Paragraph 6 states nearly half The foremost challenge is generating sufficient
employment for the millions of young people
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

entering the workforce each year. Without v. Assertion (A): A low median age is a critical
adequate jobs and the right skills, the demographic indicator of a country’s potential to benefit from
dividend can quickly turn into a demographic a demographic dividend.
disaster, leading to unemployment and social Reason (R): A lower median age represents a
unrest. Furthermore, a large population exerts larger proportion of young people who can drive
immense pressure on essential resources like innovation and attract foreign investment.
water, food, energy, and housing. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
5. The table below provides a snapshot of the correct explanation of (A).
demographic landscape of five key countries, (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
highlighting the unique position India holds with correct explanation of (A).
its combination of a massive population and a
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
relatively low median age compared to other
major economies. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Demographic Snapshot of Select Countries (2024
vi. Explain the specific conditions under which a
Estimates) “youth bulge” might transition from an economic
Country Population Median Age opportunity into a “demographic disaster.”
(approx.) (years) vii. Based on the 2024 Estimates table, which nation
India 1.44 billion 28.2 has a population of approximately 341 million?
China 1.42 billion 39.0 viii. Consider the following statements based on the
USA 341 million 38.5 data table:
(i) Nigeria has the lowest median age among the
Nigeria 230 million 17.2
listed countries.
Japan 123 million 49.5 (ii) India’s population is currently estimated at
1.44 billion.
Answer the following questions, based on the above
(iii) The USA has a younger median age than
passage and data table:
China.
i. Which of the following statements about India’s Which of the above is/are correct?
demographic shift in 2023 is true based on the (a) Only (i) (b) (i) and (ii)
passage? (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)
(a) It surpassed the USA in total population.
(b) It became the world’s most populous nation. ix. State whether the following statement is True or
False:
(c) It achieved a zero dependency ratio milestone.
According to the passage, a large population is
(d) It solved its national infrastructure strain. purely a strain on resources and does not offer
any potential benefits to a nation.
ii. Based on the table, compare the demographic
profiles of India and China. What is the x. According to the passage, what is the primary
approximate difference in their median ages, and challenge regarding the millions of young people
what does this suggest about their workforces? entering the workforce annually?
iii. Complete the following sentence based on the Ans :
definition provided in the text: i. (b) It became the world’s most populous nation.
The “demographic dividend” is the potential for ii. The difference in median age is approximately
accelerated economic growth that occurs when 10.8 years (39.0 for China vs 28.2 for India).
the proportion of non-working people, also known This suggests that India has a much younger,
as the ______, is low. more aspirational workforce, whereas China faces
an ageing population that may hinder future
iv. Which country from the data table represents the
economic growth.
most extreme “ageing population” that developed
nations are currently facing? iii. dependency ratio
(a) USA (b) Nigeria iv. (d) Japan (with a median age of 49.5 years).
(c) China (d) Japan v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).

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PAGE 54 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

vi. A youth bulge becomes a demographic disaster if The obesity epidemic will likely change practice
the country fails to generate sufficient employment for gastroenterologists, as shifts will be seen in
for the millions entering the workforce. Without the incidence of obesity-related gastrointestinal
adequate jobs and proper skill development, this disorders, disease severity and the nature of
can lead to widespread unemployment, poverty, comorbidities. The experience gained with
and social unrest. previous epidemiologic problems such as smoking
should help involved parties to expand needed
vii. USA (United States of America).
health initiatives and increase the likelihood of
viii. (d) (i), (ii), and (iii) [Nigeria is 17.2; India is preventing future generations from suffering the
1.44bn; USA (38.5) is younger than China (39.0)]. consequences of obesity.
ix. False (The passage mentions it is also a “powerful
resource”).
x. Generating sufficient employment and ensuring
they have the right skills.

5. Read the following passage carefully:

1. Obesity has been defined as a Body Mass Index
(BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2, with extreme
obesity defined as a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2.
Obesity is rapidly becoming the leading cause
of preventable death in the United States, with
obesity-related deaths projected to soon surpass
deaths related to tobacco abuse. The incidence Answer the following questions, based on the above
of obesity has doubled in the United States since passage:
1960, with one-third of the adult population
currently obese. Perhaps more alarming is the i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
increase in overweight children; over the past 25 specific threshold for “extreme obesity” as
years, this rate has risen from 6% to 19%. measured by Body Mass Index (BMI)?
(a) Greater than 25 kg/m²
2. Obesity is the next major epidemiologic challenge
facing today’s doctors, with the annual allocation (b) Greater than 30 kg/m²
of healthcare resources for the disease and related (c) Greater than 35 kg/m²
comorbidities projected to exceed $150 billion in the (d) Greater than 40 kg/m²
United States. The incidence of obesity has risen
in the United States over the past 30 years; 60% ii. Based on the bar chart provided, which of the
of adults are currently either obese or overweight. following statements about obesity prevalence is
NODIA

Obesity is associated with a higher incidence correct?

of a number of diseases, including diabetes, (i) The “20 to 39” age group has the lowest
cardiovascular disease and cancer. Consumption prevalence among all groups.
of fast food, Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs), and (ii) Women consistently show a higher prevalence
fructose-combined with increasing portion sizes and of obesity than men.
decreased physical activity-has been implicated as a (iii) Men in the “40 to 59” group have a higher
potential contributing factor in the obesity crisis. prevalence than those in “60 and older.”
3. The use of Body Mass Index (BMI) alone (iv) Prevalence for “All” adults is exactly 50% in
is of limited utility for predicting adverse the “20 and older” category.
cardiovascular outcomes, but the utility of this Choose the correct option:
measure may be strengthened when combined with (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
waist circumference and other anthropomorphic (c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
measurements. Certain public health initiatives
have helped to identify and reduce some of the iii. Assertion (A): BMI is considered a measure of
factors contributing to obesity. limited utility when used alone to predict adverse
4. In New York City and Denmark, for example, such cardiovascular outcomes.
initiatives have succeeded in passing legislation Reason (R): The predictive power of BMI is
to reduce or remove TFAs from residents’ diets. significantly strengthened when it is combined with
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

waist circumference and other anthropomorphic to the obesity crisis.

measurements. vi. (b) Reducing Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the vii. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
correct explanation of (A). viii. True (The bar for women in that category sits
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the just above the 40% line).
correct explanation of (A).
ix. $150 billion.
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
x. Approximately 39% (The bar sits just below the
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 40% line).
iv. Complete the following Analogy based on the
statistics provided in Paragraph 1:
Overweight Children (25 Years Ago) : 6% ::
6. Read the following passage carefully:
Overweight Children (Current) : ______
1. Literacy, the ability to read and write, is one of
v. Analyze the contributing factors to the obesity the most fundamental skills for an individual
crisis mentioned in Paragraph 2. How have and a key indicator of a nation’s socio-economic
portion sizes and physical activity levels changed? development. A country’s literacy rate directly
impacts its human development, economic growth,
vi. Which of the following describes the successful and public health. It empowers individuals, opens
public health initiative taken by New York City doors to opportunities, and enables them to
and Denmark? participate fully in society.
(a) Banning fast food outlets.
2. The benefits of a literate population are immense.
(b) Reducing Trans Fatty Acids. At an individual level, literacy is a gateway to
(c) Mandatory daily exercise. further learning and securing better employment,
(d) Increasing portion costs. leading to improved livelihoods. At the national
level, a higher literacy rate is strongly correlated
vii. Identify the three specific major diseases with a more skilled workforce, lower poverty levels,
associated with a higher incidence of obesity as and better health and hygiene awareness. It is the
listed in the second paragraph. foundation upon which a modern, progressive
society is built.
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
False with reference to the bar chart: 3. A critical aspect of literacy analysis is the gender
In the “60 and older” age group, the obesity gap—the difference in literacy rates between men
prevalence for women is approximately 42%. and women. In many societies, due to historical
and social factors, girls have had less access to
ix. According to the second paragraph, what is the education than boys. Closing this gap is a crucial
projected annual allocation of healthcare resources goal for development. Educating women has a
for obesity and its comorbidities in the U.S.? powerful multiplier effect, as literate mothers
are more likely to ensure their own children
x. According to the bar chart, what is the are educated and healthy, benefiting the entire
approximate percentage of obesity prevalence for community.
men in the “40 to 59” age group?
4. In India, significant progress has been made in
Ans : improving literacy since independence through
i. (d) Greater than 40 kg/m². various government initiatives like the National
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iii) [The “20 and older” bar for Literacy Mission and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.
“All” is well below the 40% mark, not 50%]. However, the progress is not uniform across the
country. There are wide disparities in literacy
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
rates between different states, as well as between
correct explanation of (A).
urban and rural areas.
iv. 19%
5. The table below, based on census data, presents
v. Portions have increased in size, while physical the literacy rates for five Indian states, highlighting
activity levels have decreased. These changes, these regional variations and the persistent gender
alongside the consumption of fast food and trans gap.
fats, are implicated as major contributing factors

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PAGE 56 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Literacy Rates in Select Indian States (%) ranking of states from highest to lowest overall
literacy rate?
State Overall Male Female
Literacy Literacy Literacy (a) Kerala > Maharashtra > Delhi > Bihar >
Rate Rate Rate Uttar Pradesh
(b) Kerala > Delhi > Maharashtra > Uttar
Kerala 94.0 96.1 92.1
Pradesh > Bihar
Delhi 86.2 90.9 80.8 (c) Kerala > Delhi > Uttar Pradesh >
Maharashtra 82.3 88.4 75.9 Maharashtra > Bihar
Uttar Pradesh 67.7 77.3 57.2 (d) Bihar > Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra >
Delhi > Kerala
Bihar 61.8 71.2 51.5
vii. Analyze the data for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Answer the following questions, based on the above Which state has a larger “gender gap” (the
passage and data table: difference between male and female literacy), and
i. According to the first paragraph, how does a what does this indicate?
country’s literacy rate influence its national viii. According to the provided census data table,
development? what is the specific overall literacy rate recorded
(a) It decreases the overall population count. for Maharashtra?
(b) It impacts economic growth and public
health. ix. Based on the table, which state has the lowest
female literacy rate among the five listed?
(c) It provides data on the nation’s military
strength. x. Match the state with its Male Literacy Rate as
(d) It primarily tracks the geographical expansion per the table:
of cities. Delhi : 90.9% :: Bihar : ______
(a) 51.5% (b) 61.8%
ii. Assertion (A): Literacy is considered the
foundation of a modern and progressive society. (c) 71.2% (d) 77.3%
Reason (R): A literate population leads to a more Ans :
skilled workforce, lower poverty levels, and better i. (b) It impacts economic growth and public health.
health awareness. ii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). iii. Educating women creates a multiplier effect
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the because literate mothers are significantly more
correct explanation of (A). likely to ensure their own children are educated
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. and healthy. This chain reaction improves literacy
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. and health standards across the entire community,
leading to long-term socio-economic progress.
iii. Based on the passage, explain the “multiplier iv. urban and rural
effect” of educating women and why it is critical v. True (Males have higher percentages in all listed
for community development.
rows).
iv. Complete the following sentence based on the vi. (b) Kerala (94.0) > Delhi (86.2) > Maharashtra
information in Paragraph 4: (82.3) > Uttar Pradesh (67.7) > Bihar (61.8).
In India, regional disparities in literacy exist not vii. Uttar Pradesh has a gender gap of 20.1% (77.3 -
only between different states but also between 57.2), while Bihar has a gap of 19.7% (71.2 - 51.5).
______ areas. The larger gap in Uttar Pradesh indicates more
significant historical or social barriers preventing
v. State whether the following statement is True or
women from accessing education compared to
False with reference to the data table:
men.
In every state listed, the male literacy rate is
numerically higher than the female literacy rate. viii. 82.3%
ix. Bihar (51.5%)
vi. Which of the following represents the correct
x. (c) 71.2%

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

7. Read the following passage carefully: over 10 years to combat the pollution.
1. Air pollution affects health seriously. Of the most 7. In 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the
polluted 30 cities in the world, 21 were in India McKelvey School of Engineering (USA), launched
in 2019. As per a 2016 study, at least 140 million the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to
Indians breathe air that is 10 times or more over study air pollution in India.
the WHO safe limit and 13 of the world’s 20 cities Answer the following questions, based on the above
with the highest annual levels of air pollution are
passage:
in India.
2. Air pollution kills 2 million Indians prematurely i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
every year. Emissions come from vehicles and specific geographic challenge India faces regarding
industry, whereas in rural areas, much of the global air pollution statistics?
pollution stems from biomass burning for cooking (a) It contains all of the world’s 30 most polluted
and keeping warm. In autumn and winter months, cities.
large scale crop residue burning in farms — a (b) It is home to 21 of the top 30 most polluted
cheaper alternative to mechanical tilling — is cities.
a major source of smoke, smog and particulate
(c) It has the highest annual pollution levels in
pollution.
every city.
3. India has a low per capita emissions of greenhouse
(d) It is the second-largest producer of greenhouse
gases but the country as a whole is the third
gases.
largest greenhouse gas producer after China and
the United States. A 2013 study on non-smokers ii. Based on the pie chart, which of the following
has found that have 30% have weaker lung statements about the sources of air pollution are
function than Europeans. correct?
4. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (i) “Building” is the single largest contributor at
Act, 1981 has failed to reduce or regulate pollution 49%.
because of poor enforcement of the rules (ii) “Industrial pollution” contributes more than
“Crop burning.”
(iii) “Vehicles” and “Cooking” combined
contribute 24%.
(iv) “Crop burning” is responsible for exactly 19%
of pollution.
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (iii), and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)

iii. Assertion (A): The National Clean Air Programme

NODIA

(NCAP) was launched with a tentative target to

reduce particulate matter by 2024.
5. In 2015, GOI, together with IIT Kanpur launched Reason (R): The program aims for a 20%–30%
the National Air Quality Index. In 2019, India reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations
launched ‘The National Clean Air Programme’ compared to the 2017 base year.
with tentative national target of 20%¬30% (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations correct explanation of (A).
by 2024, considering 2017 as the base year for (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
comparison. It will be rolled out in 102 cities that correct explanation of (A).
are considered to have air quality worse than the
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
6. There are other initiatives such as a 1,600
kilometre-long and 5 kilometre-wide The Great iv. Identify the combined percentage of air pollution
Green Wall of Aravalli-an ecological corridor caused by “Vehicles” and “Industrial pollution”
along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Shivalik according to the chart, and explain one initiative
Hills with the planting of 1.35 billion native trees mentioned in the text to combat such pollution.
PAGE 58 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. Which source of pollution shown in the pie chart ix. False [Crop burning is 19%; Vehicles (15%) +
accounts for exactly 15% of the total? Cooking (9%) = 24%].
(a) Crop burning (b) Industrial pollution x. 2 million.
(c) Vehicles (d) Cooking
8. Read the following passage carefully:
vi. Analyze the role of “The Great Green Wall of
Aravalli.” How many native trees are planned 1. Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health
for this project, and what is its total intended condition that affects how your body turns the
length? food you eat into energy. Most of the food you eat
is broken down into sugar, also called glucose, and
vii. The passage notes that the Air Act of 1981 failed released into your bloodstream. Your pancreas
to reduce pollution primarily due to: then releases a hormone called insulin, which acts
(a) Lack of scientific data. like a key to let the blood sugar into your body’s
cells for use as energy. With diabetes, your body
(b) Poor enforcement of rules.
either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use
(c) High costs of tilling. the insulin it makes as well as it should.
(d) Lack of public awareness. 2. There are mainly two types of diabetes. Type 1
viii. Complete the following sentence based on the pie diabetes is an autoimmune reaction where the
chart data: body attacks itself by mistake and stops making
insulin. It is usually diagnosed in children and
According to the chart, “Building” activities
young adults. Type 2 diabetes, the more common
contribute ______ of the total air pollution,
type, is where your body doesn’t use insulin well
which is the highest among all listed categories.
and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels.
ix. State whether the following statement is True or It develops over many years and is usually
False: diagnosed in adults, though it is now occurring
The pie chart shows that “Crop burning” causes a more frequently in younger people.
higher percentage of air pollution than “Vehicles” 3. The rise of Type 2 diabetes is closely linked to
and “Cooking” combined. lifestyle factors. An unhealthy diet high in sugar
and processed foods, a lack of regular physical
x. According to the passage, how many premature activity, and obesity are major risk factors. This
deaths in India are attributed to air pollution means that for a large number of people, Type 2
annually? diabetes is a preventable condition.
Ans : 4. Diabetes has become a global health epidemic,
i. (b) It is home to 21 of the top 30 most polluted but its impact varies across the world. The table
cities. below, based on data from the International
ii. (b) (i), (iii), and (iv) [Industrial pollution is 8%, Diabetes Federation (IDF), shows the estimated
while crop burning is 19%]. number of adults with diabetes in some of the
most affected countries, highlighting the scale of
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
the public health challenge.
correct explanation of (A).
iv. According to the chart, the combined percentage Estimated Diabetes Prevalence in Adults
is 17% (9% from vehicles + 8% from industrial (2021)
pollution). One initiative mentioned to combat Country Estimated Percentage
pollution is the National Clean Air Programme, Number of Adults of Adult
which targets a significant reduction in particulate with Diabetes Population (%)
matter across 102 affected cities.
China 141 million 13.0%
v. (c) Vehicles.
India 74 million 10.4%
vi. The Great Green Wall of Aravalli is an ecological
corridor spanning 1,600 kilometers. It involves the Pakistan 33 million 26.7%
planting of 1.35 billion native trees over a 10-year USA 32 million 12.3%
period to create a green barrier against pollution.
Brazil 15 million 9.9%
vii. (b) Poor enforcement of rules.
viii. 49%

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

5. While there is no cure for diabetes, it can be (iv) India’s diabetes percentage is lower than that
managed effectively through a combination of of the USA.
a healthy lifestyle, regular monitoring of blood Choose the correct option:
sugar levels, and medication or insulin therapy as (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
prescribed by a doctor. The goal is to maintain
(c) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) (i), (iii), and (iv)
blood sugar levels within a target range to prevent
serious long-term health complications. vi. State whether the following statement is True or
False with reference to the data table:
Answer the following questions, based on the above
According to the 2021 estimates, the percentage
passage and data table:
of the adult population with diabetes in India is
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the higher than the percentage in the USA.
specific biological role of insulin in the human vii. Based on the table, which country has
body? approximately 32 million adults living with
(a) It breaks down complex food into glucose diabetes, representing 12.3% of its population?
molecules. viii. Compare the diabetes prevalence in Pakistan and
(b) It acts as a key to let blood sugar into the China using the data table. Why is it important
body’s cells. to look at both the “Estimated Number” and the
(c) It triggers the pancreas to release sugar into
the blood.
NODIA “Percentage” when assessing the health challenge?
ix. According to the final paragraph, what is the
(d) It converts energy directly into processed primary goal of managing diabetes if a complete
food particles. cure is currently unavailable?

ii. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes x. In the context of the passage, “glucose” is best
based on their causes and the typical age groups defined as:
they affect, as described in the passage. (a) A harmful toxin
iii. Assertion (A): Type 2 diabetes is considered a (b) A pancreatic hormone
preventable condition for a large number of people (c) Sugar used for energy
worldwide. (d) A type of medication
Reason (R): The development of Type 2 diabetes Ans :
is closely linked to modifiable lifestyle factors like i. (b) It acts as a key to let blood sugar into the
diet and physical activity. body’s cells.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
ii. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune reaction where
correct explanation of (A).
the body stops making insulin, usually diagnosed
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the in children. Type 2 is more common, occurring
correct explanation of (A). when the body uses insulin poorly; it develops
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. over years and is typically diagnosed in adults,
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. though younger cases are rising.
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
iv. Complete the following sentence with reference to
correct explanation of (A).
the risk factors mentioned in Paragraph 3:
The rise of Type 2 diabetes is primarily driven by iv. processed foods
a lack of regular physical activity, obesity, and a v. (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) [China: 141m; Pakistan:
diet high in sugar and ______. 26.7%; India: 10.4% vs USA: 12.3%].
vi. False (India’s percentage is 10.4%, which is lower
v. Based on the 2021 IDF data table, which of the than the USA’s 12.3%).
following statements is/are correct?
vii. USA (United States of America).
(i) China has the highest absolute number of
adults living with diabetes. viii. While China has the highest absolute number (141
(ii) Pakistan has the highest percentage of its million), Pakistan has a much higher percentage
adult population affected by diabetes. (26.7%). This highlights that while China has a
(iii) Brazil has more adults with diabetes than the larger total burden, the density of the crisis is
USA. more severe in Pakistan, where over a quarter of
adults are affected.
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PAGE 60 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ix. To maintain blood sugar levels within a target 5. Despite this impressive growth, the transition is
range to prevent serious long-term complications. not without challenges. One of the biggest hurdles
x. (c) Sugar used for energy (derived from the for solar and wind power is intermittency—the
breakdown of food). sun doesn’t shine at night, and the wind doesn’t
always blow. This requires the development of
9. Read the following passage carefully: better energy storage solutions, like batteries, and
smarter power grids to ensure a consistent supply
1. The world’s demand for energy is constantly
of electricity.
growing, but the way we have traditionally
produced it, by burning fossil fuels like coal, Answer the following questions, based on the above
oil, and natural gas, has led to significant passage and data table:
environmental problems like air pollution and
climate change. These sources are non-renewable, i. According to the first paragraph, what is the most
meaning they are finite and will eventually run significant drawback of relying on fossil fuels for
out. In response, the world is increasingly turning energy?
to renewable energy—energy derived from sources (a) They are too expensive to extract.
that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, (b) They cause environmental problems.
wind, and water. (c) They are difficult to transport.
2. There are several key types of renewable energy. (d) They require very complex grids.
Solar power is generated by capturing sunlight
using photovoltaic (PV) panels. Wind power ii. Based on the descriptions of renewable sources in
harnesses the kinetic energy of the wind using Paragraph 2, which of the following are correctly
large turbines to spin a generator. Hydropower, matched with their energy source?
one of the oldest forms of renewable energy, uses (i) Solar Power — Photovoltaic (PV) panels
the force of flowing water, typically from a dam, (ii) Wind Power — Large spinning turbines
to generate electricity. These sources are clean, (iii) Hydropower — Kinetic energy of wind
producing little to no greenhouse gas emissions. (iv) Fossil Fuels — Naturally replenished
3. The transition to renewable energy is crucial for Choose the correct option:
several reasons. Primarily, it is our most effective (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
tool in the fight against climate change. By (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
replacing fossil fuels, we can drastically reduce the
carbon dioxide emissions that are warming our iii. Identify the two primary reasons mentioned in the
planet. This shift also leads to improved public passage for the global transition toward renewable
health due to cleaner air and enhances a nation’s energy and explain how they benefit a nation.
energy security by reducing its dependence on a
limited supply of imported fuels. iv. Which of the following statements about India’s
renewable energy capacity is TRUE according to
4. India has emerged as a global leader in the the data table?
renewable energy sector, with ambitious goals
and rapid expansion. The country’s progress is a (a) Capacity decreased in 2020.
clear indicator of its commitment to a sustainable (b) The 2018 capacity was 94 GW.
future. The table below shows the growth of (c) The 2024 target is 175 GW.
India’s installed renewable energy capacity over (d) Growth has stopped after 2022.
several years.
Growth of India’s Installed Renewable v. Complete the following sentence based on the
technical challenges discussed in Paragraph 5:
Energy Capacity
The issue of solar and wind power not being
Fiscal Year Installed Capacity (in available consistently at all times is known as
Gigawatts - GW) ______.
2018-19 78 GW vi. Calculate the growth in India’s installed capacity
2020-21 94 GW between the fiscal years 2020-21 and 2022-23.
What does this trend indicate about India’s
2022-23 125 GW
energy goals?
2024-25 (Target) 175 GW Ans :

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

vii. The word “ambitious” as used in Paragraph 4 diverse corners of the country.
most nearly means: 2. The sheer scale of the Indian Railways is
(a) Very difficult staggering. It is one of the largest railway

NODIA
(b) Highly determined networks in the world, with a route length of over
(c) Slowly evolving 68,000 kilometres. To put this in perspective, this
is enough track to circle the Earth more than one
(d) Purely accidental
and a half times. It is a colossal operation that
viii. State whether the following statement is True or runs more than 13,000 passenger trains and over
False with reference to the passage: 9,000 freight trains daily, making it a constant,
Hydropower is considered a relatively new and pulsing artery of the nation.
modern invention in the field of renewable energy. 3. Economically, the railways are a critical engine of
growth. The freight service is indispensable for the
ix. According to the data table, what was the installed country’s industry and agriculture, transporting
renewable energy capacity in India during the huge quantities of essential goods like coal, steel,
fiscal year 2018-19? cement, and food grains. Furthermore, Indian
Railways is one of the largest employers in the
x. Name two specific types of energy storage solutions
world, providing livelihoods to millions of people,
mentioned in the passage that help manage the
both directly and indirectly.
problem of intermittency.
Ans : 4. The social impact of the railways is equally
profound. It is the most affordable and accessible
i. (b) They cause environmental problems.
mode of long-distance travel for the common
ii. (a) (i) and (ii) [Hydropower uses water, and fossil person in India. Every day, it carries an astounding
fuels are not naturally replenished]. 23 million passengers—a number equivalent to
iii. The two primary reasons are fighting climate the entire population of Australia. By enabling
change and enhancing energy security. Reducing people from different regions, cultures, and
carbon emissions slows global warming and economic backgrounds to travel and interact, the
improves public health, while using domestic railways have played a vital role in weaving the
renewable sources reduces a nation’s risky social fabric of the nation.
dependence on limited, expensive, and often 5. Looking to the future, Indian Railways is
imported fossil fuel supplies. undergoing a significant transformation. There
iv. (c) The 2024 target is 175 GW. is a massive push towards modernization, with
a focus on electrification of its network to reduce
v. intermittency
its carbon footprint. The introduction of high-
vi. The growth was 31 GW (125 GW minus 94 speed trains like the Vande Bharat Express and
GW). This rapid upward trend indicates that the implementation of advanced safety systems
India is aggressively pursuing its commitment and better passenger amenities are all part of
to a sustainable future and is successfully the vision to create a world-class, efficient, and
expanding its green infrastructure to meet its sustainable railway system for a new India.
high environmental targets.
Answer the following questions, based on the above
vii. (b) Highly determined. passage:
viii. False (The passage states it is “one of the oldest
forms”). i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
historical significance of the Indian Railways
ix. 78 GW
beyond being a mode of transport?
x. Batteries and smarter power grids.
(a) It was the first industry to use electricity.
10. Read the following passage carefully: (b) It acted as a force for national integration.
1. The Indian Railways is more than just a mode of (c) It was designed solely for the Bori Bunder
transport; it is the lifeline of the nation and an integral area.
part of India’s history. Since its inception with the (d) It replaced all other forms of local travel.
first passenger train journey in 1853 between Bori
Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane, the railway network ii. Based on the scale described in Paragraph 2,
has been a powerful force for national integration which of the following statements is TRUE?
and economic development, connecting the vast and (a) The route length is exactly 13,000 kilometres.
PAGE 62 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(b) The network can circle the Earth five times. x. According to the passage, what is the total
(c) Over 13,000 passenger trains run every day. route length of the Indian Railways network in
kilometres?
(d) Freight trains outnumber passenger trains
daily. Ans :
i. (b) It acted as a force for national integration.
iii. Analyze the economic and social impact of the
ii. (c) Over 13,000 passenger trains run every day.
Indian Railways as described in Paragraphs 3
and 4. How does it serve as both an “engine of iii. Economically, the railways drive growth by acting
growth” and a “social fabric”? as a major global employer and transporting
essential industrial goods like coal and steel.
iv. Consider the following statements regarding the Socially, it acts as a “social fabric” by providing
passenger statistics of Indian Railways: affordable long-distance travel, allowing 23
(i) It carries approximately 23 million passengers million daily passengers from diverse backgrounds
every single day. to interact and connect.
(ii) Its daily passenger count is nearly equal to iv. (b) (i) and (ii) [Paragraph 4 states travel is
Australia’s population. affordable, not expensive].
(iii) High-speed travel is currently the only way to
v. The first passenger train journey occurred in 1853.
reach 23 million.
The freight service is responsible for transporting
(iv) Long-distance travel remains expensive for
essential goods such as coal, steel, cement, and
the common person.
food grains, which are vital for the nation’s
Which of the above are correct based on the
industrial and agricultural sectors.
passage?
vi. (b) Absolutely necessary.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii)
vii. electrification
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
viii. True
v. Identify the year of India’s first passenger train ix. 1853
journey and name the specific goods mentioned
x. Over 68,000 kilometres.
in the text that are transported via the freight
service. 11. Read the following passage carefully:
1. Tourism is the act of travelling to a place for
pleasure, recreation, or business. It is one of the
vi. The word “indispensable” as used in the third world’s largest industries and a significant driver
paragraph most nearly means: of economic growth for many countries, including
(a) Highly complicated India. With its rich history, diverse cultures, and
stunning natural landscapes, India offers a vast
(b) Absolutely necessary
range of attractions for travellers. The tourism
(c) Extremely expensive sector is a major source of employment and
(d) Largely unimportant foreign exchange earnings for the nation.
vii. Complete the following sentence based on 2. The economic impact of tourism is profound due
the modernization goals discussed in the final to its multiplier effect. When a tourist spends
paragraph: money on a hotel, that money doesn’t just benefit
A major focus of the current transformation is the the hotel owner. The hotel uses it to pay its staff,
______ of the network to help reduce its total buy supplies from local farmers, and hire local
carbon footprint. services. These employees and suppliers, in turn,
spend their earnings in the local economy, creating
viii. State whether the following statement is True or a chain reaction that supports a wide array of
False: jobs far beyond the core tourism industry.
The Indian Railways is one of the world’s largest 3. India caters to a wide variety of tourist interests.
employers, providing livelihoods both directly and Cultural and heritage tourism draws people
indirectly. to iconic monuments like the Taj Mahal and
the ancient temples of the south. Eco-tourism
ix. In which specific year did the first passenger train offers experiences in national parks and wildlife
journey between Bori Bunder and Thane take sanctuaries. In recent years, medical tourism has
place?

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

grown, with people travelling to India for high- Choose the correct option:
quality, affordable healthcare, while religious (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
tourism attracts millions of pilgrims to sacred sites.
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
4. Despite its benefits, the tourism industry is highly
vulnerable to external shocks. Global events such iii. Explain the concept of the “multiplier effect” in
as economic recessions, political instability, and tourism and how a single tourist’s expenditure
public health crises can have an immediate and reaches local farmers and service providers.
severe impact on travel. The table below shows
iv. According to the data table, in which year did
the number of foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs)
India experience the most significant decline in
to India and starkly illustrates the effect of the
Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs)?
COVID-19 pandemic, which brought global travel
to a near standstill in 2020 and 2021. (a) 2019 (b) 2020
Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India (c) 2021 (d) 2022

Year Foreign Tourist Arrivals v. Identify the year in the table that recorded
(in millions) exactly 10.93 million arrivals and explain what
the subsequent data for 2020 and 2021 suggests
2018 10.56 about the industry’s stability.
2019 10.93
vi. The word “vulnerable” as used in Paragraph 4
2020 2.74 most nearly means:
2021 1.52 (a) Highly profitable (b) Easily affected
2022 6.19 (c) Widely popular (d) Extremely rare

5. To boost this vital sector, the Government of India vii. Complete the following Analogy based on the
NODIA

has run promotional campaigns like “Incredible types of tourism discussed in the passage:
India” to showcase the country’s attractions on a National Parks : Eco-tourism :: Affordable
global stage. Efforts are also continuously made Healthcare : ______
to improve infrastructure, such as airports and
roads, and to ensure the safety and security of all viii. State whether the following statement is True or
tourists. The data for 2022 shows the beginning of False:
a recovery as global travel restrictions eased. According to the data table, the tourism sector in
2022 showed a complete recovery to pre-pandemic
Answer the following questions, based on the above levels seen in 2018.
passage and data table:
ix. According to the table, what was the total number
i. Based on the first paragraph, why is the tourism of foreign tourists who arrived in India during the
sector considered a vital industry for the Indian year 2021?
nation?
(a) It reduces the total population. x. Name the specific promotional campaign launched
(b) It provides jobs and foreign exchange. by the Government of India to showcase the
country’s attractions globally.
(c) It eliminates the need for airports.
Ans :
(d) It prevents cultural diversity.
i. (b) It provides jobs and foreign exchange.
ii. Which of the following statements about the ii. (b) (ii) and (iii) [It benefits staff, farmers, and
“multiplier effect” is CORRECT according to the local suppliers through a chain reaction].
passage? iii. The multiplier effect describes how tourist
(i) It only benefits the owners of large hotels. spending circulates through the economy. When
(ii) It creates a chain reaction in the local a tourist pays a hotel, that money is used to pay
economy. staff and purchase local supplies like food from
(iii) It supports jobs far beyond the core tourism farmers. Consequently, these employees and
industry. suppliers spend their earnings locally, supporting
(iv) It refers to the doubling of tourist arrivals a wide array of secondary jobs.
annually.
PAGE 64 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. (c) 2021 (The arrivals dropped to their lowest Volume of UPI Transactions in India
point of 1.52 million).
Fiscal Year Number of Transactions
v. 2019 recorded 10.93 million arrivals. The (in billions)
subsequent data for 2020 and 2021 shows a
drastic drop to 2.74 and 1.52 million respectively, 2018-19 5.35
suggesting that the tourism industry is highly 2020-21 22.28
unstable and susceptible to external shocks like 2022-23 83.75
global health crises.
2024-25 (Projected) 150.00
vi. (b) Easily affected (Susceptible to harm).
vii. Medical tourism 5. Despite this success, challenges remain. Bridging
viii. False (6.19 million in 2022 is still significantly the digital divide between urban and rural areas
lower than 10.56 million in 2018). is crucial to ensure everyone can participate.
Improving digital literacy—the skills needed to
ix. 1.52 million
use digital devices and services confidently—is
x. Incredible India. another priority. Furthermore, as the volume of
transactions grows, ensuring robust cybersecurity
to protect users from fraud becomes increasingly
important.
12. Read the following passage carefully:
Answer the following questions, based on the above
1. In recent years, India has been undergoing a massive passage and data table:
transformation in how its citizens handle money.
The traditional cash-based economy is rapidly i. According to the first paragraph, which of the
giving way to digital payments—transactions following is a key driver behind India’s rapid shift
conducted using electronic mediums without the toward a digital economy?
physical exchange of money. This shift has been (a) Decreased use of mobile smartphones.
driven by increased internet and smartphone
(b) Higher costs of internet data plans.
penetration, government initiatives, and the
development of user-friendly payment systems. (c) Increased penetration of the internet.
(d) Reduction in user-friendly applications.
2. At the forefront of this revolution is the Unified
Payments Interface (UPI). Launched in 2016, ii. Based on the 2016 launch of the Unified Payments
UPI is an instant real-time payment system that Interface (UPI) described in Paragraph 2, which
allows users to link multiple bank accounts into of the following is TRUE?
a single mobile application. It enables them to (i) It allows linking multiple bank accounts to
transfer funds, pay bills, and make purchases one app.
seamlessly using just their mobile phone. The (ii) It is used exclusively in large urban shopping
convenience and security of UPI have made it
malls.
incredibly popular across the country, from large
(iii) It requires a physical exchange of currency
urban malls to small village shops.
notes.
3. The benefits of a “less-cash” economy are numerous. (iv) It functions as an instant, real-time payment
For consumers, it offers unparalleled convenience system.
and reduces the risks associated with carrying
NODIA

Choose the correct option:

cash. For businesses, it streamlines transactions,
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
provides a clear digital record, and broadens
their customer base. For the national economy, it (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
increases financial transparency, reduces the costs
iii. Assertion (A): A “less-cash” economy is beneficial
of printing and managing currency, and helps to
for a nation’s overall financial health.
curb the flow of unaccounted-for money.
Reason (R): Digital transactions increase financial
4. The pace of this adoption has been nothing short transparency and help the government curb the
of phenomenal. The data in the table below flow of unaccounted money.
illustrates the exponential growth in the volume
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
of UPI transactions, cementing its position as the
correct explanation of (A).
backbone of India’s digital payment ecosystem.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the v. (c) 83.75 billion.
correct explanation of (A). vi. The data shows an exponential growth trend in
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. UPI usage. Between 2020-21 (22.28 billion) and
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 2022-23 (83.75 billion), the volume increased by
approximately 61.47 billion transactions, proving
iv. Identify two major benefits of digital payments— that UPI has become the backbone of India’s
one for a business owner and one for the national payment ecosystem.
economy—as discussed in Paragraph 3.
vii. digital divide
v. According to the data table, what was the viii. False (The passage states that robust cybersecurity
recorded volume of UPI transactions in the fiscal becomes “increasingly important”).
year 2022-23? ix. 150.00 billion
(a) 5.35 billion (b) 22.28 billion x. The skills and confidence needed to use digital
(c) 83.75 billion (d) 150.00 billion devices and services effectively.

vi. Analyze the data table from 2018-19 to the 13. Read the following passage carefully:
2024-25 projection. Describe the growth trend of
1. While the Earth is teeming with life, this life
UPI transactions and calculate the approximate
is not distributed evenly. Certain regions are
increase between 2020-21 and 2022-23.
exceptionally rich in species, many of which
vii. Complete the following sentence with reference to are found nowhere else on the planet. These
the challenges mentioned in the final paragraph: irreplaceable areas are known as biodiversity
The gap in access to technology between different hotspots. The concept was developed to identify
groups, such as urban and rural populations, is regions that have high levels of biodiversity and
referred to as the ______. are also under severe threat from human activities,
thereby prioritizing them for conservation efforts.
viii. State whether the following statement is True or 2. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, a region
False: must meet two strict criteria. First, it must
As the volume of digital transactions increases, contain a high number of endemic plant species.
the passage suggests that cybersecurity becomes An endemic species is one that is native to a
a less significant priority for the government. particular geographic location and is not found
anywhere else. Specifically, a hotspot must have
at least 1,500 endemic vascular plant species.
Second, the region must be threatened, having
lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation.
3. These hotspots are critical for global conservation.
ix. According to the table, what is the projected Although the 36 recognized hotspots cover only
volume of UPI transactions for the fiscal year 2.5% of the Earth’s land surface, they are home
2024-25? to more than half of the world’s plant species
and nearly 43% of its bird, mammal, reptile, and
x. Define the term “digital literacy” as it is used in amphibian species as endemics. This means that
the context of the concluding paragraph. protecting these relatively small areas can have a
Ans : disproportionately large impact on safeguarding
i. (c) Increased penetration of the internet. the planet’s biodiversity.
ii. (d) (i) and (iv) [UPI is used in both urban and 4. India is a country of immense biodiversity and is
rural areas and does not use physical cash]. home to four of these global hotspots. The table
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the below highlights two of them—the Himalayas and
the Western Ghats—and compares them with
correct explanation of (A).
other prominent hotspots around the world based
iv. For businesses, digital payments provide a clear on the richness of their endemic plant life.
digital record and broaden the potential customer
base. For the national economy, this shift reduces
the high costs associated with printing and
managing physical currency while increasing
transparency.

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PAGE 66 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Endemic Plant Species in Select Biodiversity Choose the correct option:

Hotspots (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
Biodiversity Location Number of (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Hotspot Endemic
Plant Species iii. Explain why protecting the 36 recognized
(approx.) biodiversity hotspots is considered a highly
efficient global conservation strategy despite their
The Andes South 20,000 small size.
Mountains America
The Western India/Sri 3,000 iv. Which of the following hotspots listed in the data
Ghats & Sri Lanka Lanka table has the highest number of endemic plant
species?
The Himalayas South Asia 3,160
(a) The Himalayas
(incl. India)
(b) The Andes Mountains
New Zealand Oceania 1,865
(c) The Mediterranean Basin
The Mediterranean Europe/ 13,000

NODIA
(d) The Western Ghats
Basin North
Africa v. Analyze the data for the two Indian hotspots—the
Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Based on the
5. The very reasons these areas are hotspots—high
table, which has a higher count of endemic plants,
concentrations of unique life and significant
and how does this compare to the Mediterranean
habitat loss—also make their conservation a
Basin?
major challenge. They are under constant threat
from deforestation, agricultural expansion, vi. Complete the following sentence based on the
pollution, and climate change. Protecting definition provided in the text:
these regions requires a concerted effort from A species that is native to a specific geographic
governments, conservation organizations, and location and is found nowhere else on Earth is
local communities. known as an ______ species.
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage and data table: vii. State whether the following statement is True or
False with reference to the data table:
i. According to the first paragraph, what was the According to the table, New Zealand has a higher
primary motivation behind the development of number of endemic plant species than the Western
the “biodiversity hotspot” concept? Ghats & Sri Lanka.
(a) To identify regions suitable for industrial
viii. The word “concerted” in the final paragraph most
growth.
nearly means:
(b) To list every existing species on the entire
(a) Coordinated (b) Musical
planet.
(c) Individual (d) Optional
(c) To prioritize regions for global conservation
efforts. ix. According to the data table, what is the
(d) To promote international tourism in tropical approximate number of endemic plant species
areas. found in the New Zealand hotspot?

ii. Based on the criteria mentioned in Paragraph 2, x. Name one major human-driven threat mentioned
which of the following must a region possess to be in the passage that contributes to the degradation
officially classified as a hotspot? of biodiversity hotspots.
(i) At least 1,500 endemic vascular plant species. Ans :
(ii) More than 70% of its original natural i. (c) To prioritize regions for global conservation
vegetation intact. efforts.
(iii) Significant loss of at least 70% of its original
ii. (c) (i) and (iii) [A hotspot must have lost at least
habitat.
70% of its vegetation, not kept it].
(iv) A geographic location situated solely in South
America. iii. Although these 36 hotspots cover only 2.5%
of the Earth’s land, they house over half the
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

world’s plants and 43% of terrestrial vertebrates it successfully soft-landed on the lunar surface,
as endemics. Protecting these small areas yields making India the fourth country in the world
a disproportionately large impact on global to do so. More significantly, it became the very
biodiversity preservation. first country to land near the Moon’s challenging
iv. (b) The Andes Mountains (20,000 species). south polar region, a feat of incredible precision
and engineering.
v. The Himalayas (3,160) have a slightly higher
count of endemic plants than the Western 5. Beyond these high-profile missions, ISRO’s work
Ghats (3,000). However, both are significantly has a direct impact on the lives of ordinary
lower than the Mediterranean Basin, which Indians. Its constellation of INSAT satellites is the
contains approximately 13,000 endemic species, backbone of the country’s telecommunications,
television broadcasting, and weather forecasting
highlighting vast regional differences in plant
systems. Data from its remote sensing satellites
richness.
is crucial for managing natural resources, disaster
vi. endemic management, and urban planning. The NavIC
vii. False (New Zealand has 1,865, while the Western satellite navigation system, India’s own version of
Ghats has 3,000). GPS, further enhances national security and self-
viii. (a) Coordinated. reliance.
ix. 1,865 Answer the following questions, based on the above
x. Deforestation/agricultural expansion/pollution/ passage:
climate change.
i. According to the first paragraph, what has been
14. Read the following passage carefully: the fundamental guiding mission of ISRO since its
inception in 1969?
1. The story of India’s journey into space is one of
(a) To compete with the budget of Hollywood
ambitious dreams and remarkable achievements.
movies.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),
formed in 1969, has grown from humble beginnings (b) To harness space technology for national
to become one of the world’s leading space development.
agencies. Its mission has always been to harness (c) To launch more satellites than the Soviet
space technology for national development, and Union.
its success is a testament to the nation’s scientific (d) To focus exclusively on lunar exploration.
prowess.
2. India’s space odyssey began with the launch ii. Based on the details in Paragraph 2, which of the
of its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975 with following statements about the PSLV are correct?
the help of the Soviet Union. To achieve self- (i) It is frequently referred to as the “workhorse
reliance, ISRO developed its own launch vehicles. of ISRO.”
The most successful of these has been the Polar (ii) It has successfully launched over 400 foreign
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). Often called the satellites.
“workhorse of ISRO,” the PSLV has an impressive (iii) It was developed with the primary help of the
success rate, with over 50 successful missions. Soviet Union.
This reliability has made it a preferred choice (iv) It is recognized for its high reliability and
for other countries, and as of early 2024, it had success rate.
successfully launched over 400 foreign satellites, Choose the correct option:
earning valuable foreign exchange.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), and (iv)
3. ISRO is globally acclaimed for its cost-effective (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
interplanetary missions. The Mars Orbiter
Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, made iii. Contrast the Mangalyaan mission (2013) with the
India the first nation to succeed on its maiden Chandrayaan-3 mission (2023) in terms of their
attempt to reach Mars. The entire mission was specific historic achievements on the global stage.
accomplished at a cost of approximately `450
crore (about $74 million), famously less than the iv. The word “prowess” as used in the opening
budget of the Hollywood movie ‘Gravity’. paragraph most nearly means:
4. More recently, the Chandrayaan-3 mission etched (a) Strategic goals (b) Great expertise
India’s name in history. On August 23, 2023, (c) Constant growth (d) National pride

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PAGE 68 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. Assertion (A): The Chandrayaan-3 mission is Hollywood space movie ‘Gravity’, showcasing
considered a feat of incredible precision and ISRO’s ability to achieve major scientific
engineering. milestones economically.
Reason (R): India became the first country in the vii. INSAT
world to successfully soft-land near the Moon’s
viii. False (It was launched with the help of the Soviet
challenging south polar region.
Union).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
ix. Over 400.
correct explanation of (A).

NODIA
x. August 23, 2023.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). 15. Read the following passage carefully:
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 1. Forests are the lungs of our planet, vital ecosystems
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. that support a vast majority of the world’s
biodiversity and play a crucial role in regulating
vi. Identify the approximate cost of the Mangalyaan the global climate. However, these essential
mission and explain how the passage highlights ecosystems are under threat from deforestation—
its cost-effectiveness in comparison to popular the purposeful clearing of forested land on a
culture. massive scale. While humans have cleared forests
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the for centuries, the rate of deforestation in the
societal applications discussed in Paragraph 5: modern era has reached unsustainable levels,
The backbone of India’s telecommunications and leading to severe environmental consequences.
weather forecasting systems is the constellation of 2. The primary driver behind global deforestation is
______ satellites. agriculture. To feed a growing global population,
vast areas of forest are cleared to make way
viii. State whether the following statement is True or for livestock grazing and to grow crops. In
False: particular, cattle ranching for beef production
The Aryabhata satellite was launched in 1975 and the cultivation of commodity crops like palm
using a launch vehicle developed entirely by ISRO. oil (used in everything from food to cosmetics)
and soy (used mainly for animal feed) are major
ix. As of early 2024, approximately how many foreign contributors.
satellites had been successfully launched by the
PSLV? 3. Other activities also play a significant role.
Logging, both legal and illegal, fells millions of trees
x. On what specific date did Chandrayaan-3 each year for timber and to make paper products.
successfully soft-land on the lunar surface? The expansion of cities and infrastructure, or
Ans : urbanization, and mining operations also require
the clearing of large forest areas. The table
i. (b) To harness space technology for national
below breaks down the main global drivers of
development. deforestation by their percentage contribution.
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) [Aryabhata used Soviet help,
Primary Drivers of Global Deforestation
but PSLV was an ISRO development].
iii. Mangalyaan (2013) made India the first nation to Cause Global Percentage
reach Mars on its maiden attempt at a remarkably Contribution (%)
low cost. Chandrayaan-3 (2023) made India the Beef Production 41%
fourth country to soft-land on the Moon and the
very first to reach the Moon’s difficult south polar Logging (for wood/paper) 13%
region. Palm Oil Production 10%
iv. (b) Great expertise. Soy Production 8%
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
Other (Urbanization, 28%
correct explanation of (A). mining, etc.)
vi. The Mangalyaan mission cost approximately `450
crore ($74 million). The passage highlights its 4. The environmental impact of deforestation is
efficiency by noting that this total budget was profound. Forests act as massive ”carbon sinks,”
famously less than the production budget of the meaning they absorb and store enormous amounts
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a key greenhouse gas. v. Assertion (A): Forests are often referred to as
When forests are cut down and burned, this stored “carbon sinks” that are vital for regulating the
carbon is released back into the atmosphere, global climate.
contributing significantly to climate change. Reason (R): Trees absorb and store enormous
5. Furthermore, deforestation is a leading cause amounts of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), preventing
of biodiversity loss. Forests are home to an it from warming the atmosphere.
estimated 80% of the world’s terrestrial species of (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
plants, animals, and insects. When their habitat correct explanation of (A).
is destroyed, countless species are pushed towards (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
extinction. The loss of tree cover also leads to correct explanation of (A).
soil erosion, as tree roots no longer bind the soil,
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
and disrupts local water cycles, which can lead to
changes in rainfall patterns. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Answer the following questions, based on the above vi. Calculate the combined percentage of global
passage and data table: deforestation caused by the production of Palm
Oil and Soy. What does this combined figure
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the suggest about commodity crops compared to Beef
primary reason the modern rate of clearing production?
forested land is considered a major crisis?
(a) It has reached unsustainable levels. vii. The word “profound” as used in the fourth
paragraph most nearly means:
(b) It has occurred for many centuries.
(a) Very intense (b) Slightly visible
(c) It is done for purposeful reasons.
(c) Hardly noticed (d) Easily reversed
(d) It only affects the local weather.
viii. Complete the following sentence based on
ii. Based on the table and Paragraph 2, which of
the environmental consequences discussed in
the following are correctly identified as primary
Paragraph 5:
agricultural drivers of deforestation?
The loss of tree cover leads to ______ because
(i) Beef Production (41%)
tree roots are no longer present to bind the earth
(ii) Palm Oil Production (10%)
together.
(iii) Urbanization and Mining (13%)
(iv) Soy Production (8%) ix. State whether the following statement is True or
Choose the correct option: False with reference to the data table:
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (i), (ii), and (iv) The category labeled “Other,” which includes
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv) urbanization and mining, contributes more to
deforestation than logging and soy production
iii. Identify the two major products mentioned in the combined.
text that are derived from logging, and explain
how the expansion of infrastructure contributes x. According to the passage, what percentage of the
to forest loss. world’s terrestrial species rely on forests as their
primary habitat?
iv. Which of the following statements about the
Ans :
drivers of deforestation is TRUE according to the
data table? i. (a) It has reached unsustainable levels.
(a) Soy production causes more damage than ii. (b) (i), (ii), and (iv) [Urbanization is part of
logging. “Other,” not 13%].
(b) Beef production is the single largest driver at iii. The two major products derived from logging
41%. are timber and paper products. Infrastructure
expansion, known as urbanization, contributes
(c) Palm oil contributes to exactly 18% of forest
to deforestation by requiring the clearing of
loss.
large forest areas to build cities, roads, and other
(d) Logging for wood is the least significant essential public facilities.
factor.
iv. (b) Beef production is the single largest driver at
41%.

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PAGE 70 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the temperature, around -18°C (0°F), which stops
correct explanation of (A). bacterial growth almost completely, allowing for
vi. The combined percentage is 18% (10% + 8%). long-term storage.
While significant, this figure suggests that 5 The choice of refrigerant has had significant
commodity crops like palm oil and soy contribute environmental implications. For much of the
less than half of the environmental damage caused 20th century, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were
by beef production alone (41%). the most common refrigerants. However, in the
vii. (a) Very intense. 1980s, it was discovered that these chemicals were
causing severe damage to the Earth’s ozone layer.
viii. soil erosion
This led to an international ban on CFCs and
ix. True [“Other” is 28%; Logging (13%) + Soy (8%) a shift towards more environmentally friendly
= 21%]. refrigerants, highlighting the ongoing challenge
x. 80% of balancing technological advancement with
environmental protection.
16. Read the following passage carefully: Answer the following questions, based on the above
1 Refrigeration is one of the most transformative passage:
technologies of the modern era, fundamentally
changing how we store food, transport medicine, i. According to the first paragraph, what is the core
and live comfortably. At its core, refrigeration scientific process that enables a refrigerator to
is not the creation of cold, but the process function?
of removing heat from an enclosed space and (a) Generating cold air particles internally.
transferring it to the outside environment. This (b) Transferring heat from inside to outside.
simple principle is responsible for keeping our (c) Using electricity to freeze water vapor.
food fresh and our homes cool.
(d) Insulating the box from external sunlight.
2 The magic behind this process lies in a special
fluid called a refrigerant, which circulates through ii. Based on the details in Paragraph 2, which of
the refrigerator’s system. The technology relies on the following statements about the development
a key law of physics: when a liquid turns into of refrigeration is TRUE?
a gas (evaporation), it absorbs heat from its (a) Jacob Perkins developed a practical system in
surroundings. The modern refrigeration cycle, first 1834.
developed in a practical form by Jacob Perkins in (b) The first cooling systems were invented in the
1834, uses this principle in a continuous loop. 1980s.
3 This process, known as the vapor-compression (c) Refrigerants were first used to create
cycle, has four main stages. First, a compressor electricity.
squeezes the refrigerant gas, increasing its
(d) The modern cycle was discovered by a team
pressure and temperature. Second, this hot, high-
in 2024.
pressure gas flows through coils on the back of
the refrigerator (condensation), releasing its heat iii. Describe the four main stages of the vapor-
into the room and turning into a cool liquid. compression cycle as explained in Paragraph 3.
Third, this liquid passes through an expansion How does the refrigerant change state during this
valve, where the pressure drops suddenly, causing process?
it to become extremely cold. Finally, this cold
NODIA

liquid flows through coils inside the refrigerator iv. Which of the following correctly identifies the
compartment (evaporation), absorbing heat from ideal temperature for a freezer compartment to
the food and air, and turning back into a gas. stop bacterial growth?
This cycle then repeats. (a) Between 3°C and 4°C
4 This system is designed to maintain specific (b) Approximately 0°C
temperatures for optimal food preservation. (c) Approximately -18°C
The main refrigerator compartment is typically
(d) Above 5°C
kept between 3°C and 4°C (37°F and 40°F),
a temperature range that significantly slows v. Assertion (A): The choice of refrigerants shifted
the growth of harmful bacteria. The freezer away from Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the
compartment is maintained at a much colder late 20th century.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

Reason (R): Scientists discovered that CFCs vii. cool liquid

were responsible for causing severe damage to the viii. (b) Drastic change.
Earth’s protective ozone layer. ix. True
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the x. Expansion valve
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the 17. Read the following passage carefully:
correct explanation of (A). 1. Poverty is one of the most significant challenges
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. faced by independent India. It is a condition
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. where a person or community lacks the financial
resources and essential amenities for a minimum
vi. Explain why the main refrigerator compartment standard of living. Poverty is not just about a lack
is specifically kept between 3°C and 4°C and what of money; it is a multi-faceted issue that includes
would happen if the temperature rose above this hunger, malnutrition, limited access to education
range. and healthcare, social discrimination, and a lack
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the of participation in decision-making.
condensation stage described in the text: 2. Poverty is measured in different ways. One
When hot, high-pressure gas flows through the common global benchmark is the international
coils on the back of the refrigerator, it releases poverty line, set by the World Bank. As of the
heat and turns into a ______. latest revision, this line is defined as living on
less than $2.15 per day. However, many analysts
viii. The word “transformative” as used in the opening now prefer to use a broader measure called the
paragraph most nearly means: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which
(a) Minor change (b) Drastic change captures various deprivations in health, education,
(c) Temporary shift (d) Useful tool and living standards, giving a more holistic view
of poverty.
ix. State whether the following statement is True or
False: 3. India has made remarkable strides in its fight
The process of evaporation in the refrigeration against poverty. A 2023 report by the United
cycle involves the refrigerant absorbing heat from Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
its surroundings. highlighted this success. It stated that India’s
multidimensional poverty rate plummeted from
x. Name the specific mechanical component that 55.1% in the period 2005-06 down to 16.4% in
drops the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, 2019-21. This translates to a historic achievement:
causing it to become extremely cold. a staggering 415 million people were lifted out of
Ans : poverty within a span of just 15 years.
i. (b) Transferring heat from inside to outside. 4. The causes of poverty are complex and include
ii. (a) Jacob Perkins developed a practical system in unemployment, unequal distribution of wealth,
1834. and social exclusion. Its consequences are severe
iii. The cycle involves compression (squeezing gas), and far-reaching. Poverty is closely linked to poor
condensation (turning gas to liquid), expansion health outcomes, low literacy levels, and a high
infant mortality rate. It creates a vicious cycle
(dropping pressure), and evaporation (turning
where a lack of opportunity prevents people from
liquid back to gas). During these stages, the
escaping their deprived conditions.
refrigerant constantly changes between liquid and
gaseous states to move heat out of the refrigerator. 5. The government has adopted a two-pronged
strategy to combat poverty: promoting economic
iv. (c) Approximately -18°C.
growth and launching targeted anti-poverty
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the programmes. One of the most significant schemes
correct explanation of (A). has been the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
vi. The main compartment is kept at 3°C to 4°C Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),
because this specific range significantly slows the launched in 2005. This act aims to enhance
growth of harmful bacteria. If the temperature livelihood security in rural areas by providing at
rises above this, bacteria would grow faster, least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in
causing food to spoil quickly and potentially a financial year to every household whose adult
posing a health risk. members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

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PAGE 72 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Answer the following questions, based on the above vi. Explain the two-pronged strategy adopted by the
passage: Indian government to fight poverty and describe
how the MGNREGA scheme specifically supports
i. According to the first paragraph, why is poverty rural households.
described as a “multi-faceted” issue rather than
just a financial one? vii. Complete the following sentence based on the
(a) It only affects people living in rural villages. international benchmark mentioned in the text:
The World Bank defines the international poverty
(b) It is caused exclusively by a lack of paper
line as living on less than ______ per day.
money.
(c) It involves hunger, malnutrition, and social viii. State whether the following statement is True or
exclusion. False:
(d) It is a condition that is easily solved by According to the UNDP report, India’s
tourism. multidimensional poverty rate increased
significantly between 2005 and 2021.
ii. Based on the measurement of poverty discussed
in Paragraph 2, which of the following statements ix. In what specific year was the Mahatma Gandhi
is/are correct? National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(i) The World Bank sets the international (MGNREGA) launched?
poverty line at $2.15 per day.
x. According to the passage, what was the exact
(ii) The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
multidimensional poverty rate in India during the
only measures monthly income.
2019-21 period?
(iii) Analysts prefer the MPI because it provides a
more holistic view. Ans :
(iv) Poverty is measured solely by the number of i. (c) It involves hunger, malnutrition, and social
people in a household. exclusion.
Choose the correct option: ii. (b) (i) and (iii) [MPI captures health and
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) education, not just income].
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) iii. India achieved a historic milestone by lifting 415
million people out of poverty in 15 years. The
iii. Analyze the progress India made in poverty multidimensional poverty rate plummeted from
reduction between 2005-06 and 2019-21. Use the a high of 55.1% in 2005-06 to 16.4% in 2019-
specific percentages and population figures from 21, showcasing the remarkable strides made in
the UNDP report to support your answer. improving national living standards.
iv. The word “holistic” as used in the second iv. (b) Considering the whole.
paragraph most nearly means: v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(a) Narrowly focused correct explanation of (A).
(b) Considering the whole vi. The government promotes economic growth while
(c) Mathematically precise launching targeted anti-poverty programmes.
MGNREGA, for instance, enhances rural
(d) Financially unstable
livelihood security by guaranteeing 100 days
v. Assertion (A): Poverty often creates a “vicious of wage employment per year for unskilled
cycle” that is difficult for individuals to escape. manual work, providing a financial safety net for
Reason (R): A lack of basic opportunities in households in need.
health and education prevents deprived people vii. $2.15
from improving their conditions. viii. False (It decreased from 55.1% to 16.4%).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the ix. 2005
correct explanation of (A).
x. 16.4%
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). 18. Read the following passage carefully:
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 1. The present generation is well updated with
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. the use of internet and computers. The rapid
development in computer technology and increase

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

in accessibility of the internet for academic Answer the following questions, based on the above
purposes has changed the face of education for passage:
everyone associated with it. Let’s look at the
data arising out of a recent survey that was done i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
to ascertain the time spent on utilisation of the primary purpose of the recent survey mentioned
computer and internet. in the text?
(a) To evaluate the cost of new laptops.
(b) To track the history of the internet.

NODIA
(c) To determine time spent on technology.
(d) To promote specific social media apps.

ii. Based on the 2018 Academic Student e-book

Experience Survey, which of the following
statements are correct?
(i) 74% of respondents prefer print books for
leisure reading.
(ii) 45% of students prefer e-books for research
purposes.
(iii) Highlighting text is the most valued e-book
feature.
(iv) Page numbers for citations is the top-rated
feature.
Choose the correct option:
2. At present, many schools and universities have (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
been implementing internet-based learning, as it (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
supplements the conventional teaching methods.
The internet provides a wide variety of references iii. Identify the two activities in the bar chart that
and information to academics as well as scientific share the highest “Everyday” usage percentage
researchers. Students often turn to it to do their and state that approximate value.
academic assignments and projects.
3. However, research on Internet is very different
from traditional library research, and the
iv. Which of the following e-book features was
differences can cause problems. The Internet
preferred by exactly 60% of the respondents in
is a tremendous resource, but it must be used
the 2018 survey?
carefully and critically.
(a) Resizing text for screens
4. According to a 2018 Academic Student e-book
Experience Survey, conducted by LJ’s research (b) Downloading the entire book
department and sponsored by EBSCO, when (c) Transferring content to devices
reading for pleasure, almost 74% of respondents (d) Bookmarking and highlighting text
said they preferred print books for leisure whereas,
45% of respondents chose e-books rather than the v. Assertion (A): Internet research is considered a
printed versions, for research or assignments. tremendous resource but must be approached
with caution.
5. When asked what e-book features make them
Reason (R): Internet research differs significantly
their favourite for research, the respondents were
from traditional library research and can lead to
clear. Having page numbers to use in citations,
potential problems.
topped the list (75%); followed by the ability
to resize text to fit a device’s screen (67%); the (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
ability to bookmark pages, highlight text, or take correct explanation of (A).
notes for later reference (60%); downloading the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
entire e-book (57%); and allowing correct explanation of (A).
content to be transferred between devices (43%) (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
were the varied responses.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
PAGE 74 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

vi. Complete the following Analogy based on the network of blood vessels is so extensive that if
“Everyday” usage data provided in the bar chart: it were laid out in a single line, it would stretch
Academic Activities : ~50% :: Internet for Work for more than 96,000 kilometres—long enough to
: ______ circle the Earth almost two and a half times. Each
day, this relentless organ pumps about 7,500 litres
vii. Analyze the bar chart data for the “Never” of blood throughout the body.
category. Which specific computer/internet
3. The heart is a four-chambered pump, composed
activity has the highest percentage of non-users?
of two upper chambers called atria and two lower,
viii. State whether the following statement is True or more powerful chambers called ventricles. This
False with reference to the bar chart: structure facilitates a “double circulation” system.
The percentage of students using the internet for The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated
leisure “2-3 days a week” is approximately 30%. blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to
pick up oxygen. The left side of the heart receives
ix. According to the 2018 survey, what percentage of this newly oxygenated blood from the lungs and
respondents preferred using e-books rather than pumps it out to the rest of the body.
printed versions for research or assignments? 4. The speed at which the heart pumps is known
as the heart rate, measured in beats per minute
x. Name one of the technical features of e-books
(bpm). A normal resting heart rate for an adult
mentioned in Paragraph 5 that makes them a
typically falls between 60 and 100 bpm. Athletes
favorite for student research.
and people who are very physically fit often have
Ans : a lower resting heart rate because their heart
i. (c) To determine time spent on technology. muscle is stronger and more efficient, meaning it
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iv) [Citations (75%) topped the can pump the same amount of blood with fewer
list, not highlighting (60%)]. beats.
iii. Using the internet for work and using the internet
for leisure share the highest “Everyday” usage,
both reaching approximately 58%. 5. Maintaining the health of this vital organ is
iv. (d) Bookmarking and highlighting text. crucial for a long life. Cardiovascular diseases are
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the a leading cause of death globally, but many are
correct explanation of (A). preventable. A heart-healthy lifestyle includes
a balanced diet low in unhealthy fats and salt,
vi. ~58% regular aerobic exercise like walking or cycling,
vii. According to the chart, “Utilization computer for maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding
Personal Use” has the highest percentage in the smoking. These simple habits can significantly
“Never” category (the black bar). reduce the risk of heart problems and keep the
viii. True. body’s engine running smoothly for years to come.
ix. 45%. Answer the following questions, based on the above
x. Page numbers for citations/resizing text/ passage:
bookmarking/downloading/transferring content.
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
primary purpose of the heart’s “tireless” work?
19. Read the following passage carefully:
(a) To produce muscle cells.
1. At the center of our circulatory system is the
(b) To digest heavy nutrients.
human heart, a muscular organ about the size of a
clenched fist. This incredible pump works tirelessly (c) To supply cells with oxygen.
from before we are born until the moment we die, (d) To measure the size of a fist.
ensuring that every cell in our body receives the
oxygen and nutrients it needs to survive. It is the ii. Based on the workload described in Paragraph 2,
engine of life, a marvel of biological engineering. which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) The heart beats 96,000 times daily.
2. The workload of the heart is truly astounding.
On an average day, the heart beats approximately (b) It pumps about 7,500 litres of blood.
100,000 times, pushing blood through a vast (c) Blood vessels are 100,000 km long.
network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. This (d) The network circles Earth ten times.

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

iii. Assertion (A): Athletes and physically fit of the body.

individuals often have a lower resting heart rate vi. The heart has four chambers: two upper atria
than the average adult. and two lower ventricles. The atria function as
Reason (R): A stronger and more efficient heart receiving chambers for blood returning to the
muscle can pump the required amount of blood heart, while the more powerful ventricles act as
with fewer total beats. the main pumps that push blood out to the lungs
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the and body.
correct explanation of (A). vii. beats per minute (bpm)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the viii. True
correct explanation of (A).
ix. Approximately 100,000 times.
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
x. About the size of a clenched fist.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
20. Read the following passage carefully:
iv. The word “astounding” as used in the second
paragraph most nearly means: 1. At the heart of every smartphone, laptop, car,
and modern appliance is a tiny piece of engineered
(a) Highly dangerous (b) Very impressive
magic: the semiconductor chip. Semiconductors
(c) Entirely normal (d) Quite insignificant are materials, most commonly silicon, which
have an electrical conductivity between that
v. Explain the concept of the “double circulation”
of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator
system. How do the right and left sides of the
(like glass). These materials are used to create
heart differ in the type of blood they handle?
microscopic switches called transistors, which
vi. Identify the four chambers of the heart and are the fundamental building blocks of all digital
differentiate between the roles of the atria and electronics.
the ventricles in the pumping process. 2. The digital age truly began with the invention
of the first transistor at Bell Labs in 1947. This
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the tiny device replaced bulky, unreliable, and power-
heart rate statistics mentioned in the text: hungry vacuum tubes, paving the way for smaller
A normal resting heart rate for a healthy adult and more powerful electronics. Since then, the
typically falls between 60 and 100 ______. industry has been driven by Moore’s Law, an
observation that the number of transistors on a
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
NODIA

chip doubles approximately every two years. This

False:
exponential progress is why a modern smartphone
The vast network of arteries, veins, and capillaries
is more powerful than the supercomputers of a
in the human body stretches for more than 96,000
few decades ago; a single advanced chip today can
kilometres.
contain over 50 billion transistors.
ix. According to the passage, approximately how 3. The process of creating these chips is one of the
many times does the human heart beat on an most complex manufacturing feats in human
average day? history. It begins with purifying silicon from
common sand. The silicon is then grown into a
x. What is the approximate size of the human heart large, flawless crystal, which is sliced into thin
as described in the opening paragraph? wafers. Through an intricate process called
Ans : photolithography, patterns of circuits and
i. (c) To supply cells with oxygen. transistors are etched onto these wafers. The
ii. (b) It pumps about 7,500 litres of blood. scale is almost unimaginable, with the smallest
features on a modern chip measuring just 3 to 5
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the nanometers—thousands of times smaller than the
correct explanation of (A). width of a human hair.
iv. (b) Very impressive.
4. The semiconductor industry is a massive global
v. Double circulation involves two distinct paths. enterprise, valued at over $550 billion in 2023.
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated However, the manufacturing is highly concentrated
blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. in a few locations. Taiwan is the undisputed
Conversely, the left side receives oxygenated blood world leader, accounting for over 60% of global
from the lungs and pumps it out to serve the rest semiconductor production and a staggering 90%
PAGE 76 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

of the most advanced chips used in technologies (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
like AI and high-performance computing. This correct explanation of (A).
geographical concentration makes the global (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
electronics supply chain extremely vulnerable to
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
disruptions.
5. Recognizing this dependency, many countries, vi. Describe the manufacturing process of a
including India, have launched ambitious semiconductor chip, from the raw material stage
missions to boost their domestic semiconductor to the final etching of patterns on a wafer.
manufacturing capabilities. The goal is to enhance
national security, reduce reliance on imports, and vii. Complete the following sentence based on the
capture a share of this critically important and market data mentioned in the text:
rapidly growing global market. In 2023, the global semiconductor industry
reached a massive valuation of over ______.
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage: viii. Consider the following statements regarding
advanced semiconductor chips:
i. According to the first paragraph, what unique (i) They are essential for AI and high-performance
electrical property makes semiconductors like computing.
silicon so valuable for electronics? (ii) Their smallest features measure between 3 to
(a) They are perfect insulators like glass. 5 nanometers.
(b) They conduct better than pure copper. (iii) They are thousands of times wider than a
(c) Their conductivity is between conductors and human hair.
insulators. (iv) India currently produces 90% of these
(d) They are completely resistant to all electrical advanced chips.
flow. Which of the above are correct based on the
passage?
ii. Based on the historical context in Paragraph 2, (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii)
which of the following is TRUE? (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(a) The first transistor was invented at Bell Labs
in 1947. ix. State whether the following statement is True or
(b) Vacuum tubes are more reliable than modern False:
transistors. Many countries are boosting domestic
manufacturing to reduce their reliance on
(c) Moore’s Law states that chip size doubles
imported chips and enhance security.
every ten years.
(d) Modern chips contain fewer than one million x. What was the specific year in which the first
transistors. transistor was invented, replacing bulky vacuum
tubes?
iii. Identify the core material used in semiconductors
Ans :
and explain the “Moore’s Law” observation,
including its impact on modern device power. i. (c) Their conductivity is between conductors and
insulators.
iv. The word “intricate” as used in the third ii. (a) The first transistor was invented at Bell Labs
paragraph most nearly means: in 1947.
(a) Highly complex (b) Extremely fast iii. The core material is silicon. Moore’s Law is the
(c) Very fragile (d) Simply designed observation that the number of transistors on
a chip doubles roughly every two years. This
v. Assertion (A): The global electronics supply chain exponential growth allows modern devices, like
is considered extremely vulnerable to disruptions.
smartphones, to be significantly more powerful
Reason (R): A single location, Taiwan, produces
than the massive supercomputers of previous
over 60% of the world’s semiconductors and 90%
decades.
of the most advanced chips.
iv. (a) Highly complex.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A). v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

vi. The process begins by purifying silicon from sand The Global Scenario of Students in Skill
and growing it into a flawless crystal. This crystal Education Sector.
is sliced into thin wafers. Finally, an intricate
process called photolithography is used to etch
microscopic patterns of circuits and transistors
onto the wafers.
vii. $550 billion
viii. (b) (i) and (ii) [Features are thousands of times
‘smaller’ than a hair; Taiwan produces 90%].
ix. True
x. 1947

21. Read the following passage carefully:

1. The National Education Policy 2020 proposes the Answer the following questions, based on the above
revision and revamping of all aspects of education, passage :
including the educational structure, regulations
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
and governance, to create a new system which is
primary objective of the National Education
aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century
Policy 2020?
students. According to the policy, by 2025, at
least 50% of learners through the school and (a) To maintain the existing regulations.
higher education system shall have exposure to (b) To reduce the number of 21st-century goals.
skill education, for which a clear action plan with (c) To revamp all aspects of the education
targets and timelines are to be developed. system.
2. The policy aims to overcome the social status (d) To focus solely on school-level governance.
hierarchy associated with skill education and
integration of skill education into mainstream ii. Based on the chart provided, which of the
education in all educational institutions in a following statements about the global scenario of
phased manner. Beginning with skill exposure at skill education is correct?
early ages in middle and secondary school, quality (i) India has the lowest participation at 5%.
skill education will be integrated smoothly into (ii) South Korea has the highest participation at
school and higher education. 96%.
3. Every child will learn at least one skill and is exposed (iii) Denmark has already reached the 50%
to several more. This would lead to emphasizing threshold.
the dignity of labour and importance of various (iv) Egypt’s participation is higher than that of
vocations involving Indian arts and artisanship. the USA.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
4. The development of skill capacities will go hand-in-
NODIA

hand with the development of ‘academic’ or other (c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (d) (ii), (iii), and (iv)
capacities. To achieve this objective, secondary
iii. Identify the specific percentage target for skill
schools will have to collaborate with Industrial
education exposure set for 2025 and explain the
Training Institutes (ITIs), Polytechnics, Local
purpose of the “Hub and Spoke” model mentioned
Industry, etc. Skill labs will also be set up and
in the text.
created in the schools in a Hub and Spoke model,
which will allow other schools to use the facility. iv. Which of the following countries shown in the
Higher education institutions will offer skill chart has exactly 52% of its students in the skill
education either on their own or in partnership education sector?
with industry and other institutions.
(a) Denmark (b) Germany
(c) USA (d) Egypt
PAGE 78 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. Assertion (A): The National Education Policy currently has the lowest participation among the
2020 aims to integrate skill education into countries listed, indicating a significant need for
mainstream education in a phased manner. the aggressive reforms proposed in the National
Reason (R): The policy seeks to overcome the Education Policy 2020.
social status hierarchy traditionally associated vii. Local Industry
with vocational or skill-based training.
viii. False (The passage states they will go “hand-in-
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the hand”).
correct explanation of (A).
ix. At least one skill.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
x. Egypt.
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 22. Read the following passage carefully:
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 1. India is a country of many languages. The
constitution recognises 22 languages officially, but
vi. Calculate the difference in percentage points
over 121 unique languages have been identified in
between the country with the highest and lowest
the country.
participation in the chart. What does this suggest
about India’s current position? 2. To preserve and encourage the literary function
of language, the government introduced ‘classical
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the languages’ in 2004. According to the Ministry
collaborations required for secondary schools in of Culture, a classical language is one that is at
Paragraph 4: least 1,500 years old and has ancient, valuable
To develop skill capacities, secondary schools literature recorded in it. Further, such a language
must collaborate with ITIs, Polytechnics, and is original and not derived from another language.
______. Based on these guidelines, six languages have been
classified as classical languages: Tamil, Sanskrit,
viii. State whether the following statement is True or Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Odia.
False:
3. The following graph shows the percentage of
The development of skill capacities is intended to
Indian people whose mother tongue is a classical
replace the development of traditional ‘academic’
language. This is as per data collected by the
capacities.
census of 2011. The census was not conducted in
ix. As per the policy guidelines in the third paragraph, 2021 due to the pandemic.
what is the minimum number of skills that every
child is expected to learn?

x. According to the bar chart, which specific country

has a 30% participation rate in the skill education
sector?
Ans :
i. (c) To revamp all aspects of the education system.
ii. (c) (i), (ii), and (iii) [USA (52%) is higher than
Egypt (30%)].
iii. The target for 2025 is to provide at least 50%
of learners with exposure to skill education. The Figure : Tamil Sanskrit Kannada Telugu Malayalam Odia
“Hub and Spoke” model involves setting up skill Languages
labs in specific schools (hubs) that allow other
4. According to the graph, around 6.7% of the Indian
nearby schools (spokes) to share and utilize the
population are native speakers of Telugu, whereas
facilities efficiently. Sanskrit has been identified as a mother tongue
iv. (c) USA. by only 0.002% of the population, which is around
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the 24,821 people. Malayalam has the second lowest
correct explanation of (A). number of native speakers, making up about 2.9%
vi. The difference is 91 percentage points (96% – of Indians.
5%). This massive gap highlights that India

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

5. The 2011 census data also noted that a majority of over 121 unique languages and a wide variety
of the native speakers reside in the area where of cultural backgrounds.
their mother tongue originated. For example, 93% (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
of Kannada speakers live in Karnataka. Similarly, correct explanation of (A).
93% of Malayalam speakers live in Kerala.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
6. Balancing the preservation of culture and correct explanation of (A).
inclusivity is a delicate equation for a
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
heterogeneous country like India. With growing
awareness, concepts like ‘classical languages’ may (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
help us achieve harmony. vi. Analyze the data regarding the geographic
Answer the following questions, based on the above distribution of speakers. Using the examples of
passage: Kannada and Malayalam, explain the relationship
between a language and its place of origin.
i. According to the second paragraph, what is
a mandatory requirement for a language to be vii. Complete the following Analogy based on the
officially classified as ‘classical’ in India? 2011 census data provided in the chart:
(a) It must be spoken by 10% of the total Telugu : 6.70% :: Tamil : ______
population.
viii. State whether the following statement is True or
(b) It must have an ancient history of 1,500 years. False with reference to the bar chart:
(c) It must be a recent derivation of another The percentage of the Indian population that
language. speaks Odia as their mother tongue is exactly
(d) It must be taught in every primary school 3.10%.
nationwide.
ix. According to the first paragraph, how many
ii. Based on the 2011 census data presented in the unique languages in total have been identified in
bar chart, which of the following statements is India?
correct?
x. In which specific year did the Government of
(i) Telugu is the most spoken classical language
India first introduce the concept of ‘classical
at 6.70%.
languages’ ?
(ii) Sanskrit has the lowest percentage of native
speakers. Ans :
(iii) More people speak Odia than speak Kannada i. (b) It must have an ancient history of 1,500 years.
as a mother tongue. ii. (a) (i) and (ii) [Odia (3.10%) is lower than
(iv) Tamil is spoken by a higher percentage than Kannada (3.60%); Tamil (5.70%) is lower than
Telugu. Telugu (6.70%)].
Choose the correct option: iii. A classical language must be at least 1,500 years
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) old with ancient, original literature not derived
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) from another tongue. Sanskrit is unique because,
despite its classical status, it is identified as a
iii. Explain the two-fold criteria set by the Ministry mother tongue by a mere 0.002% of the population.
of Culture for a language to be recognized as
iv. (d) Malayalam (Sanskrit is the lowest at 0.002%,
NODIA

‘classical’ and why Sanskrit is unique in the data

followed by Malayalam at 2.88%).
provided.
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
iv. Which of the following classical languages has correct explanation of (A).
the second-lowest percentage of native speakers vi. The 2011 census indicates that a vast majority
according to the chart? of native speakers reside where their language
(a) Odia (b) Sanskrit originated. For instance, 93% of both Kannada
(c) Kannada (d) Malayalam and Malayalam speakers live in their respective
home states of Karnataka and Kerala, showing a
v. Assertion (A): India is described in the passage as strong regional concentration.
a “heterogeneous” country.
vii. 5.70%
Reason (R): The nation possesses a vast diversity
viii. True
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PAGE 80 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ix. Over 121 unique languages. 4. India’s population was 1.21 billion as per the
x. 2004. Census of 2011 and the projections now estimate
that the population will grow by 311 million by
23. Read the following passage carefully: 2036.
1. India’s population is expected to grow by 25%, 5. The report projects that as much as 70% of this
with reference to 2011, to 1.52 billion by 2036, increase will be in urban areas. India’s urban
according to the final report of the technical population will increase from 377 million in 2011
group on population projections dated July to 594 million in 2036-a growth of 57%. So, while
2020. The group was constituted by the National 31% of Indians were living in urban India in
Commission on Population (NCP) under the 2011,that will grow to 39% by 2036.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with the 6. Consequently, the proportion of the rural
mandate to provide population projections for the population will decline from 69% to 61% as the
period 2011 to 2036. urban population is projected to increase more
2. India’s population growth rate is expected to than twice the projected increase in the rural
decline to its lowest since the Independence in the population.
2011-2021 decade, with a decadal growth rate of Answer the following questions, based on the above
12.5%. It 0.0 will decline further to 8.4% in the
passage:
2021-2031 decade, as per the report, 0 0.8 which
The Wire has seen. According to these projections, i. According to the first paragraph, which
India will overtake. China as the world’s most government body was responsible for providing
populous country around 2031-almost a decade the population projections for the 2011–2036
later than the United Nations projection of 2022. period?
India’s population is projected to increase to 1.52 (a) National Commission on Population
billion by 2036.
(b) United Nations Projection Group
(c) The Wire Technical Committee
(d) Ministry of Urban Development

ii. Based on the projections in Paragraph 2, which

of the following statements about India’s growth
rate and global standing are correct?
(i) The growth rate will decline to 8.4% in the
2021–2031 decade.
(ii) India is projected to overtake China as the
most populous nation in 2022.
(iii) The 2011–2021 decade recorded a decadal
growth rate of 12.5%.
(iv) India will overtake China around 2031,
according to this specific report.
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (iii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Source : Report of the technical group on
NODIA

iii. Identify the projected total population of India by

population projections
2036 and explain what a “declining growth rate”
3. The projections have been delayed quite implies for the total population size.
significantly. “Ideally, they should have come
iv. The word “mandate” as used in the first paragraph
by 2016. But there were delays in setting up
most nearly means:
the committee and then more delays at the
government’s end even after we submitted the (a) An optional suggestion
report. We had submitted our report in November (b) An official commission
2019,” said a member of the committee wishing (c) A hidden disagreement
to remain anonymous. This was confirmed by two
(d) A financial limitation
other members as well.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

v. Based on the bar chart, what is the approximate 24. Read the following passage carefully:
population of India for the year 2021? 1. According to the National Institutes of Health
(a) 1.2 billion (b) 1.28 billion (NHI), fast foods are a quick alternative to home-
(c) 1.35 billion (d) 1.4 billion cooked meals. They are also high in saturated
fat, sugar, salt and calories. Eating too much fast
vi. Explain the projected shift in India’s urban food has been connected to, among other things,
and rural population distribution by 2036. Use obesity, colorectal cancer and high cholesterol. Still
specific percentages from the report to illustrate the traditional family dinner is increasingly being
this change. replaced by eating “on the run”. As. a result, the
time invested in food preparation is getting lower
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the
and lower. 54% of the Indians are aged below 25
data regarding urban growth in Paragraph 5:
years and eating out is their favourite outdoor
The report projects that the urban population will entertainment. Much of the retail boom in India
increase from 377 million in 2011 to 594 million could be attributed to these young consumers.
by 2036, representing a growth of ______.
2. Organized fast food service sector in India and
viii. State whether the following statement is True or elsewhere, busy lifestyles of people and dual-
False: working families with children have provided
According to the bar chart, the projected the perfect platform for fast food companies to
population for the year 2038 is significantly lower flourish, which offer quick meal solutions. As a
than the projected population for 2031. result, the fast food industry has witnessed a
tremendous growth rate. McDonald’s alone serves
ix. According to the fourth paragraph, what was 46 million people worldwide each day. Fast-food
India’s total population as recorded in the Census chains are still less than 5% of India’s food services
of 2011? market-the global average rests at 20%.

x. According to the bar chart, what is the 3. India’s food services market was estimated at
approximate projected population (in billions) for 24,236 billion in 2020. Fast food chains in India
the year 2028? have a market size of 2348 billion and account for
54% of the total sales. This is estimated to reach
Ans :
64% by 2025. Covid dealt a body blow to the
i. (a) National Commission on Population. food services industry because of long lockdowns.
ii. (c) (i), (iii), and (iv) [Paragraph 2 notes the UN However, large players were quick to remedy
projected 2022, but this report says 2031]. the impact on business by scaling their existing
iii. The projected population by 2036 is 1.52 billion. delivery capabilities. Fortunately, these chains
A “declining growth rate” means the population had the infrastructure and process for delivery
is still increasing, but it is doing so at a slower services in place long before the spread of the
pandemic, which enabled them to adapt swiftly
speed than in previous decades; it does not mean
to government regulations.
the total population is shrinking.
iv. (b) An official commission.
v. (c) 1.35 billion.
vi. By 2036, the urban population is expected to
grow to 39% (up from 31% in 2011), while the
rural population will decline to 61% (down from
69% in 2011). This happens because 70% of the
total population increase is projected to occur in
urban areas.
vii. 57%
viii. False (The chart shows a consistent upward trend,
with 2038 being higher than 2031).
ix. 1.21 billion.
x. Approximately 1.4 billion.

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PAGE 82 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. The large food chains are set to gain a bigger in India.

share of the food services market on the back of Reason (R): These companies aim to benefit from
a young population, value pricing, and increased a younger demographic and increased penetration
penetration in tier two and three cities. The more in smaller urban centers.
recent popularity of online food ordering and food (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
delivery platforms has enabled food chains to reach correct explanation of (A).
more consumers. Fast food chain Burger King
reported a blockbuster IPO last year; meanwhile, (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
Domino pizza franchise in India recently revised correct explanation of (A).
its potential store opening target in India from (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
the earlier 2,000 to 3,000. McDonald’s, Burger (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
King, Domino’s plan to deepen their reach in
India’s smaller cities, and benefit from a younger vi. Analyze the data in the “Units Sold per
demographic expecting to clock a compound Day” section of the infographic. Compare the
annual growth rate of 23% between 2021 to 2025. performance of Domino’s and McDonald’s in
terms of their primary product sales.
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage: vii. Complete the following Analogy based on the
categories and brands provided in the infographic:
i. According to the first paragraph, what is a major
Domino’s : 381 Pizzas :: McDonald’s : ______
demographic factor contributing to the retail and
fast-food boom in India? viii. State whether the following statement is True or
(a) High percentage of people over 60. False with reference to the infographic:
(b) Large population of young consumers. Pizza Hut sells more units per day per store than
(c) Increase in rural agricultural workers. the “Burgers and Chicken wings” sold by KFC.
(d) Growth in the number of stay-at-home ix. According to the first paragraph, what specific
parents. percentage of the Indian population is aged below
25 years?
ii. Based on the infographic provided, which of the
following statements about restaurant counts and x. What is the projected compound annual growth
years in India are correct? rate (CAGR) for the Indian fast-food sector
(i) Domino’s has the highest number of between 2021 and 2025?
restaurants at 515. Ans :
(ii) McDonald’s has been in India longer than
i. (b) Large population of young consumers.
Domino’s.
ii. (c) (i), (iii), and (iv) [Infographic shows
NODIA

(iii) Pizza Hut and KFC (Yum) combined have

373 outlets. McDonald’s has been in India for 15 years, while
(iv) McDonald’s currently operates 300 others have 17].
restaurants in India. iii. Major players adapted quickly by scaling their
Choose the correct option: existing delivery capabilities. Since these chains
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) already had the necessary infrastructure and
delivery processes in place before the pandemic,
(c) (i), (iii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
they were able to pivot seamlessly and comply
iii. Explain how major fast-food chains managed to with government lockdown regulations to sustain
“remedy the impact” of the Covid-19 pandemic their business.
on their business, as described in Paragraph 3. iv. (b) Burger King.
v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
iv. Which of the following brands recorded a
correct explanation of (A).
“blockbuster IPO” recently, according to the
passage? vi. Domino’s sells an average of 381 pizzas per day per
(a) Domino’s (b) Burger King store. In contrast, McDonald’s sells a significantly
higher volume of its primary product, averaging
(c) Pizza Hut (d) McDonald’s
1,237 burgers per day per store, making it the
v. Assertion (A): Fast-food companies are leader in units sold per individual outlet according
increasingly targeting tier two and tier three cities to the data.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

vii. 1,237 Burgers consumers’ purchasing decisions is inconclusive.

viii. False (Pizza Hut sells 250 units; KFC sells 700 As consumers are becoming better educated and
units). have faster access to information, blind faith in
celebrity endorsement is beginning to wane. They
ix. 54%
will be attracted to a brand because of a celebrity
x. 23% but they will quickly move away if the product
does not perform. It’s the quality of your product
25. Read the following passage carefully:
that will keep consumers coming back, not a
1. Celebrities advertising products is nothing new, celebrity link.
in fact, it has been part of our lives for years.
6. A brand needs to tell the consumer why a product
Back in the 2000’s, you couldn’t sit through a
makes sense for them as individuals and what
commercial break without seeing the teen pop
problem they can solve with it, not solely rely on
icon of that time, Britney Spears, endorsing
a real-life Barbie doll, athlete or pop-culture icon.
Pepsi. The Pepsi legacy was later continued by
If they can’t, their products will lose value over
the most famous celebrity Beyonce. She was
time and consumers will be the first ones to turn
paid millions to promote the carbonated drink,
their backs.
which outraged health advocacy groups. Many
concerned people questioned her ethics, as to why
she was supporting a drink that plays a major
role in causing obesity.
2. With the growing importance of social media
in a shopper’s purchase journey, companies
are evolving and stepping up the endorsement
game across different channels. With celebrities
vouching for promoting their products, brands
can increase awareness, trust, and familiarity,
which are important variables in the purchase
decision-making process.
3. Consumers feel more sympathetic towards a brand
if their products are promoted by a celebrity they
admire or relate to. It’s a simple psychological
effect: people believe that purchasing a product
that’s promoted by a celebrity they admire, will
allow them to emulate the celebrity’s desired traits
or attract similar people into their lives. They will
associate the celebrities’ success, beauty, athletic
skill, etc. with a particular product. Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage:
4. Research by Nielson conducted in 2015 broke
down the level of trust in advertising formats i. According to the first paragraph, what was the
by different generations. It found that celebrity primary reason for the public outrage against
endorsements resonate more strongly with Beyoncé’s endorsement of a carbonated drink?
Generation Z (ages 15-20) and Millennial (ages (a) She was paid significantly less than Britney
21-34) audiences. Brands are taking advantage Spears.
of that by increasingly utilising the social media
(b) The drink was considered too expensive for
communities of celebrities. Social media is a way
for consumers, in particular, those of younger teens.
demographics, to engage and build intimate (c) The product was linked to causing childhood
connections with the celebrities they follow, obesity.
making it the place for these celebrities to plug (d) She refused to promote the drink on social
a company or a product on their personal social media.
media accounts.
ii. Based on the 2015 Nielsen research shown in the
5. While celebrity endorsements certainly help to infographic, which of the following statements are
attract consumers, their direct influence on the correct?

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PAGE 84 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(i) Gen Z (ages 15-20) shows the highest trust at x. Which teen pop icon is specifically mentioned as
16%. endorsing Pepsi during the commercial breaks of
(ii) Boomers (ages 50-64) trust endorsements the 2000s?
more than Gen X. Ans :
(iii) Trust levels consistently decrease as the age i. (c) The product was linked to causing childhood
of the audience increases. obesity.
(iv) The Silent Gen (65+) has a trust level of
ii. (c) (i) and (iii) [Boomers (7%) is lower than Gen
exactly 5%.
X (8%); Silent Gen is 2%].
Choose the correct option:
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
iv. Consumers often admire or relate to a celebrity and
iii. Assertion (A): Brands are increasingly utilizing believe that by purchasing the endorsed product,
social media communities of celebrities to plug they can emulate that celebrity’s success, beauty,
their products. or athletic skill. This psychological association
Reason (R): Younger demographics use social transfers the desired traits of the icon onto the
media to build intimate connections with product in the consumer’s mind.
celebrities, making them more receptive to v. (c) Gen Z (16% is double Gen X’s 8%).
endorsements. vi. As consumers become better educated and have
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the faster access to information, their blind faith in
correct explanation of (A). endorsements is waning. While a celebrity might
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the initially attract them to a brand, they will quickly
correct explanation of (A). move away if the actual product quality does not
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. meet their expectations.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. vii. athlete
viii. True (Boomers 7% + Silent Gen 2% = 9%, which
iv. Explain the psychological effect mentioned in is less than Millennials’ 14%).
Paragraph 3 that leads consumers to associate a
ix. 14%
celebrity’s traits with a specific product.
x. Britney Spears.
v. Which of the following age groups shows exactly
double the trust level of the “Gen X” category 26. Read the following passage carefully:
according to the chart?
1. The most characteristic feature of spiders is their
(a) Millennials (b) Boomers ability to produce silken threads. Spiders normally
(c) Gen Z (d) Silent Gen have six finger-like silk glands, called ‘spinnerets’
vi. According to the passage, how has the availability located beneath their abdomen. To spin a web,
of information and education changed the way the spider squeezes the silk out of its body
consumers interact with celebrity endorsements? through two small holes. The liquid silk is thicker
than water and dries into a fine thread as soon as
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the it comes in contact with air. Spider silk is much
advice given to brands in the final paragraph: stronger than steel and resists breakage because
A brand must explain why a product makes sense of its elasticity. It can stretch up to 140 per cent
for the individual rather than relying solely on a of its original length. The diameter of these silken
pop-culture icon or an ______. threads is about 10,000 of an inch. Spiders use
this silk to make webs to trap their prey. The egg
NODIA

viii. State whether the following statement is True or

sacs of some spiders are also made of silk which
False with reference to the infographic:
pre-treats the unborn progeny. Sometimes the
The combined trust percentage of the Boomers
spider can also use is silk as a safety feature. A
and Silent Gen categories is lower than the trust
certain species of spider ‘phidippus apacheanecs’
percentage of the Millennial group. trails a safety line of fine silk as it jumps. It uses
ix. According to the infographic, what is the specific the silk line to recover if it misses its target. The
percentage of trust in celebrity endorsements silk of ‘N aphils Spider’ is the strongest natural
among Millennials (ages 21-34)? fiber known.
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

2. The spinning of webs is a remarkable example (a) It is compressed by the spider’s legs.
of instinctive behaviour. A spider does not have (b) It dries upon contact with the air.
to learn how to make a web, although spinning
(c) It is mixed with water in the abdomen.
itself can be adopted to unique circumstances.
For example, ‘orb’ webs are circular in shape and (d) It is heated by the spider’s body.
take an hour to build. Funnel spiders pin a net- ii. Based on the descriptions in the image, which of
like entrance to their homes, which helps to trap the following spiders are correctly matched with
food. Similarly, trap door spiders dig their homes their hunting behavior?
and spin a trap door out of their silk for trapping
(i) Fisher Spider — Does not need webs; pounces
insects.
on prey.
(ii) Common House Spider — Weaves webs in
ceiling corners.
(iii) Woodlouse Hunting Spider — Spouts silk
from a distance.
(iv) Black and Yellow Garden Spider — Found in
fields during daytime.
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (i), (ii), and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

iii. Assertion (A): The spinning of webs by spiders

is considered a remarkable example of instinctive
behavior.
Reason (R): A spider does not have to learn
how to make a web, although the process can be
adapted to unique circumstances.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

iv. Identify two specific safety or reproductive uses

of silk mentioned in the text, apart from trapping
prey in a standard web.

v. Which of the following properties makes spider

3. As integral components of our biosphere, silk more resistant to breakage than steel?
spiders have an intrinsic existence value. They (a) Its extreme thickness
are efficient predators that play an important
(b) Its chemical acidity
role in controlling the pests of cotton. They are
also a source of food for other creatures such as (c) Its finger-like shape
birds and wasps. Thus, the presence of spiders (d) Its high elasticity
is an ecological indicator signalling the health of
natural ecosystem. vi. Analyze the ecological role of spiders. How do
they contribute to agriculture and what does their
Answer the following questions, based on the above presence indicate about an ecosystem’s health?
passage:
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the
i. According to the first paragraph, what physical biological features described in Paragraph 1:
process allows liquid silk to transform into a fine, Spiders produce silk through six specialized
solid thread? finger-like glands located beneath the abdomen
called ______.

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PAGE 86 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

viii. State whether the following statement is True or 4. The Snow Leopard usually occurs at an altitude
False: of >2700m above sea level and is the apex
According to the image, Grass Spiders weave webs predator in the Himalayan Region along with the
that are most easily visible in the morning dew. Tibetan Wolf. The project is not only to protect
the Snow Leopard but as with Project Tiger, it
ix. According to the passage, what is the strongest is considered an umbrella species and with its
natural fiber known to man? protection, comes the protection of other species
and the habitat of which they are all a part.

NODIA
x. As per the text, up to what percentage of its
original length can spider silk stretch? 5. Top 3 National Parks in India where the Snow
Leopard can likely be seen
Ans :
i. Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary - Himachal
i. (b) It dries upon contact with the air.
Pradesh
ii. (b) (i), (ii), and (iv) [The image notes the
ii. Ulley Valley - Ladakh
Woodlouse Hunter spots prey in leaves/rocks but
iii. Hemis National Park - Himachal Pradesh
doesn’t mention spouting silk].
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
iv. Spiders use silk to create egg sacs to protect their
unborn progeny and as a safety line (like the
‘Phidippus apacheanecs’) to recover if they miss a
jump.
v. (d) Its high elasticity (it can stretch up to 140%
of its length).
vi. Spiders act as efficient predators that help control
pests in crops like cotton. Because they are vital
to the food chain and pest control, their presence
serves as an “ecological indicator” of a healthy,
balanced natural ecosystem.
vii. spinnerets
viii. True
ix. The silk of the ‘Nephila’ Spider.
x. 140 per cent.

27. Read the following passage carefully:

1. India is home to an estimated 10% of the 6. The reasons for the introduction of Project Snow
global Snow Leopard population spread across Leopard are as follows.
five Himalayan states of Jammu and Kashmir,
i. High altitudes of India > 3000m including
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh which is only 5% of the the Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan
available global habitat for the animal. biogeographic zones support a unique wildlife
assemblage of global conservation.
2. Project Snow Leopard was introduced in India
ii. There has been relatively less attention on
by the Project Snow Leopard Committee
the region from the viewpoint of wildlife
instituted by the Ministry of Environment and
conservation.
Forests, Government of India, in the year 2009
to safeguard and conserve India’s unique natural iii. The region represents a vast rangeland system
heritage of high-altitude wildlife populations and supporting important traditional pastoral
their habitats by promoting conservation through economies and lifestyles.
participatory policies and actions. iv. The region provides essential ecosystem
3. Project Tiger and Project Elephant are prevalent services and harbours river systems vital for
in India with the former introduced in 1973 the nation’s food security.
garnering worldwide attention. v. India has ratified international agreements
promoting the conservation of high-altitude
 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

wildlife species such as the snow leopard. Reason (R): High-altitude regions provide
vi. The region is important for the country’s essential ecosystem services and are important for
national security as well as international national security.
relations. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
vii. The high-altitude wildlife in India today faces correct explanation of (A).
a variety of threats. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
viii. The existing high-altitude protected areas in correct explanation of (A).
India require considerable strengthening. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
ix. Wildlife Management in the region needs to (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
be made participatory.
vi. Identify the three specific National Parks or
Answer the following questions, based on the above
regions listed where a traveler is likely to spot a
passage:
Snow Leopard.
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
vii. Complete the following sentence based on the
geographical distribution of the Snow Leopard
predatory hierarchy mentioned in the text:
population in India?
In the Himalayan Region, the Snow Leopard serves
(a) It is found exclusively in the state of Sikkim. as the apex predator alongside the ______.
(b) It is spread across five different Himalayan
states. viii. State whether the following statement is True or
(c) It covers 50% of the animal’s global habitat. False:
Project Tiger was introduced in 1973, which is
(d) It is restricted to altitudes below 2700 meters.
earlier than the introduction of Project Snow
ii. Based on the infographic provided, which of the Leopard.
following statements are correct?
ix. According to the infographic, what is the
(i) The scientific name of the Snow Leopard is
estimated global population of Snow Leopards?
‘Uncia uncia’.
(ii) The world population is estimated to be x. At what minimum altitude (in meters) does
between 400 and 600. the Snow Leopard usually occur, according to
(iii) The IUCN status of the Snow Leopard is Paragraph 4?
“Vulnerable.” Ans :
(iv) Project Snow Leopard covers a protected area
i. (b) It is spread across five different Himalayan
of 1,28,000 sq. km.
states.
Choose the correct option:
ii. (c) (i), (iii), and (iv) [The infographic shows 400–
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
600 is the population in India, not the world].
(c) (i), (iii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
iii. An “umbrella species” is one whose conservation
iii. Explain the concept of an “umbrella species” automatically protects numerous other species
as applied to the Snow Leopard and describe and the entire habitat they share. Because the
the broader impact of its conservation on the Snow Leopard is an apex predator at the top of
ecosystem. the food chain, maintaining its population requires
a healthy ecosystem, thereby safeguarding all the
iv. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in plants and animals below it.
Paragraph 6 as a reason for the introduction of
iv. (c) High levels of existing conservation attention
Project Snow Leopard?
(The text actually states there has been less
(a) Support for traditional pastoral economies. attention).
(b) Protection of vital river systems for food v. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
security. correct explanation of (A).
(c) High levels of existing conservation attention. vi. The three locations are Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Strengthening of existing protected areas. (Himachal Pradesh), Ulley Valley (Ladakh), and
Hemis National Park (Ladakh/Himachal border).
v. Assertion (A): Project Snow Leopard was
introduced to safeguard India’s natural heritage vii. Tibetan Wolf
of high-altitude wildlife. viii. True

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PAGE 88 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ix. 4,500–7,500. same period. Climate model projections indicate

x. Greater than 2,700m. a high likelihood of an increase in the frequency,
intensity and area under drought conditions in
28. Read the following passage carefully: India by the end of the twenty-first century,” said
1. India’s average temperature has already increased the MoES report.
by around 0.7 degrees Celsius during the 1901-
2018 period due to Greenhouse gas emissions
and by the end of 2100 it is expected to rise by
approximately 4.4 degrees Celsius warns the first-
ever climate change assessment report by the
Indian government.
2. The report Assessment of Climate Change
over the Indian Region prepared by the Union
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) warned that
the rapid changes in the temperature would
mean increasing stress on India’s “natural
ecosystems, agricultural output and freshwater
resources, while also causing escalating damage to
infrastructure.” This ultimately means a serious
impact on the ‘country’s biodiversity, food, water,
energy security and public health.
3. It said that several regions in India are global
biodiversity hotspots with numerous endemic
species of plants and animals and with the “climate Answer the following questions, based on the above
changing more rapidly than usual, they may face passage:
increasing threats on account of these changes.”
i. According to the first paragraph, what is the
4. The MoES report cautioned that by the end of specific temperature increase recorded in India for
2100, the “frequency of summer (April-June) heat the period 1901–2018, and what is the underlying
waves over India is projected to be 3 to 4 times cause mentioned?
higher” and the “average duration of heatwave (a) 4.4°C due to agricultural expansion.
events is also projected to approximately
double.” According to the report, the Sea Surface (b) 0.7°C due to Greenhouse gas emissions.
Temperature (SST) of the tropical Indian Ocean (c) 1.0°C due to rising Sea Surface Temperatures.
has also risen by one degree Celsius, on average, (d) 6.0°C due to rapid industrialization.
during 1951-2015.
ii. Based on the infographic and Paragraph 2, which
of the following are potential socio-economic
impacts of climate change?
5. The rise in temperature is playing havoc with (i) Escalating damage to infrastructure and
India’s rainfall which is significant for India’s relocation of towns.
agriculture sector. The report noted that (ii) Increased productivity of harvests due to
the summer monsoon precipitation (June to higher heat.
September) over India has declined by around six (iii) Short supply of fresh water and rising prices
per cent from 1951 to 2015, with notable decrease of basic goods.
over the Indo-Gangetic Plains and the Western
(iv) Spread of diseases and loss of capacity to
Ghats. It stressed that the overall decrease of
work due to heat.
seasonal summer monsoon rainfall during the last
Choose the correct option:
6-7 decades has led to an increased propensity for
droughts in India. (a) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) (i), (iii), and (iv)
6. “In particular, areas over Central India, South-West (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
coast, Southern peninsula and North-Eastern iii. Assertion (A): India’s biodiversity hotspots and
India have experienced more than two droughts endemic species are facing increasing threats by
per decade. The area affected by drought has the end of the century.
also increased by 1.3 percent per decade over the

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

Reason (R): The climate is changing more rapidly infographic both highlight stress on harvests/food
than usual, placing extreme stress on natural prices, not increased productivity].
ecosystems. iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). iv. By 2100, summer heatwaves are projected to
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the be 3 to 4 times more frequent. Additionally, the
correct explanation of (A). average duration of these heatwave events is
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. expected to approximately double compared to
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. historical norms.
v. (b) Widespread poverty.
iv. Identify the projected increase in the frequency vi. The decline in summer monsoon rainfall has
of summer heatwaves by 2100 and describe the
significantly increased the propensity for droughts.
impact on their average duration as stated in the
Specific regions affected include Central India,
MoES report.
the South-West coast, the Southern peninsula,
v. According to the data in the infographic, which of and North-Eastern India, all of which have
the following is a direct consequence of “Extreme experienced over two droughts per decade.
meteorological phenomena”? vii. (b) A natural tendency.
(a) More wars for resources viii. six per cent (6%)
(b) Widespread poverty ix. False (It suggests the prices will rise).
(c) Rising sea levels x. One degree Celsius (1°C).
(d) Relocation of towns

vi. Analyze the relationship between declining

monsoon rainfall and droughts. Which specific 29. Read the following passage carefully:
NODIA

regions in India have experienced more than two

droughts per decade? 1. Domestic tourism in India reached a peak in 2019,
with more than 232 crores of domestic tourist
vii. The word “propensity” as used in the fifth visits and 3.14 crore international tourist visits,
paragraph most nearly means: the highest since 2001 according to the tourism
(a) A strong dislike ministry. India moved to the 34th position on
the World Economic Forum’s Travel & Tourism
(b) A natural tendency Competitiveness Index in 2019 from the 65th
(c) A complete solution rank in 2013. Covid, however, halted the robust
(d) A sudden reversal performance in its tracks, with domestic tourist
visits falling to just 61 crore and international
viii. Complete the following sentence based on the tourist visits to 71.7 lakh in 2020. However, tourism
rainfall data in Paragraph 5: ministry data shows that while international visits
The summer monsoon precipitation over India to India dropped even further in 2021, to just 10.5
has declined by approximately ______ from lakh, domestic visits increased by 11 per cent.
1951 to 2015.
2. While rising costs are having an impact, all flights
ix. State whether the following statement is True or and hotels are fully booked, and prices for both are
False with reference to the infographic: higher than they have been for some time. People
The infographic suggests that the price of basic who would otherwise have travelled abroad, are
food stuffs and consumer goods will likely decrease travelling within India instead. While branded
and luxury hotels were among the earliest ones
as temperatures rise.
to recover their loyal clientele, small-scale and
x. By how many degrees Celsius has the Sea Surface medium enterprises, which constitute more than
Temperature (SST) of the tropical Indian Ocean 80 percent of the tourism industry, have not been
risen between 1951 and 2015? able to recover fully yet. However, the domestic
Ans : industry is gaining footfall.
i. (b) 0.7°C due to Greenhouse gas emissions.
ii. (b) (i), (iii), and (iv) [Paragraph 2 and the
PAGE 90 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

during the peak year of 2019?

(a) 3.14 crore (b) 61 crore
(c) 232 crore (d) 71.7 lakh

ii. Based on the legends in both provided graphs,

what does a data point plotted below the ‘50.0’
line indicate?
(a) Economic expansion
(b) Market contraction
(c) Perfect stability
(d) Rapid inflation

iii. Assertion (A): Small-scale and medium enterprises

in the tourism sector have struggled to recover as
quickly as branded luxury hotels.
Reason (R): These enterprises constitute more
than 80 percent of the tourism industry and often
lack a similarly loyal, high-end clientele.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

iv. Identify the two primary types of tourist visits

3. Rajasthan, which has been heavily dependent on mentioned in the text and compare their growth
foreign visitors, saw much distress. Most of its or decline between 2020 and 2021.
luxury heritage Havelis and palaces that earlier
saw occupancy throughout the winter months v. According to the top graph, which two metrics
with foreign tourists, now remain available and saw a sharp, near-vertical drop to the ‘10.0’ level
within reach for domestic tourists. The prices around January 2020?
went almost down 30 per cent from their 2019 (a) Tourism and Aviation Trends
peak numbers. Likewise, prices in some Goa and (b) Business Activity and Employment
Kerala hotels, too, dropped to almost one-third.
These are now starting to recover due to the (c) Export and Import Statistics
increasing number of domestic as well as inbound (d) Inflation and Rising Costs
tourists.
vi. The passage mentions that prices in Rajasthan’s
4. Prices of hotels at weekend destinations increased luxury heritage Havelis dropped significantly. By
after the tourist rush, thanks to the techie crowd what percentage did these prices fall from their
of Bengaluru and Hyderabad. In northern India, 2019 peaks?
tourists flooded holiday destinations like Srinagar,
(a) 11 percent (b) 30 percent
Gulmarg, and Rishikesh. The young consumer is
moving towards private and experiential stays and (c) 50 percent (d) 80 percent
wellness experiences. The booking windows have
vii. Analyze the change in consumer behavior among
become shorter and the length of stays is longer.
young travelers after the pandemic. What are
Inbound tourism will recover by 2023 despite the
two specific stay-related trends mentioned in
hiccups.
Paragraph 4?
Answer the following questions, based on the above
passage: viii. Complete the following Analogy based on the
“Costs” graph (bottom):
i. According to the first paragraph, what was the Pre-2020 : Relative Stability :: Post-2021 :
total number of domestic tourist visits recorded ______

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 CASE-BASED PASSAGE

ix. State whether the following statement is True or

False with reference to the top graph:
The ‘Employment’ line (yellow) remained
consistently above the ‘Business Activity’ line
(blue) throughout the entire 2010–2018 period.

x. According to the final sentence of the passage,

by which year is inbound (international) tourism
expected to fully recover?
Ans :
i. (c) 232 crore.
ii. (b) Market contraction.
iii. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
iv. The two types are domestic visits and international
visits. In 2021, international visits dropped further 3. Sugarcane is another water-guzzling crop in
to 10.5 lakh, whereas domestic visits showed India, which is a very popular crop among
resilience and increased by 11 percent. farmers in Maharashtra because they are assured
of marketing by sugar mills. The primary source
v. (b) Business Activity and Employment.
of water for growing this crop is groundwater,
vi. (b) 30 percent. whereas states like Bihar which is more suitable
vii. Young consumers are shifting toward private, for the production of sugarcane produces only 4%
experiential, and wellness stays. Additionally, of the country’s total sugar cane output.
their booking windows have become shorter while 4. Thus, measures need to be taken to ensure that
the total length of their stays has become longer. crop production patterns within the country,
viii. Rising Costs (or High Costs). across different states, are aligned to regional
ix. False (The lines frequently intersect and overlap). water availability.. Also, Agriculture policies
x. 2023. should be put in place to limit the export of water-
intensive crops. Emphasis should also be placed
on the adoption of water- efficient technologies,
management systems, farmer education, and
advisory services to improve water consumption
30. Read the following passage carefully:
in agriculture.
1. When we think of countries that are the major
5. Crops in India are irrigated by several methods.
consumers of water resources we tend to think of
NODIA

Some farmers take to flooding the whole field.

the water used in our homes, such as water used
Others resort to channelling water between rows
for bathing and lawn sprinklers. However, studies
of plants while others resort to watering using
have shown that home water use is only the tip
large sprinklers. But the better method is to
of the iceberg and a large majority of the water
let water drop into plants using drip irrigation.
consumed is hidden from plain view. The chart
Hence, India should consider investing in scaling
showing the largest water consuming countries of
up micro-irrigation to make India’s agriculture
the world is thus an eye opener.
more water-efficient. Drip irrigation is the most
2. As India is an agricultural country, the most efficient and appropriate irrigation system.
important crops of India are rice, wheat and Instead of wetting the whole field surface, water
sugarcane. Significantly these crops are the is applied only to the plant root zone. The P.T.O
most water-consuming crops. Rice, a major crop Government of India’s ‘Per Drop More Crop’
export, consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a component under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi
kilogram of grain produced. Punjab which is the Sinchayee Yojana promotes the use of drip and
3rd largest producer of rice in India is completely sprinkler irrigation by farmers.
dependent on groundwater for the production of
its rice and consumes two to three times more Answer the following questions, based on the above
water than Bihar and West Bengal to produce a passage:
kilogram of rice.
PAGE 92 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

i. According to the first paragraph, why is the viii. State whether the following statement is True or
provided chart described as an “eye opener” False with reference to the bar chart:
regarding water consumption? The combined water usage of England (20) and
(a) It lists the most expensive water sources. France (20) is exactly equal to the water usage
(b) It focuses on household bathing habits. recorded for India (30).
(c) It reveals water use that is hidden from view. ix. According to the bar chart, which country has the
(d) It explains how to build a lawn sprinkler. lowest recorded water usage among the ten listed?

ii. Based on the data in Paragraph 2, which of the x. Name one of the three “water-guzzling” crops
following statements about rice production in specifically mentioned in the passage as being
India is correct? important to India’s agriculture.
(i) Producing one kilogram of rice requires 3,500 Ans :
litres of water. i. (c) It reveals water use that is hidden from view.
(ii) Bihar uses three times more water than
ii. (c) (i), (iii), and (iv) [Punjab uses 2–3 times more
Punjab for rice.
than Bihar, not the other way around].
(iii) Punjab is the 3rd largest producer of rice in
India. iii. The United States is the second-largest consumer
(iv) Rice is a major crop export for the country. of water, with a recorded value of 216.
Choose the correct option: iv. (b) Promoting drip and sprinkler irrigation.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) v. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
(c) (i), (iii), and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) correct explanation of (A).
vi. Drip irrigation is more efficient because it
iii. Analyze the bar chart provided. Which country is applies water directly to the plant’s root zone
the second-largest consumer of water, and what is instead of wetting the entire field surface. This
its specific recorded value? targeted application minimizes waste and makes
iv. Which of the following is the primary goal of the agriculture more water-efficient.
“Per Drop More Crop” component of the Pradhan vii. 53
Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana? viii. False (The sum is 40, while India is 30).
(a) Increasing the export of sugarcane. ix. Australia.
(b) Promoting drip and sprinkler irrigation. x. Rice/wheat/sugarcane.
(c) Flooding fields to ensure root health.
(d) Building sugar mills in Maharashtra. 
v. Assertion (A): Sugarcane remains a highly popular
crop among farmers in the state of Maharashtra.
Reason (R): Farmers in this region are assured
of marketing their produce through local sugar
mills.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

vi. Explain the technical advantage of drip irrigation

over traditional flooding methods as described in
the final paragraph.

vii. Complete the following Analogy based on the

water usage values in the bar chart:
Russia : 71 :: Mexico : ______

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 TENSES

CHAPTER 1
TENSES

1. INTRODUCTION Past Tense

The past tense indicates that the action took
The word Tense is a term of English grammar place in the past; as,
and refers to a form of the verb that indicates
time. Time is a universal, non-linguistic concept • I went to Delhi last month.
with three divisions - Past, Present and Future; • Mohan opened the door for me.
by tense we understand the correspondence
between the form of the verb and our concept of Future Tense
time. When making a statement it is essential to The future tense indicates that the action will
indicate whether a situation exists now, existed in take place in the future; as,
the past or is likely to exist in the future.
• I shall go to Delhi tomorrow.
Each of these three tenses has subdivisions to
2. MEANING AND DEFINITION show continuity or completeness of the action and
the time. These subdivisions are:
Tense comes from Latin word tempus, meaning
1. Indefinite (Simple)
time. Tense is that form of a verb which shows
time and state of an action or event. 2. Continuous (imperfect)
Let us take three sentences: 3. Perfect
• I sing this song to please you. 4. Perfect Continuous
• I sang the song in her very presence. Indefinite (Simple)
• I shall sing another song for her tomorrow. It denotes present, past or future time in its
In the first sentence, the verb sing refers to simplest form; as,
present time. In the second sentence, the verb
• I write
sang refers to past time. In the third sentence,
the verb shall sing refers to future time. Thus, • I wrote
a verb may refer to present time or past time or • I shall write.
future time. • The action in present, past or future time
NODIA

Tense can be defined as follows : is mentioned simply without anything

A form of a verb which indicates the time and the being said about the completeness or
state of an action or event. incompleteness of the action.
Continuous (Imperfect)
3. KINDS OF TENSE It shows that the event (in present, past or future)
is still continuing or not yet completed; as,
There are three main tenses corresponding to the
three main divisions of time viz. Present, Past and • I am writing.
Future. • I was writing.
• I shall be writing.
Present Tense
The present tense indicates that the action is Perfect
done at the present time; as, It denotes that the event (in present, past or
future) is in a completed or perfect state- present,
• The sun rises in the east.
past or future; as,
• I do not know him.
• I have written.
• I had written.
• I shall have written.
PAGE 94 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Perfect Continuous else; as,

It combines the meanings of the two preceding
• I feel heavy.
forms, Perfect and Continuous; as,
• His head aches.
• I have been writing.
But while physical perceptions such as hearing
• I had been writing. and seeing usually the modal can be is used; as,
• I shall have been writing. • I can hear it.
• I can smell the food.
4. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE What is present, provided that present time is
implied by the context; as,
Rule 1 • I understand what you say.
This tense is used to express an action that takes
or is actually taking place at the present time; as, Rule 9
Used in Commentaries
• He drives his car. While describing an event such as a sports match
Rule 2 or a ceremony that is happening at the time; as,
To express a habitual action; as, • Prasad balls to Lara.
• He drinks tea every morning. • Sachin takes a run.
• My watch keeps good time. Rule 10
Rule 3 Used in reporting
A universal truth; as, Reporting verb such as hear or tell we can report
what someone said at some point in recent past
• The sun rises in the east. by using simple present; as,
• Slow and steady wins the race. • I hear he is eating.
Rule 4 Rule 11
In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and The simple present tense is often used with
there to express what is actually taking place in adverbs or adverb phrases such as; always, never,
the present occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, every
• Here comes the bus! week, on Mondays, twice a year etc.; as,
• There she goes! • How often do you wash your hair?
Rule 5 • It rains in winter.
In vivid narrative, as substitute for the simple Or with time clauses expressing routine or habitual
past; as, actions whenever and when (= whenever) are
particularly useful; as,
• Immediately the sultan hurries to his
capital. • Whenever it rains the roof leaks.
• Sohrab now rushes forward and deals a Rule 12
heavy blow to Rustam. It must be used instead of the present continuous
with verbs which cannot be used in the continuous
Rule 6
form, e.g. Love, see, believe etc. So that we can
To express a future event that is part of a fixed
say; as,
timetable or fixed programme; as,
• I love you but not I am loving you.
• The match starts at 9 o’ clock.
• The train leaves at 5:20. Affirmative Sentences
Rule 7 Pattern
Discussing what happens in a book, play or film; He/She/It/singular noun + verb (Ist form) + s/
as, es + ...
In Lagaan Amir Khan plays a central character. I/We/You/They/plural noun + verb (Ist form)
Rule 8 + ...
Simple present tense is also used to talk about a • He reads a book daily.
physical feeling that is affecting you or someone

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 TENSES

• Geeta plays football in the evening. • I am going to Lucknow tomorrow.

• I read a book daily. (Intention)

• They play football in the evening. • Ramlal is going to die. (Likelihood)

Negative Sentences Rule 3

Pattern This tense is also used for temporary action may
He/She/It/singular noun + does not + verb (Ist not be actually happening at the time of speaking.
form) + ... It also some times expresses habit or custom; as,
I/We/You/They/plural noun + do not + verb • He is attending college very regularly.
(Ist form) + ... (Habit)
• He does not read a book. • I am reading William Shakespeare.
• You do not play football. (Temporary action)

• Tanu does not tell a lie. • I am studying English novels these days.

• The boys do not go there. • He is living in a rented house.

• Is she still modelling for Hindustan Lever?
Interrogative Sentences
Pattern Rule 4
This tense is used for fixed programme or plan of
Do + subject + verb (Ist form) + ... ?
the nearest future; as,
Does + subject + verb (Ist form) + ... ?
Q.W. + do/does + subject + verb (Ist form) + • We are leaving for Mumbai tonight.
NODIA

... ? • Are you singing this evening.

• Does he live in Alwar?
Affirmative Sentences
• Do you know Mohan?
Pattern
• Where does Geeta go daily? Subject + is/am/are + verb (Ist form) + ing +
• Why do you come late? O/A.

Interrogative Negative Sentence • Tanu and Gaurav are playing football.

• Mohan is reading a novel now.
Pattern
Does + subject + not + verb (Ist form) + ...? Negative Sentences
Do + subject + not + verb (Ist form) + ...?
Pattern
• Do you not read your book daily? Subject + is/am/are + not + verb (Ist form) +
• Does he not help the poor? ing + O/A.
• Do they not love their country? • She is not going to college today.
• Does Sohan not take bath daily? • Children are not playing now.
• I am not cooking food.
Interrogative Sentences
5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern
Rule 1 Is/am/are + subject + verb (Ist form) + ing +
This tense is used to express an action going on at O/A.
the time of speaking; as, Q.W. + is/am/are + subject + verb (Ist form) +
• The boys are flying kites. ing + O/A.

• I am doing my work. • Is he living in Delhi these days?

• He is playing cricket. • Are you going to see him today?

• Where is your brother reading nowadays?
Rule 2
This tense is used to express intention or • Why are the boys making a noise?
likelihood. It refers to future time; as, • The present continuous tense is not
normally used with the following verbs:
PAGE 96 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

1. Verbs of senses (involuntary actions) : feel, Rule 6

hear, see, smell also notice and observe. To express something whose consequences still
2. Verbs of expressing feelings and emotions : remain; as,
admire, adore, appreciate, care for, desire, • I have been ill.

NODIA
detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love,
Rule 7
mind, respect, value, want, with.
It denotes an action completed at the time of
3. Verbs of mental activity : agree, appreciate, speaking; as,
assume, believe, expect, feel, feel sure/
• She has worked all the sums.
certain forget know, mean, perceive, realize,
recall, recognize, recollect, remember, see Affirmative Sentences
(understand), see through (have an opinion),
Pattern
trust (= believe/have confidence) in, Subject + has/have + verb (IIIrd form) + O/A.
understand.
Note : But the continuous can be used with • She has finished the task.
appreciate meaning to increase in value. • I have read this report.
4. Verbs of possession : belong, owe, own,
Negative Sentences
possess, e.g., How much do I owe you?
5. The auxiliaries, except, be and have in certain Pattern
uses. Subject + has/have + not + verb (IIIrd form)
+ O/A.
• We have not met her so far.
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
• He has not learnt his lesson.
Rule 1 Interrogative Sentences
This tense is used to express an action that has
been completed just now; as, Pattern
Has/have + Subject + verb (IIIrd form) + O/A.
• I have written the letter. Q.W. + has/have + Subject + verb (IIIrd form)
Rule 2 + O/A.
A past action which is still continuing; as, • Has Gopal milked the cow?
• He has served me for 5 years. • Have you ever seen a white elephant?
• She has been ill since Monday. • Why has the boy not come here yet?
Note the difference: • Which books have you purchased?
• He has served me for 5 years (He is still Adverbials
serving). Just, already, yet, never, so far, lately, recently,
etc.
• He served me for 5 years (He is no longer
in my service).
Rule 3 7. PRESENT PERFECT
To suggest the decision made in the past is still of CONTINUOUS TENSE
importance in the present; as, Rule 1
• The government has cut university budgets, This tense is used to refer to actions that began
consequently the dean has increased the in past but are continuing to take place in the
size of most classes. present and are expected to continue in the near
future also; as,
Rule 4
To express past action without a definite time; as, • Tom has been working here since 1985.
• I have read the paper. • It has been raining here since yesterday.
Rule 5 • How long have you been working here?
To express an action done in a space of time not Rule 2
yet exhausted; as, This tense is used to refer to actions or situations
• It has rained all the week. that started in the past, Continued for sometime
and have just stopped but have presented results;
 TENSES

as, Negative Sentences

• Your shoes are dirty. It seems you have Pattern
been walking in the fields. Subject + has not been/have not been + verb (Ist
• You look tired. Yes I have been working all form) + ing + O/A + since/for + time.
day long. • Mohan has not been reading in this school
• The gardener have been watering plants. for two years.

• The beggar has been crying. • They have not been playing football since
2 PM.
• Why have her clothes been so wet?
Interrogative Sentences
Use of Since Pattern
Since is used for definite period of time/point of Has/have + subject + been + verb (Ist form) +
time: ing + O/A + since/for + time.
1. Name of the days; as - Since Sunday/ Q.W. + has/have + subject + been + verb (Ist
Monday..... form) + ing + O/A + since/for + time.
2. Name of the months; as - Since January/ • Have you been living in Alwar since 2006?
February..... • What has Geeta been doing for five months?
3. Name of the years; as - Since 1970/1980.....
4. Name of the parts of the day; as - Since
morning/dawn/Sunset/Sunrise/dark/night/
8. PAST SIMPLE TENSE
evening/afternoon..... Rule 1
5. O’ clock/am/pm; as - Since 4 o’clock, Since 8 This tense is used to express actions which
pm, Since 7 am, Since 5:30 am etc. occurred in the past; as,
6. Yesterday, last night, last week, last month, • Hira Lal bought two cups of tea.
last year; as - Since last night, Since yesterday.
• I bought this shirt in Mumbai.
7. Name of the seasons; as - Since summer/
winter/spring/autumn..... • His aunt came back from Dubai.
8. Name of the festivals; as - Since Eid/Holi/ Rule 2
Deepawali/Christmas etc. Expressing past habitual actions; as,
9. Name of the events and stage of one’s life; as- • I went to the Cathedral on Sundays.
Since his arrival/departure/birth/marriage/ • He played badminton in his childhood.
death etc. • He always came to meet me.
Use of For • I always carried my identity card with me.
For is used for indefinite/uncertain period of time
(minutes, hours, seconds, days, weeks, months, Rule 3
year, decades, centuries); as, Referring to situation related to past time; as,

• For three hours. • My uncle was seriously ill.

• For several minutes. • It was night.

• For many weeks. • I was helpless that day.

• For two months. • He was absent from the class that day.

• For two years. Rule 4

We use Simple Past or Present Perfect tense when
Affirmative Sentences adverbs of time, as - today, this morning, this
Pattern month, this year, recently [Link] used; as,
Subject + has been/have been + verb (Ist form) • I saw him today. (Past Indefinite)
+ ing + O/A + since/for + time.
• I have seen him today. (Present Perfect)
• She has been living in Mumbai since 1992.
• I saw this movie this week. (Past Indefinite)
• Children are playing cricket for two hours.
• I have seen this movie this week. (Present
Perfect)

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PAGE 98 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Rule 5 • He saw a lion in the forest.

We use Simple Past tense after - It is high time,
• She wrote him a letter yesterday.
It is about time, It is time etc.; as,
• It is high time we left for the Railway Negative Sentences
Station.
Pattern
Rule 6 Subject + did not + verb (Ist form)+ O/A.
Past Indefinite is used for the action which
continues; as, • I did not meet him yesterday.

• While the mother cooked, the children • She did not complete her work in time.
played.
Interrogative Sentences
• While my wife cooked, I watched T.V.
Pattern
Rule 7 Did + subject + verb (Ist form) + O/A?
Past Indefinite is used in sentences expressing Q.W. + did + subject + verb (Ist form) + O/A?
Past habitual actions where - always, never, • Did you see a boy on the way?
seldom, often, rarely, Used to/would, once a day/
• Why did you break the table?
week/month, daily, every day/week/month/year
etc. are used; as,
• My father used to get up early in the 9. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
morning.
Rule 1
• Salim would wait for his beloved friend for
Past Continuous tense expresses an action going
hours.
on at some time in the past; as,
• My mother used to take care of me.
• When she came into my room, I was
studying.
Rule 8
When there are two clauses in a sentence i.e. two • He was looking ill yesterday.
kinds of actions are going, on with the previous • I was reading all afternoon.
action Past Perfect tense is used and with the • When he came to me I was talking to my
subsequent action Past Indefinite tense is used; wife.
as,
Rule 2
• The bus had departed before we reached
Past Continuous tense is used to refer to an event
the bus station.
that was in progress at the time something else
• We reached the bus station after the bus happened; as,
had departed.
• The boy fell down while he was running.
NODIA

Rule 9 • She was sitting in a Cafe when I saw her.

If some action is going on in Past time and in • We were having coffee when the lights went
the mean time another action occurs, in such out.
situation, we use Past Continuous tense for
Rule 3
the action going on and Past Indefinite for the
This tense is used to refer to repeated action in
subsequent action; as,
the past; as,
• I was having my lunch when Rustam came.
• He was always telling me to do things I did
• When I was reading a book, Paragi arrived. not want to do.
• While I was planting a sapling, an insect Rule 4
bit me. This tense is used to refer to an action that was
intended to be done in the past but was not done;
Affirmative Sentences as,
Pattern • Shirmila walked away, just as I was going
Subject + verb (IInd form) + O/A. to speak to her.
 TENSES

Rule 5 10. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Continuous tense is used when two actions
are going on Simultaneously in the past; as, Rule 1
• While Ramu was playing, I was doing my Past Perfect is used wherever we wish to say that
work. an action had been completed before another
commenced. The past of the sentence expressing
• While my wife was cooking food, I was previous action is put into Past Perfect and the
writing book. part of the sentence expressing subsequent action
Rule 6 is put into Past Indefinite (Simple Past); as,
We use this tense in the following senses; as, • The ship was sunk by storm which had
• He was becoming richer and richer. suddenly sprung up.
• It was getting darker and darker. • Monu had been ill for two days when the
doctor was sent for.
• Anita was growing more and more beautiful.
Rule 2
Affirmative Sentences Past Perfect tense is used after - I wish, He/She
Pattern wishes, they wish, as though, as if etc. ; as,
Subject + was/were + verb (Ist form) + ing + • I wish I had been born in London.
O/A.
• She talks to me as if she had come from
• The lion was sleeping under a tree. the USA.
• Mother was cooking food when I reached Rule 3
home. If some action was hoped in the past but was
• Boys were playing while girls were reading. not completed, we use words like - hope, think,
expect, mean, intend, want, suppose etc. In such
Negative Sentences
situation both clauses of the sentence will be in
Pattern Simple Past tense; as,
Subject + was/were + not + verb (Ist form) +
• I had wanted to meet him but unfortunately
ing + O/A.
I fell ill.
• She was not reading her book when I saw
• I had hoped that he would come to attend
her.
my party.
• The lion was not sleeping under the tree.
Affirmative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Pattern
Pattern Subject + had + verb (IIIrd form) + O/A.
Was/were + subject + verb (Ist form) + ing +
• She had seen the Taj Mahal.
O/A?
Q.W. + was/were + subject + verb (Ist form) + • The patient had died before the doctor
ing + O/A? came.
• Was he crying? • The Train had left before I reached the
station.
• Were the cattle grazing in your field?
• The peon rang the bell after we had reached
• Were the police running after the thieves?
school.
• Why was he disturbing you?
Negative Sentences
• Where were the boys going?
Pattern
• What was she doing when you reached Subject + had not + verb (IIIrd verb) + O/A.
there?
• I had not seen the Red Fort.
Adverbials • She had not completed her homework.
1. While, at that time. • The patient had not died before the doctor
2. At that moment, etc. came.
• The farmers had not ploughed their fields
before it rained.

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PAGE 100 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Interrogative Sentences Negative Sentences

Pattern Pattern
Had + subject + verb (IIIrd form) + O/A? Subject + had + not been + verb (ing) + object
Q.W. + Had + subject + verb (IIIrd form) + + since/for.
O/A? • He had not been working in this company

NODIA
• Had you seen the Taj Mahal? for ten years.
• Had you reached school before the bell • The washerman had not been washing
rang? clothes since 10 o’ clock.
• Why had he not finished his work before Interrogative Sentences
the teacher came?
Pattern
Adverbials Had + subject + been + verb (ing) + object +
Before, after. since/for?
Q.W. + had + subject + been + verb (ing) +
object + since/for?
11. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS • Had they been working in that company for
TENSE twenty years?
The past perfect continuous bears the same • Where had he been teaching them for four
relation to the past perfect as the present perfect months?
continuous bears to the present perfect.
Rule 1 12. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
When the action began before the time of
speaking in the past and continued up to that Rule 1
time, or stopped just before it, we can often use It is used to talk about things which we cannot
either past perfect or past perfect continuous; as, control. It expresses the future as fact. We use
• It was now six and he was tired because he this tense to talk about what we think or believe
had worked since dawn. will happen in the future; as,
• It was now six and he was tired because he • I think India will win the match.
had been working since dawn. Rule 2
Rule 2 It is used to express habitual action which will
To denote an action that had been going on for take place and which we cannot control; as,
sometime before another action took place in the • Spring will come again.
past; as,
Rule 3
• I had been solving problems of mathematics With adverbials such as tomorrow, day after
for hours when you come. tomorrow, next week, next month, on coming
Rule 3 Saturday, in 2010 etc.; as,
To express a repeated action in the past perfect as • She will do this practice next month.
a continuous action; as,
Rule 4
• He had been trying to phone her. It is used to express the speaker’s opinion or
Affirmative Sentences assumption about the future, the tense is used
with: think, know, hope, suppose, believe, expect,
Pattern perhaps, probably, surely; as,
Subject + had been + verb (ing) + object + since/
for. • I think he will play.

• We had been studying in this college since Rule 5

1990. Verbs not normally used in the continuous
tenses, e.g. auxiliary verbs, verbs of the senses, of
• They had been teaching there for ten years. emotion, thinking, possessing etc usually express
the future by the future simple, though be going
to is sometime possible; as,
 TENSES

• He will be here at six. Rule 2

We use this tense to talk about actions in the
• You will have time for tea.
future which are already planned or which are
Rule 6 expected to happen in the normal course of
It is used, chiefly in newspapers, news broadcasts, things; as,
for formal announcement of future plans and for
• I will be staying here till Sunday.
weather forecasts; as,
Note : With the future continuous we normally
• The president will open the new heliport mention the future time (next Friday etc.).
tomorrow.
Rule 3
• The fog will persist in all areas. This tense is used to indicate that a longer action
Affirmative Sentences in the future will be interrupted. The interruption
is usually an action in the simple future; as,
Pattern
Subject + will/shall + verb (Ist form) + object. • I will be sleeping when my sister arrives.

• I shall meet Dr. Verma tomorrow. Rule 4

It is used to mention specific time as interruption;
• He will do his work honestly. as,
• She will always obey her parents. • At midnight tonight, we will still be driving
• Zeenat and Jannat will win the competition. through the desert.
Interrogative Sentences Affirmative Sentences
Pattern Pattern
Will/Shall + subject + verb (Ist form) + object? Subject + will be/shall be + verb (ing) + object.
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + verb (Ist form) + • I shall be seeing him next week.
object?
• I shall be staying in this hotel tomorrow
• Will you accept my advice? morning.
• Will he attend the meeting on Sunday? • They will be travelling at this time.
• Why will they do the work here? • The children will be doing their homework.
• Who will come to meet you tomorrow?
Negative Sentences
Interrogative Negative Sentences Pattern
Pattern Subject + will/shall + not + be + verb (ing) +
Will/Shall + subject + not + verb (Ist form) + object.
object? • They will not be having food this time.
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not + verb (Ist
form) + object? • I shall not be doing my work that day.

• Will you not take the examination this • The children will not be learning their
year? lesson.

• Why will they not celebrate Holi this year? • The boatman will not be rowing this boat.
Interrogative Sentences
13. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern
Will/Shall + subject + be + verb (ing) + object?
Rule 1 Q.W. + will/shall + subject + be + verb (ing)
It indicates an action that will be going on in + object?
the future. It is usually accompanied by another
• Will you be coming here tomorrow?
simultaneous action; as,
• Who will be doing your work that day?
• I shall be sleeping when you will be going
for a walk. • How will you be doing this work?
• Will he be preparing for his examination
there?

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PAGE 102 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Interrogative Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences

Pattern Pattern
Will/Shall + subject + not + be + verb (ing) + Will/Shall + subject + have + verb (IIIrd form)
object? + object?
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not + be + verb Q. w. + will/shall + subject + have + verb (IIIrd
(ing) + object? form) + object?
• Will you not be playing ludo that time? • Will you have completed your course before
• Shall we not be having our food there? the examination begin?

• Why will they not be whitewashing the • Will they have reached the station before
house today? the train departs.

• Why will he not be talking to me. • How will they have reached the field before
it starts raining.
Interrogative Negative Sentences
14. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Pattern
Rule 1 Will/Shall + subject + not + have + verb (IIIrd
It indicates an action which will be finished before form) + object?
a certain time in the future; as, Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not + have + verb
(IIIrd form) + object?
• I shall have come back from office before
you go out. • Will you not have reached the office before
10 o’ clock?
Rule 2
It is used to express the speaker’s belief that • Shall we not have eaten food before the
something has taken place; as, guests come?
• You will have heard of Ashoka’s victory. • Why will he not have finished his work
before Monday?
Rule 3
Sometimes it is used to express a past possibility;
as, 15. FUTURE PERFECT
• She will have purchased a new sari. CONTINUOUS TENSE
Affirmative Sentences
Rule 1
Pattern The future perfect continuous tense is used for
Subject + will/shall + have + verb (IIIrd form) actions which will be in progress over a period of
+ object. time that will end in the future; as,
• All the guests will have taken dinner. • By next march we shall have been living
• We shall have finished our work by then. here for four years.

• Ramesh will have completed his studies by Rule 2

the time his father retires. We can use the future perfect continuous to
emphasize how long something has been going on
Negative Sentences by a particular point in the future; as,
Pattern • On Saturday, we will have been living in
Subject + will not/shall not + have + verb (IIIrd this house for a year.
form) + object.
Affirmative Sentences
NODIA

• The thief will not have fled before the police

reach there. Pattern
Subject + will/shall + have been + verb (ing) +
• We shall not have finished our game before object +since/for.
father comes here.
• The girls will have been dancing since 4 o’
• They will not have written the essay before clock.
the teacher comes.
 TENSES

• The shoe maker will have been repairing Pattern

our shoes since morning. All persons + might/would/could/should/must
+ have + been + Continuous form of verb
• The gardener will have been watering the
plants for two hours. • I should have been writing a book by now.
Negative Sentences

Pattern
Subject + will/shall + not + have been + verb
(ing) + ...
• Golu will not have been driving bicycle for
three hours.
• The labourers will not have been
whitewashing the house for four days.
Interrogative Sentences
Pattern
Will/Shall + subject + have been + verb (ing)?
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + have been + verb
(ing)?
• Why will the teacher have been teaching
the students since 10 o’ clock.
• Will they have been travelling for six hours?
Interrogative Negative Sentences
Pattern
Will/Shall + subject + not have been + verb
(ing) + object?
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not have been +
verb (ing) +object?
• Will the farmers not have been ploughing
the field since morning?
• Why will the tailor master not have been
sewing any clothes for three days?

16. OTHER TENSE

Future in the Past Tense

Pattern
All persons + might/would/could/should/must
+ have + Past Participle form of verb.
• I might have given him a pen.
All persons + was/were + going to + Present
form of verb.
• I was going to give him a pen.

Future in the Past Continuous Tense

Future in the past continuous tense are used to
talk about an action we wanted to do in some
past time but the action itself did not take place.

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PAGE 104 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE Ans :
(a) saves

Multiple Choice Type Questions 6. Complete the line from a song by filling the blank
with the correct option :
1. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to The morning dew captures your essence,
complete the sentence to update the result of the The flowers and grass _____ your colour,
regional science fair : The Sunrise embraces your arrival,
We have exciting news to share! As the dawn welcomes a new day.
Our school _____ first place in the regional
(a) reflect (b) reflects
science fair.
(c) reflected (d) shall reflect
(a) awarded (b) was awarded
Ans :
(c) had awarded (d) has been awarded (a) reflect
Ans :
(d) has been awarded 7. Complete the given narrative by filling in the
blank with the correct option :
2. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option The internship at the tech startup had me
to complete the part of the disclaimer given in a _____ excited about the potential of innovation
textbook: and entrepreneurial spirit.
The authors of the book _____ all reasonable
(a) feeling (b) felt
care to ensure that the contents of the book do
(c) to feel (d) feels
not violate any copyright or other intellectual
Ans :
property rights of any person in any manner.
(a) feeling
(a) has been taking (b) have taken
(c) has taken (d) have been took 8. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the
Ans : blank with the correct option.
(b) have taken The opportunity to volunteer at the local food
bank made me _____ the challenges faced by
3. Complete the given narrative by filling in the underprivileged communities.
blank with the correct option.
(a) realizing (b) to realize
I _____ watching that programme every week
since it started. (c) realized (d) realize
Ans :
(a) has been (b) had
(d) realize
(c) have been (d) was been
Ans : 9. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
(c) have been complete the update on the school’s chess team.
4. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to It’s a victorious day !
Our school’s chess team _____ he interschool
complete the weather warning given by the IMD.
chess championship.
IMD on Sunday _____ a ‘thunderstorm’ alert
for some districts in coastal Maharashtra in view (a) has been won (b) will winning
of the extremely severe cyclonic storm Biparjoy (c) was winning (d) has won
gushing over the Arabian Sea. Ans :
(a) will issue (b) will be issuing (d) has won
(c) issued (d) is issuing 10. Complete the given narrative by filling in the
Ans : blank with the correct option.
(c) issued Now that many employees have shown high
productivity working from home, will their
5. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with
bosses hereafter _____ them to take working
the correct option :
vacations ?
Planting a tree is a very noble deed and _____
the earth from global warming! (a) expecting (b) expected
(a) saves (b) saving (c) have expected (d) expect
(c) had saved (d) should save

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 TENSES

Ans : 16. Complete the given narrative, by filling in the

(d) expect blank with the correct option :
11. Complete the line from a song by filling in the Heena _____ from fever since last Sunday.
blank with the correct option. (a) suffered (b) will suffer
The whispering leaves tell your tale, (c) suffer (d) has been suffering
The silent stones _____ your journey, Ans :
The sun casts light on your path, (d) has been suffering
Leading you towards tomorrow’s glory.
17. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
(a) have echoed (b) echo
word in the bracket.
(c) echoes (d) shall echo In the depths of the enchanted forest, where time
Ans : _____ (stand) still and mythical creatures
(b) echo roamed freely, a young adventurer embarked on
12. Complete the line from a ‘Save the Planet’ song, a quest.
Ans :
by filling in the blank with the correct option.
stood
Let’s see what we can do
To save the planet for me and you Directions : In the following questions, a part of the
E is for environment, keep it clean sentence is underlined. Choose the correct Tense Form
If we _____ together, we’ll make the best team. from the given alternatives (a), (b) and (c) to correct
(a) will be standing (b) stand that part of the sentence. In case no improvement is
(c) had stood (d) are standing needed, your answer is (d).
Ans :
(b) stand 18. I have received your letter yesterday.
(a) had received (b) have to receive
13. Fill in the blank by using the correct word in the (c) received (d) No improvement
bracket. Ans :
NODIA

Anyas _____ (eat) all the chocolates kept in (c) received

the tray.
(a) ate (b) eating 19. The boys are listening to my lecture since 8
(c) have eaten (d) eaten O’clock this morning.
Ans : (a) were listening (b) have been listening
(a) ate (c) had been listening (d) No improvement
Ans :
14. Complete the line from a self- awareness song, by (b) have been listening
filling the blank with the correct option.
The river runs through your veins 20. The workers are waiting for their pay packet since
The trees and mountains _____ your name morning.
The moon and stars watch over (a) would be waiting (b) were waiting
You’re guiding your way back home (c) have been waiting (d) No improvement
To dream the night away. Ans :
(a) will (b) call (c) have been waiting
(c) had called (d) calls
Ans : 21. They had left the village a few days ago.
(b) call (a) have left (b) would have left
(c) left (d) No improvement
15. Select the correct option to fill the blank about Ans :
Dipti’s nature. (c) left
She always _____ every person.
(a) trust (b) trusts 22. It is high time that we did something about it.
(c) trusting (d) have trusted (a) had done (b) would do
Ans : (c) have done (d) No improvement
(b) trusts
PAGE 106 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 30. By this time tomorrow, I will reach my home.

(d) No improvement
(a) will be reaching (b) shall have reached
23. His father wrote to him, “It is high time you start (c) can reach (d) No improvement
preparing for the forthcoming examination.” Ans :
(a) would start (b) started (b) shall have reached
(c) had started (d) No improvement 31. They are waiting for her since morning.
Ans :
(a) were waiting (b) have been waiting
(b) started
(c) wait (d) No improvement
24. The sun set before we reached the village. Ans :
(a) would have set (b) would set (b) have been waiting
(c) had set (d) No improvement Directions : In the following questions, sentences
Ans : are given with blanks to be filled in with correct
(c) had set Tense Form. Four alternatives are suggested for each
25. All important people of the country are having question. Choose the correct alternative out of the
large houses in cities. four alternatives.
(a) have 32. They did not know where they _____ from.
(b) were having (a) had come (b) have come
(c) have been having (c) has come (d) come
Ans :
(d) No improvement
Ans : (a) had come
(a) have 33. She feared that she _____
26. When he got off the train, he realized that a (a) will fail (b) may fail
large gathering of his admirers was waiting for his (c) might have fail (d) would fail
arrival for a long time. Ans :
(a) is waiting (b) had been waiting (d) would fail
(c) has waited (d) No improvement 34. All the streets were flooded; it _____ all day
Ans : long.
(b) had been waiting
(a) is raining (b) would be raining
27. The bell is ringing for two minutes. (c) has been raining (d) had been raining
(a) has been (b) had been Ans :
(d) had been raining
(c) have been (d) No improvement
Ans : 35. When the third entered the house, the inmates
(a) has been _____ in the hall.
28. The train left before I reached the station. (a) were slept (b) were sleeping
(a) will have left (b) leaves (c) slept (d) had been sleeping
(c) had left (d) No improvement Ans :
Ans : (b) were sleeping
(c) had left
36. The water tank _____ before it was filled.
29. Ashutosh had occupying this house for 25 years (a) had been cleaned (b) have been cleaned
and has no intention of vacating it. (c) has cleaned (d) had cleaned
(a) is occupying Ans :
(b) will be occupying (a) had been cleaned
(c) has been occupying
37. She _____ for a grocer’s when I saw her.
(d) No improvement
(a) is looking (b) was looking
Ans :
(c) has been occupying (c) will be looking (d) has been looking

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 TENSES

Ans : 46. He _____ the intermediate examination.

(b) was looking
(a) was passing (b) passed
38. He _____ hard since morning. (c) has passed (d) have passed
(a) worked (b) had worked Ans :
(c) has been working (d) would work (c) has passed
Ans :
(c) has been working 47. The engineers _____ this bridge since last year.
(a) have repaired (b) have been repairing
39. I _____ my spectacles. Do help me find them.
(c) had repaired (d) are repairing
(a) lost (b) shall lose
Ans :
(c) have lost (d) will have lost (b) have been repairing
Ans :
(c) have lost 48. Solar Eclipse _____ next Monday.
(a) will occur (b) occurred
40. The toothache is unbearable, I _____ my (c) has occurred (d) had occurred
dentist this afternoon. Ans :
(a) am seeing (b) have seen (a) will occur
(c) saw (d) was seen
Ans : NODIA
Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) am seeing
1. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
41. Tomorrow afternoon at this time we _____
word in the bracket, for the given portion of a
over the Caribbean.
letter :
(a) flying (b) were flying Therefore, I request you to please consider this
(c) shall be flying (d) have been flying request of _____ (construct) a park in our
Ans : society so that each and every person can benefit
(c) shall be flying and we can enjoy a healthy environment amidst
the concrete jungle.
42. It is already ten but he _____ as yet.
Ans :
(a) has not returned (b) would not return constructing
(c) had not returned (d) will not return
Ans : 2. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
(a) has not returned word in the brackets, for the given portion of a
letter.
43. The teacher _____ Thank you for exceeding company expectations
(a) is teaching (b) are teaching and _____ (inspire) your team with your
(c) has teaching (d) have teaching spectacular work ethic.
Ans : Ans :
(a) is teaching inspiring

44. While it _____ we saw the rainbow in the sky. 3. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form
(a) are raining (b) is raining of the verbs given in brackets.
(c) were raining (d) was raining 1. We _____ (go) to Guwahati by Rajdhani
Ans : Express last month.
(d) was raining 2. Rajdhani train _____ (be) a fully air-
conditioned train.
45. The little girl confessed that she _____ the
glass. 3. It _____ (provide) food, cold drinks, water,
and the blankets at night.
(a) broke (b) had broken
4. The journey _____ (be) cool. It imparted
(c) breaks (d) will break
solace to the soul and mind.
Ans :
5. On the opposite, there _____ (be) a priest.
(b) had broken
6. He _____ (be) in the church of Patna for
the past twenty years.
PAGE 108 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. I was informed that he _____ (read) a 4. When I was at school, I _____ part in
book. cultural activities. (take)
8. He did not say when he _____ (come). 5. The workers __________ (repair) the
9. I hope that you _____ (pardon) me soon. road for two weeks, but they haven’t finished
10. He taught me that good deeds _____ (be) yet.
never lost. 6. When I reached the house I _____ that
Ans : thieves _____ into it. (find, break)
1. went 6. has been 7. My mother ………. food when she _____ a
noise. (cook, hear)
2. is 7. had been reading
8. There is going to be a buss strike. Everyone
3. provides 8. would come _____ for auto rickshaws and rickshaws
4. was 9. will pardon next week. (look)
9. He is a very rude person. I _____ him. (not
5. was 10. are help)
10. When you reach there, he _____ a book.
4. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form
(read)
of the verbs given in brackets.
Ans :
1. Arjun _____ (be) a good friend of Lord
Krishna. 1. has been crying 6. found, had broken
2. He never _____ (want) to fight with his 2. was walking, met 7. was cooking, heard
brother Duryodhan.
3. had done 8. will be looking
3. It was Krishna who _____ (inspire) Arjun
by giving him Upadesas of Gita. 4. took 9. shan’t help
4. Arjun _____ (bow) before his Guru and 5. have been repairing 10. will be reading
then he started fighting.
5. The Mahabharata _____ (write) by Ved 6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the
Vyasji. verbs given in the brackets.
6. The Mahabharata _____ (be) an epic. 1. I was _____ food when he came in. (cook)
7. Malaria _____ (be) caused by female 2. The police _____ four thieves last night.
Anopheles mosquito. (catch)
8. They _____ (be) also called carriers. 3. It _____ since 9 o’clock. (rain)
9. When a Mosquito _____ (bite) a person, 4. By the time the fire brigade arrived, the
the microbes enter into the bloodstream. villagers __________ (put out) the fire.
10. We should _____ (keep) the surrounding 5. Stars _____ in the sky at night. (twinkle)
clean to avoid the breeding of mosquitoes. 6. All the students _____ the classwork when
Ans : the teacher came in. (do)
1. was 6. is 7. Mahesh _____ tomorrow from Patna. (come)
2. wanted 7. is 8. The patient _____ before the doctor came.
(die)
3. inspired 8. are
9. I saw that the policemen _____ the thieves.
4. bowed 9. bites (chase)
5. was written 10. keep 10. He is a very rude person, I _____ him. (not
help)
5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the Ans :
verbs given in the brackets: 1. cooking 6. were doing
1. The hungry child _____ for ten minutes.
2. caught 7. will come
(cry)
2. He _____ along the road when suddenly he 3. has been raining 8. had died
_____ an old man. (walk, meet) 4. had put out 9. were chasing
3. I praised him for what he _____ for the 5. twinkle 10. won’t help.
poor. (do)

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 TENSES

7. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form _____ (found) that birds with relatively large
of the verbs given in brackets. brains, such as crows and magpies (f) _____
Last week I (a) _____ (visit) the trade fair. (inhabit) urban areas.
It (b) _____ (inaugurate) by the President of Ans :
India. I (c) _____ (accompany) by my friend (a) found, (b) have, (c) are found, (d) have looked,
who (d) _____ (come) from the U.S.A. last (e) have found, (f) inhabit.
week. He (e) _____ (live) in the U.S.A. since
last five years. He (f) _____ (do) his M.B.A. 11. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form
from the New York University. of the verbs given in brackets.
Ans : When I (a) ____ (be) sixty years old, I (b)
(a) visited, (b) was inaugurated, (c) was _____ (be) open a club. All the members (c)
accompanied, (d) had come, (e) has been living, _____ (be) a share in it. It (d) _____ (be)
(f) is doing. comprise forty members who should be fifty-
plus in age. Health centre, swimming pool, and
8. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form a dancing floor (e) _____ (be) be the features
of the verbs given in brackets. of that club. Membership fees (f) _____ (be)

NODIA
Kate Middleton may (a) _____ (be) looked 5 lacs.
dainty and fairy-like in her wedding gown but (b) Ans :
_____ (talk) doing the rounds (c) _____ (a) will be, (b) will, (c) will have, (d) will, (e) will,
(be) that the dress bore a striking similarity with (f) will be.
Grace Kelly’s wedding outfit. Royal wedding fans
couldn’t (d) _____ (help) noticing that both 12. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form
the brides (e) _____ (wear) dramatic gowns of the verbs given in brackets.
with similar V-shaped necklines and long white Peddacheppalli (a) _____ (become) a
lace sleeves at their respective weddings, (f) habitation after Pakistani Kapu brothers who
_____ (report) the New York Daily. (b) _____ (come) from Northern India, (c)
Ans : _____ (cut) down a forest and (d) _____
(a) have, (b) talks, (c) are, (d) help, (e) wore, (f) (level) it, and hence the village (e) _____
reports. (name) Peddacheppalli after the eldest of the
brothers. Sage Agastya (f) _____ (live) here
9. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form for some time.
of the verbs given in brackets. Ans :
Honey, amla, gums, resins, tubers and tamarind; all (a) became, (b) came, (c) cut, (d) levelled, (e) was
these and more (a) _____ (come) from forests named, (f) lived.
and (b) _____ (find) their way into our lives.
But the tribals who (c) _____ (pluck), dig and 13. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form
extract them get a pittance. Now, the government of the verbs given in brackets.
(d) _____ (decide) to provide a minimum With the onset of Kaliyuga, none (a) _____
support price (MSP) for some select forest produce (perform) pooja and the area (b) _____
on the lines of wheat and paddy. The step could (e) (turn) into a forest with wild shrubs and mud
_____ (help) around 40 million tribal families hills (c) _____ (form) on the Shivlingam.
which still (f) _____ (depend) part or whole When chappals (d) _____ (get) trees cut down
year on income from forests. for (e) _____ (form) a village, a valmeekam
Ans : (f) _____ (surface) and local people offered
(a) come, (b) have found, (c) pluck, (d) has prayers.
decided, (e) help, (f) depend. Ans :
(a) performed, (b) turned, (c) formed, (d) got, (e)
10. Fill up the blanks by using the correct tense form forming, (f) surfaced.
of the verbs given in brackets.
A new study has (a) _____ (find) that birds 14. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option
living in cities (b) _____ (be) larger brains while given below:
species with smaller brains (c) _____ (find) (a) _____ the beauty of nature not through
almost exclusively in rural locations. Researchers right but through touch. She (b) _____
at Sweden’s Uppsala University (d) _____ hundreds of things through mere touch. She (c)
(look) at 82 bird species in central. European _____ the smoothness of the skin of a silver
cities and in the surrounding countryside and (e) birth by (d) _____ her loving hands on it. She
PAGE 110 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(e) _____ the same thing and felt the rough

and shaggy bark of a pine. She desired that men
with sight and hearing power must (f) _____
full use of these powers.
(a) (i) enjoyed (ii) was enjoying
(ii) had enjoyed (iv) enjoys
(b) (i) will find (ii) finds
(iii) has found (iv) found
(c) (i) had judged (ii) judged
(iii) would judge (iv) was judging
(d) (i) passing (ii) passed
(iii) pass (iv) passes
(e) (i) do (ii) does
(iii) did (iv) will do
(f) (i) have made (ii) will make
(iii) made (iv) make
Ans :
(a) (i) enjoyed, (b) (iv) found, (c) (ii) judged, (d)
(i) passing, (e) (ii) did, (f) (iv) make.



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 MODAL AUXILIARIES

CHAPTER 2
MODAL AUXILIARIES

1. INTRODUCTION Would (past form of will) is used

There are some modal auxiliaries in English To express a habit :
grammar. Words like will, would, shall, should, • He would rise early in the morning and go
can, could, may, might, must, ought to etc. when for a walk.
used with verbs (usually before the principal
verb) expressing the mode or manner of the action • He would sit for hours reading this book.
denoted by the verb are known as modals or To express a polite request :
modal auxiliaries. Modals use such ideas as ability • Would you open the door, please?
or capacity, probability or possibility, permission,
• Would you mind standing here?
command, compulsion, duty, obligation etc.
To express a wish, preference :
In most of the cases modals indicate present
or future times, however, sometimes they also • I wish you would come with us.
represent past times. • Would that (I wish) he were here.
• I would rather have a coffee than milk.
2. USES OF MODALS • I would like to come with you.
Uses of different modals are given below: To express an imaginary condition :
• I would do it, if I were allowed.
Will is used • I would buy a bike if I won a lottery.
To express the pure future :
• You will see me at the mall. Should (Past form of shall) is used
• The Chairman will deliver the speech. To express duty/obligation or advise or
To express willingness, intention, promise, desirability:
determination with the first person (I, We) : • We should obey our parents. (Duty)
NODIA

• I will write the letter for you. (Promise) • You should exercise daily. (Advise)
• I will help you. (Willingness/Intention)
Should often implies a mild suggestion or advice.
• They will win the match. (Determination) It is milder form of must and ought to.
Note : will is never used with the first person in To express purpose after lest (in expression of
the interrogative. fear) :
• Work hard, lest you should fail.
Shall is used
• They hired a taxi lest they should miss the
To express pure future : train.
• We shall overcome someday.
• I shall help you. May is used
To ask for advice, suggestion, request etc. with To express possibility :
the first person (I, We) in the interrogative :
• Sophia may turn up today.
• Shall I bring a cup of coffee for you?
• It may rain today.
(Request)
• Shall I open the door? (Advice) To express permission :
• Shall we meet tomorrow? (Suggestion) • You may go now.
• May I come in, Sir?
PAGE 112 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

To express wish, faith, hope : Must is used

• May God bless you! To express obligation or duty :
• May you live long! • You must work hard.
To express a purpose :
• Soldiers must obey the orders of their
• She is working hard so that she may win a officers.
scholarship.
• We must not cheat others.
To express necessity or compulsion :
Might (Past form of may) is used • The letter must be written today.
To express less possibility :
• She must do as I say.
• She might come today. To express emphatic advice or determination :
• It might rain tonight. • You must see a doctor at once.
To express permission :
• You must not leave before you finish your
• Might I raise a question? breakfast.
To express assumption, conclusion/inference,
Can is used certainty/strong probability :

To express permission : • The Postmaster must be in his office at this

time.
• You can go now.
• She must be twenty one.
• He can stay here as long as he wishes.
• He must have reached by now.
• Can I smoke here?
To express possibility : Ought (always followed by a ‘to’
• This can be true. infinitive) is used
• Anyone can make mistakes.
NODIA

To express the subject’s obligation or duty :

To express ability or capacity :
• We ought to respect our parents.
• I can climb this mountain.
• We ought not to deceive anyone.
• Hritik Roshan can dance very well.
NOTE :
NOTE : There is no external authority in ought as there is
Can never indicates past time. In the sense of in must which expresses the speaker’s authority.
ability, the past and the future tense forms are Must compels action on the part of the subject.
was/were able to and shall/will be able to : Ought expresses duty, inner conscience, a
• He was not able to cross the road. (Past) sensible action or advice. It has the same sense
• I hope I shall be able to solve this problem. as should.
(Future) To give advice :
• You ought to mediate for mental peace.
Could (past form of can) is used NOTE :
To express ability/capacity in the past : Would, should, could, might, must, ought to
before have refer to past.
• She could dance very well in the youth.
• I could give him an answer if he had asked
me. 3. MARGINAL AUXILIARY VERBS
To express a polite request :
• Could I borrow your book? Need (not) is used
• Could you wait for some time? Chiefly to show absence of necessity or compulsion
in the negative or interrogative :
To express possibility under certain conditions:
• The negative is formed by need not and the
• If we had money, we could buy a car.
interrogative by inversion.
• It could not be true.
 MODAL AUXILIARIES

• He need not pay your fees right now. EXERCISE

• You need to take a sound sleep.
• Need I speak to him. Multiple Choice Type Questions
It does not take s in the third person singular
1. Complete the slogan, by filling in the blank with
present tense. Its past is had to in the affirmative,
the correct option.
need not have in the negative and need have in
When it gets really hot, rain _____ a blessing.
the interrogative.
(a) should be (b) will be
• You need not have wasted your time in this
(c) must be (d) ought to be
useless activity.
Ans :
• Need I have to see my doctor? (b) will be

Dare is used 2. Select the option that identifies the error and
supplies the correction for the opening line, from
In the negative and interrogative. The negative
is formed by dare not and the interrogative by a Terms and Conditions document.
inversion. It does not take s in the third person Though all efforts have been made to ensure the
singular present tense. accuracy of the content on this website, the same
could not be construed as a statement of law or
• I dare not kill this snake. used for any legal purposes.
• How dare you come here?
Option No. Error Correction
• Dare we interrupt him?
Both dare and need can be used as main (a) efforts effort
verbs. Then they take s in the third person (b) ensure ensuring
singular present tense. They form their negative
and interrogative with do and are followed by to (c) could should
infinitive. (d) of for
Ans :
Used (to) is used (c)
To express past habit :
3. A modal verb is always followed by
• I used to carry a lunch box to school. (I
(a) V 5 (b) V 4
don’t carry now)
(c) V 2 (d) V 1
• I used to sing in my young age. (I don’t Ans :
sing now) (d) V 1
To express the existence of something in the past :
• There used to be a big mansion over here. 4. Can you lift this box ? What does the underlined
auxiliary can suggests ?
(a) Capacity (b) Competence
 (c) Ability (d) Skill
Ans :
(c) Ability

5. The game should be finished by now. What does

the underlined auxiliary should suggests ?
(a) Probability (b) Conjecture
(c) Deduction (d) Prediction
Ans :
(d) Prediction

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PAGE 114 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Directions : In the following questions, sentences are Ans :

given with blanks to be filled in with an appropriate (c) May
and suitable Modal Auxiliary. Four alternatives are 14. _____ God help you.
suggested for each question. Choose the correct
(a) Might (b) Can
alternative out of the four alternatives.
(c) Would (d) May
6. I _____ rather die than join the gang of Ans :
terrorists. (d) May

NODIA
(a) could (b) should
15. It _____ rain tonight.
(c) would (d) can
(a) will (b) may
Ans :
(c) would (c) should (d) can
Ans :
7. I _____ go on with the work, cause what may. (b) may
(a) may (b) will
(c) shall (d) can 16. Work hard lest you _____ fail.
Ans : (a) should (b) may
(b) will (c) would (d) will
Ans :
8. You _____ tell the truth. (a) should
(a) must (b) would
(c) might (d) can 17. _____ heaven protect you !
Ans : (a) Can (b) May
(a) must (c) Might (d) Should
9. _____ you post this letter for me, please ? Ans :
(b) May
(a) Must (b) Will
(c) Shall (d) Need 18. My grand mother _____ read without glasses
Ans : even now.
(b) Will (a) should (b) must
10. Your sister is seriously injured. You _____ (c) would (d) can
consult a good doctor. Ans :
(d) can
(a) can (b) would
(c) might (d) must 19. You have a large number of shirts. You _____
Ans : buy any more
(d) must (a) need not (b) can not
11. The teacher said to Hari, “you _____ go where (c) would not (d) should not
you like.” Ans :
(a) need not
(a) may (b) can
(c) shall (d) should
Ans : 20. As you sow, so _____ you reap.
(a) may (a) will (b) can
12. He prayed that God _____ give me prosperity. (c) shall (d) may
Ans :
(a) must (b) could
(c) shall
(c) should (d) might
Ans : 21. We _____ drink in a public place. It is a crime.
(d) might (a) must not (b) should not
13. _____ I go out, Sir ? (c) would not (d) could not
Ans :
(a) Can (b) Will
(a) must not
(c) May (d) Should
 MODAL AUXILIARIES

22. How _____ you speak to me like that ? 31. You _____ not enter my class. I forbid it.
(a) can (b) dare (a) will (b) may
(c) will (d) may (c) shall (d) dare
Ans : Ans :
(b) dare (c) shall

23. He said I _____ use his car whenever I wanted. 32. I _____ not come yesterday since I was too
(a) will (b) would busy.
(c) could (d) can (a) dare (b) need
Ans : (c) could (d) should
(c) could Ans :
(c) could
24. You _____ start your work in right earnest.
(a) must (b) can 33. _____ you open the gate, please ?
(c) should (d) may (a) May (b) Might
Ans :
(c) Will (d) Would
(a) must Ans :
25. One _____ love one’s neighbours. (d) Would
(a) used to (b) ought to
34. My father is not well. Still he _____ come.
(c) dare (d) could
Ans : (a) can (b) may
(b) ought to (c) would (d) might
Ans :
26. We _____ do as we are told. (d) might
(a) must (b) should
35. He _____ not worry about me.
(c) can (d) may
Ans : (a) may (b) would
(a) must (c) need (d) could
Ans :
27. You _____ not feel sorry for this petty mistake. (c) need
(a) dare (b) need
36. He _____ not challenge me.
(c) used to (d) ought
Ans : (a) need (b) dare
(b) need (c) would (d) might
Ans :
28. She _____ have been ill. (b) dare
(a) must (b) dare
37. The news I heard just now is so strange that you
(c) need (d) ought _____ not believe it.
Ans :
(a) must (a) will (b) could
(c) might (d) None of these
29. At Lahore I _____ walk by the Ravi. Ans :
(a) ought to (b) used to (c) might
(c) need (d) dare 38. You will have to catch the morning flight, so you
Ans :
_____ better get ready.
(b) used to
(a) may (b) had
30. He _____ not eat so much, he will fall ill. (c) should (d) would
(a) dare (b) must Ans :
(c) need (d) used to (c) should
Ans :
(c) need

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PAGE 116 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

39. He _____ sometimes force himself to work on (c) He can’t take the examination.
till late in the night only to find himself unable to (d) He has been permitted to take the
do anything the next day. examination.
(a) could (b) used to Ans :
(c) would (d) should (d) He has been permitted to take the examination.
Ans :
47. You must come in time.
(c) would
(a) You are likely to come in time.
40. _____ our king live long ! (b) You are obliged to come in time.
(a) May (b) Must (c) You have the option to come in time.
(c) Should (d) Can (d) You can’t come in time.
Ans : Ans :
(a) May (b) You are obliged to come in time.
41. We eat so that we _____ live. 48. Shall we sit in the lawn ?
(a) may (b) might (a) I suggest we sit in the lawn.
(c) can (d) could (b) We must sit in the lawn.
Ans :
(c) We have to sit in the lawn.
(a) may
(d) We can sit in the lawn.
42. Mr. Sharma said that it was money that he Ans :
_____ collect from him. (a) I suggest we sit in the lawn.
(a) shall (b) will
49. The rupee may be devalued.
(c) can (d) could
(a) The value of the rupee has gone down.
Ans :
(d) could (b) The value of the rupee is to go down.
(c) It is possible that the value of the rupee will
43. The father divided his property among his three
go down.
sons lest they _____ quarrel afterwards.
(d) The value of the rupee can’t go down.
(a) should (b) shall
Ans :
(c) will (d) could (c) It is possible that the value of the rupee will
Ans : go down.
(a) should
50. Need you work so hard ?
44. Had I known about the agenda, I _____ have
attended the meeting. (a) You must work so hard.
(a) could (b) would (b) You don’t work so hard.
(c) will (d) might (c) You don’t have to work so hard.
Ans : (d) You can’t work so hard.
(b) would Ans :
NODIA

(c) You don’t have to work so hard.

45. He _____ easily swim across this river.
(a) may (b) could
(c) need to (d) might Very Short Answer Type Questions
Ans :
1. Identify the error and supply the correction for the
(b) could following advertisement of an antivirus software.
Directions : In the following questions, choose the A properly installed and maintained antivirus
correct alternative out of the four alternatives that program may wipe out any malware attack, be it
closest to the idea conveyed by the sentence. a bot, a virus, a Trojan or even ransomware.
Use the given format for your response.
46. He may take the examination.
Error Correction
(a) He will take the examination.
(b) He must take the examination.
 MODAL AUXILIARIES

Ans : 5. Read the given dialogue carefully. Identify the

Error Correction error and supply the correction in the sentence.
Sanya exclaims, “Look! My keys are in the
may should/will refrigerator. I will have absent-mindedly put them
here while putting away the groceries.”
2. Read the given sentence from an article on Yoga.
Identify the error and supply the correction in the Use the given format for your response.
sentence :
Yoga should help lower blood pressure, cholesterol, Error Correction
and blood sugar, all of which are not good for
your heart and blood vessels. Ans :
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Error Correction
will must/might/could

6. Read the given sentence from a recipe review

Ans : article. Identify the error and supply the correction
in the sentence.
Error Correction This delightful recipe must keep your hunger
pangs at bay with its balanced spices and oriental
Should Can/may/might
flavour.

3. Read the given sentence from a science journal. Use the given format for your response.
Identify the error and supply the correction in the
sentence. Error Correction
‘When nutrition therapy is provided by a qualified
professional, people could learn how to make Ans :
better food choices.’
Use the given format for your response. Error Correction
Error Correction must will

7. Fill the blank to complete the cautionary

Ans : declaration, given below.
Error Correction The traffic police _____ penalize the law
could can breakers strictly.
Ans :
4. Identify the error and supply the correction for will
the following note in a smart watch’s instruction
8. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
manual.
the correction.
When the watch is connected to the mobile
My class teacher told me that I can work hard.
phone, the watch may automatically calibrate and
synchronize with the time of the mobile phone. Use the given format for your response.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Error Correction
Ans :
Ans :
Error Correction
Error Correction
can should
may will

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PAGE 118 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

9. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply 13. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction. the correction.
He said I will use his car whenever I wanted. The German force lost no time in retreat lest they
might be cut off and surrounded.
Use the given format for your response.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Error Correction

Ans :
Ans :
Error Correction
Error Correction
will could
might should
10. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction. 14. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
You have a large number of shirts. You can not the correction.
buy any more. The news I heard just now is so strange that you
Use the given format for your response. could not believe it.
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Error Correction
Ans :
Ans :
Error Correction
can not need not Error Correction
could might
11. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction. 15. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
We could eat lots of fruit and vegetables every the correction.
day. You may be hungry after all that walking.
NODIA

Use the given format for your response.

Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction Error Correction

Ans : Ans :
Error Correction Error Correction
could ought to may must

12. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply 16. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction. the correction.
I remember my promise. I would help you in the The father divided his property among his three
hour of your need. sons lest they will quarrel afterwards.
Use the given format for your response. Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction Error Correction

Ans : Ans :

Error Correction Error Correction

would will will should
 MODAL AUXILIARIES

17. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply 6. The villagers _____ use kerosene lamps a
the correction. few years ago. (must/had to)
You could not disturb him during his work. 7. The old lady _____ take a bath every day
Use the given format for your response. before taking meals, (ought to/should)
8. She _____ finish this work before I go.
Error Correction (has to/must)
9. Ramesh said that they _____ report for
duty on Monday, (should/ought to)
Ans :
10. We _____ prepare our lessons well before
Error Correction the examination. (ought to/must)
Ans :
could not must not
1. must 2. ought to 3. need
18. Fill in the blanks with correct modal.
4. should 5. have to 6. had to
1. He knew that he _____ (would/must) be
able to reach office in time. 7. should 8. must 9. should
2. You _____ (dare/could) not enter my 10. ought to
house again.
3. I thought he _____ (should/would) be at 20. Fill in the blanks using appropriate modals.
school. 1. I _____ eat 5 bananas at a time when I
4. Raman _____ (can/should) speak in two was young.
voices. 2. You _____ see the lawyer at once.
5. I _____ (can’t/couldn’t) write what you 3. _____ god protect you from the pain and
spoke. agony.
6. You _____ (should/can) have told me 4. My mother _____ watch T.V. for hours
earlier. even now.
7. _____ (Can/Should) i get something to 5. It _____ be cold in the evening, who
drink, please? I am very thirsty. knows?
8. _____ (Can/Should) I use your car, please? 6. Avoid the offending allergen that _____
9. You _____ (can/would) go in now and cause allergy. It may be a particular food,
meet the doctor. perfume, smoke or a cold environment.
10. I _____ (would/should) love to teach these 7. Today you _____ put your mind and
children. talents to use. You should establish new
Ans : contacts.
8. He said that the inspector had not
1. would 2. dare 3. would been removed. This _____ affect the
4. can 5. couldn't 6. should investigation.
7. Can 8. Can 9. can 9. He _____ fail to deliver goods.
10. The company _____ rather prefer to buy
10. would
the shares of other financial institutions.
Ans :
19. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:
1. We _____ obey our teachers, (have to/ 1. could 2. must 3. May
must) 4. can 5. may 6. might
2. She _____ pass this time, (ought to/has
to) 7. should 8. might 9. may
3. He _____ not buy a car. (has to/need) 10. will
4. He works hard lest he _____ fail, (should/
must) 21. Rewrite the following sentences using the words
5. Do you _____ cook your own meal? given in the brackets.
(should/have to) 1. It’s not necessary to buy the cap. (need)
2. The hotels will be full, possibly. (might)

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PAGE 120 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

3. I’m sure it is the sun cream you are allergic Ans :

to. (must) Incorrect Correct
4. It’s not possible for us to change the weather.
(can’t) 1. can should
5. Is it a good idea to take it with us this time? 2. should may
(should) 3. can could
Ans :
4. may not can’t
1. We need not buy the cap.
2. The hotels might be full. 5. can must
3. It must be the sun cream you’re allergic to.
24. Complete the dialogue, filling in the blanks.
4. We can’t change the weather.
Frog : You (a) _____ practise for longer hours
5. Should we take it with us this time? as it will make your voice grow stronger.
Nightingale : But I (b) _____ as the weather
is bad.
Frog : If you don’t then you (c) _____ lose
22. In the following passage, one modal needs to be your audience. You (d) _____ to make them
inserted in each line. Write the missing modal happier.
along with the word that comes before and the Nightingale : No, I am leaving your Bingle Bog
word that comes after it. Jungle right now, I (e) _____ not sing at any
1. I believe I get them all in this shop. cost.
2. You see, I buy a present for my friend. Frog : You (f) _____ not or else I will kill you.
Ans :
3. What we look at first?
(a) must, (b) can’t, (c) shall, (d) ought, (e) would,
4. Gloves . I think they be on this floor. (f) dare.
5. I see just the kind we want.
6. You try these on. 25. Complete the dialogue, filling in the blanks.
Ans : Kinshuk : Doctor, I am not feeling well, (a)
_____ you please issue me a medical certificate?
Before Missing After Dr. Anil : Yes, certainly I (b) _____ if you (c)
_____ tell me your ailment.
1. I can get
Kinshuk : Sir, I (d) _____ go to Simla as I am
2. I have to buy suffering from workaholism.
3. What shall we Dr. Anil : This is no ailment. Sorry, in that case I
(e) _____ You (f) _____ leave now.
4. they might be Ans :
5. I can see (a) could, (b) will, (c) can, (d) need to, (e) cannot,
(f) may.
6. You should try
26. Complete the dialogue, filling in the blanks.
23. Meera has written a dialogue between two Prachi : (a) _____ I remind you that tomorrow
friends. But she has used the wrong modals. Find we (b) _____ go for a movie?
the incorrect modals and replace them with the Rashmi : No, you (c) _____ I (d) _____ ask
correct ones in each line. Namrata to remind me.
1. Sonu : Where’s Vikas? He can have been here Prachi : I (e) _____ be happy if you bring your
half an hour ago. sister along.
2. Vicky : He should have got lost. He is still Rashmi : OK. I (f) _____ certainly.
new to this town. Ans :
(a) should, (b) have to, (c) need not, (d) shall, (e)
3. Sonu : He can have forgotten all about the
would, (f) would.
plan, I suppose.
4. Vicky : He may not have forgotten. We are 27. Complete the dialogue, filling in the blanks.
talking about it this morning. Vedant : Mom, (a) _____ I go for a picnic
5. Sonu : Well, something can have delayed him. tomorrow with my friends?

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 MODAL AUXILIARIES

Mom : Yes, you (b) _____ but you (c) _____ 32. Fill in the blanks using suitable modals.
be very careful to carry your water bottle along. If we sit in an incorrect posture, we (a) _____
Vedant : Ma, I (d) _____ certainly do that. strain our back. As far as possible, this (b)
Mom : I am a little perturbed about your health, _____ be avoided. If the posture becomes a
(e) _____ you carry your mobile in case I (f) part of habit, a low back pain invariably develops.
_____ communicate with your teacher? It (c) _____ be cured if we become conscious of
Ans : our posture. We can also take time out to perform
(a) can, (b) can, (c) should, (d) will, (e) could, a few exercises. If the exercises are done regularly,
(f) need to. the backache (d) _____ certainly be cured. It
(e) _____ also improve the blood circulation
28. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals. within the spine.
Cross-Border terrorism (a) _____ increase if Ans :
there is no check now. The prime cause is, anybody (a) might, (b) should, (c) can, (d) will, (e) will.
who enters the state illegally (b) _____ be
permitted to stay. Our government (c) _____ 33. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.
undertake strong measures so that this act could Ram (a) _____ keep his word as he has to
be prevented. I hope the terrorists. (d) _____ repay all his loan. He (b) _____ be seventeen
realise their moral obligation. Kill the sin and next week. I am certain that you (c) _____
not the sinner, hence the terrorists (e) _____ see that how successfully he has accomplished
not be punished rather they (f) _____ to be his mission. (d) _____ he live long ! You (e)
rehabilitated. _____ not worry. Your money is safe.
Ans : Ans :
(a) will, (b) should not, (c) should, (d) would, (e) (a) should, (b) will, (c) will, (d) May, (e) need.
should, (f) ought/need.
34. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.
29. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal. A person with a fragile ego (a) _____ take
Mohan is not keeping well nowadays. He (a) anything you say personally. They not only have
_____ see the doctor immediately. He (b) a hard time ahead, but (b) _____ also feel
_____ get well unless he visits a doctor. He insulted. They (c) _____ get hurt and in return
(c) _____ be suffering from viral fever. He (d) they (d) _____ injure others. They are called
_____ take proper medicine and rest lest he (e) sadists who (e) _____ certainly mar others’
_____ fall seriously ill. It (f) _____ affect reputation.
not only his health but studies also. Ans :
Ans : (a) would, (b) may, (c) can, (d) can, (e) can.
(a) must, (b) can’t/won’t, (c) may, (d) should, (e)
should, (f) may. 35. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.
In India, the death toll due to road accidents has
30. Fill in the blanks using suitable modals. increased drastically. Most of them (a) _____
You (a) _____ help the teacher to maintain a have been averted. Wider road awareness among
neat and organised classroom. You (b) _____ road users (b) _____ be taught. Separate lanes
regularly inspect classrooms and (c) _____ for heavy vehicles (c) _____ be made. More
assign duties to class monitors to participate. You stringent laws (d) _____ be enforced while
(d) _____ ensure drinking water is provided to issuing licenses. If we do not follow this, the
all. You (e) _____ impose a fine on students degrading society like ours (e) _____ fail the
found littering. next day.
Ans : Ans :
(a) must, (b) should, (c) can, (d) must, (e) may. (a) could, (b) ought to, (c) should, (d) must, (e)
NODIA

will.
31. Fill in the blanks using suitable modals.
How (a) _____ you say such a thing! You (b)
_____ be ashamed of yourself. You never (c)
_____ be so bold before. You (d) _____ 
behave from now.
Ans :
(a) dare, (b) ought to, (c) used to, (d) must.
PAGE 122 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 3
REPORTED SPEECH

1. INTRODUCTION 4. TRANSFORMATION OF DIRECT

The art of reporting the words of a speaker is SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH
called Narration. If we report what another person Unless any instructions are given to the contrary,
has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact it should be assumed that the report of a dialogue
words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) is to be given by a third person. The order of ideas
speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to and the language of the original should not be
transform direct speech. The structure is a little changed when direct speech is turned into indirect
different depending on whether you want to speech. Only the necessary logical changes in verb
transform a statement, question or request. tenses, pronoun person, adjectives and adverbs
are to be made. Let’s study the transformation of
2. DIRECT NARRATION direct speech into indirect speech.
Direct narration is a speech which is reported by
some other person exactly in the words spoken by
Change of Tenses
the speaker. The speech is placed within inverted Rule 1
commas; as, If the Reporting Verb is in the present (says, is/
• She said to him, “I shall give you money.” are/ am saying etc.) or in the future tense (will/
(Direct Narration) shall do, will/shall have done etc.) the tense of the
Points to remember about Direct Narration: verb in the indirect speech is not changed.
1. It is put within inverted commas. Direct She says, “I am reading”.
2. It always begins with a capital letter. Indirect She says that she is reading.
3. A comma separates it from the Reporting Rule 2
Verb. If Reporting Verb is in the past tense (said, had
said, was saying, had been saying etc.) the tenses
3. INDIRECT NARRATION in the reported speech are changed into the past
tense (Do/does is changed to did, Did is changed
Indirect narration is a speech which is reported by
to had done, Can is changed to could, May is
some other person by using certain conjunctions
changed to Might, Will is changed to would, Shall
in place of commas and making necessary changes
is changed to should).
in the verbs and the pronoun of the reported
Direct He said, “There is a scarcity of raw
speech.
material.”
• She told him that she would give him Indirect He said that there was a scarcity of
money. (Indirect Narration) raw material.
Points to remember about Indirect Narration:
Rule 3
1. No inverted commas are used.
Present Indefinite (see) becomes Past Indefinite
2. No comma is required to separate it from the (saw). Present Continuous (is seeing) is changed
Reporting Verb. to past Continuous (was seeing). Present Perfect
3. The tense of the Reporting Verb is never (has seen) is changed to Past Perfect (had seen).
changed. Past Indefinite (saw) becomes Past Perfect (had
4. A conjunction may be used after the Reporting seen). Past Continuous (was seeing) becomes Past
Verb if necessary. Perfect Continuous (had been seeing).
5. Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness
of time and position undergo certain changes.

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 REPORTED SPEECH

NOTE :
Change of Words Denoting Time and
Past Perfect (had seen) and Past Perfect
Continuous (had been seeing) remain unchanged. Position
Exceptions to the Rule All pronoun, adjectives or adverbs denoting
In case of a universal truth or permanent fact nearness of time or positions must be replaced
expressed in the reported speech, the tense by words denoting corresponding remoteness or

NODIA
remains unchanged irrespective of the tense of the distance.
Reporting Verb. Direct I said, “I am glad to be here this
Direct My father says, “The sun is a star.” evening.”
Indirect My father says that the sun is a star. Indirect I said that I was glad to be there that
If the reported speech prescribed a state evening.
of affairs which still exists when the speech is Some common changes are given below :
reported, its tense normally remains unchanged. Direct Indirect
Direct He said, “Mohan wants to become rich
Now Then
by winning a lottery.”
Indirect He said that Mohan wants to become This That
rich by winning a lottery. These Those
Here There
Change of Pronoun
Today That day
Rule 1 Yesterday The previous day
First person pronoun are changed into pronoun of
Tomorrow The next day
the same person as the person of the subject of
the Reporting Verb. Ago Before
Direct I said, “I have done my work.” Last night The previous night
Indirect I said that I had done my work.
Next The next, The following
Direct You said, “I have done my work.”
Indirect You said that you had done your work. Thus So
Direct He said, “I have done my work.” Hence Thence
Indirect He said that he had done his work.
Rule 2 NOTE :
Pronouns of the second person are changed into When, however, words like here, this, now, today
pronouns of the same person as that of the object etc. used in the direct speech refer to the place
of the Reporting Verb. or time at which the speech is made, they do not
Direct Mohan said to me, “You should do change, as for instance :
your work quietly.” Direct Ram said, “I shall see him today.”
Indirect Mohan told me that I should do my Indirect Ram said that he would see him today.
work quietly.
Direct Mohan said to him, “You should do Changing Assertive Sentences
your work quietly.”
Indirect Mohan told him that he should do his
(Statements)
work quietly. Rule 1
Rule 3 Outside the inverted commas, the verb said
Third person pronoun remain unchanged. remains said; says remains says : said to become
Direct I said to Ram, “She should not be told; says to become tells.
trusted.” Rule 2
Indirect I told Ram that she should not be Verb such as inform, reply, remind, declare etc.
trusted. be used instead of said and told to give clear
meaning :
Direct The thief said, “Yes, I stole the money.”
Indirect The thief confessed that he had stolen
the money.
PAGE 124 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Rule 3 Indirect She asked Ram where he lived.

That is used as a conjunction when the inverted
Rule 6
commas are removed.
In case of questions beginning with who, what,
Direct She said, “I am unwell.”
whose, when, where etc. the place of interrogative
Indirect She said that she was unwell.
pronouns and adverbs are not changed (see
However, in some cases that is not required.
example given above).
Direct He said to me, “I fear you have failed.”
Indirect He feared I had failed. Rule 7
Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness
Rule 4
are changed according to the rules already stated.
Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness
should be changed according to the rules already
stated.
Changing Imperative Sentences
The rules for changing direct speech into (Commands and Requests)
indirect speech should be reversed when changing In imperative sentences we have orders, commands
indirect speech into direct speech, and requests.
1. Use say in place of tell, inform, reply etc.
Rule 1
2. Put the reported speech within inverted
The reporting Verb is changed into a verb signifying
commas, separating it from the principal
command, request or advice. Commands can be
clause by a comma.
expressed by words such as command, order, tell,
3. Appropriate changes should be made in tenses,
charge, bid, require etc. Requests can be expressed
pronouns and words denoting remoteness.
by words such as request, beg, implore, ask, solicit
etc. Advice can be expressed by words such as
Changing Interrogative Sentences advice, exhort, urge etc. Other words which may
(Questions) be of use in imperative sentences are : forbid,
Rule 1 persuade etc.
Change the reporting verb into ask, enquire, Direct Ram said to me, “Help me carry my
demand, want to know etc. (Note that enquire box.”
and demand take the preposition of before a Indirect Ram requested me to help him carry
personal object) his box.
Direct The teacher said, “Sit quietly children,
Rule 2 do not disturb me.”
Remove the sign of interrogation (?) and convert Indirect The teachers ordered the children to
the question inside the inverted commas into a sit quietly and forbade them to disturb
statement. her.
Rule 3 Rule 2
Remove the inverted commas and use if or whether The verb of the reported speech is changed into an
as conjunction if the question begins with a finite infinitive (In the above examples, help becomes to
verb, including auxiliaries is, are, am, was, were, help and sit becomes to sit).
do, does, did, has, have, shall, will etc.
Rule 3
Rule 4 If the reported speech is negative, the word not is
The place of the auxiliary verb and noun or placed before to :
pronoun are exchanged in those items where Direct The teacher said, “Children, do not
questions begin with is, am, was, were, will etc. quarrel over trifles.”
Direct I said to him, “Will you teach me?” Indirect The teacher told the children not to
Indirect I asked him if he would teach me. quarrel over trifles.
Rule 5 Rule 4
No conjunction is used when the question begins Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness are
with word like who, what, whose, when, why, how changed according to the rules already discussed.
etc.
Direct She said to Ram, “ Where do you Rule 5
live?” Using the word Let in changing imperative

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 REPORTED SPEECH

sentences EXERCISE
1. Let is used to make proposals. In such cases, Multiple Choice Type Questions
the Reporting Verb changes to suggest,
1. Read the dialogue between a librarian and a
propose etc.
student.
Direct : She said, “Let us have some tea”.
Librarian : Welcome back! It’s good to see you,
Indirect : She suggested that they should have
young man!
some tea.
Student : Thanks! I was overloaded with
2. Let is often used as an ordinary verb signifying
assignments, so I have not visited the library this
allow.
week.
Direct : He said to Rita, “Let me go home.”
Based on the conversation above, report the
Indirect : He requested Rita to let him go home.
dialogue between a librarian and a student by
3. Let is at times used to express a condition. In
completing the sentence.
that case it should be changed to might and
The librarian greeted the student warmly,
the sentence modified slightly.
expressing pleasure at his visit. The student
Direct : She said, “Let it rain ever so hard, I shall
thanked her and explained that _____ which
go.”
had limited his recent visits to the library.
Indirect : She said that she would go however
Select the correct option from those given below :
hard it might rain.
(a) he had been overloaded with assignments
(b) he has been overloaded with assignments

(c) he was overloaded with assignments
(d) he is overloaded with assignments
Ans :
(a) he had been overloaded with assignments

2. Read the dialogue between Karan and his teacher

regarding his absence from school.
Teacher : Karan, why were you absent yesterday ?
Karan : Yesterday I had cold and fever, sir. I
couldn’t inform you beforehand.
Teacher : That’s okay. Take care of your health.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting
of the above dialogue.
NODIA

The teacher asked Karan _____.

Karan replied that he had cold and fever the
previous day and added that he couldn’t inform
the teacher beforehand. The teacher advised him
to take care of his health.
(a) why did he remain absent the previous day
(b) why he had been absent the previous day
(c) the reason he was absent
(d) why was he absent yesterday
Ans :
(b) why he had been absent the previous day

3. Read the dialogue between Shabnam and her

mentor, Sara, regarding her summer internship
programme.
Sara : Why did you choose to participate in this
internship programme?
Shabnam : Ah! I am convinced this programme
has the potential to enhance my abilities.
PAGE 126 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Sara asked Shabnam _____ in that internship reflux problem to which Vilakshna replied that
programme. Shabnam sighed and exclaimed she’d tried everything without success, _____.
that she was convinced that programme had the (a) but she found the new medicine to be great
potential to enhance her abilities. (b) but she thought that this new medicine was
Select the correct option to complete the reporting great
of the above dialogue:
(c) but the new medicine was great
(a) why to choose to participate
(d) but that new medicine was great
(b) to choose participation Ans :
(c) why she had chosen to participate (d) but that new medicine was great
(d) with her choice in participating
Ans : 7. Read the dialogue between Adam and Emma
(c) why she had chosen to participate about a career option.
Adam : Why did you opt for a career in journalism?
4. Read the dialogue between Anil and Sanjeev. Emma : I couldn’t resist my love for storytelling
Anil : Where are you going? and my desire to expose the truth.
Sanjeev : To the airport. Select the option to complete the reporting of the
Anil : May I drop you there as I’m going in that above dialogue :
direction? Adam asked Emma _____ in journalism Emma
Anil asked Sanjeev where he was going and offered passionately expressed that she couldn’t resist her
to drop him as _____. love for storytelling and her desire to expose the
Select the correct option to complete the reporting truth.
of the above dialogue :
(a) why did she opt for a career
(a) he could be going in that direction.
(b) why had she opted for a career
(b) he would be going in the direction.
(c) why she opted for a career
(c) he is going in the direction
(d) why she had opted for a career
(d) he was going in that direction Ans :
Ans :
(d) why she had opted for a career
(d) he was going in that direction

5. Read the dialogue between Ramya and he dad.

Dad : “Ramya, I heard your school made some
changes recently. What is going on?”
Ramya : “Yes, dad. The school administration
_____ a revised attendance policy to ensure 8. Read the dialogue between Meher and her mother,
academic success.” regarding Meher’s dance classes.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting Mother : Are you enjoying your dance classes ?
of the above dialogue : Meher : Oh Yes ! I am loving it. It is so refreshing
(a) will implement (b) is implementing to attend them after a long day.
(c) has implemented (d) was Select the correct option to complete the reporting
implementing of the above dialogue.
Ans : Meher’s mother asked her _____. In response,
(c) has implemented Meher exclaimed and said that she was loving it.
She added that it was very refreshing to attend
6. Read the dialogue between Vilakshna and them after a long day.
her physician, Dr. Sharnani, regarding the (a) whether the dance classes were being enjoyed
effectiveness of her medication. by her
Dr. Sharnani : How is your acid reflux problem
(b) whether she is enjoying her dance classes
now ?
Vilakshna : I’d tried everything without success, (c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes
but this new medicine is great. (d) whether the dance classes are being enjoyed
Select the correct option to complete the reporting by her
of the above dialogue. Ans :
Dr. Sharnani asked Vilakshna about her acid (c) whether she was enjoying her dance classes

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 REPORTED SPEECH

Directions : In the following questions, a sentence Ans :

has been given in Direct/Indirect form. Out of the (c) He asked me what time the sun should set the
four alternatives suggested, select the one which best next day.
expresses the same sentence in Indirect/Direct form. 13. “Tinu, where have you been all these days ?”
9. He says “I go for a walk every morning”. asked the principal.
(a) He says that he goes for a walk every morning. (a) The principal asked Tinu where he had been
all those days.
(b) He said that he used to go for a walk every
morning. (b) The principal asked Tinu where he has been
all those days.
(c) He said that he goes for a walk every morning.
(c) The principal asked Tinu where had he been
(d) He says he went for a walk every morning.
all those days.
Ans :
(a) He says that he goes for a walk every morning. (d) The principal asked Tinu where was he all
those days.
10. He said to me, “You are getting lazy day by day.” Ans :
(a) He informed me that I am getting lazy day by (a) The principal asked Tinu where he had been
day. all those days.
(b) He told me that I have been getting lazy day 14. “Have you completed your assignment, Minu
by day. ?”said her brother.
NODIA
(c) He told me that I was getting lazy day by (a) Minu’s brother asked Minu if you have
day. finished your assignment.
(d) He told me that you were getting lazy day by (b) Minu’s brother said to Minu if she had
day. finished her assignment.
Ans :
(c) Minu’s brother asked her if she had finished
(c) He told me that I was getting lazy day by day.
her assignment.
11. He said, “Ravi, why are you sounding so depressed (d) Minu’s brother asked Minu if she has finished
today ?” her assignment.
(a) He asked Ravi why did he sound so depressed Ans :
that day. (c) Minu’s brother asked her if she had finished
her assignment.
(b) He asked Ravi why he was sounding so
depressed that day. 15. She said, “When I was a child, I wasn’t afraid of
(c) He told Ravi why he sounded so depressed ghosts”.
today. (a) She said that when she was a child she wasn’t
(d) He asked Ravi that why was he sounding so not afraid of ghosts.
depressed that day. (b) She said that when she was a child she hadn’t
Ans : been afraid of ghosts.
(b) He asked Ravi why he was sounding so (c) She said that when she was a child she wasn’t
depressed that day. afraid of ghosts.
(d) She said that when she had been a child she
12. He asked me “What time will the sun set wasn’t afraid of ghosts.
tomorrow ?” Ans :
(a) He asked me what time does the sun set the (b) She said that when she was a child she hadn’t
next day. been afraid of ghosts.
(b) He asked me what time the sun would set
16. I said to my friend, “Can I borrow your dictionary
tomorrow.
for one day ?”
(c) He asked me what time the sun should set the
(a) I asked my friend if I could borrow his
next day.
dictionary for one day.
(d) He asked me what time would the sun set the
(b) I asked my friend if I could borrow your
next day.
dictionary for one day.
PAGE 128 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) I asked my friend if I can borrow his dictionary 20. Ashmita advised me to go and see a doctor.
for one day. (a) “You should go and see a doctor,” said
(d) I asked my friend that if I can borrow his Ashmita.
dictionary for one day. (b) Ashmita asked me, “Will you go and see a
Ans : doctor?”
(a) I asked my friend if I could borrow his
(c) Ashmita told me, “Go and see the doctor.”
dictionary for one day.
(d) “Shouldn’t you go and see a doctor?” asked
17. “No”, said the child, “I won’t kneel for if I do, I Ashmita.
shall spoil my new pair of trousers”. Ans :
(a) The child said that he would not kneel for if (a) “You should go and see a doctor,” said
he did so he will spoil his new pair of trousers. Ashmita.
(b) The child said that he will not kneel for if he 21. Suresh asked Prasad whether he had watched the
kneels he will spoil his new pair of trousers. cricket match on television the previous night.
(c) The child said that he would not kneel for (a) Suresh asked Prasad, “Did you watch the
if he did so he would spoil his new pair of cricket match on television previous night ?”
trousers. (b) Suresh asked Prasad, “Have you watched the
(d) The child said that I will not kneel for if he cricket match on television last night ?”
did kneel, he should spoil his new pair of (c) Suresh said to Prasad, “Did you watch the
trousers. cricket match on television last night ?”
Ans :
(d) Suresh said to Prasad, “Did you watched the
(c) The child said that he would not kneel for if
cricket match on television last night ?”
he did so he would spoil his new pair of trousers.
Ans :
18. He said to us, “Why are you all sitting about (c) Suresh said to Prasad, “Did you watch the
there doing nothing ?” cricket match on television last night ?”
(a) He asked us why are we all sitting about there 22. Father said to me, “You are idling away your
doing nothing. time.”
(b) He asked us why we are all sitting about there (a) Father told me that I was idling away my
doing nothing. time.
(c) He asked us why we were all sitting about (b) Father told me that I am idling away my
there doing nothing. time.
(d) He asked us why were we all sitting about (c) Father told me that you are idling away your
there doing nothing. time.
Ans :
(d) Father told me that you were idling away
(c) He asked us why we were all sitting about
your time.
there doing nothing.
Ans :
19. He requested the boss to let him go on with his (a) Father told me that I was idling away my
project. time.
(a) He said to the boss, “Let me go on with my 23. He swore in the name of God that he was ignorant
project please.” of the matter.
(b) He told the boss, “Go on with my project (a) He said, “I’m ignorant by God!”
NODIA

please.”
(b) He declared, “God knows I was ignorant of
(c) He said to the boss, “You better let me go on the matter.”
with my project.”
(c) He said, “By God! I’m ignorant of the
(d) He told the boss, “Please go on with my matter.”
project.”
(d) He said he was ignorant of God.
Ans :
Ans :
(a) He said to the boss, “Let me go on with my
(c) He said, “By God! I’m ignorant of the matter.”
project please.”
 REPORTED SPEECH

24. He proposed to his companions that they should (a) “You are a clever. That’s why you solved the
not miss that chance to see the last show. puzzle quickly,” said the mother.
(a) He said to his companions, ‘Let us not to miss (b) The mother said, “How cleverly you solved
the chance to see the last show.’ the puzzle.”
(b) He said to his companions, ‘Let us not miss (c) The mother said, “You solved the puzzle very
that chance to see the last show.’ quickly !”
(c) He said to his companions, ‘We should not (d) “How clever of you to have solved the puzzle
miss that chance to see the last show.’ so quickly!”, said the mother.
(d) He said to his companions, ‘Let us not miss Ans :
the chance to see the last show.’ (d) “How clever of you to have solved the puzzle
Ans : so quickly!”, said the mother.
(b) He said to his companions, ‘Let us not miss
29. “Please help me to find the way”, she said.
that chance to see the last show.’
(a) She requested that she be found the way to
25. “Bring me an elephant with one golden tusk,” the help.
witch told her minion. (b) She requested to be shown the way.
(a) The witch requested her minion to bring her (c) She asked to find the way with help.
an elephant with one golden tusk. (d) She asked for help in finding the way.
(b) The witch told her minion to bring her the Ans :
elephant with one golden tusk. (b) She requested to be shown the way.
(c) The witch ordered her minion to bring her an
elephant with one golden tusk. 30. My friend said, “I bought the tickets yesterday.”
(d) The witch advised her minion to bring her an (a) My friend had bought the tickets yesterday.
elephant with one golden tusk. (b) My friend wanted to buy the tickets yesterday.
Ans : (c) My friend told me to buy the tickets.
(c) The witch ordered her minion to bring her an (d) My friend said that he had bought the tickets
elephant with one golden tusk. the previous day.
Ans :
26. She asked her brother if he could give her some
(d) My friend said that he had bought the tickets
money then.
the previous day.
(a) She said to her brother, “Could I give you
some money now ?” 31. He said, “My brother wants to be a doctor but I’d
(b) She said to her brother, “Can you give me rather he attended our business.”
some money then ?” (a) He said that his brother would want to be
(c) She said to her brother, “Can you give me a doctor but he would wish him to attend
some money now ?” business.
(d) She asked her brother, “Give me some money (b) He said that his brother wanted to be a doctor
now.” but he’d rather he attended their business.
Ans : (c) His brother wanted to be a doctor but he said
(c) She said to her brother, “Can you give me that he should attend business.
some money now ?” (d) he wanted his brother to attend business and
not become a doctor.
27. She said that she really liked the furniture.
Ans :
(a) “She really liked this furniture,”she said. (b) He said that his brother wanted to be a doctor
(b) She had really liked this furniture,” she said. but he’d rather he attended their business.
(c) “I really like this furniture,” she said.
32. The teacher said to the student, “Recite the poem
(d) “I have really liked this furniture,” she said.
loudly.”
Ans :
(c) “I really like this furniture,” she said. (a) The teacher told the student that the poem
may be recited loudly.
28. The mother exclaimed admiringly that it was very (b) The teacher asked the student to recite the
clever of him to have solved the puzzle so quickly. poem loudly.

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PAGE 130 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) The teacher commanded the student that he the crocodiles.

should recite the poem loudly. (b) They had wanted to know who will now listen
(d) The teacher expected that the student will to their troubles and protect them from the
recite the poem loudly. crocodiles.
Ans : (c) They wanted to know who will listen to their
(b) The teacher asked the student to recite the troubles and protect them from the crocodiles.
poem loudly. (d) They had wanted to know who would listen
to their troubles and protect them from the
33. The Prime Minister said that no one would be
crocodiles.
allowed to disturb the peace. Ans :
(a) The Prime Minister said, “We shall not allow (a) They had wanted to know who then would
any one to disturb the peace.” listen to their troubles and protect them from the
(b) The Prime Minister said, “We would not crocodiles.
allow no one to disturb the peace.”
37. The mother urged the child to come on the
(c) The Prime Minister said, “No one will disturb
footpath.
the peace.”
(a) The mother said to the child, “Come on the
(d) The Prime Minister said, “No one can disturb
footpath.”
the peace.”
Ans : (b) The mother said, “Come, child come. Come
(a) The Prime Minister said, “We shall not allow on the footpath.”
any one to disturb the peace.” (c) The mother said, “Please come on the
footpath, child.”
34. The commander said to the army, “March (d) The mother said to the child, “You should
forward”. come on the footpath.”
(a) The commander asked the army march Ans :
forward. (b) The mother said, “Come, child come. Come
(b) The commander ordered the army to march on the footpath.”
forward.
38. Sushma said, “We shall celebrate the festival of
(c) The commander requested the army to go Janmashtami tomorrow.”
forward.
(a) Sushma said that we should celebrate the
(d) The army requested the commander to march. festival of Janmashtami the next day.
Ans :
(b) Sushma said that we shall celebrate the
(b) The commander ordered the army to march
festival of Janmashtami the next day.
forward.
(c) Sushma said that they should celebrate the
35. She exclaimed, “I’m afraid we are rather late !” festival of Janmashtami the next day.
(a) She exclaimed that they were frightened of (d) Sushma said that they would celebrate the
NODIA

being late. festival of Janmashtami the next day.

(b) She exclaimed that she was afraid that they Ans :
were rather late. (d) Sushma said that they would celebrate the
(c) She shouted that they were scared that they festival of Janmashtami the next day.
would be late.
39. “I’m so tiny that I can’t reach your branches,”
(d) She screamed that she was worried that they said the little boy to the tree.
would all be late.
Ans : (a) The little boy said that the tree was so tiny
(b) She exclaimed that she was afraid that they that he couldn’t reach its branches.
were rather late. (b) The little boy said that he was so tiny that he
couldn’t reach its branches.
36. “Who now”, they had asked, “will listen to our
(c) The little boy told to the tree that he was so
troubles and protect us from the crocodiles ?”
tiny that he couldn’t reach its branches.
(a) They had wanted to know who then would
(d) The little boy told the tree that he was so
listen to their troubles and protect them from
tiny that he couldn’t reach its branches.
 REPORTED SPEECH

Ans : (c) He warned her calmly that he would shoot

(d) The little boy told the tree that he was so tiny her if she didn’t keep quiet.
that he couldn’t reach its branches.
(d) Calmly he warned her that be quiet or else he
40. “I’m sorry I cannot stay,” said the swallow. I’m will have to shoot her.
waited for in Egypt.” Ans :
(c) He warned her calmly that he would shoot her
(a) The swallow told that he is sorry he cannot
if she didn’t keep quiet.
stay and added that he is waited for in Egypt.
(b) The swallow said he was sorry he couldn’t 44. I said to her, “I am going to my town tomorrow.”
stay and added that someone was waiting for (a) I told her that she was going to her town the
him in Egypt. next day.
(c) The swallow regretted he couldn’t stay as he (b) I told her if I was going to her town the next
was waited for in Egypt. day.
(d) The swallow regretted that he was waited for (c) I told her that I was going to my town the
in Egypt and couldn’t stay. next day.
Ans :
(d) I told her if I was going to my town the next
(c) The swallow regretted he couldn’t stay as he
day.
was waited for in Egypt.
Ans :
(c) I told her that I was going to my town the
41. He said, “Will you listen to such a man ?” next day.
(a) He asked them will you listen to such a man.
(b) He asked them are you listening to such a 45. He said to me, “Let’s play tennis.”
man. (a) He proposed me that we should play ‘tennis.
(c) He asked them whether they would listen to (b) He said to me to play tennis.
such a man. (c) He suggested that tennis should be played.
(d) He asked them whether they will listen to (d) He ordered me to play tennis.
such a man. Ans :
Ans : (a) He proposed me that we should play tennis.
(c) He asked them whether they would listen to
such a man. 46. He said to me, “Did you write a letter ?” I said,
“Yes”.
42. The traveller enquired of the farmer if he could (a) He asked me if I had written a letter. I said
tell him the way to the nearest inn. yes.
(a) The traveller said to the farmer, “Where is (b) He asked me that I had written a letter. I
the nearest inn ?” replied in the affirmative.
(b) The traveller said to the farmer, “Which is (c) He asked me that if I had written a letter.
the way to the nearest inn ?”
(d) He asked me if I had written a letter. I replied
(c) The traveller said to the farmer, “Can you in affirmative.
tell me the way to the nearest inn ?” Ans :
(d) The traveller said to the farmer, “What is the (d) He asked me if I had written a letter. I replied
way to the nearest inn ?” in affirmative.
Ans :
(c) The traveller said to the farmer, “Can you tell 47. Kiran asked me, “Did you see the cricket match
me the way to the nearest inn ?” on television last night ?”
(a) Kiran asked me whether I saw the cricket
43. “If you don’t keep quiet I shall shoot you,” he said match on television the earlier night.
to her in a calm voice.
(b) Kiran asked me whether I had seen the cricket
(a) He warned her to shoot if she didn’t keep match on television the earlier night.
quiet calmly.
(c) Kiran asked me did I see the cricket match on
(b) He said calmly that I shall shoot you if you television last night.
don’t be quiet.
(d) Kiran asked me whether I had seen the cricket
match on television last night.

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PAGE 132 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : (c) The captain ordered the army to march on

(d) Kiran asked me whether I had seen the cricket that day.
match on television last night.
(d) The captain ordered the army to attack the
48. The tailor said to him, “Will you have the suit enemy.
ready by tomorrow evening ?” Ans :
(b) The captain ordered the army to march
(a) The tailor asked him that he will have the
forward then.
suit ready by the next evening.
(b) The tailor asked him that he would had the 52. The lady said to the servant, “If you don’t wash
suit ready by the next evening. the clothes properly, I will dismiss you.”
(c) The tailor asked him if he would have the suit (a) The lady warned the servant that she would
ready by the next evening. dismiss her if she didn’t wash the clothes
(d) The tailor asked him if he will like to have the properly.
suit ready by the next evening. (b) The lady told the servant that she would
Ans : dismiss her on the event of bad work.
(c) The tailor asked him if he would have the suit (c) The lady cautioned the servant that she must
ready by the next evening. wash the clothes properly.
49. He said to the interviewer, “Could you please (d) The lady advised the servant to wash the
repeat the question ?” clothes properly.
Ans :
(a) He requested the interviewer if he could please
(a) The lady warned the servant that she would
repeat the question.
dismiss her if she didn’t wash the clothes properly.
(b) He requested the interviewer to please repeat
the question.
(c) He requested the interviewer to repeat the Very Short Answer Type Questions
question.
1. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his
(d) He requested the interviewer if he could customer, by completing the sentence :
repeat the question. Vendor : You look a little different today!
Ans : Customer : Yes, I just got a new haircut.
(d) He requested the interviewer if he could repeat The vendor noticed that his customer’s
the question. appearance had changed and asked him about it.
The customer admitted this, citing the fact that
50. Pawan said to me, “If I hear any news, I’ll phone _____.
you.” Ans :
(a) Pawan told me that if he heard any news, he he had recently/just got a haircut
will phone me.
NODIA

(b) Pawan told me that if he will hear any news, 2. Report the dialogue between two friends, Nidhi
he will phone me. and Neha, by completing the sentence :
Nidhi — Have you mastered the art of cooking
(c) Pawan told me if he had heard any news, he
Chinese food ?
would phone me.
Neha — Yes, indeed ! I have been cooking Chinese
(d) Pawan told me that if he heard any news, he food for a month.
would phone me. Nidhi asked Neha if she had mastered the art
Ans : of cooking Chinese food. Neha answered in the
(d) Pawan told me that if he heard any news, he affirmative and explained that _____.
would phone me. Ans :
she had been cooking Chinese food for a month.
51. The captain said to the army, “March forward,
now.” 3. Report the following dialogue between two friends
(a) The captain said to the army that march who are visiting a museum, by completing the
forward now. sentence.
(b) The captain ordered the army to march Auronima : What are you staring at ?
forward then. Soumitra : I am in awe of this beautiful painting!
I have not seen anything like this before.
 REPORTED SPEECH

Auronima asked Soumitra what he was staring 9. Report the following dialogue between a hawker
at. Soumitra exclaimed that he was in awe of the and his customer, by completing the sentence.
beautiful painting and that _____. Hawker : Do you want any tomatoes ?
Ans : Customer : Yes, indeed! Although they are a bit
he had not seen anything like that before expensive, I like to add tomatoes to my diet.
The hawker asked the customer whether she
4. Manthan and Sonalika had. a conversation about wanted any tomatoes. The customer answered in
Sonalika’s job interview. the affirmative and explained that _____.
Report Manthan’s question. Ans :
How are you preparing for the interview ? although they are a bit expensive, she likes to add
Ans : tomatoes to her diet.
Manthan asked Sonalika how she was preparing
for the interview.
10. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his
5. Raashi and Ratul had a conversation about customer, by completing the sentence :
volunteer work. Vendor : It is nice to see you, Sir!
Report Raashi’s question. Customer : Yes, indeed! Unlike last month, I have
Raashi : What challenges have you faced while been away for quite some time this month.
volunteering? The vendor greeted his customer respectfully and
Ratul : The main challenge is dealing with mentioned that he was pleased to see him. The
different personalities, but it’s also a great customer answered in the afrmative and explained
learning experience. that _____.
Ans : Ans :
Raashi asked Ratul what challenges he had faced unlike the previous month, he had been away for
while volunteering quite some time that month.
6. Marie and Peter had a conversation about 11. Read the conversation between two friends Ravi
volunteer work. and Reena. Complete the sentence by reporting
Report Marie’s question. Reena’s reply correctly.
What kind of skills have you imbibed from this Ravi : “Reena, lend me hundred rupees’.
volunteer work ? Reena : “I don’t have it right now, but I will
Ans : arrange it for you”.
Marie asked, “What kind of skills have you Ravi asked Reena to lend him hundred rupees, to
imbibed from this volunteer work?” which Reena replied that _____
Ans :
7. Sunanda and Pushkar had a conversation about
she did not have it right then, but she would
their travels.
arrange it for him.
Report Pushkar’s question.
Have you ever been to Peri Bagh ? 12. Report the dialogue between a mother and a
Ans : daughter by completing the sentence :
Pushkar asked Sunanda if she had ever been to Mother : Why are you looking so worried?
Peri Bagh. Daughter : My exams are approaching.
In response to the question of the mother, the
8. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his
daughter replied that _____
customer, by completing the sentence :
Ans :
Vendor : We missed your usual visits, sir.
her exams were approaching
Customer : I know, I had to travel for work.
The vendor expressed that the customer’s regular 13. Two friends, Aarav and Ananya, are discussing
visits were missed, reaching out to the customer. their upcoming trip. How would Aarav report
The customer acknowledged this and clarified Ananya’s dialogue?
that _____. Aarav : “I have already booked the hotel for our
Ans : trip tomorrow.”
he had had to travel for work Ananya : “Are you sure? Don’t forget to confirm
the reservation.”
Ananya asked me _____.

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PAGE 134 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 9. I said that I agreed to what he had [Link]

if I was sure I had booked the hotel for our trip that I am late.”
the next day and reminded me not to forget to
10. The student told the teacher that he was
confirm the reservation
sorry that he was late.
14. Abhilash and Neha had a conversation about the
inauguration of Neha’s Dance Academy. Report 17. Change the following into Indirect Speech:
Abhilash’s question. 1. My brother asked me, “When will you
Is your best friend helping you in this venture? return?”
Ans : 2. Sita said to me, “Are you planning to visit
Abhilash asked Neha whether/if her best friend Bengaluru Shortly?”
was helping her in that venture. 3. The beggar said to the old man, “Can you tell
me the way to the nearest temple?”
15. Read the given conversation between two friends.
Sumit : What do you plan to do after your 4. The shopkeeper said to me, “Sir, can I help
graduation? you now?”
Rahul : I have processed my admission at Harvard 5. Vijaya asked Seema, “When are you leaving
Business School. Very soon, I shall be leaving for for U.K.?”
London. 6. My friend said to me, “Why have you kept
Report what Rahul told his friend by completing me waiting?”
the following sentence. 7. The doctor asked me, “How is your mother?”
Rahul replied that _____. 8. Raman said to his friend, “Will you not help
Ans : me in solving this problem?”
he had processed his admission at Harvard 9. Ramesh said to the guest, “Do you want some
Business School and added that very soon, he more coffee?”
would be leaving for London. 10. He said to me, “Will you go to Jaipur
16. Change the following into Indirect Speech: tomorrow?”
Ans :
1. Ramu said, “I saw a lion in the forest.”
1. My brother asked me when I would return.
2. Satish said to me, “I am very happy here.”
2. Sita asked me if I was planning to visit
3. He said, “I can do this work.”
Bengaluru shortly.
4. Renu said to me, “I was washing the clothes.”
NODIA

3. The beggar asked the old man if he could tell

5. She said, “I am not well.” him the way to the nearest temple.
6. He said to Sita, “I have passed the test.” 4. The shopkeeper asked me respectfully if he
7. I said to my friend, “He has been working could help me then.
very hard.” 5. Vijaya asked Seema when she was leaving for
8. My friend said to me, “I shall go to Delhi U.K.
tomorrow.” 6. My friend asked me why I had kept him
9. I said, “I agree to what he said.” waiting.
10. The student said to the teacher, “I am 7. The doctor asked me how my mother was.
Ans :
8. Raman asked his friend if he would not help
1. Ramu said that he had seen a lion in the him in solving that problem.
forest.
9. Ramesh asked the guest if he wanted some
2. Satish told me that he was very happy there. more coffee.
3. He said that he could do that work. 10. He asked me if I would go to Jaipur the next
4. Renu told me that she had been washing the day.
clothes.
5. She said that she was not well. 18. Change the following into Indirect Speech:
6. He told Sita that he had passed the test 1. “Get out of the car!” said the policeman.
7. I told my friend that he had been working 2. “Could you please be quiet,” she said.
very hard. 3. The man with the gun said to us, “Don’t
8. My friend told me that he would go to Delhi move!”
the next day. 4. She said to me, “Open the window.”
 REPORTED SPEECH

5. The captain said to the soldiers, “Attack the

enemy.”
6. I said to him, “Leave this place at once.”
7. The teacher said to the students, “Listen to
me attentively.”
8. The Principal said to the peon, “Ring the
bell.”
9. The master said to the servant, “Fetch me a
glass of water.”
10. I said to him, “Please bring me a glass of
water.”
Ans :
1. The policeman ordered him to get out of the
car.
2. She asked me to be quiet.
3. The man with the gun warned us not to move.
4. She ordered me to open the window.
5. The captain commanded the soldiers to
attack the enemy.
6. I told him to leave that place at once.
7. The teacher asked the students to listen to
him attentively.
8. The Principal ordered the peon to ring the
bell.
9. The master ordered the servant to fetch him
a glass of water.
10. I requested him to bring me a glass of water.

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PAGE 136 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 4
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE - TYPE 1

1. INTRODUCTION To Give Warnings or Threats

Because Type 1 deals with real consequences, it is
Conditional sentences are used to express that the often used for warnings.
action in the main clause (the result) can only
take place if a certain condition (the if-clause) • If you touch that wire, you will get a shock.
is fulfilled. Type 1 Conditionals (also known as • If you don’t hurry, we will miss the train.
the “First Conditional”) refer to real and possible
situations. They are used to talk about things Using Modals instead of “Will”
which might happen in the future if a specific Sometimes, instead of ‘will’, we use other modal
condition is met today. auxiliaries to express different degrees of certainty
or permission.
• Ability: If you have a passport, you can
2. STRUCTURE AND PATTERN travel abroad.
A Type 1 conditional sentence consists of two
• Possibility: If it clears up, we may go for a
parts:
picnic.
1. The If-Clause (Condition): Uses the Simple
Present Tense. • Advice: If you feel sick, you should see a
2. The Main Clause (Result): Uses the Simple doctor.
Future Tense (or Modals like can/may).
Using “Unless”
Clause Type Tense/Form Example “Unless” means “If... not.” It is very common in
Type 1 sentences to express a negative condition.
If-Clause If + Simple If it rains,
Present • Unless you study, you will fail.
Main Clause Subject + Will I will stay at • The car won’t start unless you turn the key.
+ Verb (Base) home.
Note on Punctuation: If the “If-clause” comes 4. COMMON ERRORS TO AVOID
first, use a comma. If the “Main clause” comes
first, no comma is needed.
The “Double Will” Error
• If I study hard, I will pass. Never use “will” in the If-clause. Even though the
• I will pass if I study hard. condition refers to the future, the grammar must
stay in the Simple Present.
Incorrect: If it will rain, I will stay home.
3. FUNCTIONS AND USAGE Correct: If it rains, I will stay home.

To Express Future Possibilities Subject-Verb Agreement

We use Type 1 to predict the result of a future Remember to add ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ in the if-clause for
action that is very likely to happen. third-person singular subjects (He, She, It, or
Singular Nouns).
• If you work hard, you will get good marks.
• If he arrives late, the teacher will be angry.
• If the bus is late, I will take a taxi.

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE - TYPE 1

EXERCISE (b) If he arrives, I will go.

(c) If he will arrive, I will go.
Multiple Choice Type Questions (d) If he arrives, I went.
Ans :
1. If you have a license, you ______ drive the
(b) If he arrives, I will go.*
car. (Expressing Ability)
(a) will (b) can 7. What does the “If-clause” in Type 1 represent?
(c) should (d) must (a) An impossible past event.
Ans :

NODIA
(b) An imaginary present situation.
(b) can (c) A real and possible future condition.
2. If the sky is clear, it ______ rain today. (d) A universal scientific truth only.
(Expressing Possibility) Ans :
(a) won’t (b) might not (c) A real and possible future condition.
(c) can (d) may 8. Which of the following is a correctly structured
Ans : Type 1 Conditional sentence?
(d) may (a) If it will rain, the crops will grow.
3. Identify the mistake: “I will stay at home if it will (b) If it rains, the crops will grow.
snow.” (c) If it rains, the crops grow.
(a) I will stay (b) at home (d) If it rained, the crops would grow.
(c) if it (d) will snow Ans :
Ans : (b) If it rains, the crops will grow.
(d) will snow (Correction: snows)
9. Choose the correct negative conditional:
4. Teacher: “Submit your assignment today, or I will (a) Unless you don’t call me, I will not come.
mark you absent.” (b) If you call me, I will not come.
Which conditional expresses this correctly? (c) Unless you call me, I will not come.
(a) If you submit your assignment, I will mark (d) Unless you will call me, I will not come.
you absent. Ans :
(b) Unless you submit your assignment, I will (c) Unless you call me, I will not come.
mark you absent.
(c) If you will submit your assignment, I mark 10. What is the correct main clause for: “If you study
you absent. your notes tonight...”?
(d) Unless you won’t submit your assignment, I (a) you did well in the test.
mark you absent. (b) you will do well in the test.
Ans : (c) you would do well in the test.
(b) Unless you submit your assignment, I will (d) you do well in the test.
mark you absent. Ans :
(b) you will do well in the test.
5. Rohan: “I am so tired.”
Mahesh: “If you ______ (sleep) now, you 11. If you don’t eat, you will be hungry. (Rewrite
______ (feel) better.” using ‘Unless’)
(a) sleep / feel (b) will sleep / feel (a) Unless you eat, you will be hungry.
(c) sleep / will feel (d) slept / would feel (b) Unless you don’t eat, you will be hungry.
Ans :
(c) Unless you will eat, you will be hungry.
(c) sleep / will feel
(d) Unless you are eating, you will be hungry.
6. Which sentence follows the Future in the Main Ans :
Clause rule correctly? (a) Unless you eat, you will be hungry.
(a) If he arrive, I go.
PAGE 138 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

12. Unless she invites me, I won’t go. (Rewrite using 17. If it ______ (snow) tomorrow, we will go
‘If’) skiing.
(a) If she invites me, I won’t go. (a) snows (b) will snow
(b) If she doesn’t invite me, I won’t go. (c) snowed (d) is snowing
(c) If she will invite me, I won’t go. Ans :
(d) If she invited me, I wouldn’t go. (a) snows
Ans :
18. You ______ (get) a discount if you pay in cash.
(b) If she doesn’t invite me, I won’t go.
(a) got (b) will get
13. You will fall if you are not careful. (Rewrite using (c) gets (d) would get
‘Unless’) Ans :
(a) You will fall unless you are careful. (b) will get
(b) You will fall unless you aren’t careful.
19. If she ______ (not/hurry), she will miss the
(c) Unless you will be careful, you fall. flight.
(d) Unless you were careful, you will fall. (a) don’t hurry (b) won’t hurry
Ans :
(c) doesn’t hurry (d) didn’t hurry
(a) You will fall unless you are careful. Ans :
14. Which sentence expresses a warning using the (c) doesn’t hurry
Type 1 structure?
20. The plants will die if you ______ (not/water)
(a) If you touch that, you get a shock. them.
(b) If you touch that, you will get a shock. (a) don’t water (b) doesn’t water
(c) If you touch that, you would get a shock. (c) won’t water (d) wouldn’t water
(d) If you touch that, you got a shock. Ans :
Ans : (a) don’t water
(b) If you touch that, you will get a shock.
21. If I find your wallet, I ______ (call) you
15. Choose the correct “Unless” conversion: immediately.
“If you don’t save water, there will be a shortage.” (a) shall call (b) called
(a) Unless you save water, there will be a (c) calls (d) am calling
shortage. Ans :
(b) Unless you don’t save water, there will be a (a) shall call
shortage.
(c) Unless you will save water, there will be a 22. If the government ______ (reduce) taxes, the
shortage. economy will grow faster.
(d) Unless you save water, there would be a (a) reduces (b) reduce
shortage. (c) will reduce (d) reduced
Ans : Ans :
(a) Unless you save water, there will be a (a) reduces
shortage.
23. We ______ (be) late for the meeting if the
Choose the correct option to complete the Type 1 traffic doesn’t clear up soon.
Conditional structure.
(a) are (b) will be
16. If you open this seal, the warranty ______ (c) were (d) would be
(be) void. Ans :
(a) is (b) will be (b) will be
(c) was (d) would be 24. If you ______ (not/wear) a coat, you will
Ans : catch a cold in this weather.
(b) will be (a) doesn’t wear (b) won’t wear
(c) don’t wear (d) didn’t wear

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE - TYPE 1

Ans : 32. If I have enough money, I ______ (buy) a new

(c) don’t wear pair of shoes.
25. You can borrow my camera ______ you (a) bought (b) buy
promise to handle it carefully. (c) shall buy (d) had bought
Ans :
(a) unless (b) if
(c) shall buy
(c) until (d) whether
Ans : 33. If she ______ (find) the information, she will
(b) if email it to you.
26. If she ______ (need) help with her project, she (a) find (b) finds
will let us know. (c) will find (d) found
Ans :
(a) needs (b) need
(b) finds
(c) will need (d) is needing
Ans : 34. You ______ (not/be) able to sleep if you drink
(a) needs that much coffee.
27. If the alarm ______ (go) off, the security (a) are not (b) won’t be
guards will arrive. (c) weren’t (d) wouldn’t be
Ans :
NODIA
(a) goes (b) go
(b) won’t be
(c) will go (d) is going
Ans : 35. If they ______ (not/arrive) in ten minutes, we
(a) goes will start the dinner without them.
28. If the store ______ (not/open) soon, we will (a) doesn’t arrive (b) don’t arrive
go to another market. (c) won’t arrive (d) didn’t arrive
Ans :
(a) don’t open (b) won’t open
(b) don’t arrive
(c) doesn’t open (d) didn’t open
Ans : Select the part of the sentence that contains a
(c) doesn’t open grammatical error.

29. You ______ (feel) much better if you take this 36. If (A) the weather will be (B) fine, we will go (C)
medicine. for a picnic (D).
(a) feel (b) will feel (a) A (b) B
(c) felt (d) would feel (c) C (d) D
Ans : Ans :
(b) will feel (b) will be (Correction: is)

30. If you see Mr. Sharma, ______ (you/give) him 37. Unless (A) he does not (B) work hard, he will (C)
this message? fail the exam (D).
(a) do you give (b) will you give (a) A (b) B
(c) did you give (d) would you give (c) C (d) D
Ans : Ans :
(b) will you give (b) does not (Correction: Unless he works...)

31. Unless the principal ______ (sign) the 38. If (A) she practices (B) daily, she won’t (C) won
document, the meeting will be cancelled. (D) the trophy.
(a) signs (b) sign (a) A (b) B
(c) will sign (d) signed (c) C (d) D
Ans : Ans :
(a) signs (d) won (Correction: win)
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PAGE 140 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

39. The (A) machine works (B) if you will (C) press 32. Identify the error in the following sentences and
the button (D). write the correction.
(a) A (b) B
Sentence Error Correction
(c) C (d) D
Ans : 1. If he will study, he ____ _____
will pass.
(c) will (Correction: press)
2. Unless she does not ____ _____
40. I (A) am (B) help you if (C) I have (D) time. hurry, she will be
(a) A (b) B late.
(c) C (d) D 3. If you heated ice, it ____ _____
Ans : melts.
(b) am (Correction: will)
4. We shall go out if ____ _____
the rain stopped.
Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. If they plays well, ____ _____
31. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the they will win.
verbs given in brackets. Ans :
1. If it ______ (rain), the match will be
cancelled. Error Correction
2. We ______ (miss) the train if we don’t
1. will study studies (No ‘will’ in If-clause)
hurry up.
3. If she ______ (finish) her work on time, 2. does not hurries (‘Unless’ already means
she can go to the cinema. hurry ‘if not’)
4. Unless you ______ (study) regularly, you 3. heated heat (Simple Present required)
will not pass the examination.
4. stopped stops (Simple Present required)
5. If the weather ______ (be) fine tomorrow,
we shall go for a picnic. 5. plays play (Subject-Verb agreement
6. Your health ______ (improve) if you with ‘They’)
exercise every day.
7. If he ______ (come) to the party, I will be 33. Complete the following dialogue using Type 1
very happy. Conditionals.
8. We ______ (stay) at home if the guest Father: If you ______ (score) above 90%, I
arrives this evening. ______ (buy) you a new laptop.
9. If you ______ (touch) that dog, it might Son: That’s great! But what ______ (happen)
bite you. if I ______ (fail) to get that much?
10. Unless he ______ (work) hard, he cannot Father: If you ______ (not/get) 90%, you
achieve his goals. ______ (have to) join the summer coaching
Ans : classes.
1. rains (Simple Present) Son: I understand. I ______ (work) very hard
2. will miss (Simple Future) if you ______ (help) me with Math.
3. finishes (Simple Present - 3rd person singular) Ans :
4. study (Simple Present after ‘unless’) Father: If you score above 90%, I will buy you a
5. is (Simple Present form of ‘be’) new laptop.
6. will improve (Simple Future) Son: That’s great! But what will happen if I fail
7. comes (Simple Present) to get that much?
8. shall stay/will stay (Simple Future) Father: If you don’t get 90%, you will have to join
9. touch (Simple Present) the summer coaching classes.
10. works (Simple Present) Son: I understand. I will work very hard if you
help me with Math.

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE - TYPE 1

34. Rewrite the following sentences using the word

given in brackets without changing the meaning.
Ensure you follow the Type 1 Conditional rules.
1. If you do not work hard, you will fail. (Unless)
2. Unless she invites me, I will not attend the
party. (If)
3. If it does not rain, the crops will die. (Unless)
4. You will be sick unless you stop eating junk
food. (If)

NODIA
5. If he doesn’t hurry, he will miss the bus.
(Unless)
6. Unless we protect the forests, global warming
will increase. (If)
7. If you don’t pay the bill, they will cut the
electricity. (Unless)
8. You cannot enter the hall unless you have a
ticket. (If)
9. If she doesn’t practice, she won’t win the
trophy. (Unless)
10. Unless the weather improves, the flight will
be delayed. (If)
Ans :
1. Unless you work hard, you will fail.
2. If she does not invite me, I will not attend the
party.
3. Unless it rains, the crops will die.
4. You will be sick if you do not stop eating junk
food.
5. Unless he hurries, he will miss the bus.
6. If we do not protect the forests, global
warming will increase.
7. Unless you pay the bill, they will cut the
electricity.
8. You cannot enter the hall if you do not have
a ticket.
9. Unless she practices, she won’t win the
trophy.
10. If the weather does not improve, the flight
will be delayed.

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PAGE 142 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 5
SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD

1. INTRODUCTION Note that computer and telecommunication

are two distinct subjects. So they will take a
Action is what comes to your mind as soon as you plural verb.
think of a verb. You think of something. You tell
something. You play cricket. You run. All these Rule 2
bolder words tell about you and are called verbs. If two singular nouns refer to the same person or
In fact, your identity is established by a verb, by thing, the verb must be singular.
what you do, by what you are. Note this are, Incorrect The poet and critic have been
which does not denote an action but a state of honoured.
being. Nevertheless, it tells about you and hence Correct The poet and critic has been honoured.
also is a verb. Language has its base in logic In such sentences you have to be very cautious
and harmony. The subject and the verb are the about the article the. When we say the poet and
essential parts of a sentence. It is imperative that critic, we are referring to one person only who is
the verb agree with the subject in number and both poet as well as critic. Say, someone like TS
person. Eliot. When we say the poet and the critic, we are
referring to two persons - one the poet and the
other the critic. Since the given incorrect sentence
2. MEANING AND DEFINITION uses the only once, we are talking of one person.
Concord is the agreement which must occure Hence, the verb should be singular.
between the subject and the verb in a sentence. Rule 3
The subject is the part of the sentence which does If two subjects together express one idea, the verb
something. The verb tells what it does. Subject- is in the singular.
verb concord or agreement can be defined as Incorrect Bread and butter are essential for
follows: one’s life.
Subject-verb concord or agreement refers to the Correct Bread and butter is essential for one’s
relationship between the subject and predicate of life.
the sentence. Here we are not talking of bread and butter as
Subject-verb concord or agreement means that the separate food items. One can very well do without
subject and the verb must agree in case and in these. If you eat rice instead of bread and take no
number. butter at all, even then life goes on. Here bread
and butter means livelihood. Means of living is
essential for one’s life. Thus we see that the two
3. SOME BASIC RULES nouns together convey a single idea. Hence, the
Some rules of subject-verb concord or agreement verb should be singular.
are given below:
Rule 4
Rule 1 If the singular subjects are preceded by each or
Two or more singular subjects connected by and every, the verb is usually singular.
usually take a verb in the plural. Incorrect Every man and woman in a family
Incorrect Computer and telecommunication are responsible for the upbringing of
has metamorphosed information a child.
technology. Correct Every man and woman in a family
Correct Computer and telecommunication is responsible for the upbringing of a
have metamorphosed information child.
technology.

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 SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD

Here it appears as if there were two subjects question what/who was/were not proper?, we see
- man and woman. Hence the mistake of using that it is the behaviour, not the students. Since
the plural verb are. But mark the word every. the subject the behaviour is singular, the verb
The use of this word brings in the idea of one at should be singular.
a time. Hence, use singular verb.
Rule 9
Rule 5 Words joined to a singular subject by with, as
Two or more singular subjects connected by or, well as etc. are parenthetical. The verb should
nor, either ... or, neither ... nor take a verb in the therefore be put in the singular.

NODIA
singular. Incorrect The guru as well as his disciples are
Incorrect Either Manoj or Madhukar have the committed to celibacy.
key to this problem. Correct The guru as well as his disciples is
Correct Either Manoj or Madhukar has the committed to celibacy.
key to this problem. Note that as well as is different from and or
The use of either ... or makes it clear that or. In the case of the latter conjunctions both
it is one of the two and should therefore take a parts - that is, the one before the conjunction and
singular verb. or or, and the one after the conjunction - carry
equal weights. But in the case of as well as, the
Rule 6
part that comes after it is merely supporting in
When the subjects joined by or or nor are of
nature - worthy of being put within brackets. The
different numbers, the verb must be plural and
main part is the one that comes before it and the
the plural subject must be placed next to the
verb behaves in accordance with this part. In the
verb.
given sentence; as, guru is singular.
Incorrect Neither Rekha nor her friends was
present at the party. Rule 10
Correct Neither Rekha nor her friends were Either, neither, each, everyone, many a must be
present at the party. followed by a singular verb.
In such cases, we function on the principle Incorrect Many a man have resigned in crisis.
‘plural includes singular’. The verb was may Correct Many a man has resigned in crisis.
apply to Rekha but not to her friends. For the The confusion is but natural. The moment
latter we need a plural verb. But can the plural one sees many a, the mind is filled with plural
verb apply to singular Rekha? Yes, because plural notions. In fact, the phrase does have a plural
includes singular. meaning. But in spite of its meaning, it behaves
as a singular adjective. Look at the noun. It is
Rule 7 man, not men. So the verb should be singular.
When the subjects joined by or or nor are of
different persons, the verb agrees in person with Rule 11
the one nearest to it. When a plural noun denotes some specific
Incorrect Either she or I will pay the fees. quantity or amount considered as a whole, the
Correct Either she or I shall pay the fees. verb is generally singular.
Or Incorrect Five hours are too short a time to
Either she will pay the fees, or I shall. judge one’s character.
The verb here should agree with I, not she. Correct Five hours is too short a time to
judge one’s character.
Rule 8
Here five hours is being considered as one
Error of Proximity : The verb is made to agree
chunk. This is made clearer by the use of a time.
in number with a noun near it instead of with
So, the verb should be singular.
its proper subject. This is wrong and should be
avoided.
Incorrect The behaviour of the students were 
not proper.
Correct The behaviour of the students was
not proper.
The writer of the above sentence has a myopic
(short-sighted) vision. His grammar functions
jerkily. He sees students and immediately
concludes - plural verb were. If we calmly put the
PAGE 144 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE 7. Only one of the following sentences has got a

correct subject-verb agreement. Which one is
that?
Multiple Choice Type Questions (a) The typing of letters are over
(b) The typing of letters is over
1. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option
(c) Both a and b
to complete the part of the grievance posted by a
citizen on a social media platform. (d) None of these
Ans :
Crossing this stretch at any time of the day is a

NODIA
(b) The typing of letters is over.
challenge. Even during afternoons, there _____
ice cream vendors on the road with people 8. We use _____ with singular nouns and
crowding around their carts. pronouns.
(a) were (b) are (a) is (b) are
(c) have been (d) would be (c) they (d) none of these
Ans : Ans :
(b) are (a) is
2. Complete Nelson Mandela’s quote by filling in the 9. We use _____ with plural nouns and pronouns.
blank with the correct option.
(a) are (b) is
“The greatest glory in living _____ not in never
falling, but in rising every time we fall.” - Nelson (c) am (d) none of these
Ans :
Mandela
(a) are
(a) lie (b) lies
(c) lays (d) laying 10. We use _____ with the singular pronoun I.
Ans : (a) am (b) is
(b) lies (c) are (d) none of these
Ans :
3. In a sentence a verb must agree with its
(a) am
(a) subject (b) object
(c) second object (d) none of these 11. We use was with _____ nouns and pronouns.
Ans : (a) singular (b) plural
(a) subject (c) both a and b (d) none of these
Ans :
4. In a sentence, a verb must agree with the subject
(a) singular
(a) in person (b) in number
(c) both a and b (d) none of these 12. We use were with _____ nouns and pronouns.
Ans : (a) plural (b) singular
(c) both a and b (c) both a and b (d) none of these
Ans :
5. If the subject is singular, the verb will also be
(a) plural
(a) singular (b) plural
(c) in third form (d) none of these 13. The student _____ completed this chapter.
Ans : (a) have (b) has
(a) singular (c) is (d) are
6. If the subject is plural. The verb will also be Ans :
(a) plural (b) singular (b) has
(c) in third form (d) none of these
Ans : 14. Mahesh and Suresh _____ business partners.
(a) plural (a) have (b) has
(c) are (d) had
Ans :
(c) are
 SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD

15. She _____ her office by 9 a.m. daily. 23. Either of the two dresses shall _____ good.
(a) reach (b) reaches (a) looking (b) look
(c) reached (d) reaching (c) looks (d) looked
Ans : Ans :
(b) reaches (b) look

16. Kamal and his friends _____ also invited to 24. Each and every member _____ to vote.
the party. (a) has (b) have
(a) is (b) was (c) having (d) are
(c) had (d) were Ans :
Ans : (a) has
(d) were
25. A large number of soldiers _____ died for the
17. Neither you nor your sister should _____ to country.
them. (a) has (b) is
(a) talk (b) talks (c) are (d) have
(c) talked (d) talking Ans :
Ans : (d) have
(a) talk
26. Half of the class _____ empty.
18. Twenty-five years _____ the minimum age to (a) were (b) was
fill this form. (c) has (d) have
(a) are (b) is Ans :
(c) has (d) have (b) was
Ans :
(b) is 27. A lot of the money I had _____ gone.
(a) is (b) are
19. A bouquet of flowers _____ required for the (c) have (d) none of these
event. Ans :
(a) are (b) have (a) is
(c) has (d) is
Ans : 28. Mathematics _____ my favourite subject when
(d) is I was in high school.
(a) was (b) were
20. A pair of socks _____ been missing from my (c) is (d) none of these
wardrobe. Ans :
(a) have (b) has (a) was
(c) were (d) is
29. The Sushi and the pasta _____ delicious.
Ans : (a) look (b) looks
(b) has (c) looking (d) none of these
Ans :
21. Much _____ been said in the news reports.
(a) look
(a) were (b) have
(c) has (d) was 30. Chris, in addition to his brother Zack, _____
Ans : hockey on Saturday.
(c) has (a) play (b) plays
22. The company _____ of its stakeholders. (c) playing (d) none of these
Ans :
(a) think (b) thought
(b) plays
(c) thinks (d) thinking
Ans :
(c) thinks

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PAGE 146 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

31. The box of toys _____ in the boy’s bedroom. Ans :

(a) was
(a) is (b) are
(c) am (d) none of these 40. No news _____ good news.
Ans : (a) is (b) are
(a) is
(c) am (d) none of these
32. The book of stories _____ $10. Ans :
(a) is
(a) cost (b) costs
(c) costes (d) none of these
Ans :
(b) costs Directions: In the following questions, a sentence is
given followed by four options. Select the option that
33. The Lions of the East _____ an interesting
replaces the given sentence or its part correctly.
book.
(a) is (b) are 41. Slow and steady win the race.
(c) am (d) none of these (a) Slowly and steady wins the race.
Ans : (b) Slow and steadily wins the race.
(a) is
(c) Slow and steady wins the race.
34. Either Shobha or I _____ to blame. (d) None of these
(a) is (b) am Ans :
(c) Slow and steady wins the race.
(c) are (d) none of these
Ans : 42. These news were broadcasted on Radio BBC.
(b) am
(a) These news were broadcast on Radio BBC.
NODIA

35. Neither of them _____ wrong. (b) This news was broadcast on Radio BBC.
(a) was (b) were (c) This news was broadcasted on Radio BBC.
(c) has (d) none of these (d) None of these
Ans : Ans :
(a) was (b) This news was broadcast on Radio BBC.

36. The council _____ chosen its president. 43. Every boy and girl were given a prize.
(a) has (b) have (a) Every boy and girl were given prizes.
(c) is (d) none of these (b) Every boy and girl was given prizes.
Ans : (c) Every boy and girl was given a prize.
(a) has (d) None of these
Ans :
37. Two and two _____ four.
(c) Every boy and girl was given a prize.
(a) make (b) makes
(c) are (d) none of these 44. Everyone of them were clapping at the performance
Ans : of the clown.
(b) makes (a) Everyone of them were clapping at the
performance of the clowns.
38. The cost of all these articles _____ risen.
(b) Everyone of them was clapping at the
(a) has (b) have
performance of the clowns.
(c) are (d) none of these
(c) Everyone of them was clapping at the
Ans :
performances about the clowns.
(a) has
(d) None of these
39. The quality of the mangoes _____ not good. Ans :
(a) was (b) were (b) Everyone of them was clapping at the
performance of the clowns.
(c) are (d) none of these
 SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD

45. Law and order are to be maintained at all costs. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Law and orders are to be maintained at all
costs. 1. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
word in the bracket, for the given portion of a
(b) Law and order is to be maintained at all
letter :
costs.
Dear Sir
(c) Laws and orders are to be maintained at all In response to your query, the document that
costs. _____ (explain) our country’s sustainability
(d) None of these initiatives has been attached for your consideration.
Ans : Ans :
(b) Law and order is to be maintained at all costs. explains

46. Five hundred rupees are a long sum. 2. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
(a) Five hundred rupee is a long sum. word in the brackets, for the given portion of a
letter.
(b) Five hundred rupee is a large sum.
Please keep me _____ (apprise) of your next
(c) Five hundred rupees is a big sum. step to address this matter. Thanks for your time.
(d) None of these Ans :
Ans : apprised
(c) Five hundred rupees is a big sum.
3. Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the
47. I knew that he will not respect his elders. word in the bracket, for the given portion of a
(a) I knew that he would not respect his elders. letter.
(b) I knew that he shall not respect his elders. Sir
Enclosed is the report that _____ (summarize)
(c) I knew that he will not be respecting his elders.
the study conducted on the impact of climate
(d) None of these
change on crop yield in the region.
Ans :
Ans :
(a) I knew that he would not respect his elders.
summarizes
48. He is one of the greatest player who has 4. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option to
participated in one day cricket matches. complete an issued circular by an organization, to
(a) He is one of the greatest players who has its Managers.
Please refer to the attached conference schedule
(b) He is one of the greatest players who have
and _____ (it/these/them) should be circulated
(c) He is one of the greatest players who have
among all attendees for their reference.
(d) None of these Ans :
Ans : it
(b) He is one of the greatest players who have
5. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option,
49. Many a boys were playing in the garden. to complete the line of a circular issued by an
organization, to its stakeholders.
(a) Many a boy were playing in the garden
In order to enable the stakeholders to _____
(b) Many a boys was playing in the garden. (access/assess/accent) all the applicable circulars
(c) Many a boy was playing in the garden. at one place, the provisions of the circulars issued
(d) None of these till January 6, 2024, are incorporated in this
Ans : master circular.
(c) Many a boy was playing in the garden. Ans :
access
50. None of the ten pens are yours.
(a) None of the ten pen are yours. 6. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option
to complete the line from an insurance company
(b) None of the ten pens is yours.
brochure.
(c) None of the ten pens are your Suitable for someone who wishes to _____
(d) None of these (insure/assure/ensure) adequate financial backup.
Ans : It is available to the family in case of his/her
(b) None of the ten pens is yours. untimely death.

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PAGE 148 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 11. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
ensure the correction.
7. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option in The movie, including all the previews, take about
the bracket, to complete the sentence : two hours to watch.
The revised meeting agenda is attached and
Use the given format for your response.
_____
(this/those/it) needs to be emailed to all Error Correction
participants before the meeting.
Ans :
it Ans :

8. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply Error Correction
the correction.
take takes
Some guys like to fights on even playing grounds,
and some guys like to cheat.
12. Identify the error in the given sentence, from an
Use the given format for your response. e-magazine report and supply the correction.
In the last decade, conservationists and academics
Error Correction have turned his attention to studying the best
ways to install these natural features in the North.
Ans : Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction Error Correction

fights fight
Ans :
9. Identify the error in the given sentence, from a
school magazine report and supply the correction. Error Correction
The heavy dose of chemicals that we ingest with
his their
every bite of fast food and carbonated drinks are
a lethal combination for our health.
13. Identify the error in the given sentence, from a
Use the given format for your response school magazine report and supply the correction.
A group of students were invited to come on
Error Correction
stage and play a drama scene. The drama they
NODIA

presented was funny and interesting.

Ans :
Use the given format for your response.
Error Correction
Error Correction
are is

10. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply Ans :
the correction.
Error Correction
A good business letter is one that get results.
were was
Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction 14. Choose the correct form of the verbs given in the
brackets in the following sentences:
1. Each of these producers _____ his own
Ans : advantage, (has, have)
2. Ten miles _____ long distance, (is, are)
Error Correction
3. Many a student _____ hard to pass his
get gets entrance exam, (try, tries)
 SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD

4. The furniture in his house _____ 3. The poet and philosopher, Rahim _____
impressive, (look, looks) (has/have) died.
5. Few students _____ present in the class 4. Mohan no less than you _____ (is/are)
today, (is, are) guilty.
6. Ritesh, my best friend _____ leaving for 5. This news _____ (is/are) false.
Japan next week, (is, are) 6. Bread and butter _____ (is/are) my
7. Most of my friends _____ government favourite breakfast.
employees, (is, are) Ans :
8. The level of intoxication _____ from 1. is, 2. is, 3. has, 4. are, 5. is, 6. is.
subject to subject, (vary, varies)
17. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb:
9. Either boys or girls _____ telling lies, (is,
1. It is Ram who _____ to blame.
are)
2. The whole class _____ absent.
10. A number of people _____ reported to be
3. The jury _____ different opinion.
missing in the train accident at Jhansi.(was,
were) 4. Neither you nor I _____ invited.
Ans : 5. All the boys of the class _____ absent
today.
1. has 2. is 3. tries 6. Two and two _____ four.
4. looks 5. are 6. is Ans :
1. is, .2. is, 3. has, 4. am, 5. are, 6. make.
7. are 8. varies 9. are
10. were 18. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb:
1. The majority of the applicants _____ girls.
15. In each of the lines below, one verb does not agree 2. Neither of these two boys _____ scored
with the subject. Write it correctly. well.
1. Gauri and Tamanna is visiting the Jaisalmer 3. A pair of shoes _____ been stolen.
Fort. 4. The quality of these apples _____ not
2. The Jaisalmer Fort are one of the largest forts good.
in the world. 5. A black and white cow _____ grazing
3. The fort stand in the middle of the Thar outside.
Desert. 6. A black and a white cow _____ grazing
4. Several tales of valour is attached to this fort. outside.
5. Many warriors has tried to capture this fort. Ans :
6. A few has succeeded. 1. are, 2. has, 3. has, 4. is, 5. is, 6. are.
Ans :
19. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb:
Incorrect Correct 1. One thousand rupees _____ a big amount
for me.
1. is are
2. If I _____ a bird, I would fly.
2. are is 3. Each of the girls _____ received an award.
3. stand stands 4. Four weeks _____ a good holiday.
4. is are 5. My father _____ not like reading comics.
6. He walks as if he _____ lame.
5. has have
Ans :
6. has have 1. is, 2. were, 3. has, 4. is, 5. does, 6 were.

16. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb given in 20. Fill up the blanks by using the correct form of the
the bracket: verbs given in brackets.
1. Mathematics _____ (is/are) my favourite 1. Mrs Talwar _____ (live) in a village.
subject. 2. She _____ (be) three children.
2. Politics _____ (is/are) not my cup of tea. 3. Her hobby _____ (be) singing and praying
in solitude.

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PAGE 150 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. She _____ (love) to look after the poor 

children.
5. Her children _____ (be) abroad.
6. She _____ (be) a staunch devotee of Lord
Krishna.
Ans :

1. lives 2. has 3. is

4. loves 5. are 6. is

21. Complete the passage using correct form of verb.

Climatic change (a) _____ one of the hotly
contested debates. India and Antarctica (b)
_____ once the part of the same landmass. To
visit Antarctica now (c) _____ to be a part
of history. 90 percent of the Earth’s total ice
volumes (d) _____ stored there, Antarctica
(e) _____ her simple ecosystem. Therefore
to study the earth, Antarctica (f) _____ the
place to go. Antarctica (g) _____ devoid of
any human markets. It (h) _____ no trees,
buildings or billboards.
Ans :
(a) is, (b) were, (c) is, (d) was, (e) has, (f) is, (g)
is, (h) has.

22. Complete the passage using correct form of verb.

Keeping a pet (a) _____ the best way to fight
loneliness. But clean and comfortable housing for
them (b) _____ essential. If they (c) _____
carnivores a high protein diet (d) _____
required. Veterinary appointments (e) _____ a
must. They (f) _____ wonderful pets and (g)
_____ quite affectionate. They (h) _____
you entertained for hours.
Ans :
(a) is, (b) is, (c) are, (d) is, (e) are, (f) make, (g)
are, (h) keep.

23. Complete the passage using correct form of verb.

Today road accidents (a) _____ earned India
a dubious distinction. She (b) _____ the worst
road traffic accident rate. The various factors
NODIA

to be blamed (c) _____ drunk-driving and

carelessness in the use of helmets. The total
number of deaths (d) _____ now passed the
135,000 marks. Trucks and two-wheelers (e)
_____ responsible earlier. Evening rush hours
(f) _____ the most dangerous time to be on
the road. Today drunken–driving (g) _____
become a major cause for road accidents. Think
today. The time for action (h) _____ now.
Ans :
(a) have, (b) has, (c) are, (d) has, (e) were, (f)
are, (f) has, (h) is.
 DETERMINERS

CHAPTER 6
DETERMINERS

1. INTRODUCTION 7. Difference Words - another, other

8. Interrogatives - whose, what, which
Most of us know what a noun or verb is in the
English language. However, there’s a key article
of speech that’s just as important to learn: the 4. ARTICLES
determiner. Essentially, these words explain
whether you’re speaking about something general A, an and the are the three articles in the English
or something specific. In addition, it can tell language. Articles belong to the group of noun
your reader or listener how much or how many of determiners, that is, they determine the noun in
something you’re referring to. Let’s discuss these terms of its definiteness. They are used before
clarifying words, learn why they’re necessary, and nouns or noun groups and indicate whether the
discover how to use them properly. noun they precede is uniquely identifiable by the
speaker/writer or listener/reader of the expression
or not; as,
2. MEANING AND DEFINITION • Arun, an engineer, gave a fifth of his
Determiners are words which come before nouns property to the city museum.
determining or limiting the use of the noun by
giving some additional information. They indicate Kinds of Articles
the singularity or the plurality of a noun, amount There are two kinds of articles.
or quantity of a noun, possessive aspect of a noun,
1. Indefinite Articles - A, An (in the sense of
the number and order of a noun or the distributive
one and any)
or demonstrative aspect of a noun. A determiner
is used to limit the application of a noun without 2. Definite Articles - The (in the sense of this
describing it. We don’t know anything about the and that)
quality of the noun from a determiner.
Determiners can be defined as follows: Indefinite Article
A or An is called the indefinite article because it
Determiners are those words that are prefixed leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as,
before nouns to determine their meaning. •There shall come a day when everyone will
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun or be rich.
provides information about the quantity of a noun. The writer of the above sentence is indefinite
about the day. He cannot specify a particular day.
It could be any day.
3. TYPES OF DETERMINERS
Definite Article
Determiners can be divided into the following
The is called the definite article because it points
types:
out some particular person or thing; as,
1. Articles - a, an, the
•
The day was hot.
2. Demonstratives - this, that, these, those
The writer of the above sentence is definite
3. Possessives - my, your, our, his, her, its, their about the day. He specifies the day. There must
4. Quantifiers - some, any, few, little, more, have been some sentence before which made a
much, many, each, every, either, neither, mention of the day. It is a particular day.
both, all, enough
5. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers - one, two,
three..., first, second, third...

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PAGE 152 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Uses of Indefinite Articles ‘A, An’ Rule 5

In certain expressions of quantity with certain
Indefinite article A/An is used when we talk of numbers and expressions of Price/rate, speed,
a thing or a person that is indefinite or that is ratio; as,
mentioned for the first time (in the sense of one).
Indefinite article is also used to express a class (in • Rupees ten a kilo.
the sense of any). • A dozen mangoes.
Rule 1 • Half a dozen.
A student must note that the choice between A
Rule 6
and An is determined primarily by sound.
When A/An represents a weakened form of
‘A’ is used before a word beginning preposition in; as,
1. With consonant; as, a boy, a child, a student, • He earns fifty thousand rupees a year.
a book etc.
• We should brush our teeth two times a day.
2. With a vowel giving the sound of a consonant;
as, a one eyed man, a university student, Rule 7
a European, a unique book, a uniform, a In exclamations with what or how before singular
universal problem etc. countable nouns; as,

‘An’ is used before a word beginning • What a hot day!

1. With a vowel; as, an elephant, an apple, an • What a pretty girl!
ass, an umbrella etc. • What a naughty child!
2. With a mute h; as, an hour, an heir, an • How fine a day!
honourable person, an honest man, an
honorary post, an hourly visit etc. • What a fool he is.
3. With a consonant pronounced with the sound Rule 8
of a vowel; as, an L.L.B. student, an M.P., an Note the position of indefinite article in the
M.L.A., an S.P., an X-ray, an F.I.R. etc. following adverbs : Rather, very, much, quite, so,
too, much, as; as,
Rule 2
Before a singular/countable common noun when • It is rather a nuisance.
it is mentioned for the first time representing no • It is rather a good step (or a rather good
particular person or a thing; as, step).
• I need a book. • He is a very good person.
• Twelve inches make a foot.
• He is a much hated character.
• A beggar came to my door.
• He is such a nice man that everybody likes
• Please get me a scooter.
him.
• She gave her a note book.
• It is quite an interesting story.
Rule 3
• She is as intelligent a student as her brother
Before a singular countable noun which is
is.
used to single out some person/something as a
representative of a class of a thing, animals and • She is too weak a student to pass.
persons; as, • She is so weak a student that she can’t pass.
• A cow is useful animal.
Rule 9
• A beggar cannot be chooser. Before a person not known to the speaker; as,
• A rose is a beautiful flower.
• A Mr. Gupta - Some Mr. Gupta
• A son should be obedient.
• A Mrs. Sharma - Some Mrs. Sharma
Rule 4
To make a common noun of a proper noun to Rule 10
express quality; as, Before the verbs used as nouns; as,
• A Shylock is living in my neighbourhood. • For a swim
• He is a Vikramaditya known for his fairness. • For a rest

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 DETERMINERS

• For a talk ranges, planets, rivers, oceans, gulfs, groups of

• For a visit islands, holy books, ordinals, descriptive names of
countries, states, newspapers, magazines, deserts,
Rule 11 superlative degree, names of trains, hotels, shops;
Before certain phrases; as, as,
• In a hurry • The Persian Gulf
• Take a fancy • The Indian Ocean
• Make a noise • The Ranjit
• Tell a lie • The Himalayas
Rule 12 • The Ramayana
Before the words denoting numbers; as,
• The Vedas
• A Hundred, A dozen, A million
• The Earth
Rule 13 • The Taj Mahal
Before the adjectives little and few to give the
sense of some. • The best picture

• A little - Some (Quantity) • The first man

• A few - Some (Number); as, • The Sahara

• I have little money to buy a house. (hardly • The Bay of Bengal

any) • The Rajdhani Express
• Please give me a little sugar. (some) • The Times of India
• He has spent the little money that he had. • The Frontline
(some but all)
• The North Pole
• There are few boys in the class. (hardly
• The Netherland
anyone)
• The Sudan
• I met a few students in the university.
NODIA

(some) • The USA

• The few students that were in the class • The Maurya Sheraton
were sitting idle. (some but all)
NOTE :
Rule 14 ‘The’ is not used before Aravali and Everest
There is no plural of a, an. Some or Any is the because they are not mountain ranges.
equivalent of the plural.
• A horse - Some horses/any horses Rule 3
When a singular noun expresses a class of animal
• An orange - Some oranges/any oranges
or things. But the is avoided with their plural
forms and persons to express a class; as,
Uses of Definite Article ‘The’
• The dog is a faithful animal.
Rule 1 • The rose is a sweet flower.
When we talk of the particular person or a thing
as already mentioned, known or under discussion; • The cow is economically useful.
as, • Dogs are faithful.
• The book (which you mentioned) is not Indefinite article A is used in the sense of any
available in the market. to single out a person, a thing or an animal as a
representative of a class; as,
• Let us study the lesson carefully. (lesson in
hand) • A son should be obedient.
• A cow is a useful animal.
Rule 2
Before proper noun (unique objects) when they • A mango is a sweet fruit.
refer to the names of historical buildings, mountain
PAGE 154 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Man/Woman/Mankind used in general sense to • Cloth is sold by the metre.

represent human race are used without article; as, • Eggs are sold by the dozen.
• Man is mortal. (Used in general sense)
Rule 13
Rule 4 Before caste and communities; as,
Before an adjective when it represents a class of • The Rajputs are brave people.
persons; as,
• The Marathas are hard working.
• The rich should help the poor.
Rule 14
• The old are respected by the young.
Before the adjectives same & whole and after the
Rule 5 adjective all & both used with plural nouns; as,
Before musical instruments; as, • This is the same book that you gave me.
• He can play the flute. • The whole class was absent.
• She is fond of playing the harmonium. • All the boys were present there.
Rule 6 • Both the brothers were honest.
As an adverb with a comparative sense (Double
comparison); as, • All sugar is wasted.

• The sooner, the better. Rule 15

In certain idiomatic phrases; as,
• The higher you go, the colder it is.
• In the wrong.
Rule 7
Before comparative degree in case of a choice; as, • On the contrary.

• She is the weaker of the two sisters. • In the town.

• Which is the more beautiful of the two • The benefit of the doubt.
sisters? • In the air.
Rule 8 • Speak the truth.
Before proper noun for the sake of comparison; as, • Out of the question.
• Surdas is the Milton of India. • In the right.
• Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. Rule 16
Rule 9 Before a common noun to give it the force of a
Befoe the sports cups and trophies; as, superlative; as,
• India won the Singer Cup last year. • She is the woman.
• A number of teams are taking part in the • Netaji was the leader.
World Cup. • He is the man for this job.
Rule 10 Rule 17
Before physical positions; as, Before a common noun to give it the sense of an
• The top of the mountain. abstract noun (feelings, qualities etc.); as,
• The back of the house. • The judge in him.
• The centre of the market. • The mother in her.
• The front of the house. • The beast in him.
Rule 11 Rule 18
With the cardinal points; as, Before inventions; as,
• The sun rises in the east. • The telephone.
• The Himalayas are to the north of India. • The wireless.
Rule 12 • The television. (as an invention)
Before a unit of measurement; as, • He was watching television. (television is
used just as a set.)

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 DETERMINERS

• He was listening to the radio. • The British empire.

Rule 19 • The Red revolution.
Before the name of professions used collectively; • The Middle Ages.
as,
• The Civil war.
• The Press. • The Vedic ages.
• The Bench. • The Sixth century.
Rule 20 Rule 28
Before a noun, qualified by adjectives; as, Before language to signify nationality; as,
• The former President Abdul Kalam • The Chinese are hard working.
• The immortal Shakespeare.
• The Japanese are patriots out and out.
• The late Shri S.C. Bose.
Rule 29
Rule 21 Before nationality (plural); as,
Before the case in apposition; as,
• The Greeks.
• Netaji, the hero of Modern India, ought to
• The Indians.
be remembered.
• The Asians.
• Who can underestimate Mr. Vajpayee, the
Note : But we say An Indian, An Asian, A Greek.
former Prime Minister?
Rule 30
Rule 22
Before little and few.
Before the dates; as,
• The little - some but all
• The 10th of May.
• The few - some but all
• The 5th of September.
Rule 23 Omission of Articles
Before the organs of government; as,
Articles are omitted in a number of places. Zero
• The Judiciary article specifically refers to absence of articles
before plural countable and uncountable nouns.
NODIA

• The legislature
Instances where the articles are left out are listed
Rule 24 below.
Before the parts of a body of a person in place of
possessive adjectives; as, Rule 1
The article is not used when unlimited numbers
• He hit me on the back. or quantities are being referred to, or numbers are
• She caught me by the arm. not being thought of at all; as,
Rule 25 • Kangaroos are found in Australia. (generic
Before the political parties; as, reference to kangaroos)
• The BJP. • Sugar is an essential commodity.
• The Labour Party Rule 2
• The Janta Party. There is no article where the implication is some
or a few and not the entire class; as,
Rule 26
• They want to buy old paintings.
Before the armed forces; as,
• The Army. Rule 3
Names of persons do not carry articles, irrespective
• The Police. of whether or not they are used with a title; as,
• The Air force. • Dr. Sharma
Rule 27 • Raj Mehra
Before the dynasties, empires, wars, revolutions, (except as specified under the use of a/an/the)
centuries; as,
• The Gupta dynasty.
PAGE 156 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Rule 4 Rule 13
Names in the possessive do not carry articles; as, When two or more nouns refer to closely-related
• Harrods different things, the article is not used before the
second noun.
• McDonald’s
• I need a fork and knife to eat this.
Rule 5
Names of businesses and chains of shops do not
carry articles; as, 5. DEMONSTRATIVES
• He is working for Tata Motors. (not the/a Demonstratives are pronouns which point out to
Tata Motors) something. However, when they are followed by
nouns, they act as determiners. The demonstrative
Rule 6
determiners in the English language are this, that,
The article is omitted when only one person can
these, those.
occupy a position; as,
• They appointed him president. Rule 1
The demonstrative determiner ‘That’ (Plural-
Rule 7 Those) is used to avoid repetition of a preceding
Articles are not used with months and days of the noun.
week when the meaning is the day/month before
• My shorts are better than those of my
or after this one; as,
brother.
• He will come on Tuesday. (next Tuesday)
• Our defence academies are better than
Rule 8 those of Afghanistan.
Names of illnesses do not carry articles; as,
Rule 2
• He was hospitalised for appendicitis. The demonstrative determiner ‘This (Plural-
Rule 9 These)’ is used to refer to a person/ persons or
When meals are being talked about as regular thing/ things near to the speaker.
meals of the day, they are used without articles; • This is the best coffee I have had.
as,
• These magazines are very good.
• What did you have for dinner today?
Rule 3
Rule 10 The demonstrative determiner ‘That (Plural-
The noun man, when used to mean mankind or Those)’ refers to a person/ persons or thing/
the human race, does not have an article; as, things far from the speaker.
• Man is mortal. • Get that dog out of the house.
Rule 11 • Throw away those shoes in the garbage.
Articles are not used if possessive pronouns are
part of the noun phrase; as,
6. POSSESSIVES
• He stays in my house. (not the my house)
The possessive determiners in the English language
Rule 12 are my, your, our, his, her, its, and their. These
When two or more adjectives refer to the same are used to show or determine the ownership of a
person/thing and are joined together by and, an certain thing.
article may be used only before the first noun.
• Where is your car?
• The orator and poet arrived on time. (will
mean there are one person) • The dog growled and showed its teeth.

• The orator and the poet arrived on time. • My best friend is a cat.
(will mean there are two persons) • Which one is his house?
• I saw a black and white dog. (a dog part • It’s our secret recipe.
black and part white)
• Their house was just around the corner.
• I saw a black and a white dog. (two dogs,
one black and one white)

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 DETERMINERS

7. QUANTIFIERS Few and Many

Quantifiers indicate how much or how little of the These are mostly used to refer to a number. They
noun is being discussed. Quantifiers are commonly are used before plural countable nouns. Few
used before either countable or uncountable emphasizes a smaller number and many refer to
nouns. They include words such as some, any, more numbers.
few, little, more, much, many, each, every, both,
• Few students came for the class today.
all, enough etc.
• Many people went to welcome the Indian
Some Cricket team.
• They stayed in the U.S.A for a few days.
Rule 1
The indefinite adjective ‘Some’ is generally used
in affirmative sentences with uncountable and
More, Less and Fewer
plural countable nouns. They are mostly used as comparative determiners.
‘More’ is used before plural and uncountable
• There is some proof that he is guilty.
nouns (with than) to refer to a quantity or
• I have some good ideas on the project. amount which is greater than another quantity or
Rule 2 amount. It is also used to refer to an additional
It can also be used in questions where ‘Yes’ is quantity of something. Less is used to refer to an
expected as an answer. amount that is less than another amount. Fewer is
used where we refer to a group of things that are
• Would you like some tea? smaller than another group before plural nouns.
• Could you give me some food? • He does much more cardio than I do.
• The poor have less access to cleanliness.
Any
• There are fewer cars here.
Rule 1
It is used in questions when you want to ask All
whether something exists or not. It is also used
All is mostly used with a plural verb when followed
in negative sentences where we want to say that
by a countable plural noun. It includes all the
something does not exist.
persons or things of a particular kind. Another
• I don’t need any help. rule for it is that it requires a singular verb when
• Do you have any advice on the matter? it is followed by an uncountable noun.

Rule 2 • All children cannot be treated in the same

It is also used in affirmative sentences before manner.
plural nouns and uncountable nouns when it
refers to a quantity of something which may or Both
may not exist. This determiner is mostly used to talk about two
• You can stop at any point you like. things of the same kind. It is used to show that
two persons or things are involved rather than
Little and Much one and is often followed by ‘and’.
NODIA

These are used to refer to amount or quantity. • Both Raman and Raghav went out for a
Little is used to emphasize that there is a small movie.
amount of something whereas ‘Much’ is used for • He held oranges in both his hands.
emphasizing on large quantities. Both of them
are used with uncountable nouns. Little is also Either and Neither
used in reference to small amount of something
These determiners usually refer to two persons or
without any emphasis.
things but show that one out of the two is or is
• I want to spend a little time in Dubai. not involved in a situation. Neither is used mostly
• I have studied very little for my exam. with singular nouns and by either, it can mean
both of two things especially when it is used with
• Do you like to watch much television? ‘end’ or ’side’.
PAGE 158 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• Take either side of the bed, both are the • I like basketball a lot.
same. • She’s a lot happier now than she was.
• Neither of them is speaking the truth. • I don’t go there a lot anymore.

Each and Every A lot of, lots of

These determiners are used to refer to all members We use a lot of and lots of in informal styles. Lots
of a group, persons or things. When we talk about of is more informal than a lot of. A lot of and
members as individuals, we use ‘each’ and when lots of can both be used with plural countable
we make a statement about all of them we use nouns and with singular uncountable nouns for
‘every’. They are to be prefixed before a singular affirmatives, negatives, and questions:
countable noun and the verb attached with them
should be singular. • We’ve got lots of things to do.
• Each and every board member was present • That’s a lot of money.
in the meeting. • There weren’t a lot of choices.
• Today a laptop and air conditioner can be • Can you hurry up? I don’t have a lot of
seen in each house. time.
• Every child is said to have his/ her own • Are there a lot of good players at your
special abilities. tennis club?
• Have you eaten lots of chocolate?
Several
It is usually used to indicate an imprecise number
that is not very large but more than two. 8. CARDINAL AND ORDINAL
• There were several deaths during the floods NUMBERS
in U.P. The cardinal numbers (one, two, three, ...) are
• There were several cases of fraud pending adjectives referring to quantity, and the ordinal
against him in the court. numbers (first, second, third, ...) refer to
distribution.
Most • There are twenty-five beds available in a
‘Most’ is used to indicate nearly all of an amount hospital.
or of a group. • Geeta won second prize in painting
• Most of the people do not recover from this competition.
fatal disease.
• Most of the people in India are working 9. DIFFERENCE WORDS
class.
Another
Enough It can be used with a singular countable noun to
The determiner ‘enough’ is used before talk about an additional person or thing of the
uncountable nouns or plural nouns to say that same type.
there is something that is sufficient and enough • Can I have another cup of coffee?
as much as needed.
• He opened another branch last month.
• The hotel had enough rooms for all the
guests. Other
• They did not have enough storage to store This determiner is used with plural nouns or
all that they had ordered for. sometimes with uncountable nouns.

A lot • Other people might not have thought like

this.
It means very often or very much. It is used as an
adverb. It often comes at the end of a sentence • The students are busy in other activities
and never before a noun. rather than participating in the math class.

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 DETERMINERS

10. INTERROGATIVES EXERCISE

Interrogative determiners formulate direct or
indirect questions and exclamations. The three Multiple Choice Type Questions
interrogative determiners in English are what,
which, and whose. 1. Fill the blank with the correct option to complete
the note of appreciation by the Head of an
Whose organisation.
Whose means “belonging to which person”. It is good to know that _____ registration
Whose functions both as an interrogative and forms were received this time for our event, as
a possessive determiner, so technically whose is compared to the previous year.
an interrogative possessive determiner. Whose is (a) many (b) most
the only interrogative possessive determiner in (c) much (d) more
English. Ans :
• They didn’t know whose car it was. (d) more
• Whose iPhone was stolen? 2. There was _____ major accident near the
• He couldn’t remember whose car keys they railway station.
were. (a) an (b) a
(c) the (d) none of these
What Ans :
What is for asking for information specifying (b) a
something.
3. Sri Lanka is _____ island.
• What time did you arrive?
(a) a (b) an
• I wonder what reason he gave. (c) the (d) none of these
• What idiot told you that? Ans :
(b) an
Which
4. He is _____ honour to his profession.
Which is for asking for information specifying one
(a) an (b) a
or more people or things from a definite set.
(c) the (d) none of these
• Which table would you prefer? Ans :
• I wonder which teacher told him that. (a) an
• I asked them which Italian car was best.
5. The cow is _____ sacred animal.
(a) a (b) an
(c) the (d) none of these
 Ans :
(a) a

6. I saw a woman with _____ umbrella over her

NODIA

head.
(a) a (b) an
(c) the (d) none of these
Ans :
(b) an

7. _____ European visited our town yesterday.

(a) A (b) An
(c) The (d) None of these
Ans :
(a) A
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PAGE 160 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

8. M. S. Dhoni is one of _____ best captains 16. _____ tact would have saved the situation.
cricket has seen. (a) The little (b) A little
(a) The (b) A (c) Little (d) Very little
(c) An (d) That Ans :
Ans : (b) A little
(a) The
17. I can’t eat _____ more bananas, but I should
9. _____ apple _____ day keeps _____ like _____ more apples.
doctor away. (a) any, any (b) some, some
(a) A, an, the (b) The, an, a (c) some, any (d) any, some
(c) An, a, the (d) An, the, a Ans :
Ans : (d) any, some
(c) An, a, the
18. Put _____ sugar in your tea; I haven’t put
10. I don’t want _____ coffee, thank you. _____
(a) Some (b) Any (a) some, any (b) any, any
(c) Little (d) Few (c) some, some (d) any, some
Ans : Ans :
(b) Any (a) some, any

11. How _____ money do you spend on new 19. He is very lucky. He has _____ friends to stand
clothes? by him in times of need.
(a) Many (b) Few (a) little (b) few
(c) Much (d) Little (c) a few (d) a little
Ans : Ans :
(c) Much (c) a few

12. Only _____ people came to watch the new film. 20. I gave a dinner for a _____ close friends.
(a) A few (b) Many (a) many (b) more
(c) Much (d) A some (c) the few (d) few
Ans : Ans :
(a) A few (d) few

13. Could you give me _____ money, please? 21. There is _____ water left, so drink only if you
(a) Little (b) A little must.
NODIA

(c) A few (d) Few (a) some (b) little

Ans : (c) few (d) much
(b) A little Ans :
(b) little
14. We had _____ money left, so we went out for a
meal. We decided to abandon our trip as we had 22. There isn’t _____ point at all in getting upset
._____ money left. about it.
(a) a little, a little (b) little, a little (a) few (b) several
(c) a few, few (d) a little, little (c) any (d) many
Ans : Ans :
(d) a little, little (c) any

15. She spent _____ amount of money she had. 23. According to the studies, dolphins, whales
(a) little (b) much and _____ other sea creatures use highly
(c) the few (d) the little sophisticated navigation systems.
Ans : (a) any (b) a little
(d) the little (c) many (d) much
 DETERMINERS

Ans : linguistic abilities of a two-year-old child.

(c) many
(a) few (b) a little
24. The dietary habits of a child often have _____ (c) many (d) much
to do with that child’s eating habits as an adult. Ans :
(a) little (b) every (c) many
(c) most (d) None of these 31. Though it is a densely populated city, there are
Ans : surprisingly _____ people seen on the streets.
(a) little
(a) few (b) a few
25. In the United States of America, there are literacy (c) little (d) a little
Ans :
classes for workers, _____ of whom never
(a) few
graduated from high school.
(a) a little (b) much 32. With hard work and _____ luck nothing can
(c) any (d) many stop you in your way to success.
Ans : (a) little (b) a little
(d) many (c) few (d) a few
Ans :
26. In the first _____ months of life, an infant (b) a little
learns how to lift its head, how to smile and how
to recognize its parents. 33. I know _____ of the book is not worth reading
(a) many (b) any but most of the readers like the end of the book.
(c) few (d) None of these (a) much (b) many
Ans : (c) a few (d) several
(c) few Ans :
(a) much
27. Serving _____ terms in Congress, Shirley
34. We only spent _____ days in Istanbul; on the
Chisholm became an important United States
first day we visited the famous mosques and on
politician.
the other days we just shopped.
(a) several (b) much
(a) a few (b) many
(c) a lot of (d) None of these
Ans : (c) little (d) the little
Ans :
(a) several
(a) a few
28. The storm continued for _____ of the days
35. The expedition through the old Mayan city was
when we were in New Orleans,·but fortunately
held up because of _____ delays in the delivery
there wasn’t _____ damage in the city.
of food supplies.
(a) a few, many (b) all, a little
(a) any (b) several
(c) most, much (d) some, few
Ans : (c) every (d) much
Ans :
(c) most, much
(b) several
29. Heavy fines and jail sentences have made _____
36. Although _____ of the lawn is open to the
difference in preventing elephant poaching for
sun, there are plenty of shade trees to make it
their tusks.
comfortable.
(a) a few (b) little
(a) each (b) every
(c) many (d) None of these
Ans : (c) most (d) none
Ans :
(b) little
(c) most
30. Although the language learning abilities of apes
have surprised _____ scientists, they generally
agree that apes do not progress beyond the

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PAGE 162 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

37. Although there were many politicians that were (c) both a and b above
honest and decent, there were just as _____ (d) None of these
who were not. Ans :
(a) some (b) much (a) The teacher called the last boy standing in
(c) many (d) a little the queue.
Ans :
44. Which one of the following sentences shows a
(c) many
correct use of Article
38. Surveys say anti-war protests and incidents in (a) His mother forbade him to go to the circus
_____ of Europe are at their most frequent late at night.
since World War II. (b) His mother forbade him to go to circus late at
(a) each (b) much night.
(c) many (d) a few (c) both a and b above
Ans : (d) None of these
(b) much Ans :
(a) His mother forbade him to go to the circus
39. The news was _____ good to be true.
late at night.
(a) very (b) too
(c) so (d) as 45. Which one of the following sentences shows a
Ans : correct use of Article
(b) too (a) Ganga is a holy river for Hindus.
(b) The Ganga is a holy river for Hindus.
40. _____ of the two sisters is married.
(c) both a and b above
(a) Both (b) Every
(d) None of these
(c) Each (d) Any
Ans :
Ans :
(b) The Ganga is a holy river for Hindus.
(c) Each
46. Which one of the following sentences shows a
41. _____ of you should attend the conference.
correct use of Article
(a) Both (b) Each
NODIA

(a) God is merciful to all of us.

(c) Every (d) Many
(b) The God is merciful to all of us.
Ans :
(a) Both (c) A God is merciful to all of us.
(d) None of these
42. Which one of the following sentences shows a Ans :
correct use of Article (a) God is merciful to all of us.
(a) He lived in the three hundred year old house
in Delhi. 47. Which one of the following sentences shows a
correct use of Article
(b) He lived in a three hundred year old house in
Delhi. (a) We went to see a Taj Mahal in Agra.
(c) both a and b above (b) We went to see the Taj Mahal in Agra.
(d) None of these (c) We went to see the Taj Mahal in the Agra.
Ans : (d) None of these
(b) He lived in a three hundred year old house in Ans :
Delhi. (b) We went to see the Taj Mahal in Agra.

43. Which one of the following sentences shows a 48. Which one of the following sentences shows a
correct use of Article correct use of Article
(a) The teacher called the last boy standing in (a) The Book which you demand is out of print.
the queue. (b) Book which you demand is out of print.
(b) The teacher called a last boy standing in the (c) A Book which you demand is out of print.
queue. (d) None of these
 DETERMINERS

Ans : 3. Identify the error and supply the correction, for

(a) The Book which you demand is out of print. the following sentence:
49. Which one of the following sentences shows a Every trees have a single woody stem called a
correct use of Article trunk which supports a mass of branches carrying
leaves.
(a) A black and a white cow is grazing in the
Use the given format for your response.
field.
(b) A black and white cow is grazing in the field. Error Correction
(c) A black and the white cow is grazing in the
field.
Ans :
(d) None of these
Ans : Error Correction
(b) A black and white cow is grazing in the field.
Every Most
50. Which one of the following sentences shows a
correct use of Article 4. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
(a) Shri Shanker Dayal Sharma was the President the correction.
of India. At the age of seventeen, Galileo know that he had
discovered an important law- a law of a pendulum.
(b) Shri Shanker Dayal Sharma was President of
India. Use the given format for your response.
(c) Shri Shanker Dayal Sharma was a President
Error Correction
of India.
(d) None of these
Ans : Ans :
(a) Shri Shanker Dayal Sharma was the President
of India. Error Correction
a the

5. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply

the correction.
Very Short Answer Type Questions Our defence academies are better than that of
1. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option, to Afghanistan.
complete the concluding line of an issued circular Use the given format for your response.
by an Organisation, to its Managers.
A copy of the plan is enclosed and _____ Error Correction
(that/then/this) may be communicated to all
Team Leaders for compliance.
Ans : Ans :
this
Error Correction
2. Identify the error and supply the correction, for that those
the following sentence:
Every people went to welcome the Indian Cricket 6. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
team. the correction.
There are a little countries in the world where the
Error Correction
population is not growing fast.
Use the given format for your response.
Ans :
Error Correction
Error Correction
Every Many

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PAGE 164 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction Error Correction
a little a few

Ans :
7. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction. Error Correction
Have you got some proof that he committed the
crime? few some

Use the given format for your response. 11. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
the correction.
Error Correction I walk 3 kilometres each day to reach my school.

Use the given format for your response.

Ans :
Error Correction
Error Correction
some any
Ans :
8. Identify the error in the given description about
Error Correction
sachin tendulkar and supply the correction.
Sachin Tendulkar is the best cricketer in India. each every
He has played for many than twenty years for the
Country. 12. Fill in the blanks with a, an, the :
1. He is studying at _____ University in U.K.
Use the given format for your response. 2. Have you found _____ pen you lost
Error Correction yesterday?
3. Please give me _____ one rupee note.
4. All _____ boys run away.
Ans : 5. I have bought _____ umbrella.
Error Correction 6. Neil Armstrong was _____ first man to
land on the moon.
many more
7. Yesterday _____ European visitor came to
our school.
9. Identify the error and supply the correction for
8. The camel is _____ ship of the desert.
the following sentence:
Countries near on equator are some warmer than 9. Nasir is _____ honourable man.
countries farther to the North and South. 10. I don’t expect _____ reward.
11. _____ island is a piece of land surrounded
Use the given format for your response. by water on all sides.
NODIA

Error Correction 12. Give me _____ book to read.

13. Christmas falls on _____ 25th of December
every year.
Ans : 14. These are _____ students who have broken
the chair.
Error Correction
15. The teacher asked _____ easy question.
some much 16. He is _____ able man.
17. Ramesh is _____ best of all.
10. Identify the error in the given sentence and supply
18. He has applied for _____ post of a lecturer.
the correction.
We can expect few more mosquitoes after 19. I have lost _____ pen you gave me.
continued falls of rain. 20. Life is not _____ bed of roses.
 DETERMINERS

Ans : 8. _____ villa is this? (Whose/What)

1. a 6. the 11. An 16. an 9. He is the _____ boy who has joined this
2. the 7. a 12. a 17. the gym. (first/whose)
10. I met her _____ week, (this/those)
3. a 8. the 13. the 18. the
Ans :
4. the 9. an 14. the 19. the
1. Some 2. many 3. that
5. an 10. the 15. an 20. a
4. These 5. much 6. some
13. Fill in the blanks with a, an, the: 7. every 8. Whose 9. first
1. _____ Sun rises is _____ east and sets 10. this
in _____ west.
2. _____ apple _____ day, keeps _____ 15. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:
doctor away.
1. Could you bring me _____ books I left in
3. Akash is .......... Dara Singh of our school. the garden?
4. _____ Rajdhani Express is _____ fast 2. _____ sun rises from the east.
and comfortable train for _____ rich.
3. The doctor advised me to eat _____ apple
5. _____ Himalayas are _____ highest every morning.
mountains in _____world.
4. There aren’t _____ students in the library.
6. _____ dogs is _____ faithful animal.
5. I haven’t got _____ pictures in my
7. _____ postman put _____ letter under bedroom.
_____ front door just _____ hour after
6. She gave a cookie to _____ child.
you had left.
7. I’ve got to solve _____ math problems
8. _____ man you saw here yesterday is
before I go to sleep.
_____ uncle of mine and _____ great
8. _____ cherries are delicious! (With a bowl
lover of _____ Ramayana.
of cherries on your lap)
9. She is _____ M.A. in Geography.
9. My mother doesn’t drink _____ coffee.
10. _____ cow is _____ useful animal.
Ans : 10. I always keep _____ money in my wallet
for emergencies.
1. The, the, the 6. The, a Ans :
2. An, a, the 7. The, a, the, an 1. those 2. The 3. an
3. the 8. The, an, a, the 4. many 5. any 6. each
4. The, a, the 9. an 7. some 8. These 9. much
5. The, the, the 10. The, a 10. some

14. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners: 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners:
1. _____ books are missing from the library. 1. They were bored because there was _____
(Any/Some) to do.
2. She has not solved _____ sums, (many/ 2. We invited _____ friends over to our house
any) for a barbecue.
3. This book is mine but _____ is yours, 3. _____ of the cakes had been baked the day
(that/any) before.
4. _____ boys have done their work. (That/ 4. Sally didn’t take _____ photos when she
These) went on holiday.
5. He didn’t make _____ progress, (much/ 5. The teacher gave _____ of the students a
many) piece of paper.
6. He has forgotten _____ of the details, 6. Every one of _____ friends sent me a
(some/many) birthday card, but none of them bought me a
7. The District Magistrate visited _____ present.
flood affected area, (every/either)

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PAGE 166 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. Henry had _____ idea what the answer to

the question was.
8. I like _____ of her songs, but not all of
them are good.
9. They waited for a bus for half _____ hour.
10. _____ table is made of wood.
Ans :

1. little 2. a few 3. most

4. many 5. each 6. my
7. no 8. many 9. an
10. a

17. Choose the correct determiner from the brackets:

1. Let us save _____ (a little/the little) for a
rainy day.
2. Won’t you have _____ (many/some) tea?
Yes, I’ll have _____ (a little/a few).
NODIA
3. Don’t you have _____ (any/some) match
at all? Of course we have _____ (any/
some).
4. He is mischievous, like _____ (many/a
good many) boys.
5. _____ (Many a/A good many) persons
have made the same mistake.
6. _____ (Every/Many) boy is keen on
gymnastics.
7. Generally, Mr Jones doesn’t have _____
(many/much) money with him. But whenever
he goes to visit his grandchildren, he has
_____ (many/much) coins in his pocket.
8. _____ (Lot of/A lot of) petrol leaked from
the tank.
9. “How _____ (much more/many more)
strength must I exert”, the mechanic asked.
10. There is _____ (lots of/a lot of) marbles
here, Andy told Mark. “Let’s take _____
(few/a few)”.
Ans :

1. the little 6. Every

2. some, a little 7. much, many
3. any, some 8. A lot of,
4. a good many 9. much
5. A good many 10. a lot of, a few


 CLAUSES

CHAPTER 7
CLAUSES

1. INTRODUCTION Functions of a Noun Clause:

1. As the Object of a Verb (Most Common):
A group of words that includes a subject and a • I fear that I shall fail. (I fear what? →
finite verb, and forms part of a sentence, is called that I shall fail)
a clause. A clause is more than a phrase (which • Tell me where you live. (Tell me what? →
has no subject-verb combination) and less than a where you live)
sentence. 2. As the Subject of a Verb:
They came in time. • What he said was true.
Here in time is a phrase. It makes some sense • That she is honest is known to all.
but not a complete sense. 3. In Apposition to a Noun/Pronoun:
• The news that he died shocked us. (The
2. TYPES OF CLAUSES news = that he died)
In a Noun Clause, the word order is always
Based on their ability to stand alone, clauses are Subject + Verb, never Verb + Subject (like a
divided into two main types: question).
1. Main (Principal) Clause: Can stand alone as Incorrect: I don’t know where is he.
a complete sentence. Correct: I don’t know where he is.
Example: I know the man.
2. Subordinate (Dependent) Clause: Cannot
stand alone; it depends on the Main Clause 4. RELATIVE CLAUSES
for its meaning. A Relative Clause is a subordinate clause that
Example: ...who lives next door. does the work of an adjective. It describes or
Subordinate clauses are classified by the identifies a noun (called the ‘Antecedent’) that
function they perform. They function as nouns, comes immediately before it.
adjectives and adverbs. So there are three kinds Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
of subordinate clauses. They are noun clauses, • Who/Whom: For people.
adjective clauses (Relative Clause) and adverb • Which: For things and animals.
clauses. In your syllabus, you are required to • That: For people, things, and animals.
focus on Noun Clauses and Relative Clauses. • Whose: For possession.
• Where/When/Why: For place, time, and
reason.

Types of Relative Clauses

3. NOUN CLAUSES There are two types of relative clauses:
A Noun Clause is a subordinate clause that 1. Defining (Restrictive) Clauses: These
does the work of a noun. It usually answers the provide essential information to identify the
question “What?” noun. Without this clause, the sentence is
incomplete or unclear. No commas are used.
Common Connectors (Subordinators): • The book that you gave me is lost.
• That (used for statements) (Which book? The one you gave me.)
• If/Whether (used for Yes/No questions) 2. Non-Defining (Non-Restrictive) Clauses: These
• Wh- words (Who, What, Where, When, provide extra information about a noun that
Why, How) is already identified. Commas are mandatory

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PAGE 168 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

before and after the clause. Using a Relative Clause

• My father, who is a doctor, is 50 years Focus on using a relative pronoun like who, which,
old. (The information “who is a doctor” or whom to describe a noun in the first sentence
is extra; the main point is his age.) 1. Separate: This is the boy. He won the gold
medal.
Combined: This is the boy who won the gold
5. NOUN CLAUSE VS. RELATIVE CLAUSE medal.
The key to distinguishing between these two 2. Separate : Her mother keeps a bitch. I am
clauses lies in identifying the part of speech they very afraid of that bitch.
are connected to and the specific role they play in Combined : I am very afraid of the bitch
the sentence. which her mother keeps.
3. Separate : She met her old classmate. Her
Feature Noun Clause Relative Clause classmate is a doctor now.
Position Usually follows a Always follows Combined : She met her old classmate who is
Verb. a Noun. a doctor now.
4. Separate : The children were now adults. The
Function Acts as a thing/ Acts as a
children had bought kites from him ten years
fact. description.
ago.
Test Can be replaced Cannot be Combined : The children who had bought
by the word replaced by kites from him ten years ago were now adults.
“something”. “something”. 5. Separate: The man is my uncle. You met him
Noun Clause: I know that he is coming. (I know at the station.
‘something’.) Combined: The man whom you met at the
Relative Clause: I know the place where he lives. station is my uncle.
(Describes the ‘place’.)

6. COMBINING SENTENCES (SYNTHESIS)
You can combine two separate sentences into one
complex sentence by turning one of them into a
Noun Clause or a Relative Clause.

Using a Noun Clause

Focus on merging a fact or statement as the
object or subject of the main idea.
1. Separate: He is a thief. Everyone knows it.
Combined: Everyone knows that he is a thief.
2. Separate : She will win a scholarship. This is
certain.
Combined : This is certain that she will win
a scholarship.
3. Separate : The servant informed Phatik. He
was wanted by his mother.
Combined : The servant informed Phatik that
he was wanted by his mother.
4. Separate : I have seen many ups and downs in
life. This is a fact.
Combined : This is a fact that I have seen
many ups and downs in life.
5. Separate : The prisoner made good his escape
somehow. Nobody knows how.
Combined : Nobody knows how the prisoner
made good his escape.

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 CLAUSES

EXERCISE Ans :
(b) when

Multiple Choice Type Questions 8. No one knows ______ the keys are hiding.
(a) where (b) who
1. I don’t know ______ he is so upset today.

NODIA
(c) whose (d) that
(a) who (b) why
Ans :
(c) whose (d) which (a) where
Ans :
(b) why 9. Correct the word order: “Tell me what is your
name.”
2. ______ he said at the meeting was quite
inspiring. (a) Tell me what your name is.
(a) That (b) Which (b) Tell me your name is what.
(c) What (d) Whom (c) Tell what your name is me.
Ans : (d) What is your name tell me.
(c) What Ans :
(a) Tell me what your name is.
3. Identify the Noun Clause: “The teacher asked if
we had finished the homework.” 10. My hope is ______ he will recover soon.
(a) The teacher asked if we had (a) whether (b) that
(b) if we had finished the homework (c) if (d) what
Ans :
(c) we had finished the homework
(b) that
(d) The teacher asked if
Ans : 11. The boy ______ sits next to me is very helpful.
(b) if we had finished the homework (a) which (b) whom
(c) who (d) whose
4. I believe ______ honesty is the best policy.
Ans :
(a) what (b) that (c) who
(c) if (d) whether
Ans : 12. This is the house ______ my grandfather built.
(b) that (a) who (b) whom
(c) whose (d) which
5. Can you tell me ______ the principal is in his
Ans :
office?
(d) which
(a) if (b) which
(c) whose (d) whom 13. The woman ______ purse was stolen went to
Ans : the police.
(a) if (a) who (b) whose
(c) which (d) whom
6. In the sentence “How he solved the puzzle is a
Ans :
secret,” the noun clause acts as:
(b) whose
(a) Object of the verb
(b) Subject of the verb 14. The city ______ I was born is very famous.
(c) Object of a preposition (a) when (b) why
(d) Complement to a verb (c) where (d) which
Ans : Ans :
(b) Subject of the verb (c) where

7. I am not sure ______ the results will be 15. Identify the Relative Clause: “The book that I
announced. bought yesterday is lost.”
(a) that (b) when (a) The book is lost
(c) what (d) which (b) that I bought yesterday
PAGE 170 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) I bought yesterday (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause

(d) The book that I bought (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
Ans : Ans :
(b) that I bought yesterday (a) Noun Clause

16. Mr. Sharma, ______ is our neighbor, is a 24. Identify the clause: “This is the place where she
doctor. lives.”
(a) who (b) which (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) that (d) whom (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
Ans : Ans :
(a) who (b) Relative Clause

17. I have found the pen ______ I lost in the 25. Identify the clause: “The news that he won is
playground. true.”
(a) who (b) whose (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) whom (d) that (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
Ans : Ans :
(d) that (a) Noun Clause

18. The reason ______ he left the job is unknown. 26. Identify the clause: “The news that he heard is
(a) where (b) why true.”
(c) when (d) who (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
Ans : (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
(b) why Ans :
(b) Relative Clause
19. The flowers ______ grow in this garden are
beautiful. 27. Identify the clause: “She told me what she
(a) who (b) whose wanted.”
(c) that (d) whom (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
Ans : (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
(c) that Ans :
(a) Noun Clause
20. Meet the student ______ the principal praised.
(a) who (b) whose 28. Identify the clause: “This is the doll which she
(c) which (d) whom wanted.”
Ans : (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(d) whom (c) Main Clause (d) None of these
Ans :
21. Identify the clause: “I know that he is coming.” (b) Relative Clause
(a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) Main Clause (d) None of these 29. Identify the clause: “Whoever arrives first gets
Ans : the prize.”
(a) Noun Clause (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) Main Clause (d) None of these
22. Identify the clause: “I know the man who is Ans :
coming.” (a) Noun Clause
(a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) Main Clause (d) None of these 30. Identify the clause: “The student who arrives first
Ans : gets the prize.”
(b) Relative Clause (a) Noun Clause (b) Relative Clause
(c) Main Clause (d) None of these
23. Identify the clause: “I wonder where she lives.” Ans :
(b) Relative Clause

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 CLAUSES

31. Combine: “Someone stole my bike. I don’t know 37. Find the error: “I don’t know where does he go
who.” every evening.”
(a) I don’t know who stole my bike. (a) where (b) does he go
(b) Who stole my bike I don’t know. (c) every evening (d) don’t know
(c) I don’t know the person who stole my bike. Ans :
(b) does he go
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : 38. Which connector is best for possession in a
(a) I don’t know who stole my bike. relative clause?
32. Combine: “This is the path. It leads to the forest.” (a) Whom (b) Who
(a) This is the path that it leads to the forest. (c) Whose (d) Which
Ans :
(b) This is the path which leads to the forest.
(c) Whose
(c) This is the path leads to the forest.
(d) The path leading to the forest. 39. Relative clauses that give “extra information”
Ans : and use commas are called:
(b) This is the path which leads to the forest. (a) Defining Clauses
33. Combine using Noun Clause: “He is a thief. NODIA (b) Non-defining Clauses
(c) Noun Clauses
Everyone knows it.”
(a) Everyone knows that he is a thief. (d) Object Clauses
Ans :
(b) Everyone knows him who is a thief.
(b) Non-defining Clauses
(c) Everyone knows a thief is he.
(d) That he is a thief is known by everyone. 40. Which of these acts as a Noun Clause?
Ans : (a) The boy who is singing.
(a) Everyone knows that he is a thief. (b) The song which he is singing.
34. Combine using Relative Clause: “I met a boy. His (c) What he is singing.
father is a pilot.” (d) Sing a song for me.
(a) I met a boy whose father is a pilot. Ans :
(c) What he is singing.
(b) I met a boy who’s father is a pilot.
(c) I met a boy pilot’s father.
(d) I met a boy that father is a pilot. Very Short Answer Type Questions
Ans :
(a) I met a boy whose father is a pilot. 1. Follow the specific instruction given for each
question to test your deep understanding of Noun
35. Combine: “What does he want? I don’t care.” and Relative Clauses.
(a) I don’t care what he wants. 1. Correct the word order: I asked the teacher
why was the lesson so difficult.
(b) I don’t care what does he want.
2. Fill the gap with a Relative Pronoun: This
(c) I don’t care he wants what. is the museum ______ we visited last
(d) What he wants I don’t care. summer.
Ans : 3. Identify the Function: In the sentence “How
(a) I don’t care what he wants. he solved the puzzle is a secret,” what is the
role of the underlined Noun Clause?
36. Find the error: “The car who I bought yesterday
4. Choose the correct connector: I am not sure
is red.”
(if/which) she will arrive on time.
(a) car (b) who 5. Spot the Error: The car, who I bought last
(c) bought (d) red week, has already broken down. (Identify the
Ans : wrong word).
(b) who 6. Relative Clause Logic: Which word does the
clause describe in: “The cake that my mother
baked was delicious”?
PAGE 172 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. Noun Clause Logic: Does the clause “what 5. Can you tell me why the baby is crying?
you need” act as a Subject or Object in: (Noun Clause)
“What you need is a long vacation”? 6. The parcel which my brother sent arrived
8. Punctuation Check: Should there be commas today. (Relative Clause)
in: “My brother who lives in London is coming 7. The story that he told was very exciting.
home”? (Assume I have only one brother). (Relative Clause)
9. Combine using ‘Whose’: This is the man. His 8. My father taught me that honesty is the best
son won the marathon. policy. (Noun Clause)
10. Test the ‘Something’ Rule: In “I forgot that 9. Who broke the window remains a mystery.
I had a meeting,” can the underlined part be (Noun Clause)
replaced by “something”? (Yes/No). 10. I know the boy who won the debate
Ans : competition. (Relative Clause)
1. I asked the teacher why the lesson was so
3. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable connector
difficult. (Noun clauses use statement order).
from the box. Some words can be used more than
2. which/that (Relative pronoun for things).
once.
3. Subject to the verb ‘is’.
4. if (Used for uncertainty/questions in noun that, who, whose, where, what, why, if, which
clauses).
1. I don’t understand ______ he is so angry
5. who (Correction: which/that; ‘who’ is only
with me.
for people).
2. The boy ______ sits next to me in class is
6. The cake (The noun immediately before the
very helpful.
clause).
3. Can you tell me ______ the principal is in
7. Subject (It is the “thing” the sentence is
his office?
about).
4. This is the town ______ my parents first
8. Yes (If you have only one brother, it is extra
met.
information/Non-defining, so commas are
5. ______ he said at the meeting was quite
needed).
inspiring.
9. This is the man whose son won the marathon.
6. The old lady ______ house was damaged
10. Yes (I forgot something).
in the storm is staying with her daughter.
2. Combine each pair of sentences into one complex 7. I have a feeling ______ it is going to rain
sentence using a Noun Clause or a Relative today.
Clause. 8. The mobile phone ______ I bought last
1. He is innocent. I am sure of it. week has a great camera.
2. This is the house. I was born here. 9. Do you know ______ the keys are? I can’t
3. You have made a mistake. That is obvious. find them anywhere.
4. I met a woman. Her son is a famous actor. 10. The reason ______ she left early is still
5. Why is the baby crying? Can you tell me? unknown to us.
6. The parcel arrived today. My brother sent it. Ans :
7. He told a story. It was very exciting. 1. why, 2. who, 3. if/whether, 4. where, 5. What,
8. Honesty is the best policy. My father taught 6. whose, 7. that, 8. which/that, 9. where, 10.
me this. why.
9. Who broke the window? It remains a mystery.
10. I know the boy. He won the debate 4. Fill in the gaps in the passage below using
competition. appropriate clause connectors (that, who, which,
whose, where, why, what).
Ans :
Yesterday, I met an old explorer (1) ______
1. I am sure that he is innocent. (Noun Clause)
has traveled to the most remote corners of the
2. This is the house where I was born. (Relative
world. He told me a fascinating story about a
Clause)
hidden temple (2) ______ he discovered in the
3. That you have made a mistake is obvious.
Amazon rainforest. The temple, (3) ______
(Noun Clause)
walls were covered in ancient gold, was located in
4. I met a woman whose son is a famous actor.
a valley (4) ______ no map had ever shown.
(Relative Clause)

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 CLAUSES

The explorer explained (5) ______ he had

spent years searching for this site. He believed (6)
______ the temple held a secret message from
a lost civilization. (7) ______ he found inside
the central chamber surprised him deeply. It was
a stone tablet (8) ______ described how the
ancient people lived in harmony with nature.
I asked him (9) ______ he would ever
return to that mysterious place. He replied (10)
______ the location must remain a secret to
protect the forest from destruction.
Ans :
1. who, 2. which/that, 3. whose, 4. where, 5. why,
6. that, 7. What, 8. which/that, 9. if/whether,
10. that.


NODIA
PAGE 174 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 8
EDITING AND OMITTING

1. INTRODUCTION • Should/Must: Advice or Obligation.

• May/Might: Permission or Possibility.
Editing and Omitting questions test a student’s
ability to identify and correct errors in a given Reported Speech
passage. These questions check your understanding When a passage reports what someone said, look
of grammar, sentence structure, and accuracy of for changes in:
language. In the Editing part, you are required to • Tense: Present becomes Past.
find incorrect words and replace them with the • Pronouns: “I” becomes “he/she”.
correct ones. In the Omitting part, you need to • Time: “Today” becomes “that day”.
identify missing words and choose the correct word
to complete the sentence meaningfully. According Determiners
to the CBSE Class 9 pattern, this is a 4-mark Check if the quantity or reference word is correct.
section where you choose the correct replacement • Much/Little: Used with uncountable nouns
from four given options (MCQs). This section (water, time).
helps students improve their accuracy, attention • Many/Few: Used with countable nouns
to detail, and command over grammar. (books, students).
• Articles: A, An, The.
2. CORE CONCEPTS Clauses (Noun & Relative)
The errors in your exam will be strictly limited Check if the connector (who, which, that, where)
to the following sub-topics. When you read a line, matches the word it describes.
check for these “Thematic Errors”: • Who: For people.
• Which/That: For objects.
Sequence of Tenses • Where: For places.
A passage usually follows a single timeline. If the
story begins in the past, the verbs that follow Conditional Clauses (Type 1)
should generally remain in the past. Ensure the “If-clause” follows the “If + Simple
Rule: If the main verb is in the Past Tense, the Present, Will + V1” pattern.
subordinate verbs should also be in the Past
Tense. 3. THE EDITING PROCESS
• She said she is busy.
In the exam, you will follow the “Search and
(Error: ‘is’ should be ‘was’)
Select” method:
1. Read the Context: Read the first two lines to
Subject-Verb Concord (Agreement)
determine the “base tense” of the passage.
A verb must agree with its subject in number.
2. Locate the Verb: 80% of errors are related
Singular Subject " Singular Verb (e.g., He plays)
to verbs (Tense or Subject-Verb Concord).
Plural Subject " Plural Verb (e.g., They play)
Check them first.
Watch out for: Collective nouns (Team/Class)
3. Analyze Options: If you find an error, look at
and phrases like “one of the...” or “as well as.”
the options. Pick the one that fits the tense of
the previous and next sentences.
Modal Auxiliaries
4. Verification: Read the corrected line aloud
Modals express the “mood” of the action. You
in your head. It should sound logically and
must choose the modal that fits the context:
grammatically consistent with the rest of the
• Can/Could: Ability.
text.

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 EDITING AND OMITTING

4. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES i. (a) thought (b) things’

(c) think (d) things
EDITING
ii. (a) might (b) can
1. The following passage has not been edited. Choose
the correct option for the underlined words. (c) should (d) could
The Earth (i) have many beautiful animals.
iii. (a) whom (b) which
However, human activities (ii) are a threat to
them. If we (iii) will not protect forests, many (c) whose (d) what
species will disappear soon. A person (iv) which iv. (a) eat (b) eats
loves nature must work to save it.
(c) will eat (d) eating
i. (a) had (b) is having Ans :
(c) has (d) are (i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (a)

ii. (a) was (b) shall 4. The following passage has not been edited. Choose
(c) must (d) would the correct option for the underlined words.
Rohan asked his mother (i) that where his bag
iii. (a) do (b) does was. She replied that she (ii) has kept it in the
(c) would (d) shall cupboard. He (iii) must find it easily if he looks
there. The bag, (iv) who is blue in color, contains
iv. (a) what (b) whom his books.
(c) whose (d) who i. (a) if (b) why
Ans : (c) Omit ‘that’ (d) whether
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (a), (iv) (d)
ii. (a) had (b) is having
2. The following passage has not been edited. Choose (c) have (d) was
the correct option for the underlined words.
Last week, our class (i) go to the National iii. (a) will (b) would
Museum. Our teacher said that we (ii) can see (c) can (d) shall
ancient coins there. If the rain (iii) stops, we will
visit the park nearby too. Every student (iv) were iv. (a) what (b) whose
carrying a notebook to take notes. (c) whom (d) which
i. (a) goes (b) went Ans :
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (c), (iv) (d)
(c) going (d) was go
NODIA

5. The following passage has not been edited. Choose

ii. (a) could (b) will
the correct option for the underlined words.
(c) must (d) shall (i) Much people are now aware of pollution. The
government (ii) should pass strict laws to control
iii. (a) stop (b) stops
it. The river (iii) that flows through our city is
(c) will stop (d) stopped dirty. If we (iv) cleaned it, the water will become
iv. (a) was (b) are safe for use.
(c) being (d) am i. (a) Some (b) Little
Ans : (c) Any (d) Many
(i) (b), (ii) (a), (iii) (b), (iv) (a)
ii. (a) could (b) may
3. The following passage has not been edited. Choose (c) can (d) might
the correct option for the underlined words.
One of the most important (i) thing is to stay iii. (a) who (b) whose
healthy. We (ii) may exercise daily to keep our (c) whom (d) what
body fit. A balanced diet (iii) who includes fruits
is necessary. If you (iv) ate junk food, your health iv. (a) cleans (b) clean
will suffer. (c) will clean (d) cleaning
PAGE 176 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 3. In the following passage, one word has been

(i) (d), (ii) (a), (iii) (a), (iv) (b) omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
OMITTING and the word after respectively.
If you work hard, you succeed. (i) _____
1. In the following passage, one word has been Success depends on how much effort put in. (ii) _____
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option The man won the prize is my friend. (iii) _____
that indicates the word before, the missing word, He said he would help me. (iv) _____
and the word after respectively.
Health is the greatest all blessings. (i) _____ i. (a) you/will/succeed (b) work/very/hard
We should exercise daily keep fit. (ii) _____ (c) hard/then/you (d) succeed/in/life
If we eat healthy food, we be strong. (iii) _____
A person is disciplined lives long. (iv) _____ ii. (a) much/an/effort (b) effort/you/put
(c) put/it/in (d) depends/only/on
i. (a) greatest/of/all (b) Health/is/a
(c) all/the/blessings (d) is/very/greatest iii. (a) prize/it/is (b) won/the/first
(c) man/who/won (d) is/a/friend
ii. (a) exercise/and/daily (b) daily/to/keep
(c) keep/our/fit (d) should/always/exercise iv. (a) said/that/he (b) he/surely/would
(c) help/to/me (d) would/always/help
iii. (a) we/will/be (b) food/and/we
Ans :
(c) eat/the/healthy (d) If/only/we
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), (iv) (a).
iv. (a) lives/a/long (b) is/very/disciplined
4. In the following passage, one word has been
(c) disciplined/and/lives (d) person/who/is omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
Ans : that indicates the word before, the missing word,
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (d). and the word after respectively.
Each student given a task today. (i) _____
2. In the following passage, one word has been They can do it if they try. (ii) _____
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option The girl bag is red is my sister. (iii) _____
that indicates the word before, the missing word, I don’t have many time left. (iv) _____
and the word after respectively.
The students told the teacher they were ready. (i) _____ i. (a) student/was/given (b) given/him/a
They must study hard if they to pass. (ii) _____ (c) task/for/today (d) Each/and/student
One of the girls lost her book. (iii) _____
The book which she bought lost. (iv) _____ ii. (a) can/easily/do (b) they/only/try
(c) try/it/out (d) do/it/now
i. (a) teacher/that/they (b) told/to/the
NODIA

(c) ready/for/test (d) students/had/told iii. (a) girl/whose/bag (b) bag/which/is

(c) red/she/is (d) my/own/sister
ii. (a) hard/only/if (b) they/want/to
(c) must/surely/study (d) if/they/will iv. (a) don’t/even/have (b) have/much/time
(c) time/is/left (d) many/of/time
iii. (a) One/out/of (b) of/the/girls
Ans :
(c) girls/had/lost (d) her/new/book
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (b).
iv. (a) she/had/bought (b) bought/was/lost
5. In the following passage, one word has been
(c) which/that/she (d) book/the/which omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
Ans : that indicates the word before, the missing word,
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), (iv) (b). and the word after respectively.
Water is precious we must save it. (i) _____
If we waste it, we suffer later. (ii) _____
The water which flows here is clean. (iii) _____
The boy said he needed some water. (iv) _____
 EDITING AND OMITTING

i. (a) precious/and/we (b) save/all/it EXERCISE

(c) we/surely/must (d) Water/which/is
EDITING
ii. (a) waste/all/it (b) we/will/suffer
(c) suffer/a/later (d) If/ever/we 1. The following passage has not been edited. Choose
the correct option for the underlined words.
iii. (a) water/the/which (b) flows/down/here Education (i) provide us with knowledge. It (ii)
(c) here/it/is (d) which/usually/flows could be our duty to learn. If we (iii) studied hard,
we will succeed. A person (iv) which is educated
iv. (a) said/that/he (b) needed/him/some is respected by all.
(c) some/fresh/water (d) he/really/needed
Ans : i. (a) provides (b) provided
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (d), (iv) (a). (c) providing (d) provide

ii. (a) can (b) is

 (c) shall (d) must

iii. (a) study (b) studies

(c) will study (d) had studied

iv. (a) whom (b) who

(c) whose (d) what
Ans :
(i) (a), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (b).

2. The following passage has not been edited. There

is an error in each line. Choose the correct option
from the given choices to correct the underlined
words.
Success (i) depend on how we manage our time.
If we (ii) wasted it, we will regret it. A person
(iii) who is hardworking can achieve anything.
However, one (iv) may not forget to stay humble.

i. (a) depending (b) depends

(c) depended (d) was depend

ii. (a) wasting (b) wastes

(c) will waste (d) waste

iii. (a) which (b) whose

(c) whom (d) what

iv. (a) might (b) can

(c) should (d) could
Ans :
(i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (c).

3. The following passage has not been edited. There

is an error in each line. Choose the correct option
from the given choices to correct the underlined
words.
Last night, I (i) see a strange light in the sky. I
asked my father (ii) that if it was a plane. He told

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PAGE 178 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

me that it (iii) is probably a satellite. The light, iii. (a) that (b) which
(iv) who was very bright, moved quickly. (c) why (d) what
i. (a) saw (b) seen iv. (a) which (b) who
(c) seeing (d) was see (c) whom (d) that
ii. (a) why (b) Omit ‘that’ Ans :
(i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (b).
(c) when (d) what
6. The following passage has not been edited. There
iii. (a) was (b) had been
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option
(c) will be (d) am from the given choices to correct the underlined
words.
iv. (a) whom (b) which
Yoga (i) benefit the mind and the body. Experts
(c) whose (d) what
say that we (ii) must practice it for at least thirty
Ans : minutes. If you (iii) started today, you will feel
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (b). the difference. A person (iv) which practices yoga
stays calm.
4. The following passage has not been edited. There
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option i. (a) benefits (b) benefited
from the given choices to correct the underlined
NODIA
(c) benefiting (d) was benefit
words.
(i) Few water is left in the bottle. We (ii) must ii. (a) can (b) should
drink only clean water. If the water (iii) will be (c) might (d) could
dirty, we will fall sick. The filter (iv) who we
bought yesterday is not working. iii. (a) start (b) starts
(c) will start (d) starting
i. (a) Some (b) Many
(c) Much (d) Little iv. (a) what (b) whom
(c) whose (d) who
ii. (a) can (b) should
Ans :
(c) may (d) might
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (d).
iii. (a) is (b) was
7. The following passage has not been edited. There
(c) were (d) being is an error in each line. Choose the correct option
from the given choices to correct the underlined
iv. (a) which (b) whom
words.
(c) whose (d) what
Last year, I (i) visit the mountains with my family.
Ans : My father told me that we (ii) will go trekking.
(i) (d), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (a). He said that the view (iii) is breathtaking from
the top. The guide (iv) which led us was very
5. The following passage has not been edited. There
experienced.
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option
from the given choices to correct the underlined i. (a) visits (b) visited
words. (c) visiting (d) was visit
Each of the boys (i) have a separate desk. They
(ii) can finish their work on time. The teacher ii. (a) shall (b) would
asked them (iii) if they had any doubts. The (c) can (d) must
student (iv) whose was confused raised his hand.
iii. (a) was (b) had been
i. (a) are (b) were
(c) will be (d) being
(c) having (d) has
iv. (a) whose (b) whom
ii. (a) should (b) must
(c) who (d) that
(c) could (d) may
 EDITING AND OMITTING

Ans : words.
(i) (b), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (c). If you (i) will study, you will score good marks.
My friend, (ii) whose is a topper, gave me some
8. The following passage has not been edited. There tips. He told me that I (iii) can follow a strict
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option schedule. (iv) Any the toppers follow this routine.
from the given choices to correct the underlined
words. i. (a) studies (b) study
(i) Much animals in the zoo were rescued from the (c) studied (d) studying
wild. The caretaker (ii) can feed them at specific
times. If the visitors (iii) fed the animals, they ii. (a) which (b) whom
will be fined. The lion, (iv) who is the king of the (c) who (d) that
forest, was sleeping.
iii. (a) should (b) could
i. (a) Many (b) Little (c) might (d) may
(c) Any (d) Some
iv. (a) Few (b) Each
ii. (a) should (b) must (c) Much (d) All
(c) has to (d) might Ans :
(i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (d).
iii. (a) feeding (b) feeds
(c) will feed (d) feed OMITTING
iv. (a) whose (b) whom 1. In the following passage, one word has been
(c) which (d) what omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
Ans : that indicates the word before, the missing word,
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (d), (iv) (c). and the word after respectively.
Reading is a good habit keeps us informed. (i) _____
9. The following passage has not been edited. There It said that books are our best friends. (ii) _____
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option If you read daily, you gain knowledge. (iii) _____
from the given choices to correct the underlined A book which interesting is never boring. (iv) _____
words.
Each of the stories (i) were very interesting. The i. (a) is/the/good (b) good/very/habit
teacher asked the students (ii) that if they liked (c) us/well/informed (d) habit/which/keeps
them. She said that reading (iii) had been a good
habit. The boy (iv) whom stood first explained ii. (a) It/is/said (b) books/the/are
the moral of the story. (c) said/then/that (d) our/very/best

i. (a) being (b) are iii. (a) daily/so/you (b) you/will/gain

(c) was (d) having (c) read/it/daily (d) gain/much/knowledge

ii. (a) Omit ‘that’ (b) why iv. (a) which/is/interesting (b) book/the/which
(c) how (d) what (c) is/always/never (d) interesting/and/is
Ans :
iii. (a) is (b) was
(i) (d), (ii) (a), (iii) (b), (iv) (a).
(c) will be (d) being
2. In the following passage, one word has been
iv. (a) whose (b) who omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
(c) which (d) that that indicates the word before, the missing word,
Ans : and the word after respectively.
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (a), (iv) (b). The man told me he was lost. (i) _____
He ask if I could help him. (ii) _____
10. The following passage has not been edited. There One the roads was blocked by a fallen tree. (iii) _____
is an error in each line. Choose the correct option The tree which fell very old. (iv) _____
from the given choices to correct the underlined

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i. (a) told/that/he (b) me/that/he iv. (a) want/to/see (b) which/that/I

(c) man/had/told (d) was/very/lost (c) see/it/is (d) movie/the/which
Ans :
ii. (a) He/had/ask (b) ask/me/if
(i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (a).
(c) He/asked/if (d) help/to/him
5. In the following passage, one word has been
iii. (a) One/of/the (b) roads/they/was omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
(c) the/main/roads (d) was/being/blocked that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively.
iv. (a) fell/was/very (b) which/had/fell
Trees are useful they give us oxygen. (i) _____
(c) very/much/old (d) tree/was/which We must plant more trees save the earth. (ii) _____
Ans : A forest area where many trees is a home. (iii) _____
(i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (a). People live near forests are healthy. (iv) _____

3. In the following passage, one word has been i. (a) useful/because/they (b) give/to/us
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option (c) they/always/give (d) are/very/useful
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively. ii. (a) save/the/whole (b) must/always/plant
Each student brought own lunch. (i) _____ NODIA (c) trees/to/save (d) more/and/more
They can eat they finish their work. (ii) _____
If teacher allows them, they will go out. (iii) _____ iii. (a) area/where/there (b) trees/grow/is
The girl bag was stolen cried a lot. (iv) _____ (c) many/green/trees (d) trees/grow/in

i. (a) brought/their/own (b) student/had/brought iv. (a) People/who/live (b) near/the/forests

(c) own/tiffin/lunch (d) student/his/own (c) are/very/healthy (d) live/right/near
Ans :
ii. (a) eat/after/they (b) finish/all/their
(i) (a), (ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (a).
(c) can/easily/eat (d) work/is/finished
6. In the following passage, one word has been
iii. (a) If/the/teacher (b) allows/to/them omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
(c) will/all/go (d) out/to/play that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively.
iv. (a) cried/out/a (b) bag/which/was
Pollution is a major problem affects us all. (i) _____
(c) stolen/she/cried (d) girl/whose/bag The government says we plant more trees. (ii) _____
Ans : If we do not stop it, we suffer a lot. (iii) _____
(i) (d), (ii) (a), (iii) (a), (iv) (d). The smoke which comes from cars harmful. (iv) _____

4. In the following passage, one word has been i. (a) is/a/major (b) major/the/problem
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option (c) us/very/all (d) problem/which/affects
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively. ii. (a) says/that/we (b) we/should/plant
I have many work to do today. (i) _____ (c) more/and/trees (d) plant/the/more
My mother said I should finish it first. (ii) _____
If I complete it, I go for a movie. (iii) _____ iii. (a) we/will/suffer (b) not/to/stop
The movie which I want see is a comedy. (iv) _____ (c) suffer/very/a (d) If/only/we

i. (a) work/to/be (b) many/of/work iv. (a) cars/is/harmful (b) smoke/the/which

(c) have/much/work (d) do/it/today (c) from/the/cars (d) which/always/comes
Ans :
ii. (a) said/that/I (b) mother/had/said
(i) (d), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (a).
(c) finish/up/it (d) first/of/all

iii. (a) If/only/I (b) complete/it/then

(c) go/out/for (d) I/will/go
 EDITING AND OMITTING

7. In the following passage, one word has been i. (a) in/the/fridge (b) little/of/milk
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option (c) milk/is/left (d) have/a/little
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively. ii. (a) said/that/she (b) she/would/drink
My brother said he would arrive soon. (i) _____ (c) drink/all/it (d) sister/had/said
He asked if I could him at the station. (ii) _____
One the trains was delayed due to fog. (iii) _____ iii. (a) she/will/feel (b) drinks/all/it
The train which he taking is fast. (iv) _____ (c) feel/much/better (d) If/only/she

i. (a) said/that/he (b) brother/had/said iv. (a) which/she/always (b) milk/the/which

(c) would/surely/arrive (d) arrive/very/soon (c) she/really/wants (d) is/very/cold
Ans :
ii. (a) could/meet/him (b) ask/me/if
(i) (d), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (c).
(c) meet/at/the (d) station/to/him
10. In the following passage, one word has been
iii. (a) One/of/the (b) trains/they/was omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
(c) delayed/by/fog (d) was/being/delayed that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively.
iv. (a) he/is/taking (b) which/was/he Books are useful they give us information. (i) _____
(c) taking/was/fast (d) train/the/which We must read books expand our knowledge. (ii) _____
Ans : A library where many books are kept is quiet. (iii) _____
(i) (a), (ii) (a), (iii) (a), (iv) (a). The person reads many books is wise. (iv) _____

8. In the following passage, one word has been i. (a) useful/because/they (b) give/to/us
omitted in each line. Choose the correct option (c) books/are/very (d) they/always/give
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively. ii. (a) must/always/read (b) read/many/books
Each student brought own project. (i) _____ (c) expand/all/our (d) books/to/expand
They can submit if they are ready. (ii) _____
If the teacher checks them, they be happy. (iii) _____ iii. (a) library/is/where (b) many/new/books
The student project is best will get a prize. (iv) _____ (c) books/are/usually (d) kept/is/very

i. (a) student/his/own (b) brought/their/own iv. (a) books/and/is (b) reads/many/good

(c) own/science/project (d) student/had/brought (c) person/who/reads (d) is/very/wise
Ans :
ii. (a) they/really/are (b) submit/it/if
(i) (a), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (c).
(c) can/easily/submit (d) ready/for/it

iii. (a) they/will/be (b) checks/all/them 

(c) If/the/teacher (d) happy/to/get

iv. (a) get/a/big (b) project/which/is

(c) is/the/best (d) student/whose/project
Ans :
(i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a), (iv) (d).

9. In the following passage, one word has been

omitted in each line. Choose the correct option
that indicates the word before, the missing word,
and the word after respectively.
I have little milk left in the fridge. (i) _____
My sister said she drink it. (ii) _____
If she drinks it, she feel better. (iii) _____
The milk which she wants is cold. (iv) _____

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PAGE 182 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 9
SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT

1. INTRODUCTION C Complement Additional information

In the English language, every sentence follows A Adverb/ Tells how, when, where
Adverbial

NODIA
a specific order and pattern. When the words of
a sentence or the sentences of a paragraph are Example:
mixed up or jumbled, they lose their meaning and She (S) wrote (V) a letter (O) carefully (A).
clarity. Sentence Rearrangement is the skill of Rules for Word Rearrangement
arranging these jumbled words or sentences into The following rules must be carefully followed
a correct and meaningful order. A student who while rearranging jumbled words into a correct
understands the basic rules of sentence formation sentence :
and paragraph organisation can easily attempt
rearrangement questions with confidence and Rule 1 : The Subject Comes First
accuracy. Every sentence must have a subject. The subject
Sentence Rearrangement appears in two forms: is the person, place, thing, or idea that the
• Word Rearrangement: arranging jumbled sentence is about. It is usually a noun or pronoun
words to form a meaningful sentence. and comes at the beginning of the sentence.
• Sentence Rearrangement: arranging jumbled Example:
sentences to form a meaningful paragraph. Jumbled: playing/children/are/the/garden/in
Mastering this skill not only helps in Correct: The children are playing in the garden.
examinations but also improves overall writing
ability and communication skills in daily life. Rule 2 : The Verb Follows the Subject
The verb always follows the subject. It tells us
what the subject is doing. The verb must agree
2. WORD REARRANGEMENT with the subject in number and person.
Word Rearrangement means arranging a group Example:
of jumbled or mixed-up words in the correct Jumbled: sings/she/beautifully/always
grammatical order to form a complete and Correct: She always sings beautifully.
meaningful sentence.
Example: Rule 3 : The Article Comes Before the Noun
Jumbled: quickly/the/ran/boy/to/school Articles (a, an, the) always come before the noun
Correct: The boy ran quickly to school. they refer to. They are never placed after the
noun.
The Basic Structure of an English Sentence Example:
To rearrange words correctly, a student must Jumbled: dog/a/street/the/on/sat
first understand the basic structure of an English Correct: A dog sat on the street.
sentence. Every English sentence generally follows
this order : Rule 4 : The Adjective Comes Before the Noun
S + V + O + (Complement/Adverb) An adjective always comes before the noun it
describes. It is never placed after the noun in a
Part Full Form Role in Sentence
basic sentence.
S Subject The doer of the action Example:
V Verb The action performed Jumbled: beautiful/garden/the/flowers/has
Correct: The garden has beautiful flowers.
O Object The receiver of the action
 SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT

Rule 5 : The Adverb is Placed Correctly Example:

Adverbs of manner (quickly, slowly, carefully) Jumbled: is/what/name/your
usually come after the verb or object. Adverbs Correct: What is your name?
of frequency (always, never, often, usually) come Standard Word Order for Different Sentence
before the main verb but after the auxiliary verb. Types
Example:
Jumbled: carefully/she/her/does/always/homework Affirmative Sentence
Correct: She always does her homework carefully. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + Object
+ Adverb
Rule 6 : The Auxiliary Verb Comes Before the Main • She has written a letter carefully.
Verb
When a sentence has both an auxiliary verb (is, Negative Sentence
are, was, were, has, have, will, can, etc.) and a Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not + Main Verb +
main verb, the auxiliary verb always comes before Object
the main verb.
• He did not complete his homework.
Example:
Jumbled: been/have/waiting/we/long/for
Interrogative Sentence (Yes/No)
Correct: We have been waiting for long.
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object ?
Rule 7 : Question Words Come First in Questions • Has she written the letter?
In interrogative sentences, the question word
(what, where, when, why, how, who) comes at the Interrogative Sentence (Wh-Question)
very beginning, followed by the auxiliary verb and Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject +
then the subject. Main Verb + Object ?
Example: • Where have you kept the book?
Jumbled: going/where/you/are
Correct: Where are you going? Imperative Sentence
Verb (base form) + Object + Adverb
Rule 8 : Prepositions Come Before Their Objects
• Close the door quietly.
A preposition (in, on, at, under, beside, between,
etc.) always comes before the noun or pronoun Exclamatory Sentence
it is related to. This group of words is called a What/How + Adjective + Noun + Subject +
prepositional phrase. Verb!
Example:
Jumbled: sat/the/cat/table/under/the • What a beautiful painting it is!
Correct: The cat sat under the table. Solved Examples
11. Rearrange the following words/phrases to form a
Rule 9 : Conjunctions Join Two Parts meaningful sentence:
Conjunctions (and, but, or, because, although, Jumbled: early/to/she/gets/up/every/morning
since, when, if, etc.) are used to join two parts Ans :
of a sentence. They are placed between the two • Step 1 : Find the subject — ‘she’
parts they connect. • Step 2 : Find the verb — ‘gets up’
Example: • Step 3 : Find the adverb of time — ‘every
Jumbled: went/she/unwell/school/was/to/although/she morning’
Correct: Although she was unwell, she went to • Step 4 : Find the adverb of manner — ‘early’
school. • Step 5 : Arrange — Subject + Verb + Adverb
of manner + Adverb of time
Rule 10 : The Sentence Must Begin with a Capital Correct: She gets up early every morning.
Letter and End with Correct Punctuation
Every rearranged sentence must begin with a 12. Rearrange the following words/phrases to form a
capital letter. It must end with a full stop (.), meaningful sentence:
a question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!) Jumbled: the/playing/are/field/children/on/the
depending on the type of sentence.

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PAGE 184 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Example:
• Step 1 : Find the subject — ‘the children’ Arrange the following sentences in the correct
• Step 2 : Find the verb phrase — ‘are playing’ order to form a meaningful paragraph:
• Step 3 : Find the prepositional phrase — ‘on (a) After that he ate his breakfast quietly.
the field’ (b) Finally he left for school.
• Step 4 : Arrange — Subject + Verb Phrase + (c) Raju woke up early in the morning.
Prepositional Phrase (d) He then had a bath and got dressed.
Correct: The children are playing on the field. Ans :
Correct Order : c → d → a → b
13. Rearrange the following words/phrases to form a
Raju woke up early in the morning. He then had
meaningful sentence:
a bath and got dressed. After that he ate his
Jumbled: never/I/such/have/seen/beautiful/a/
breakfast quietly. Finally he left for school.
flower
Rules for Sentence Rearrangement
Ans : The following rules must be carefully followed
• Step 1 : Identify negative adverb — ‘never’ while arranging jumbled sentences into a correct
(comes first for emphasis) paragraph :
• Step 2 : Find subject — ‘I’
• Step 3 : Find auxiliary + main verb — ‘have Rule 1 : Identify the Opening Sentence
seen’ The first sentence of a paragraph is called the topic
• Step 4 : Find object with adjective — ‘such a sentence or opening sentence. It introduces the
beautiful flower’ main idea of the paragraph. It is usually a general
Correct: Never have I seen such a beautiful flower. statement and does not begin with pronouns like
he, she, they, it, or connective words like however,
14. Rearrange the following words/phrases to form a
therefore, then, but, also, finally.
meaningful sentence:
Clues to identify the opening sentence:
Jumbled: did/complete/he/why/not/homework/his
• It introduces a person, place, or topic for the
Ans : first time
• Step 1 : Identify question word — ‘why’ • It does not refer to anything mentioned
• Step 2 : Find auxiliary — ‘did’ before it
• Step 3 : Find subject — ‘he’ • It uses a proper noun or full name rather than
• Step 4 : Find negative — ‘not’ a pronoun
• Step 5 : Find verb + object — ‘complete his • It is a broad or general statement
homework’ Example:
Correct: Why did he not complete his homework? “Raju woke up early in the morning.” — This is
clearly the opening sentence as it introduces Raju
15. Rearrange the following words/phrases to form a
for the first time.
meaningful sentence:
Jumbled: kindly/poor/help/always/the
Rule 2 : Identify the Closing Sentence
Ans : The last sentence of a paragraph is called the
• Step 1 : Identify sentence type — Imperative concluding sentence or closing sentence. It brings
(command/advice) the paragraph to an end and gives a sense of
• Step 2 : Base verb comes first — ‘help’ completion.
• Step 3 : Add adverb of manner — ‘kindly’ Clues to identify the closing sentence:
• Step 4 : Add object — ‘the poor’ • It often uses words like *finally, at last,
• Step 5 : Add adverb of frequency — ‘always’ thus, therefore, in conclusion, eventually,
Correct: Always help the poor kindly. ultimately*
• It gives a result, conclusion, or summary of
the events
3. SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT
• No other sentence logically follows it
Sentence Rearrangement means arranging a Example:
group of jumbled sentences in the correct logical “Finally he left for school.” — This is clearly the
and sequential order to form a meaningful and closing sentence as it ends the sequence of events.
coherent paragraph.

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 SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT

Rule 3 : Look for Connecting Words and Transition Example:

Words “This discovery changed the world of science.”
Connecting words and transition words show This sentence must come after a sentence that
the relationship between sentences. They act as describes the discovery.
strong clues for arranging sentences in the correct
order. Rule 7 : Look for Cause and Effect Relationships
In a paragraph, one sentence often describes a
Type Words/Phrases cause and the next describes its effect. The cause
Sequence first, then, next, after that, finally, always comes before the effect.
eventually, subsequently Example:
“It rained heavily throughout the day.” (Cause)
Addition also, moreover, furthermore,
“As a result, the match was cancelled.” (Effect)
besides, in addition
Solved Examples
Contrast but, however, on the other hand,
1. Arrange the following sentences in the correct
nevertheless, although
order to form a meaningful paragraph :
Cause and so, therefore, thus, as a result, (a) He studied hard every day without wasting
Effect consequently, hence any time.
Conclusion in conclusion, to sum up, (b) Mohan was a sincere and dedicated student.
ultimately, thus (c) As a result, he topped the examination and
made his parents proud.
Time later, soon, afterwards, meanwhile,
(d) He set a fixed timetable and followed it
previously
strictly.
Ans :
Rule 4 : Follow the Pronoun Reference
Pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, their, etc.) Step-by-step Approach
always refer to a noun that has already been • Step 1 : Find the opening sentence.
mentioned. Therefore, a sentence containing a Sentence (b) introduces Mohan for the first
pronoun must always come after the sentence time with a general description. It is the
that introduces the noun it refers to. opening sentence.
Example: • Step 2 : Find what logically follows.
“Raju woke up early.” must come before “He had Sentence (a) describes his habit of studying
a bath.” hard — follows (b) naturally.
NODIA

because ‘he’ refers to ‘Raju’ who was introduced • Step 3 : Continue the sequence.
first. Sentence (d) gives more detail about his
method — follows (a).
Rule 5 : Follow the Logical and Chronological • Step 4 : Find the closing sentence.
Order Sentence (c) begins with “As a result” and
Sentences must follow a natural and logical describes the outcome — it is the closing
sequence of events, ideas, or time. Actions that sentence.
happen first must come before actions that Correct Order : b → a → d → c
happen later. Ideas that are general must come Mohan was a sincere and dedicated student. He
before ideas that are specific. studied hard every day without wasting any time.
Example: He set a fixed timetable and followed it strictly.
Waking up → Getting dressed → Eating breakfast As a result, he topped the examination and made
→ Leaving for school his parents proud.
This is the natural chronological order of morning 2. Arrange the following sentences in the correct
activities. order to form a meaningful paragraph :
(a) She watered it every day and took great care
Rule 6 : Look for Demonstrative Words of it.
Demonstrative words (this, that, these, those, (b) One day, Priya found a small seed in her
such) refer to something already mentioned. A garden.
sentence beginning with ‘this’ or ‘that’ must come (c) The plant grew into a beautiful rose bush
after the sentence it is referring to. over time.
PAGE 186 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(d) She planted it carefully in a pot filled with building a wide vocabulary. Therefore, everyone
soft soil. should make reading a part of their daily routine.
Ans :
Step-by-step Approach 
• Step 1 : Find the opening sentence.
Sentence (b) introduces Priya and the seed
for the first time. It is the opening sentence.
• Step 2 : Find what logically follows.
Sentence (d) — she plants the seed next.
Follows (b).
• Step 3 : Continue the sequence.
Sentence (a) — she waters it daily after
planting. Follows (d).
• Step 4 : Find the closing sentence.
Sentence (c) — the plant grows eventually. It
is the result and the closing sentence.
Correct Order : b → d → a → c
One day, Priya found a small seed in her garden.
She planted it carefully in a pot filled with soft
soil. She watered it every day and took great care
of it. The plant grew into a beautiful rose bush
over time.

3. Arrange the following sentences in the correct

order to form a meaningful paragraph :
(a) Furthermore, it helps in building a wide
vocabulary.
(b) Reading is one of the most beneficial habits a
person can develop.
(c) Therefore, everyone should make reading a
part of their daily routine.
(d) It improves concentration and sharpens the
mind.
Ans :
Step-by-step Approach
• Step 1 : Find the opening sentence.
Sentence (b) is a broad general statement
introducing the topic of reading. It is the
opening sentence.
• Step 2 : Find what follows.
Sentence (d) gives the first benefit of reading.
Follows (b).
• Step 3 : Continue the sequence.
Sentence (a) begins with “Furthermore”
adding another benefit. Follows (d).
• Step 4 : Find the closing sentence.
Sentence (c) begins with “Therefore” and
gives a conclusion. It is the closing sentence.
Correct Order : b → d → a → c
Reading is one of the most beneficial habits a
person can develop. It improves concentration
and sharpens the mind. Furthermore, it helps in

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 SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT

EXERCISE 5. She is not only intelligent but also

hardworking.
1. Rearrange the following groups of words/ 6. Had I known the truth, I would not have
phrases to form meaningful and grammatically agreed.
correct sentences. Pay attention to word order, 7. Little did he know about the danger.
auxiliaries, adverbs, and sentence type. Use 8. He was so tired that he fell asleep.
correct punctuation. 9. Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
1. never/I/such/have/seen/an/interesting/book 10. What would you do if you were in my place?
2. why/you/did/not/complete/your/work
3. has/already/the/train/left/the/station 3. Rearrange the following groups of words/phrases
4. always/we/should/respect/our/elders to form meaningful and grammatically correct
5. have/been/they/for/waiting/hours/two sentences. Pay attention to clauses, connectors,
6. what/you/are/doing/at/the/moment and proper sentence structure. Use correct
7. can/I/how/you/help punctuation.
8. rarely/he/such/makes/mistakes 1. although/was/he/tired/very/continued/
9. the/problem/how/you/solved/have working/he
10. should/not/we/waste/time/our 2. if/you/work/hard/you/will/surely/succeed/
in/life
Ans :
3. the/teacher/explained/lesson/the/clearly/
1. I have never seen such an interesting book.
that/students/understood/it
2. Why did you not complete your work?
4. when/reached/we/station/the/had/already/
3. The train has already left the station.
train/left/the
4. We should always respect our elders.
5. because/he/ill/was/he/not/attend/could/
5. They have been waiting for two hours.
meeting/the
6. What are you doing at the moment?
6. she/said/that/would/she/help/me/in/my/
7. How can I help you?
work
8. He rarely makes such mistakes.
7. after/finishing/homework/his/he/went/play/
9. How have you solved the problem?
to/outside
10. We should not waste our time.
NODIA

8. unless/you/follow/rules/the/you/will/face/
2. Rearrange the following words to form meaningful problems
sentences. Identify the correct structure and place 9. the/boy/who/is/playing/outside/my/
adverbs, auxiliaries, and modifiers appropriately. brother/is
1. hardly/had/reached/station/the/train/ 10. as/it/raining/was/heavily/match/cancelled/
when/left/we the/was
2. no sooner/started/than/it/rain/did/heavily Ans :
3. seldom/such/seen/have/we/a/performance/ 1. Although he was very tired, he continued
brilliant working.
4. only/realise/did/mistake/he/his/later 2. If you work hard, you will surely succeed in
5. not only/is/intelligent/she/but/also/ life.
hardworking 3. The teacher explained the lesson so clearly
6. had/I/known/truth/the/would/I/not/agreed that the students understood it.
7. little/he/did/know/about/the/danger 4. When we reached the station, the train had
8. so/was/tired/he/that/he/fell/asleep already left.
9. unless/you/work/hard/you/will/succeed/not 5. Because he was ill, he could not attend the
10. what/would/you/do/if/you/were/in/my/ meeting.
place 6. She said that she would help me in my work.
Ans : 7. After finishing his homework, he went outside
1. We had hardly reached the station when the to play.
train left. 8. Unless you follow the rules, you will face
2. No sooner did it start than it rained heavily. problems.
3. We have seldom seen such a brilliant 9. The boy who is playing outside is my brother.
performance. 10. As it was raining heavily, the match was
4. Only later did he realise his mistake. cancelled.
PAGE 188 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. Rearrange the following words/phrases to Ans :

form meaningful and grammatically correct Correct Order : b → d → a → c
sentences. Focus on complex sentence formation,
conditionals, and connectors. 6. Rearrange the following sentences to form
1. no sooner/had/reached/I/home/than/it/ meaningful and coherent paragraph.
started/raining (a) This invention changed the way people
2. if/I/were/you/I/would/accept/offer/the communicated.
3. so/was/he/tired/that/he/could/not/walk/ (b) Before this, communication was slow and
further difficult.
4. not only/is/he/intelligent/but/also/very/ (c) The telephone was invented by Alexander
hardworking Graham Bell.
5. had/known/I/truth/the/would/not/have/ (d) It made communication faster and more
trusted/him convenient.
6. as soon as/bell/rang/the/students/ Ans :
classroom/the/left Correct Order : c → b → a → d
7. the/book/which/you/gave/me/very/
interesting/is 7. Rearrange the following sentences to form
8. even though/was/difficult/task/the/they/ meaningful and coherent paragraph.
completed/it (a) As a result, many species are becoming
9. unless/you/study/regularly/you/will/not/ extinct.
perform/well (b) Human activities are causing serious
10. what/would/you/do/if/you/faced/such/ environmental damage.
situation/a (c) Deforestation and pollution are the main
reasons for this.
Ans :
(d) This has disturbed the balance of nature.
1. No sooner had I reached home than it started
raining. Ans :
2. If I were you, I would accept the offer. Correct Order : b → c → d → a
3. He was so tired that he could not walk further. 8. Rearrange the following sentences to form
4. He is not only intelligent but also very meaningful and coherent paragraph.
hardworking. (a) Therefore, students should develop good
5. Had I known the truth, I would not have reading habits.
trusted him. (b) Reading enhances knowledge and improves
6. As soon as the bell rang, the students left the concentration.
classroom. (c) It also helps in developing vocabulary and
7. The book which you gave me is very language skills.
interesting. (d) Many students, however, prefer spending
8. Even though the task was difficult, they time on gadgets.
completed it.
Ans :
9. Unless you study regularly, you will not
Correct Order : b → c → d → a
perform well.
10. What would you do if you faced such a 9. Rearrange the following sentences to form
situation? meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(a) This made him realise the importance of time
5. Rearrange the following sentences to form
management.
meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(b) Rahul missed the bus because he woke up
(a) However, many people ignore its importance
late.
in daily life.
(c) Consequently, he decided to follow a strict
(b) Physical exercise is essential for maintaining
routine.
good health.
(d) He reached school late and was scolded by the
(c) As a result, they suffer from various lifestyle
teacher.
diseases.
(d) It helps in improving both physical and Ans :
mental well-being. Correct Order : b → d → a → c

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 SENTENCE REARRANGEMENT

10. Rearrange the following sentences to form (d) However, it is being wasted in many parts of
meaningful and coherent paragraph. the world.
(a) As a result, he failed to achieve his goal. Ans :
(b) Ramesh had a clear aim in life. Correct Order : b → c → d → a
(c) However, he lacked dedication and consistency.
(d) He often wasted time on unimportant

NODIA

activities.
Ans :
Correct Order : b → c → d → a

11. Rearrange the following sentences to form

meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(a) This discovery opened new possibilities in
science.
(b) Scientists worked hard for many years on the
experiment.
(c) Finally, they achieved success after repeated
failures.
(d) It proved to be a turning point in scientific
research.
Ans :
Correct Order : b → c → a → d

12. Rearrange the following sentences to form

meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(a) Therefore, it is important to use technology
wisely.
(b) Technology has made life easier and more
convenient.
(c) However, excessive use can lead to several
problems.
(d) It can affect health and reduce social
interaction.
Ans :
Correct Order : b → c → d → a

13. Rearrange the following sentences to form

meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(a) This act of honesty impressed everyone.
(b) Instead of keeping it, he decided to return it.
(c) One day, Aman found a wallet on the road.
(d) The owner thanked him and praised his
honesty.
Ans :
Correct Order : c → b → a → d

14. Rearrange the following sentences to form

meaningful and coherent paragraph.
(a) Consequently, people should take steps to
conserve it.
(b) Water is one of the most valuable natural
resources.
(c) It is essential for all forms of life on Earth.
PAGE 190 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 10
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

1. INTRODUCTION Removal of ‘Too’ with Infinitive

This theory applies when “too” is followed by
Transformation of sentences means changing a “to” or “for,” making the sentence negative in
sentence from one grammatical form to another meaning. It involves restructuring the sentence
without altering its meaning. This process helps into two clauses, using the following steps :
to express ideas in different ways while keeping 1. Use so in place of Too.
the original sense intact. For example, a statement
2. Before infinitive/after adjective use that.
can be turned into a question or a negative
3. After that use Personal Pronoun as per
sentence, and vice versa. Transformation enhances
original subject.
language skills and improves sentence variety
in writing. It includes changes like converting 4. After Personal Pronoun according to the
active voice to passive voice, direct speech to reference use Can not/Will not (Present
indirect speech, or simple sentences to complex tense) and could not/did not (Past tense).
ones. Understanding this concept is essential for This use depends upon original Principle
effective communication and mastering English Clause.
grammar. Example
1. He is too weak to walk.
2. SENTENCES WITH ADVERB ‘TOO’ He is so weak that he cannot walk.
2. She is too proud to beg.
Removal of Too without Infinitive She is so proud that she cannot beg.
This concept focuses on eliminating the word 3. He was too slow to achieve the target.
“too” from a sentence and restructuring it He was so slow that he could not achieve the
using a comparative degree adjective, followed target.
by appropriate phrases to retain the intended
4. The news is too good to be true.
meaning. The steps are :
The news is so good that it cannot be true.
1. Remove too from the sentence
5. Children were too tired to run races.
2. Change adjective given after too in
Children were so tired that they could not
Comparative Degree.
run races.
3. Use than proper/than it is proper/than
desirable/than necessary/that it should be, Removal of ‘Too’ in ‘For+Noun/Pronoun’ Pattern
after Comparative degree Adjective in the end. This theory handles sentences where “too” is
Example followed by “for” and a noun or pronoun, often
1. He is too weak. denoting an excessive condition. The restructuring
involves creating an adverbial clause to preserve
He is weaker than proper.
the meaning. The steps are :
2. The wind is too chill.
1. Use so in place of Too.
The wind is more chill than it is proper.
2. Use that + clause (adv. clause) after the
3. The news is too exciting.
above step. In this clause use verb very
The news is more exciting that it should be. carefully because No verb is used after for +
4. The weather is too hot. noun/pronoun in the sentence.
The weather is hotter than desirable. 3. If much is given after Too in the sentence
5. The water was too cold. then use so bad/so shocking.
The water was colder than required.

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 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Example Superlative : This problem is among the most

1. He is too dull for a sportsman. challenging ones.
He is so dull that he cannot be a sportsman. 6. Positive : No other student is as hardworking
2. It is too much for us. as Rahul.
It is so bad/shocking that we can’t bear it. Comparative : Rahul is more hardworking
than any other student.
Superlative : Rahul is the most hardworking
3. DEGREES OF COMPARISON student.
7. Positive : This painting is as colorful as the
Degrees of Comparison is an essential part of
other one.
sentence transformation. It involves changing a
Comparative : This painting is not more
sentence from one degree of comparison (positive,
colorful than the other one.
comparative, or superlative) to another without
Superlative : This painting is one of the most
altering its meaning.
colorful ones.
Positive Degree : It shows a quality without 8. Positive : Few mountains are as high as
comparison. Mount Everest.
Example : She is as tall as her brother. Comparative : Mount Everest is higher than
Comparative Degree : It compares two things or most other mountains.
Superlative : Mount Everest is the highest
persons.
mountain.
Example : She is taller than her brother.
9. Positive : She is as kind as her sister.
Superlative Degree : It shows the highest Comparative : She is not kinder than her
degree of a quality among three or more. sister.
Example : She is the tallest in the class. Superlative : She is one of the kindest people
I know.
While transforming, ensure the meaning remains 10. Positive : No other river is as long as the Nile.
the same. For example : Comparative : The Nile is longer than any
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1. Positive : No other boy is as smart as John. other river.

Comparative : John is smarter than any other Superlative : The Nile is the longest river.
boy.
Superlative : John is the smartest boy in the
class. 4. ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE
2. Positive : This book is as interesting as that
The concept of Active and Passive Voice plays an
one.
essential role in English grammar. Transforming
Comparative : This book is not more
a sentence from active voice to passive voice
interesting than that one.
involves changing the focus of the sentence from
Superlative : This book is one of the most
the subject (the doer of the action) to the object
interesting books.
(the receiver of the action). While the meaning
3. Positive : No other animal is as fast as the
of the sentence remains the same, the structure
cheetah.
changes.
Comparative : The cheetah is faster than any
other animal. Active Voice : In the active voice, the subject of
Superlative : The cheetah is the fastest the sentence performs the action.
animal. Structure : Subject + Verb + Object
4. Positive : Few cities are as beautiful as Paris. Example :
Comparative : Paris is more beautiful than The boy (subject) is playing (verb) football
most other cities. (object).
Superlative : Paris is one of the most beautiful Passive Voice : In the passive voice, the focus
cities.
shifts to the object of the action. The object in
5. Positive : This problem is as challenging as
the active voice becomes the subject in the
that one.
passive voice.
Comparative : This problem is not more
Structure : Object + Auxiliary Verb (to be) +
challenging than that one.
Past Participle + (by Subject)
PAGE 192 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Example : 2. Past Tense

Football (subject) is being played (verb) by the
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
boy (object).
Past Simple He wrote a A letter was
Steps to Convert Active to Passive Voice
letter. written by him.
1. Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object :
Locate the doer (subject), the action (verb), Past He was writing A letter was
and the receiver of the action (object) in the Continuous a letter. being written by
active sentence. him.
Example : The chef (subject) cooked (verb) a Past Perfect He had written A letter had
delicious meal (object). a letter. been written by
2. Interchange Subject and Object : The object him.
of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. 3. Future Tense
Active : The chef cooked a delicious meal. Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Passive : A delicious meal was cooked by the
Future He will write a A letter will be
chef.
Simple letter. written by him.
3. Use the Correct Auxiliary Verb : Add the
correct form of the verb ‘to be’ based on the
tense of the active sentence.
NODIA Future
Perfect
He will have A letter will have
written a letter. been written by
Example : him.
Active : She is painting a picture.
Passive : A picture is being painted by her. Special Cases of Transformation
4. Change the Verb to its Past Participle (V3) 1. Interrogative Sentences : For questions,
: Always use the past participle form of the the structure changes slightly to match the
main verb in the passive voice. question format.
Example : Yes/No Questions :
Active : The teacher teaches the students. Active : Did she complete the project?
Passive : The students are taught by the Passive : Was the project completed by her?
teacher. Wh-Questions :
5. Add ‘by’ (Optional) : Use “by” to introduce Active : Who wrote this book?
the original subject (doer). If the doer is Passive : By whom was this book written?
unknown or not important, it can be omitted. 2. Imperative Sentences : Commands, requests,
Example : or advice are converted by adding “Let” or
Passive : The car was repaired (by the rephrasing.
mechanic). Active : Close the door.
Passive (without doer) : The car was repaired. Passive : Let the door be closed.
Active : Please help me.
Passive : You are requested to help me.
3. Sentences with Modal Verbs : Use the modal verb
+ “be” + past participle in passive sentences.
Active : She can solve the problem.
Passive : The problem can be solved by her.
Tense-Wise Conversion Active : They must complete the assignment.
1. Present Tense Passive : The assignment must be completed
by them.
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Present He writes a A letter is
Simple letter. written by him. 5. PASSIVE TO ACTIVE VOICE
Present He is writing a A letter is being Transforming a sentence from passive voice to
Continuous letter. written by him. active voice involves changing the focus from
the receiver of the action (object) to the doer
Present He has written A letter has been (subject). The structure of the sentence changes,
Perfect a letter. written by him. but the meaning remains the same.
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Steps for Conversion 2. Past Tense

1. Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object :
In the passive voice, the subject is usually Tense Passive Voice Active Voice
mentioned after “by,” and the object is the Past A letter was He wrote a
main focus of the sentence. Simple written by him. letter.
Example :
Past A letter was being He was writing
Passive : The cake was baked by Sarah.
Continuous written by him. a letter.
Subject : Sarah, Verb : baked, Object : the
cake. Past A letter had been He had written
2. Interchange Subject and Object : Make the Perfect written by him. a letter.
doer (subject) the focus of the sentence.
The object in the passive voice becomes the 3. Future Tense
subject in the active voice. Tense Passive Voice Active Voice
Passive : The cake was baked by Sarah.
Active : Sarah baked the cake. Future A letter will be He will write a
3. Remove Auxiliary Verb (‘to be’) : Eliminate Simple written by him. letter.
the form of “to be” used in the passive voice Future A letter will have He will have
and adjust the verb to its appropriate tense. Perfect been written by written a letter.
Example : him.
Passive : A letter is being written by him.
Active : He is writing a letter. Special Sentence Types
4. Retain the Tense : Ensure the tense of the 1. Interrogative Sentences : Convert the question
sentence remains the same. Only the structure format along with the voice.
changes, not the tense. Yes/No Questions :
Example : Passive : Was the project completed by her?
Passive : The homework has been completed Active : Did she complete the project?
by the students. Wh-Questions :
Active : The students have completed the Passive : By whom was the book written?
homework. Active : Who wrote the book?
5. Omit “by” (Optional) : In some cases, 2. Imperative Sentences : Commands or requests
especially when the doer is not mentioned or are converted by making the subject clear.
important, infer the subject from context. Passive : Let the door be closed.
Example : Active : Close the door.
Passive : The room was cleaned yesterday. Passive : You are requested to help me.
Active : Someone cleaned the room yesterday. Active : Please help me.
3. Sentences with Modal Verbs : Use the modal
verb directly in the active voice.
Passive : The problem can be solved by her.
Active : She can solve the problem.
Passive : The assignment must be completed
by them.
Tense-Wise Conversion
Active : They must complete the assignment.
1. Present Tense

Tense Passive Voice Active Voice

6. DIRECT TO INDIRECT NARRATION
Present A letter is He writes a
Direct and Indirect Narration is a method of
Simple written by him. letter.
reporting what someone has said. The meaning
Present A letter is being He is writing a of the sentence remains unchanged, but the
Continuous written by him. letter. structure and format are altered. This topic is
Present A letter has been He has written vital in English grammar and is commonly used
Perfect written by him. a letter. in both writing and speaking.

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PAGE 194 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Direct Speech : In Direct Speech, the exact Tense Changes Table

words of the speaker are quoted within
quotation marks (“ ”). Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Example : He said, “I am happy.” Present Simple Past Simple
Indirect Speech : In Indirect Speech, the “I go to school.” He said that he went to
words of the speaker are reported without school.
using quotation marks. The structure of the Present Continuous Past Continuous
sentence changes, often requiring changes
“I am reading a He said that he was
in pronouns, tense, and other words. book.” reading a book.
Example : He said that he was happy.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Rules for Transforming Direct to Indirect Speech “I have finished my He said that he had
1. Remove Quotation Marks : Replace the work.” finished his work.
quoted speech with ‘that,’ ‘if,’ ‘whether,’ or a
question word. Past Simple Past Perfect
Example : “I ate lunch.” He said that he had
Direct : She said, “I like chocolate.” eaten lunch.
Indirect : She said that she liked chocolate.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
2. Change the Pronouns : Adjust pronouns
according to the speaker and listener. “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been
Example : sleeping.
Direct : He said, “I will help you.” Future Simple Conditional (would)
Indirect : He said that he would help me.
“I will call you.” He said that he would
3. Change the Tense : If the reporting verb (e.g.,
call me.
said, told) is in the past tense, the verb in the
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reported speech changes to a corresponding Special Rules

past tense. 1. Questions : For interrogative sentences, use
Example : ‘if’ or ‘whether’ for Yes/No questions, and
Direct : She said, “I am tired.” retain the question word (e.g., what, why,
Indirect : She said that she was tired. how) for other questions.
Exception : If the reported speech expresses Examples :
a universal truth or fact, the tense remains Direct : She said, “Are you coming?”
unchanged. Indirect : She asked if I was coming.
Example : Direct : He asked, “What is your name?”
Direct : The teacher said, “The sun rises in Indirect : He asked what my name was.
the east.” 2. Imperatives : For commands, requests, or
Indirect : The teacher said that the sun rises advice, use ‘to’ + verb.
in the east. Examples :
4. Adjust Time and Place Words : Change Direct : He said, “Close the door.”
words indicating time and place to reflect the Indirect : He told me to close the door.
perspective of the reporter. Direct : She said, “Please help me.”
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Indirect : She requested me to help her.
3. Exclamations : For exclamatory sentences,
now then
use words like exclaimed with joy, sorrow,
today that day surprise, etc.
tomorrow the next day Examples :
Direct : He said, “Wow! This is amazing.”
yesterday the previous day
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that it was
here there amazing.
this that Direct : She said, “Alas! I failed the exam.”
Indirect : She exclaimed with sorrow that she
these those
had failed the exam.
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

7. INDIRECT TO DIRECT NARRATION Tense Changes Table

Transforming sentences from indirect speech to Indirect Speech Direct Speech
direct speech involves reversing the changes made
while converting from direct to indirect speech. Past Simple Present Simple
The focus shifts back to quoting the speaker’s “He said that he went “He said, ‘I go
exact words within quotation marks. home.” home.’”
Steps to Convert Indirect to Direct Speech Past Continuous Present Continuous
1. Reintroduce Quotation Marks : Add quotation “She said that she was “She said, ‘I am
marks around the exact words of the speaker. reading.” reading.’”
Example :
Past Perfect Past Simple
Indirect : He said that he was happy.
Direct : He said, “I am happy.” “He said that he had “He said, ‘I finished
finished his work.” my work.’”
2. Adjust Pronouns : Reverse the pronoun
changes based on the context of the speaker Past Perfect Past Continuous
and listener. Continuous
Example : “She said that she had “She said, ‘I was
Indirect : She said that she liked chocolate. been sleeping.” sleeping.’”
Direct : She said, “I like chocolate.” Conditional (would) Future Simple
3. Restore the Original Tense : Change the verb
“He said that he “He said, ‘I will help
tense back to its original form, keeping in
would help me.” you.’”
mind the tense rules of direct speech.
Example :
Special Cases
Indirect : He said that he was writing a letter.
1. Questions : Restore the question format using
Direct : He said, “I am writing a letter.” the appropriate question words or auxiliary
4. Adjust Time and Place Words : Convert time verbs.
and place words back to their original forms. Yes/No Questions :
Indirect : He asked if I was coming.
Indirect Speech Direct Speech
Direct : He asked, “Are you coming?”
then now
Wh-Questions :
that day today Indirect : She asked where I was going.
the next day tomorrow Direct : She asked, “Where are you going?”
the previous day yesterday 2. Imperative Sentences : Reintroduce
commands or requests using the appropriate
there here verb.
that this Indirect : The teacher told me to sit down.
those these Direct : The teacher said, “Sit down.”
Indirect : She requested me to help her.
Direct : She said, “Please help me.”
Example :
3. Exclamatory Sentences : Reintroduce the
Indirect : She said that she would go there
exclamation and the punctuation mark.
the next day.
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that it was
Direct : She said, “I will go here tomorrow.”
a beautiful day.
5. Reintroduce Question or Exclamation Marks
: Restore the punctuation for questions or Direct : He said, “What a beautiful day it is!”
exclamatory sentences. Indirect : She exclaimed with sorrow that she
Example : had failed the test.
Indirect : He asked if I was coming. Direct : She said, “Alas! I have failed the
Direct : He asked, “Are you coming?” test.”

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PAGE 196 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

8. AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE Types of Conversions

1. Simple Sentences
Transforming a sentence from affirmative to
Example :
negative involves changing the sentence structure
Affirmative : She speaks the truth.
to negate its meaning, without altering the essence
Negative : She does not tell lies.
or the message.
2. Sentences with “Always” : Replace “always”
Affirmative Sentence : An affirmative sentence with “never” and rephrase.
states a fact, idea, or action positively, without Example :
any negation. Affirmative : She always helps others.
Example : She is a good dancer. Negative : She never fails to help others.
3. Sentences with “Too” : Replace “too” with
Negative Sentence : A negative sentence
“so...that...not.”
states that something is not true or does not
Example :
happen. It often includes negative words
Affirmative : He is too tired to walk.
like not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing, Negative : He is so tired that he cannot walk.
neither, nor. 4. Sentences with “All” or “Every” : Replace
Example : She is not a good dancer. “all” or “every” with “not...any” or “no.”
Example :
Rules for Conversion
Affirmative : Everyone liked the movie.
1. Add a Negative Word : Use words like not,
Negative : No one disliked the movie.
never, no, none, etc. to negate the sentence.
5. Sentences with “Must” : Convert “must” to
Example :
“cannot avoid” or “cannot but.”
Affirmative : He is a kind person.
Example :
Negative : He is not an unkind person.
Affirmative : You must work hard.
2. Use Opposite Words : Replace the affirmative
Negative : You cannot avoid working hard.
word with its antonym and include a negative
word.
Example : 9. NEGATIVE TO AFFIRMATIVE
Affirmative : She is intelligent.
Negative : She is not unintelligent. Transforming a sentence from negative to
3. Use “Without” or “No” in Certain Cases affirmative involves removing negation while
: For sentences with actions or conditions, keeping the meaning of the sentence unchanged.
replace positive phrases with their negative This process improves sentence variety and
equivalents. enhances writing clarity.
Example : Negative Sentence : A negative sentence states
Affirmative : He solved the problem easily. that something is not true, does not happen,
Negative : He solved the problem without or does not exist. It uses words like not,
difficulty. never, no, none, nobody, nothing, neither,
4. Avoid Double Negatives : Do not use two nor, etc.
negatives in a sentence, as it makes the Example : He is not a lazy boy.
meaning positive.
Affirmative Sentence : An affirmative sentence
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Example :
Incorrect : He is not unkind. (This actually expresses a positive statement, fact, or idea
means he is kind.) without negation.
Correct : He is not kind. Example : He is a hardworking boy.
5. For Universal Truths : Use negative phrases Rules for Conversion
without altering the universal truth. 1. Remove Negation : Replace negative words
Example : like not, never, no with their positive
Affirmative : The sun rises in the east. equivalents.
Negative : The sun does not rise in the west. Example :
Negative : She is not unhappy.
Affirmative : She is happy.
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

2. Use Opposites : Replace negative expressions Example :

with their opposite positive expressions. Negative : She is not only intelligent but also
Example : hardworking.
Negative : He is not a fool. Affirmative : She is both intelligent and
Affirmative : He is wise. hardworking.
3. Use Synonyms : Replace the negative
structure with a synonym that conveys the
same meaning. 10. ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
Example : Transforming assertive sentences (statements)
Negative : He does not lack confidence. into interrogative sentences involves restructuring
Affirmative : He is confident. a statement into a question. While the sentence’s
4. For Universal Truths : Express the positive meaning remains the same, the format is altered
equivalent directly. to seek information or confirmation.
Example :
Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence is a
Negative : The sun does not set in the east.
Affirmative : The sun sets in the west.
declarative sentence that makes a statement,
5. For “No” or “None” : Replace “no” or “none” either affirmative or negative.
with words like “some” or equivalent positive Example : She is a good dancer.
phrases. Interrogative Sentence : An interrogative
Example : sentence asks a question, either to gather
Negative : There is no hope. information or confirm a fact. It ends with a
Affirmative : There is some hope. question mark (?).
6. Avoid Double Negatives : If the sentence Example : Is she a good dancer?
contains two negatives, transform them into
a single positive statement. Rules for Conversion
Example : 1. Identify the Helping Verb (Auxiliary Verb):
Negative : He is not unkind. If the assertive sentence has a helping verb
Affirmative : He is kind. (is, are, was, were, has, have, will, can, etc.),
bring it to the beginning of the sentence.
Types of Conversions Example :
1. Simple Sentences Assertive : He is your friend.
Example : Interrogative : Is he your friend?
Negative : He is not late. 2. For Sentences Without a Helping Verb : Use
Affirmative : He is punctual. Do/Does/Did at the beginning for present or
2. Sentences with “Never” : Replace “never” past tense sentences.
with “always” or an equivalent positive Example :
phrase. Assertive : She likes chocolates.
Example : Interrogative : Does she like chocolates?
Negative : She never tells lies. 3. Convert Negative Sentences : Maintain the
Affirmative : She always tells the truth. negative meaning while transforming.
3. Sentences with “No” : Rephrase using Example :
positive expressions. Assertive : He does not like tea.
Example : Interrogative : Does he not like tea?
Negative : There is no one in the room. 4. For Universal Truths or Facts : Use the
Affirmative : Someone is in the room. auxiliary verb or “Do/Does” while keeping
4. Sentences with “Too” : Rephrase “not too” the universal fact intact.
with positive phrases. Example :
Example : Assertive : The sun sets in the west.
Negative : He is not too weak to lift the box. Interrogative : Does the sun set in the west?
Affirmative : He is strong enough to lift the 5. Add Question Words (If Applicable) : For
box. interrogative sentences with question words
5. Sentences with “Not Only” : Rephrase using (what, why, how, when, etc.), rephrase the
“both” or “as well as.” sentence to incorporate them.

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PAGE 198 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Example : 11. INTERROGATIVE TO ASSERTIVE

Assertive : She is crying because she is sad.
Transforming interrogative sentences into
Interrogative : Why is she crying?
assertive sentences involves converting questions
6. Use “Not” Carefully : For negative assertive
into statements while keeping the meaning intact.
sentences, ensure the interrogative form
The sentence structure is altered to make a
maintains the negation.
declaration rather than posing a query.
Example :
Assertive : They are not ready yet. Interrogative Sentence : An interrogative
Interrogative : Are they not ready yet? sentence asks a question and ends with a
question mark (?).
Types of Conversions
Example : Is she your friend?
1. Yes/No Questions : These questions begin
with auxiliary verbs like is, are, was, were, do, Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence
does, did, will, can, etc. The auxiliary verb makes a positive or negative statement. It
is moved to the beginning of the sentence to does not ask a question but declares a fact
create a question. or idea.
Examples : Example : She is your friend.
Assertive : She knows you.
Rules for Conversion
Interrogative : Does she know you?
1. Remove the Question Format : Eliminate
Assertive : The book was interesting.
question words (e.g., Is, Are, Do, Does, etc.)
Interrogative : Was the book interesting?
from the beginning and rephrase the sentence
2. Wh-Questions : These questions begin with
into a statement.
words like what, why, where, when, how, etc.
Example :
Add a question word to rephrase the assertive
Interrogative : Is she a good singer?
sentence into a question form.
Assertive : She is a good singer.
Examples :
2. Rearrange the Subject and Verb : Change
Assertive : They are late.
the word order to follow the typical subject-
Interrogative : Why are they late?
verb-object structure of an assertive sentence.
Assertive : Your brother is here. Example :
Interrogative : Where is your brother? Interrogative : Are they coming to the party?
3. Negative Assertive Sentences : For negative Assertive : They are coming to the party.
sentences, retain the negation while converting 3. Remove Question Words (if applicable) :
the statement into a question. Auxiliary verbs Replace question words like Why, What,
like doesn’t, isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, didn’t, etc., When, Where with the information implied
are used. in the question, if needed.
Examples : Example :
Assertive : She does not know the answer.
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Interrogative : Why is he upset?

Interrogative : Doesn’t she know the answer? Assertive : He is upset.
Assertive : He has not completed the task. 4. Handle Negative Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative : Hasn’t he completed the task? Carefully : Retain the negative meaning while
4. Rhetorical Statements : Rhetorical statements converting.
can be transformed into questions for effect, Example :
especially when expressing universal truths or Interrogative : Isn’t she a good student?
commonly accepted ideas. Assertive : She is a good student.
Examples : 5. For Rhetorical Questions : Rewrite rhetorical
Assertive : Everyone loves success. questions (which do not expect an answer) as
Interrogative : Who doesn’t love success? statements that declare the implied meaning.
Assertive : There is no doubt about her Example :
honesty. Interrogative : Who doesn’t like chocolate?
Interrogative : Can there be any doubt about Assertive : Everyone likes chocolate.
her honesty?
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Types of Conversions Rules for Conversion

1. Yes/No Questions : These begin with auxiliary 1. Add Exclamatory Words : Use words like
verbs like is, are, was, were, do, does, did, what, how, oh, alas, bravo, hurrah, etc. to
will, can, etc. emphasize emotion.
Examples : Example :
Interrogative : Does she know you? Assertive : She is a very intelligent girl.
Assertive : She knows you. Exclamatory : What an intelligent girl she is!
Interrogative : Was the book interesting? 2. For “Very” or “Truly” : Replace very or truly
Assertive : The book was interesting. with what or how to express strong feelings.
2. Wh-Questions : These begin with question Example :
words like what, why, where, when, how, etc. Assertive : It is a very beautiful day.
Examples : Exclamatory : What a beautiful day it is!
Interrogative : Why are they late? 3. Adjectives with “How” : Use how for
Assertive : They are late. sentences with adjectives describing qualities.
Interrogative : Where is your brother? Example :
Assertive : Your brother is here. Assertive : She is extremely kind.
3. Negative Interrogative Sentences : These Exclamatory : How kind she is!
contain negation (not) in the question. 4. For Negative Sentences : Retain the negative
Examples : meaning while expressing emotions.
Interrogative : Isn’t this a wonderful Example :
opportunity? Assertive : It is a pity that he failed.
Assertive : This is a wonderful opportunity. Exclamatory : Alas! He failed the exam.
Interrogative : Don’t they care about their 5. Replace Neutral Words with Stronger Ones :
work? For assertive sentences expressing admiration
Assertive : They care about their work. or joy, use exclamatory phrases like hurrah,
4. Rhetorical Questions : These are asked for bravo, alas, oh to convey the appropriate
effect and do not expect an actual answer. emotion.
Examples : Example :
Interrogative : Who doesn’t want success? Assertive : We won the match.
Assertive : Everyone wants success. Exclamatory : Hurrah! We won the match.
Interrogative : Can there be any doubt about 6. Rearrange the Word Order : Place the
her honesty? subject and verb after the exclamatory word
Assertive : There is no doubt about her to form the correct structure.
honesty. Example :
Assertive : He is a brave soldier.
Exclamatory : What a brave soldier he is!
12. ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY
Transforming assertive sentences into exclamatory [Link] TO ASSERTIVE
sentences involves rephrasing a statement to An exclamatory sentence expresses strong
express strong emotions like joy, surprise, anger, emotion such as surprise, joy, anger, or sorrow.
sorrow, or admiration. The meaning of the Transforming such sentences into assertive
sentence remains the same, but the structure sentences involves removing the exclamatory
changes to convey heightened emotion. format while preserving the meaning and emotion.
Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence Exclamatory Sentence : An exclamatory
makes a simple declaration, either positive sentence conveys strong emotions and ends
or negative, without strong emotion. with an exclamation mark (!).
Example : She is a very talented singer. Example : What a beautiful painting it is!
Exclamatory Sentence : An exclamatory Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence
sentence expresses strong feelings or makes a positive or negative statement in a
emotions and ends with an exclamation declarative tone. It does not convey emotions
mark (!). as strongly as an exclamatory sentence and
Example : What a talented singer she is! ends with a period (.).

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• Since NODIA books are freely available to teachers as PDFs, your school paper is most likely set
from NODIA itself.
• If you prepare from NODIA, you are preparing from the same source as your question paper.
Download the full books free — study smart, score more.
PAGE 200 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Example : The painting is very beautiful. form of the verb.

Example : Study hard for your exams.
Rules for Conversion
1. Identify the Emotion : Understand the Rules for Conversion
emotion (joy, surprise, sorrow, etc.) expressed 1. Omit the Subject : Imperative sentences often
in the exclamatory sentence to rephrase it have an implied subject (you), so the subject
meaningfully. is usually omitted.
2. Remove the Exclamatory Words : Replace Example :
words like what, how, oh, alas, hurray, bravo, Assertive : You should listen to your teacher.
etc. with phrases such as very, extremely, Imperative : Listen to your teacher.
truly, certainly, unfortunately, or equivalent 2. Use the Base Verb : Begin the sentence with
expressions. the base form of the verb to express the action
Example : directly.
Exclamatory : What a beautiful flower it is! Example :
Assertive : The flower is very beautiful. Assertive : You must complete your work on
3. Replace “What” and “How” time.
What : Replace with “very” or “truly.” Imperative : Complete your work on time.
Example : 3. Add Politeness for Requests : Include words
What a clever boy he is! " He is a very clever like please or kindly to make the imperative
boy. sentence polite, especially if the assertive
How : Rephrase to include “very” or sentence conveys a request.
“extremely.” Example :
Example : Assertive : You are requested to submit the
How kind you are! " You are very kind. form.
4. Change the Tone of the Sentence : Convert Imperative : Please submit the form.
the exclamation into a statement, adjusting 4. Negative Sentences : Use do not or never to
the word order if necessary. express prohibition or advice.
Example : Example :
Exclamatory : Hurray! We won the match. Assertive : You should not waste your time.
Assertive : We are very happy that we won Imperative : Do not waste your time.
the match. 5. Use “Let” for Suggestions or Permissions :
5. For Sorrow or Regret : Use words like For assertive sentences giving permission or
unfortunately, sadly, or it is a pity to express making suggestions, begin the imperative
the emotion in a statement. sentence with let.
Example : Example :
Exclamatory : Alas! He failed the exam. Assertive : We should allow him to speak.
Assertive : It is a pity that he failed the exam. Imperative : Let him speak.

14. ASSERTIVE TO IMPERATIVE 15. IMPERATIVE TO ASSERTIVE

An assertive sentence expresses a statement, An imperative sentence gives a command, request,
either positive or negative, while an imperative advice, or suggestion, while an assertive sentence
sentence gives a command, request, advice, or states the same meaning in a declarative format.
suggestion. Transforming assertive sentences into Transforming imperative sentences into assertive
imperative sentences involves restructuring the sentences requires rephrasing them as statements
sentence to directly address the listener. while retaining their intent.
Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence Imperative Sentence : An imperative sentence
states a fact, idea, or opinion. expresses a command, request, advice,
Example : You should study hard for your exams. suggestion, or instruction. It often begins
Imperative Sentence : An imperative sentence with the base form of the verb and has an
expresses a command, request, suggestion, implied subject (you).
Example : Close the door.
or advice and often begins with the base

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 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Assertive Sentence : An assertive sentence Complex Sentence : A complex sentence

makes a statement, either positive or contains one main clause (independent
negative. clause) and one or more subordinate
Example : You should close the door. clauses (dependent clauses) connected by
Rules for Conversion subordinating conjunctions like because,
1. Use Modal Verbs (Should, Must, Ought to, although, since, when, while, etc.
etc.) : Replace the imperative tone with modal Example : She completed her homework before
verbs like should, must, ought to, or requested she went to bed.
to convert the sentence into a statement. Rules for Conversion
Example : 1. Introduce a Subordinating Conjunction :
Imperative : Follow the rules. Add a subordinating conjunction (because,
Assertive : You must follow the rules. since, when, if, although, etc.) to create a
2. For Requests, Use “Requested to” or “Kindly dependent clause.
Asked to” : Polite requests are converted Example :
into assertive sentences using requested to or Simple : She left early.
kindly asked to. Complex : She left because she had an urgent
Example : meeting.
Imperative : Please help the poor.
Assertive : You are requested to help the
NODIA 2. Replace Phrases with Clauses : Transform a
phrase (group of words without a subject and
poor. verb) into a subordinate clause.
3. For Negative Imperatives, Use “Should Not” Example :
or “Must Not” : Replace negative commands Simple : Seeing the rain, he stayed indoors.
with modal verbs like should not or must not Complex : When he saw the rain, he stayed
in the assertive form. indoors.
Example : 3. Use Relative Pronouns (who, which, that) :
Imperative : Do not waste your time. Add a relative clause to provide additional
Assertive : You should not waste your time. information about a noun.
4. For Suggestions or Permissions, Use “Let Example :
Us” or “We Should” : Use let us or we should Simple : She is a writer of great talent.
for imperative sentences giving suggestions or Complex : She is a writer who has great
permissions. talent.
Example : 4. Add Adverbial Clauses : Use adverbial clauses
Imperative : Let us solve this problem. to express time, reason, condition, contrast,
Assertive : We should solve this problem. or manner.
5. General Commands : Add the subject (you or Example :
we) to make the statement declarative. Simple : He worked hard to succeed.
Example : Complex : He worked hard so that he could
Imperative : Complete your work. succeed.
Assertive : You should complete your work. 5. Expand Infinitive Phrases into Clauses :
Replace an infinitive phrase with a dependent
clause using that or another conjunction.
16. SIMPLE TO COMPLEX Example :
Transforming a simple sentence into a complex Simple : He decided to leave.
sentence involves adding a dependent clause Complex : He decided that he would leave.
(subordinate clause) to the sentence. A complex 6. Add Conditional Clauses : Introduce
sentence has one independent clause and one or conditional clauses using if, unless, provided
more dependent clauses. that, etc.
Simple Sentence : A simple sentence contains Example :
Simple : Work hard to succeed.
only one subject and one predicate. It
Complex : If you work hard, you will succeed.
expresses a single idea.
Example : She completed her homework.
PAGE 202 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

17. COMPLEX TO SIMPLE since, when, while can be replaced by

prepositions.
Transforming a complex sentence into a simple
Example :
sentence involves removing dependent clauses
Complex : She stayed back since it was
and replacing them with phrases or concise
raining.
expressions. The sentence must retain the same
Simple : She stayed back due to the rain.
meaning while reducing its complexity.
6. Condense Ideas : Combine multiple clauses
Complex Sentence : A complex sentence into a single thought using precise words or
consists of one independent clause (main phrases.
clause) and one or more dependent Example :
clauses (subordinate clauses) connected Complex : He was angry because his friend
by subordinating conjunctions like because, betrayed him.
although, since, when, if, etc. Simple : He was angry at his friend’s betrayal.
Example : She stayed home because she was
unwell.
18. SIMPLE TO COMPOUND
Simple Sentence : A simple sentence contains
Transforming a simple sentence into a compound
only one subject and one predicate. It
sentence involves splitting the sentence into
expresses a single idea.
two or more independent clauses joined by a
Example : She stayed home due to illness.
coordinating conjunction. A compound sentence
Rules for Conversion makes the sentence more elaborate and clear.
1. Replace Subordinate Clauses with Phrases :
Simple Sentence : A simple sentence contains
A dependent clause can often be converted
only one subject and one predicate,
into a phrase using prepositions or participles.
Example :
expressing a single idea.
Example : She ran fast to catch the bus.
Complex : He left because he was tired.
Simple : He left due to tiredness. Compound Sentence : A compound sentence
2. Use Infinitive Phrases : Dependent clauses consists of two or more independent clauses
indicating purpose can be replaced with joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g.,
infinitive phrases. and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for).
Example : Example : She ran fast, and she caught the bus.
Complex : He worked hard so that he could
pass.
Rules for Conversion
1. Use Coordinating Conjunctions : Combine
Simple : He worked hard to pass.
two ideas using conjunctions like and, but,
3. Convert Relative Clauses into Adjectival
or, nor, so, yet, for to create a compound
Phrases : Relative clauses introduced by who,
sentence.
whom, whose, which, or that can be rephrased
into participial phrases. Example :
Example : Simple : She worked hard to succeed.
Complex : The boy who won the race is my Compound : She worked hard, and she
friend. succeeded.
Simple : The boy winning the race is my 2. Split Actions into Two Clauses : Separate two
friend. actions or ideas in the simple sentence into
4. Use Gerunds for Adverbial Clauses : two independent clauses.
Adverbial clauses expressing time, reason, or Example :
condition can often be replaced by gerunds. Simple : He studied well to pass the exam.
Example : Compound : He studied well, and he passed
Complex : After she finished her homework, the exam.
she went out to play.
3. Replace Phrases with Independent Clauses :
Simple : After finishing her homework, she
Turn descriptive phrases into full clauses to
went out to play.
form a compound sentence.
5. Replace Conjunctions with Prepositions :
Subordinating conjunctions like because,

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 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Example : Example :
Simple : Despite his hard work, he failed. Compound : She studied hard, so she could
Compound : He worked hard, but he failed. pass the exam.
4. Use Correlative Conjunctions : Use pairs like Simple : She studied hard to pass the exam.
not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor 4. Condense into a Prepositional Phrase : Use
for more sophisticated compound sentences. prepositional phrases to combine the clauses
Example : into one concise idea.
Simple : She likes dancing and singing. Example :
Compound : She not only likes dancing but Compound : The sun set, and darkness fell.
also likes singing. Simple : With the setting of the sun, darkness
5. Use “So” for Caus4e and Effect : Express the fell.
effect of an action using so. 5. Replace with Adverbs : Use adverbs to
Example : condense the meaning into a single clause.
Simple : He was tired after running. Example :
Compound : He ran, so he was tired. Compound : He tried many times, but he
failed.
Simple : He failed despite trying many times.
19. COMPOUND TO SIMPLE
A compound sentence can be simplified into a 20. COMPLEX TO COMPOUND
simple sentence by condensing the two or more
independent clauses into a single idea. This A complex sentence can be converted into a
involves using phrases, participles, or infinitives compound sentence by replacing the dependent
to express the same meaning more concisely. clause (subordinate clause) with an independent
clause. This involves restructuring the sentence to
Compound Sentence : A compound sentence include two or more independent clauses joined
contains two or more independent clauses by a coordinating conjunction.
joined by a coordinating conjunction (and,
Complex Sentence : A complex sentence has
but, or, so, for, yet, nor).
one main (independent) clause and one
NODIA

Example : He worked hard, and he achieved

success.
or more dependent (subordinate) clauses
connected by subordinating conjunctions like
Simple Sentence : A simple sentence contains because, although, when, if, since, etc.
only one subject and one predicate, Example : She stayed home because she was sick.
expressing a single thought.
Example : By working hard, he achieved success.
Compound Sentence : A compound sentence
has two or more independent clauses joined
Rules for Conversion : by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or,
1. Replace Coordinating Conjunctions with nor, so, for, yet).
Phrases : Convert the two clauses into Example : She was sick, so she stayed home.
one clause by using participial phrases or
prepositions like by, with, in, for, to, etc. Rules for Conversion :
Example : 1. Replace Subordinating Conjunctions with
Compound : He worked hard, and he achieved Coordinating Conjunctions : Subordinating
success. conjunctions like because, although, when, since,
Simple : By working hard, he achieved success. if, etc. can often be replaced by coordinating
2. Use Participles : Replace one of the conjunctions (and, but, so, or, for, yet).
independent clauses with a participial phrase. Example :
Example : Complex : She stayed home because she was
Compound : He saw the thief, and he raised sick.
an alarm. Compound : She was sick, so she stayed home.
Simple : Seeing the thief, he raised an alarm. 2. Split Dependent Clauses into Independent
3. Use Infinitives : Express purpose or intent Clauses : Convert the subordinate clause into
using an infinitive phrase. an independent clause and connect it with the
main clause using a coordinating conjunction.
PAGE 204 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Example : Rules for Conversion

Complex : Although he worked hard, he 1. Replace Coordinating Conjunctions with
failed. Subordinating Conjunctions : Substitute
Compound : He worked hard, but he failed. conjunctions like and, but, or, so with
3. Use Coordinating Conjunctions for subordinating conjunctions like because,
Conditions : Subordinate clauses indicating although, since, if, unless, while, when, etc.
conditions can be rephrased using or or and Example :
to create a compound sentence. Compound : He worked hard, and he
Example : succeeded.
Complex : If you study, you will pass the exam. Complex : He succeeded because he worked
Compound : Study, or you will fail the exam. hard.
4. Join with Cause and Effect Conjunctions: 2. Introduce Subordinate Clauses : Turn one
Replace subordinating conjunctions indicating of the independent clauses into a dependent
reason (because, since) with so or for to show clause.
cause and effect. Example :
Example : Compound : The bell rang, and the students
Complex : He was late because he missed the left the classroom.
bus. Complex : When the bell rang, the students
Compound : He missed the bus, so he was left the classroom.
late. 3. Express Cause and Effect Using “Because”
5. Simplify Relative Clauses : Replace relative or “Since” : Replace so or for with because or
clauses (who, which, that) with coordinating since to show cause and effect.
conjunctions to connect ideas.
Example :
Example :
Compound : He was tired, so he went to bed
Complex : The man who helped us was very
early.
kind.
Complex : He went to bed early because he
Compound : The man helped us, and he was
was tired.
very kind.
4. Use “Although” or “Though” for Contrasts
: Replace but or yet with although or though
21. COMPOUND TO COMPLEX to introduce a subordinate clause expressing
contrast.
Transforming a compound sentence into a
Example :
complex sentence involves replacing coordinating
conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so) with Compound : She was unwell, but she attended
subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, the meeting.
although, since, when, if) to create dependent Complex : Although she was unwell, she
clauses. attended the meeting.
5. Use Conditional Clauses : Replace or with if
Compound Sentence : A compound sentence or unless to indicate conditions.
consists of two or more independent clauses Example :
connected by coordinating conjunctions like Compound : Work hard, or you will fail.
and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor. Complex : If you do not work hard, you will
Example : He studied hard, and he passed the fail.
exam. 6. Use “While” or “When” for Simultaneous
Complex Sentence : A complex sentence Actions : Replace and with subordinating
consists of one main (independent) clause conjunctions like while or when for actions
and one or more dependent (subordinate) happening at the same time.
clauses connected by subordinating Example :
conjunctions like because, although, since, Compound : She cooked dinner, and he set
when, if, etc. the table.
Example : He passed the exam because he studied Complex : While she cooked dinner, he set
hard. the table.

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 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

EXERCISE 2. As soon as the sun rose over the hills, the fog
disappeared. (Begin: No sooner...)
1. Re-write the following sentences according to the 3. It rained so heavily that they could not go for
instructions given after each. Make other changes the picnic. (Rewrite using ‘too...to’)
that may be necessary, but do not change the 4. If your friends get here before 7 o’clock, we
meaning of each sentence. can take them out for dinner. (Rewrite using
1. The Librarian orders books for the school ‘unless’)
library every year. (Begin: Books...) 5. The school captain was elected by the students
2. No one will deny that the children have worked of classes IX and X. (Begin: The students...)

NODIA
very hard this year. (Begin: Everyone...) 6. Greenland is the largest island in the world.
3. As soon as the teacher enters, she is greeted (Rewrite using ‘larger’)
by her students. (Begin: No sooner...) 7. How cruel Shylock was to demand his pound
4. She is so busy that she finds no time to of flesh! (Begin: It was cruel...)
entertain her friends. (Rewrite using ‘too’) 8. Arun was asked by his mother to explain the
5. In spite of the very hot weather, Kevin stepped missing buttons on his shirt. (Rewrite using
out to buy some bread. (Begin: Despite...) ‘explanation’)
6. Sheela will be selected for the competition 9. This is the most exciting trip I have ever been
only if she goes for the auditions. (Begin: on. (Begin: Never...)
Unless...) 10. The athlete ran too slowly to qualify for the
7. I would rather eat fruit than a lot of unhealthy finals. (Rewrite using ‘so...that’)
junk food. (Begin: I prefer...) Ans :
8. The tree was cut down ruthlessly. (Begin: 1. The old woman asked Arun if he could help
They...) her to cross the street.
9. Rahul could not attend the meeting because 2. No sooner had the sun risen over the hills
he was unwell. (Begin: Being...) than the fog disappeared.
10. He is too honest to accept a bribe. (Rewrite 3. It rained too heavily for them to go for the
using ‘so...that’) picnic.
Ans : 4. Unless your friends get here before 7 o’clock,
1. Books are ordered by the Librarian for the we cannot take them out for dinner.
school library every year. 5. The students of classes IX and X elected the
2. Everyone will agree that the children have school captain.
worked very hard this year. 6. No island in the world is larger than
3. No sooner does the teacher enter than she is Greenland.
greeted by her students. 7. It was cruel of Shylock to demand his pound
4. She is too busy to entertain her friends. of flesh.
5. Despite the very hot weather, Kevin stepped 8. Arun was asked by his mother for an
out to buy some bread. explanation of the missing buttons on his
6. Unless Sheela goes for the auditions, she will shirt.
not be selected for the competition. 9. Never have I been on a more exciting trip
7. I prefer eating fruit to eating a lot of unhealthy than this.
junk food. 10. The athlete ran so slowly that he could not
8. They cut down the tree ruthlessly. qualify for the finals.
9. Being unwell, Rahul could not attend the
meeting. 3. Re-write the following sentences according to the
10. He is so honest that he cannot accept a bribe. instructions given after each. Make other changes
that may be necessary, but do not change the
2. Re-write the following sentences according to the meaning of each sentence.
instructions given after each. Make other changes 1. She laid the table after she had finished
that may be necessary, but do not change the cooking. (Begin: When...)
meaning of each sentence. 2. He is old, but still works hard. (Begin:
1. The old woman said to Arun, “Can you help Despite...)
me to cross the street?” (Begin: The old 3. The delivery boy was requested to bring the
woman asked Arun...) parcel the next day. (Rewrite using direct
PAGE 206 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

speech) 8. I have never seen a film as bad as this. (Begin:

4. I prefer playing a game to watching television. This is...)
(Begin: I would rather...) 9. The monsoon is the best season in our
5. Every family has a black sheep. (Begin: There country. (Rewrite using ‘good’)
is no...) 10. Naresh goes to a school which has over a
6. I have never worn a more ill-fitting suit. (End: thousand students. (Begin: There...)
...ever worn.) Ans :
7. Anil is too fast a runner to not come first in 1. Few people read for pleasure these days.
the race. (Begin: Anil is so...) 2. Meera has been good in Mathematics since
8. As soon as the sports meet ended, the children her childhood.
ran on the field. (Begin: Hardly...) 3. Ramu said that they had had no rain since
9. Despite his wealth, he is not happy. (Begin: January.
Although...) 4. It is not only dangerous but also illegal to
10. Father said to Sunil, “I can help you with drive a motorcycle without a helmet.
your homework.” (Begin: Father told Sunil...) 5. In spite of having plenty of wealth, he was not
Ans : happy.
1. When she had finished cooking, she laid the 6. He was too tired to stand.
table. 7. There was no one among them who was not
2. Despite being old, he still works hard. an experienced mountaineer.
3. The delivery boy said, “I will bring the parcel 8. This is the worst film I have ever seen.
tomorrow.” 9. No other season in our country is as good as
4. I would rather play a game than watch the monsoon.
television. 10. There are more than a thousand students in
5. There is no family without a black sheep. Naresh’s school.
6. A more ill-fitting suit has never been worn.
7. Anil is so fast a runner that he always comes 5. Re-write the following sentences according to the
first in the race. instructions given after each. Make other changes
8. Hardly had the sports meet ended when the that may be necessary, but do not change the
children ran on the field. meaning of each sentence.
9. Although he is wealthy, he is not happy. 1. We had not even walked one kilometre when
10. Father told Sunil that he could help him with they stopped us. (Begin: Hardly...)
his homework. 2. The memory is so vivid that I will never
forget it. (Use ‘too’ in place of ‘so’)
4. Re-write the following sentences according to the 3. That need not happen. (Rewrite using ‘does’)
instructions given after each. Make other changes 4. Food and sleep were all we cared about.
that may be necessary, but do not change the (Begin: All...)
meaning of each sentence. 5. Herbert consulted his parents before accepting
1. Not many people read for pleasure these days. the job offer. (Begin: Herbert did not...)
(Begin: Few...) 6. Put your tools away; the children may fall
2. Since her childhood, Meera has been good in over them. (Use: lest...)
Mathematics. (End: ...childhood) 7. It was the last time he saw his wife. (Begin:
3. “We have had no rain since January,” Ramu Never...)
said. (Begin: Ramu said that they...) 8. We sat with our accuser, face to face. (Begin:
4. It is dangerous as well as illegal to drive a There...)
motorcycle without a helmet. (Begin: It is 9. Arun gave Ramesh some excellent advice.
not...) (Begin: Ramesh was...)
5. He had plenty of wealth, but he was not 10. Has Alia written to you? (Begin: Have you...)
happy. (Begin: In spite...) Ans :
6. He was so tired that he could not stand. (Use: 1. Hardly had we walked one kilometre when
‘too’) they stopped us.
7. Every one of them was an experienced 2. The memory is too vivid for me to forget it.
mountaineer. (Begin: There was no...) 3. That does not need to happen.
4. All we cared about was food and sleep.

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 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

5. Herbert did not accept the job offer without

consulting his parents.
6. Put your tools away, lest the children fall over
them.
7. Never again did he see his wife.
8. There was a face-to-face meeting with our
accuser.
9. Ramesh was given some excellent advice by
Arun.
10. Have you heard from Alia?



NODIA
PAGE 208 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 11
NOTICE WRITING

NODIA
1. INTRODUCTION 5. Notice for Appeal/Warning/Guideline/
Message in Public Interest
A notice is an important written communication 6. Notice for Change of Name/Residence/
tool that is used by both individuals and Company/Bank/Account/Timings, etc.
organizations to announce upcoming events or to 7. Notice for Miscellaneous
provide information about upcoming functions,
events, and occasions. It is formal in tone. A
notice is usually affixed on the noticeboard by an 4. POINTS TO REMEMBER
organization or institution to announce an event,
General points to be remembered while writing a
celebration or some important information, etc.
notice are as follows :
1. A notice is always written in a box.
2. PURPOSE OF NOTICE 2. It must be dated.
3. It should have the title, which is not a
The primary purposes of notice writing are as complete sentence.
follows: 4. It should always have the name, the
1. Informing a Group : Notices are written designation and the signature of the issuing
to inform a large group of people about authority.
important announcements, events, or updates 5. A notice is generally written in complete
in a concise manner. sentences, but at time phrases are also
2. Conveying Official Information : They serve acceptable.
as an official medium to communicate rules, 6. As a notice usually announces an upcoming
policies, or changes within an organization, event/celebration, etc., so future time
school, or institution. reference is used while writing a notice.
3. Generating Awareness : Notices are used 7. A notice should have all the details related to
to spread awareness about specific causes, the event. It must have an answer to what,
programs, or activities. when, where, why, how.
4. Providing Instructions : They often include 8. The information should be presented
specific instructions or guidelines that the accurately and concisely.
audience needs to follow. 9. The language should be formal.
5. Creating Formal Records : Notices act as 10. It must be in third person, i.e. pronouns like
written proof or formal documentation for I, me, you, mine, your, etc. should not be
announcements or decisions. used.
11. Use present tense or future tense.
12. Adhere to the word limit, if mentioned in the
3. TYPES OF NOTICE
question.
1. Notice for Meeting
2. Notice for events like Competition/Tour/
Celebration/Annual Sports/Cultural event,
etc.
3. Notice for Lost or Found
4. Notice for Exhibition/Campaigns/Seminar/
Workshop/Debate/Other Literary Event
 NOTICE WRITING

5. FORMAT OF NOTICE 7. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

NAME AND ADDRESS OF INSTITUTION/ 1. You lost your wallet in the school playground.
ORGANIZATION Write a notice for your school notice board giving
NOTICE all the necessary details.
Date of Issue Ans :

HEADING/TITLE APJ SCHOOL, DELHI

Body of the Notice (including details like date, NOTICE
day, time, venue, name of the concerned person, 24th October, 20xx
etc.)
LOST WALLET
Full name This Information is about a wallet which I,
(Designation) Abhinay Gupta of class IX-A, has lost. It
went missing in or around the playground
of the school, in recess hour. The wallet is
6. PARTS OF A NOTICE chocolate-brown in color. It is an Eskee wallet
A well-structured notice includes specific components and contains my school id and multiple other
that ensure clarity and effective communication. essential documents. If the wallet is found by
Below are the essential parts of a notice: any staff or student, he/she is humbly requested
1. Heading/Title to submit it in the school office.
The title indicates the purpose of the notice. It
Abhinay Gupta
should be concise and written in capital letters
Student of IX-A
(e.g., “ANNUAL SPORTS DAY” or “LOST/
FOUND”).
2. As Teacher Co-ordinator of the Quiz Club of
2. Name of the Organization/Institution
AMM School, Pune, draft a notice in not more
The name of the issuing organization or institution
than 50 words informing students of the inter-
is placed at the top, above or below the heading,
class quiz contest asking them to register their
to specify the authority behind the notice.
names with the Secretary of the Club within a
3. Date
week.
The date of issue is written below the heading or
in the top left/right corner to indicate when the Ans :
notice was released. A.M.M. SCHOOL, PUNE
4. Body of the Notice
The main content provides all necessary details NOTICE
such as: 21 April, 20xx
What : The purpose of the notice.
REGISTER FOR QUIZ COMPETITION
When : The date and time of the event.
Where : The venue or location. This is to inform all students of classes VI-XII
Why : The reason or objective. that an interclass quiz competition will be held
How : Additional instructions or procedures. this Friday, 25 April, 20xx in the audio - visual
The language should be formal, concise, and room from 8:00 am to 11:00 pm. Maximum
written in complete sentences or phrases. number of students representing per class is
5. Signature and Designation three. Those interested can give their names to
The notice must include the signature, name, and the secretary of the Quiz Club for registration.
designation of the person or authority issuing the XYZ
notice. This ensures authenticity and credibility. (Teacher Co-ordinator, Quiz Club)
6. Box Format
The entire notice should be enclosed within
a rectangular box for a neat and professional
appearance. Each part plays a significant role in
making the notice clear, structured, and effective.

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PAGE 210 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

3. Water supply will be suspended for eight hours Ans :

(10 am to 6 pm) on 6th of March for cleaning of
the water tank. Write a notice in about 50 words ZENITH PUBLIC SCHOOL, AGRA
advising the residents to store water for a day. NOTICE
You are Karan Kumar/Karuna Bajaj, Secretary, 20 February 20xx
Janata Group Housing Society, Palam Vihar,
Kurnool. SELECTION FOR QUIZ CONTEST
Ans : The students of classes from IX to XII may give
their names for participating in Britannia Quiz
JANATA GROUP HOUSING SOCIETY Contest to be held on 25 March 20xx.
PALAM VIHAR, KURNOOL The applicants should have participated in the
inter-house Quiz Contest. The selection will be
NOTICE held on 28 February 20xx.
4th March, 20xx
R.K. Singh
SUSPENSION OF WATER SUPPLY

NODIA
Vice Principal
Residents are hereby informed that water
supply will be suspended for eight hours (10 am 6. Your school is celebrating Grandparents’ Day
to 6 pm) on 6th March for cleaning of the water next week. Write a notice in 50 words to be put
tank. Residents are advised to make necessary up on the school notice board informing students
arrangements to store water for a day. We regret of the celebration and requesting them to be
the inconvenience caused. present with their grandparents. You are Samir/
Karan Kumar Suman, Head Boy/Head Girl ABC Sen. Sec.
Secretary School, Delhi.
Ans :
4. You are Mahender, Sports Captain, St. John’s
ABC SEN. SEC. SCHOOL, DELHI
School, Lucknow. Write a notice in 50 words for
the school notice board informing students about NOTICE
an Inter School Football match to be played in January 29, 20xx
your school. Invite them to watch and cheer the
teams. GRANDPARENT’S DAY
CELEBRATION
Ans :
We are glad to notify you that we have planned
ST. JOHN’S SCHOOL, LUCKNOW to celebrate Grandparent’s day in our school
NOTICE premises on February 9, 20xx at 5 pm. So, we
20 Aug., 20xx request all the students of the school to take
part in the celebration with their grandparents.
INTER-SCHOOL FOOTBALL MATCH Our school correspondent Mrs Menaka Suresh
An Inter-school football match will be held on will honour the function.
Friday 25th August, 20xx, 9:00 a.m. onwards For more details, contact
at our school playground. All students are
Samir
requested to be present at the venue to cheer
Head Boy
and encourage the participants. Contact the
ABC Sen. Sec. School, Delhi
under signed for further query.

Mahender 7. You are the president of the Malviya Nagar

Sports Captain Residents’ Welfare Association, Block A and
you are organising a “New Year Party” in your
5. You are Amit/Amita, Head Boy/Girl of your area. Draft a notice as Dharam Sethi informing
school (Zenith Public School). Write a notice for the residents of your block of the same. Include
your school notice board requesting for entries details which you deem necessary for the purpose.
from students for Britannia Quiz Contest to be Ans :
held in your school.
 NOTICE WRITING

MALVIYA NAGAR RESIDENTS’ 9. In a few days, the country will be celebrating its
WELFARE ASSOCIATION, BLOCK A Independence Day. The Prime Minister will hoist
the national flag of the country from the ramparts
NOTICE
of the Red Fort and address the nation. Massive
15 December 20xx
arrangements for seating and security are in the
NEW YEAR BASH 20xx offing. The Delhi Traffic Police will be making
traffic diversions on the big day in order to avoid
Malviya Nagar Residents’ Welfare Association,
inconvenience to the travellers and commuters,
Block A is organising a grand New Year Party
it has issued a public notice about the same.
in the colony on 31 December 20xx. The
Reproduce the notice. You are Jayram Patil of
celebrations will begin by 6 pm onwards. The
Chanakya Puri, New Delhi.
residents are requested to join enthusiastically
and make it a grand bash. Ans :
Sumptuous food, games, music, dance, prizes, DELHI TRAFFIC POLICE
and surprises are on the cards. NOTICE
Kindly deposit 500 per head with Mr. 14 August 20xx
Krishnakant Kalra (Treasurer).
TRAFFIC DIVERSION
Sd/-
This is to inform the citizens of Delhi that the
Dharam Sethi
route from ISBT to Red Fort via Kashmere
President
Gate will remain closed in view of security
Residents’ Welfare Association, Block A
arrangements for the Independence Day
Celebrations at the Red Fort on 15 August
8. You are Vijay Dhawan, a student of Florence
20xx. No vehicles will be allowed on this route
Nightingale Convent, Rohtas Nagar, Aurangabad.
from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. All the commuters and
Your school is planning an Inter-House poster
travellers should use the Outer Ring Road to
making competition to conclude the week-long
reach the ISBT. Inconvenience is regretted.
Environment Week. As the secretary of the
Issued in public interest by
school’s cultural association, write a notice in
Sd/-
about 50 words informing students of classes IX-
The Chief Commissioner
XII about the competition.
Delhi Traffic Police
Ans :
10. You are the Secretary of your School Literary
FLORENCE NIGHTINLLGALE
Association. Write a notice in not more than 50
CONVENT
words for your school notice board, giving details
NOTICE of the proposed inauguration of the Literary
20 October, 20xx Association of your school. You are ‘XYZ’ of Jain
Vidyashram, Cuddalore.
INTER-HOUSE POSTER MAKING
Ans :
COMPETITION
Sanskriti, the school’s cultural association invites JAIN VIDYASHARAM, CUDDALORE
students of classes IX to XII to participate in NOTICE
the Inter- House poster making competition to 1 March, 20xx
round off the week-long Environment Week on SCHOOL LITERARY ASSOCIATION
27 October, 20xx at 10 am. The participants INAUGURATION
will bring their own material. The topics will
All students and staff are cordially invited to the
be declared on the spot. The best entries will
inauguration of the school’s Literary Association
be rewarded. Those interested should register
on Monday, 10 March 20xx in the school library, 11
their names with the undersigned by Saturday,
a.m. onwards. Our Chief Guest, renowned writer,
this week.
Ms. Arundhati Roy, shall speak to the students on
Sd/- the importance of reading and writing.
Vijay Dhawan XYZ
Secretary (Secretary, Literary Association)

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PAGE 212 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE 3. You lost your wrist watch in your school auditorium.

Write a notice in not more than 50 words for your
1. You are Manak/Meera, the Head Boy/Girl of school notice board giving a detailed description
St. Giri Public School, Mathura. Write a notice of the watch. You are Anirudh/Arundhati of class
in about 50 words informing the students about IX of Springfield School, Pune.
the debate competition in the school on the topic Ans :
‘School Uniforms Should be Banned’.
SPRING FIELD SCHOOL, PUNE
Ans :
ST. GIRI PUBLIC SCHOOL, MATHURA NOTICE
5 November, 20xx
NOTICE
25 April 20xx LOST WRIST WATCH
DEBATE COMPETITION I lost my Fastrack wristwatch today in our
All the students are hereby informed that an school auditorium. It’s an analogue watch with
English Debate competition of the Zonal Level a white case, white dial, colourful numerals and
will be held in the school as per the details white silicon strap. A suitable reward will be
given below : given to the one who finds and returns it to the
Date : 7 May 20xx undersigned.
Time : 10:00 a.m. Anirudh Roy
Venue : School Auditorium Class IX-B
Topic : School uniforms should be banned.
Time limit : 3-4 mins. One each in favour and
4. As the Director, Primary Section, write a notice
against.
in about 50 words for the children announcing the
Interested students may give their name in pair
programme for the Children’s Day.
to the undersigned by 2 May.
For further details, contact the undersigned. Ans :
Manak RAMJAS SCHOOL, R.K. PURAM
(Head Boy) NOTICE
2 November 20xx
NODIA

2. You are Health Secretary, Students Council

Citizens Public School, Ram Bagh, Varanasi. The CHILDREN’S DAY PROGRAMME
Council has decided to start from the second of The school is arranging a special programme for
October a week-long cleanliness drive around the you on Children’s Day, i.e. November 14. You
school. Draft a notice in about 50 words asking can come in fancy dress and win a prize. There
the Class IX students to enrol for the drive. will be games for you. Kindly give the circular
Ans : to your parents so that they can dress you
beautifully for the Fancy Dress Competition.
STUDENTS COUNCIL CITIZENS
Do not bring your books on November 14.
PUBLIC SCHOOL, RANI BAGH
NOTICE Monisha Mohanty
25 September 20xx Director
Primary School
CLEANLINESS DRIVE
The Students Council of the school has decided 5. Recently there has been an increase in the cases
to start a week-long cleanliness drive around of kidnappings, especially of children. On closer
the school from 2 October. It is in keeping with investigation it has been found that domestic helps or
the spirit of Prime minister’s initiative “Swachh some persons familiar with the family were involved
Bharat Abhiyaan”. Students of class IX are in most cases. You are the Secretary of the Residents’
requested to enrol for the drive as volunteers. Welfare Association. Write a notice in about 50
Registration is open for two days, 28 September words to be put up on the noticeboard of the colony
and 29 September, from 9 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. informing the citizens about the following:
Vinay Kapoor • Police verification of servants, identity
(Health Secretary) cards to be made
 NOTICE WRITING

• Register entry of visitors at the gate Ans :

• Installation of CCTV in the premises
MODERN PUBLIC SCHOOL,
Ans :
GHAZIABAD
RESIDENTS’ WELFARE ASSOCIATION, NOTICE
GREEN PARK, NEW DELHI 5 July 20xx
NOTICE
DISTRIBUTION OF BOOKS FOR
17th July 20xx
STUDENTS
ALERT FOR KIDNAPPING This is for the information of all students that
In view of recent kidnapping cases involving a charitable organization, Gandhi Education
domestic staff, all residents are requested to Society is coming to the school at 11 a.m. on
take these safety measures: 15 July 20xx to distribute books to the needy
• Complete Police Verification for all servants. students. Such students are requested to drop
• Ensure every visitor registers at the Security the list of the books they need into the box kept
Gate. outside principal’s office latest by 10 July 20xx.
• Install CCTV cameras in your homes.
Abhilasha
Everyone is requested to co-operate so that
(Head Girl)
such incidents do not happen.
ABC 8. You are Shikha Kapoor, General Secretary of
(Secretary, RWA) Sports Club of Meera Bai School, Dehradun. Your
school has decided to celebrate the Silver Jubilee
6. As librarian of Crescent International School, function of the school in the form of Annual
Gwalior, draft a notice in not more than 50 Sports Day. Write a notice on the school notice
words asking all students and teachers to return board inviting the names of the students who
the library books they have borrowed, two days want to participate in any of the sports activity
before the commencement of the examination. or to put up any show on the stage.
Ans : Ans :
CRESENT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MEERA BAI SCHOOL, DEHRADUN
GWALIOR
NOTICE
NOTICE 1 December 20xx
5 March 20xx
SILVER JUBILEE-CUM-SPORTS DAY
RETURN OF LIBRARY BOOKS This is to inform all the students that the school
All students are hereby requested to deposit is celebrating its silver jubilee soon.
their library books with the librarian at least Students/volunteers are invited to submit their
two days before the commencement of the names for participating in sports activities or
examinations. Otherwise, they will not be wishing to organise/participate in the cultural
permitted to appear in the exam. This must be programme.
given topmost priority. Annual Sports Day on December 15 between 4
p.m. and 6:30 p.m.
[Link]
Names should reach the undersigned latest by
Librarian
December 7 at the club, between 10 a.m. - 1
p.m.
7. Gandhi Education Society, a charitable
organization, is coming to your school to distribute Shikha Kapoor
books for the needy students. As Head Boy/ General Secretary, Sports club
Head Girl, write a notice asking such students to
drop the list of books they need in the box kept
outside the Principal’s office. You are Akhilesh/
Abhilasha of Modern Public School, Ghaziabad.
Give all necessary details.

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PAGE 214 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

9. While walking in a park in your neighbourhood 11. As the Sports Captain of your school, write a notice
you found a small plastic bag containing some in about 50 words informing budding cricketers to
documents and some cash. Write a notice in attend trials for Under-16 and Under-18 for final
about 50 words to be put on the park noticeboard selection to the school teams. Sign off as Sunny
asking the owner to identify and collect it from Arora. Invent all necessary details as required.
you. You are Amar/Amrita 943912xxxx. Ans :
Ans :
MODERN PUBLIC SCHOOL
CHILDREN’S PARK NOTICE
NOTICE 3 May 20xx
10 March 20xx
FINAL TRIALS FOR UNDER-16 AND
FOUND UNDER-18
Found a small black plastic bag containing some All the budding cricketers must attend the final
documents and cash today morning. It was lying trials in the school ground on 7 May, 20xx 9
in the corner bench of the park. The owner may a.m. to 4 p.m.
please contact the undersigned and collect the Eighteen players will be shortlisted for each
bag after identifying the documents and details team. You must carry your cricket kit and be in
of the cash. Please contact at 943912xxxx. sports attire.
Amrita
(A concerned citizen) Sunny Arora
Sports Captain
10. You are Shalini/ Shailesh, in charge of the NSS
Club of St. Andrew’s School, Bhopal. Write a 12. You are Sapna Singh, the Secretary of Cultural
notice about a charity show being organized by Committee of your school. Write a notice in about
the club to collect articles and money for people 50 words inviting students to participate in the
affected by earthquake in Uttarakhand. Write the Annual Day of the school to be organized next
notice in about 50 words. Include relevant details month.
NODIA

such as purpose of the show, kind of events, tickets Ans :

and show timing, etc.
GALT PUBLIC SCHOOL, AGRA
Ans :
NOTICE
ST. ANDREW’S SCHOOL, BHOPAL 20 September 20xx
NOTICE
ANNUAL DAY FUNCTION
10th July 20xx
The school is going to organize a cultural
AN EVENING FOR A CAUSE programme on Annual Day to be held on 12
All are informed that our school is going to October. The students willing to participate
organize a charity show to collect articles and are invited to take part in theme song, group
money for people affected by earthquake in dance and instrumental music programmes.
Uttarakhand. They should submit details (along with cultural
The details are as follows: achievements) to the undersigned latest by 28
Date : 15th July 20xx September 20xx.
Time : 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Sapna Singh
Events : Puppet Show, Magic Show, Rock Band
Secretary
Stalls : Books and Handicrafts
(Cultural Committee)
Venue : Playground
Tickets are available at the reception. Invite
your family and friends and help in raising 13. You are Man/Mani, secretary of the History Club
funds for the noble cause. of K.V. Sr. Sec. School, Badodhra. Draft a notice
in not more than 50 words informing the students
Shalini of class IX and X about a proposed tour to
Incharge, NSS Club Rajasthan during the coming summer vacations.
 NOTICE WRITING

Ans : 15. As the librarian of your school, write a notice

in about 50 words informing the students of the
K.V. SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, penalty for losing or damaging the books issued
BADODHRA to them.
NOTICE Ans :
5 April 20xx
NEW AGE SCHOOL, ROHINI
RAJASTHAN TOUR
NOTICE
This is to inform the students of classes IX 10 July 20xx
and X of a trip to Rajasthan from 12 to 17
May 20xx. The trip will cover Jaipur, Udaipur, PENALTY FOR LOSING OR
Jaisalmer and Bikaner. DAMAGING THE BOOKS
Those who wish to join the trip should submit This is to inform all the students that
written permission from their parents and a • a fine of n per day will be charged if a book
draft for `3000 latest by 12 April 20xx to the is not returned on the due date;
Vice Principal. • the library card will be withdrawn if the
returned book is found torn or damaged;
Mani
• the full price will be recovered from the
Secretary, History Club
student if a book is lost.

14. Your school is organising a Bal Mela on Shalini Singh

‘Children’s Day’ in the school. The primary wing Librarian
of the school is going to put up various stalls in
the mela. Draft a notice giving details of the mela 16. You are Joseph Mathew, Vice Principal of Sr.
as well as inviting the senior students to attend Aloysius Higher Secondary School. Write a notice
the same. Sign your name as Rajesh Roshan, for the school noticeboard informing the students
Secretary, Cultural Society. about the audition schedule for the Annual Play
Ans : Festival to be organised soon.
Ans :
XYZ School
ST. ALOYSIUS HIGHER SECONDARY
NOTICE
SCHOOL, AGRA
4 November 20xx
NOTICE
BAL MELA 2 September 20xx
We are pleased to inform that the primary wing
of our school is organising a Bal Mela on 14 PLAY FESTIVAL AUDITION
November 20xx. There will be attractive stalls All four Houses will conduct auditions for the
for eatables and games. Moreover, there will Annual Play Festival from 7th to 14th September
be joyrides and a lively musical band too. The 20xx, after school hours from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00
students from classes VI-XII are invited to attend p.m.
the Mela along with their parents. Those interested should give their names to
their House Captains. Previous experience of
The schedule is as follows:
acting is not necessary.
Date : 14 November 20xx
Time : 8:30 a.m. - 1:30 p.m. Joseph Mathew
Venue : School Playground Vice Principal
Looking forward to your active participation.
17. Neelam/Neelesh is the head girl/boy of Surya
For details contact the undersigned:
Public School, Agra. She/He decides to call
Rajesh Roshan
a meeting of all house appointments for prize
Secretary
distribution function on Annual Day. Draft a
(Cultural Society)
meeting notice on her/his behalf.

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PAGE 216 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : A.P.J. SCHOOL, VASANT KUNJ

SURYA PUBLIC SCHOOL, AGRA NOTICE
NOTICE 10 April 20xx
22 January 20xx LEADERSHIP TRAINING CAMP
URGENT MEETING A leadership training camp is being organised on
All House Captains, Vice Captains and House 15 April 20XX from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. All
Prefects are requested to attend a meeting prefects, class monitors, bus and line monitors
at 12:30 p.m. on 23 January 20xx in the shall attend this camp.
Conference Room to discuss prize distribution The programme will include the following :
on Annual Day to be held on 29 January 20xx. Leadership Training Workshop
All should submit their proposals as well as give 9 : 00 a.m. to 11 : 00 a.m.
suggestions. Refreshment Break
11 : 00 a.m. to 11 : 30 a.m.
Neelam Question and Answer Session with Experts
Head Girl 11 : 30 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. S.K. Gulati
Principal
18. Your school is going to organize a blood donation
camp next week. Write a notice in about 50 words 20. You, as the School Secretary of the Social Service
to invite volunteers for this camp. You are the Club, have to write a notice to be put up on the
Head Boy of Prakriti International School, Delhi. school noticeboard regarding the need to raise
Ans : funds for lepers in your city. Funds collected will
be sent to the Red Cross, New Delhi. Each donor
PRAKRITI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
will be issued a formal receipt for the donation.
DELHI
The Red Cross will award a Red Cross to the
NOTICE donor donating more than `500.
4 October 20xx Ans :
BLOOD DONATION CAMP XYZ SCHOOL, NEW DELHI
It is a matter of pride that our school is
NOTICE
organizing a blood donation camp from 10:30
5 September 20xx
a.m. to 5 p.m. on 9 October 20xx. For this camp,
we need volunteers who can devote their time DONATION FOR RED CROSS
to making the camp a success. The interested Donations are invited for raising funds for
students are requested to give their names to lepers in the city. Funds collected will be sent
the undersigned within three days. to the Red Cross, New Delhi. Donors will be
Kamal issued a formal receipt for the donation. A Red
Head Boy Cross will be awarded to the donor donating
more than `500. You can leave your donation
19. As the Principal, write a notice in about 50 with the School Secretary.
words informing the prefects, monitors and other Date : 6 September - 10 September 20xx
discipline in-charge students of a Leadership Time : 8:00 a.m. (zero period)
Training Camp being organised by the school. Place : Social Service (Lab Room 4)
Ans : The undersigned may be contacted for further
queries.

Anju Puri
(School Secretary)
Social Service Club



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 INFORMAL INVITATION

CHAPTER 12
INFORMAL INVITATION

1. INTRODUCTION Examples of occasions for informal invitations

• Birthday party
An invitation is a polite and warm request made • Wedding ceremony
to a person or a group of people to attend a special • House-warming ceremony
occasion or event. It expresses the sender’s genuine • Inauguration of a shop or institute

NODIA
desire to have the presence of the recipient on • Silver or Golden Jubilee celebration
a particular occasion. Invitations are written for • Picnic or outing with friends
events such as birthday celebrations, weddings, • Festival celebrations such as Diwali or Holi
house-warming ceremonies, inaugurations, farewell
parties, picnics, and other social gatherings.
A well-written invitation must clearly mention 4. FORMAT OF AN INFORMAL
the following essential details:
INVITATION
• What the occasion is
• When the event is taking place (date and time) An informal invitation follows the same basic
• Where the event is being held (venue) format as a short informal letter. The following is
• Who is inviting (the sender) the standard format:

Sender’s Address
2. TYPES OF INVITATION Date
Invitations are broadly classified into two types: Salutation (Dear + Name),
1. Formal Invitations: Written for official or
Body of the invitation :
public occasions. They are printed on cards
• Mention the occasion
and written in the third person. They follow
• Mention the date, time, and venue
a fixed and impersonal format.
• Express a warm request to attend
2. Informal Invitations: Written to close friends
• Any other relevant detail
or family members for personal occasions.
They are written in the style of a short Subscription (Yours affectionately/lovingly),
personal letter and use warm, friendly Sender’s Name
language.

NOTE : 5. PARTS OF AN INVITATION

As per the CBSE Class 9 syllabus, only Informal
Understanding each individual section of an
Invitation is included in the course. Formal
invitation helps you include all the necessary
Invitation is not a part of the Class 9 syllabus.
information in the right order:
Therefore, this chapter will focus entirely on
1. Sender’s Address: The address of the person
Informal Invitations only.
writing the invitation is written on the top
left side of the page. It includes the house
3. INFORMAL INVITATION number, street, city, and state.
An informal invitation is a short, friendly, and 2. Date: The date is written just below the
personal written request sent to close friends or address. It is written in full — day, month,
family members inviting them to attend a special and year.
occasion. Unlike formal invitations, informal Example: 15th October, 20xx
invitations are conversational in tone and express 3. Salutation: The greeting used in an informal
personal feelings and emotions of the sender. invitation is warm and personal. It begins
PAGE 218 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

with “Dear” followed by the first name of the 7. HOW TO ATTEMPT INFORMAL
recipient. INVITATION IN EXAM
Example: Dear Priya, Dear Rahul, Dear
Anjali Follow these simple steps during the examination:
4. Body of the Invitation: The body is the
most important part. It must be written in Step 1 — Read the Question Carefully
a friendly and warm tone. It should clearly Identify the following from the question:
mention: • Who is writing the invitation? (Your name
• The occasion being celebrated and address)
• The date, time, and venue of the event • Who is being invited? (Recipient’s name)
• A warm and genuine request to attend • What is the occasion?
• Any special detail if required • What details are given — date, time, venue?
Since the word limit is up to 50 words, the • What details need to be invented?
body must be precise, clear, and complete.
Step 2 — Plan Before Writing
Every word must carry meaning. Avoid
Spend one minute organising the details mentally.
unnecessary phrases.
Decide what to include in the body to stay within
5. Subscription: The closing of an informal
50 words.
invitation uses warm and affectionate
expressions such as:
Step 3 — Write the Format First
• Yours affectionately
Write the address, date, and salutation correctly
• Yours lovingly
before beginning the body.
• Yours sincerely
6. Sender’s Name: The full name or first name of Step 4 — Write the Body Precisely
the sender is written below the subscription. Use simple and warm language. Mention all
essential details — occasion, date, time, venue,
6. POINTS TO REMEMBER and a request to attend. Do not add unnecessary
sentences.
Points to Remember While Writing Informal
Invitations are as follows: Step 5 — Count the Words
1. An informal invitation is written like a short Count the words in the body of your invitation.
personal letter. The address, date, salutation, and subscription
2. It is always written in the first person (I, We, are generally not counted in the word limit.
My, Our). Adjust if needed.
3. The tone must be warm, friendly, and
personal. Step 6 — End with Correct Subscription and Name
4. All essential details — occasion, date, time, Use an appropriate closing like ‘Yours lovingly’ or
and venue — must be clearly mentioned. ‘Yours affectionately’ and sign with your name.
5. The language must be simple and natural,
not formal or stiff.
6. The word limit for CBSE Class 9 is up to 50 8. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS FOR
words. Count carefully and stay within the INFORMAL INVITATIONS
limit.
The following phrases can be used to make your
7. Personal feelings and emotions may be
informal invitation warm and natural:
expressed to make the invitation genuine and
warm.
To Announce the Occasion
8. The salutation and subscription are the same
• I am delighted to inform you that...
as in an informal letter.
• I am thrilled to share that...
9. Do not use third person references like “Mr.
• It gives me great pleasure to invite you to...
and Mrs. Sharma request the pleasure...” —
• You will be glad to know that...
that is the style of formal invitations.
• I am happy to let you know that...
10. Always invent necessary details such as name,
address, date, and venue if they are not given
in the question.

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 INFORMAL INVITATION

To Extend the Invitation Ans :

• I would love to have you join us...
• Your presence would mean a great deal to 12, Rose Garden,
me... Chandigarh
• It would be incomplete without you... 28th January, 20xx
• Please do come and celebrate with us... Dear Shreya,
• I earnestly request you to grace the occasion... I am delighted to share that my little sister
Diya is turning one! We are celebrating her first
To Request Confirmation birthday on 5th February, 20xx at 4:00 p.m. at
• Please confirm your presence by... our residence. There will be cake cutting and
• Looking forward to your company... snacks. Please come and make this day special
• Please let me know by... for her.
• Do confirm your attendance at the earliest...
Yours affectionately,
Kavya
9. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES
3. You are Aryan of B-7/14, Sector 12, Noida. Your
1. You are Divya/Dev of B-4/72, Janakpuri, New school cricket team has won the Inter-School
Delhi. Your elder brother Arjun has secured Cricket Championship. Your family is hosting
admission in IIT Delhi. Your family is organising a small celebration party on 18th March, 20xx.
a small get-together to celebrate this achievement. Write an informal invitation to your friend Kabir
Write an informal invitation to your best friend inviting him to join the celebration.
Isha/Ishaan. Use the following cues : Ans :
Celebration — IIT Delhi admission — Arjun B-7/14, Sector 12,
— 5th July, 20xx — 7:00 p.m. — Dinner and Noida
music 12th March, 20xx
Ans : Dear Kabir,
You will be thrilled to know that our school
B-4/72, Janakpuri, cricket team has won the Inter-School Cricket
New Delhi Championship! My family is hosting a
29th June, 20xx celebration on 18th March, 20xx at 6:00 p.m.
at our residence. Do come and share this joyful
NODIA

Dear Isha,
It gives me great pleasure to share that my moment with us.
elder brother Arjun has secured admission in Yours affectionately,
IIT Delhi! We are celebrating this achievement Aryan
on 5th July, 20xx at 7:00 p.m. at our residence
with dinner and music. It would be incomplete
4. You are Yash/Yashika, living at 56, Mount View,
without you. Please do come.
Nainital. With the winter break approaching,
Yours lovingly, the hills are covered in beautiful snow. You want
Divya your best friend, who lives in the dusty plains,
to experience the magic of a mountain winter.
2. You are Kavya of 12, Rose Garden, Chandigarh. You decide to invite them to stay with you for
Your parents are celebrating your younger sister a few days to enjoy the scenery and some local
Diya’s first birthday on 5th February, 20xx. Write activities.
an informal invitation to your friend Shreya Cues:
inviting her to attend the birthday celebration. • Occasion: Winter vacation stay
Use the following cues : • Date: 24th to 28th December
• Venue: Your home in Nainital
Birthday celebration — 5th February, 20xx — • Activities: Sightseeing, playing in the snow,
4:00 p.m. — Home — Cake cutting and snacks and nightly bonfires
• Expression to include: “It would be incomplete
without you.”
Dear Teacher,
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CBSE Class 9 (2026–27)

• Complete NODIA book series for CBSE Class 9 (Session 2026–27) is available as free, fully
printable PDFs — no purchase required.
• Teachers across the country set their question papers directly from NODIA books, picking and
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PAGE 220 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Ans :

56, Mount View, 24, Civil Lines,

Nainital Jaipur
15th December, 2026 10th November, 20xx
Dear Arpit, Dear Rohan,
I’m spending this winter break at my Nainital Our friend group is planning a picnic to
home. The hills are covered in beautiful snow, Nahargarh Fort this Sunday, 16th November,
and I’d love to have you join us from 24th to 20xx. We will assemble at my place at 8:00
28th December. We’ll enjoy sightseeing and a.m. and return by evening. It will be great fun.
nightly bonfires. It would be incomplete without Please join us and confirm by Friday.
you. Please let me know your plan soon.
Yours affectionately,
Yours lovingly, Ankit
Yash
7. You are Rohan, residing at 42, Heritage Lane,
5. You are Mihir of 33, Shyam Nagar, Delhi. You Pune. Your childhood friend and neighbor, Amit,
have recently joined a painting class and your art is moving to Canada next month for higher studies.
teacher has organised an exhibition of students’ You and your common friends have decided to
paintings on 20th August, 20xx. Write an informal organize a surprise farewell lunch to give him
invitation to your friend Aditya inviting him to a memorable send-off. You need to invite your
visit the exhibition. friend, Sarthak, who is part of the same group.
Ans : Cues:
• Occasion: Farewell lunch for Amit
33, Shyam Nagar, • Date & Time: Sunday, 15th June, at 1:30 PM
Delhi • Venue: Food Court, City Mall, Pune
14th August, 20xx • Activity: Sharing memories and a group lunch
Dear Aditya, Ans :
My art teacher is organising a painting
42, Heritage Lane,
exhibition of our class on 20th August, 20xx
Pune
from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. at Silver Bell Art
8th June, 2026
Studio, Ashok Vihar, Delhi. I would be truly
delighted to have you visit and admire our Dear Sarthak,
artwork. Please do come. Our friend Amit is leaving for Canada soon.
We’ve planned a surprise farewell lunch on
Yours affectionately,
Sunday, 15th June, at 1:30 PM at City Mall
Mihir
Food Court. I would love to have you join us to
share some memories. Please keep it a secret!
Looking forward to your company.
Yours affectionately,
Rohan

6. You are Ankit of 24, Civil Lines, Jaipur. You are

8. You are Ishita/Ishan of 43, Dwarka Sector 6,
going for a picnic to Nahargarh Fort with your
New Delhi. You are organising a farewell party
friends this Sunday. Write an informal invitation
for your friend Naina/Navin who is moving to
to your friend Rohan inviting him to join you.
Canada next month. Write an informal invitation
to another friend Riya/Rishi inviting him/her to
be a part of the farewell. Use the following cues :

Farewell party — Naina moving to Canada

— 10th April, 20xx — 5:00 p.m. — Gifts and
dinner

Downloaded from [Link]

 INFORMAL INVITATION

Ans : Ans :

43, Dwarka Sector 6, 7, Gandhi Road,

New Delhi Pune
3rd April, 20xx 2nd January, 20xx
Dear Riya, Dear Asha,
As you know, our dear friend Naina is moving to My parents are celebrating their Silver Jubilee
Canada next month. I am organising a farewell on 10th January, 20xx at 6:30 p.m. at our
party for her on 10th April, 20xx at 5:00 p.m. at residence. The entire family is gathering to
my residence. Please bring a small gift. Let us bless the couple on this wonderful [Link]
give her a memorable send-off together. would be incomplete without you. Please come

NODIA
and celebrate with us.
Yours affectionately,
Ishita Yours affectionately,
Meera
9. You are Sneha of C-9/22, Ashok Vihar, Delhi.
Your family is hosting a Diwali celebration at
your residence on 1st November, 20xx. Write an 
informal invitation to your friend Pooja inviting
her and her family to join the festivities. Use the
following cues :

Diwali celebration — 1st November, 20xx —

7:00 p.m. — C-9/22, Ashok Vihar, Delhi —
Dinner and fireworks
Ans :

C-9/22, Ashok Vihar,

Delhi
25th October, 20xx
Dear Pooja,
The festive season is here and we would love to
celebrate Diwali with you! Please join us on 1st
November, 20xx at 7:00 p.m. at our residence
for dinner and fireworks. Do bring your family
along. Your presence will make our celebration
truly memorable.
Yours lovingly,
Sneha

10. You are Meera of 7, Gandhi Road, Pune. Your

parents are celebrating their Silver Jubilee on
10th January, 20xx. Write an informal invitation
to your cousin Asha inviting her to join the
celebration.
PAGE 222 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE 3. You are opening a coaching institute for students

of classes IX-XII. Write an informal invitation,
1. Your friend Antriksh is staying in the school inviting your best friend for its inauguration. Do
hostel. You wish to invite him at your house for not exceed more than 50 words. Invent necessary
Diwali celebration. Write an informal invitation in details.
not more than 50 words. Invent necessary details. Ans :
Ans : 13-C.P.,
Mission Compound
C-11/171 Sector 5
Gwalior
Sagar Enclave
7 March 20xx
Sagar
Madhya Pradesh Dear Shalini
25 October 20xx Finally my dreams of opening a coaching
Institute has come true. This project had been
Dear Antriksh in my mind for a long time and by God’s grace
It gives me great pleasure to invite you to the time has come.
my home for Diwali celebration. I know your The inauguration is on 10th March 20xx
parents have gone to Canada and you would all at 10 am. My Guruji is going to inaugurate
be alone in the hostel. It would give me tonnes the institute followed by hawan and lunch. The
of happiness. I’m sure you will enjoy yourself address is 20-CP, Mission Compound, Gwalior.
with my parents and younger sister. Please come and give me your best wishes.
Please come one day before so we can plan
Yours affectionately
out how we will celebrate. Looking forward for
Rajini
your company.
Yours affectionately 4. You are Vivek, a resident of 18, Peace Colony,
Rajini New Delhi. Concerned about the rising pollution
in the city, you and your local friends have decided
2. You are Tanisha of 45, Tagore Nagar, Delhi. Your to organize a “Van Mahotsav” (Tree Plantation
cousin Rohan has secured the first rank in the Drive). You want to invite your friend, Jatin, to
Class 10 CBSE Board Examination. Your family participate in this green initiative to help make
is organising a small felicitation ceremony on the neighborhood cleaner and greener.
25th June, 20xx. Write an informal invitation to Cues:
your friend Diya inviting her to attend. Use the • Occasion: Van Mahotsav/Tree Plantation Drive.
following cues : • Date & Time: This Saturday at 8:00 AM.
• Venue: Neighborhood Park, Peace Colony,
Felicitation ceremony — First rank — CBSE New Delhi.
Board — 25th June, 20xx — 5:30 p.m. — 45, • Highlights: Saplings provided by the local
Tagore Nagar, Delhi nursery; refreshments for volunteers.
• Expression to include: “Your presence would
Ans :
mean a great deal to me.”
45, Tagore Nagar, Ans :
Delhi 18, Peace Colony,
18th June, 20xx New Delhi
Dear Diya, 10th July, 20xx
I am happy to inform you that my cousin Dear Jatin,
Rohan has secured the first rank in the CBSE To combat pollution, we are organizing a tree
Class 10 Board Examination. We are organising plantation drive this Saturday at 8:00 AM
a felicitation ceremony on 25th June, 20xx at in our Neighborhood Park. We’ll be planting
5:30 p.m. at our residence. Please come and various saplings to green our colony. Your
bless him. presence would mean a great deal to me and the
environment. Please join us for this noble cause.
Yours affectionately,
Tanisha Yours affectionately,
Vivek

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 INFORMAL INVITATION

5. You are Kritika/Karan of 9, Model Town, New 7. You are Ananya/Anil of 77, Pitampura, New
Delhi. Your mother has started her own bakery Delhi. You have adopted a stray puppy and your
and it is being inaugurated on 30th March, friends are throwing a small welcome party for the
20xx. Write an informal invitation to your friend puppy at your place. Write an informal invitation
Pooja/Puneet inviting him/her to attend the to your friend Shreya/Shrey inviting him/her to
inauguration. Invent any other necessary details. attend the fun gathering. Use the following cues :

Inauguration — “Sweet Moments Bakery” — Welcome party — New puppy “Bruno” — 20th
30th March, 20xx — 11:00 a.m. — Shop No. September, 20xx — 4:00 p.m. Games and snacks
3, Model Town Market, New Delhi — Special
Ans :
discount on opening day
Ans : 77, Pitampura,
New Delhi
9, Model Town, 14th September, 20xx
New Delhi
23rd March, 20xx Dear Shreya,
Dear Pooja, I am thrilled to share that I have adopted an
You will be glad to know that my mother is adorable stray puppy and named him Bruno!
inaugurating her bakery “Sweet Moments” on We are hosting a small welcome party on 20th
30th March, 20xx at 11:00 a.m. at Shop No. September, 20xx at 4:00 p.m. at my place.
3, Model Town Market, New Delhi. There is There will be games and snacks. Please come
a special discount on all items on the opening and meet Bruno!
day. Please do come and celebrate. Yours lovingly,
Yours affectionately, Ananya
NODIA

Kritika
8. You are Roshan/Roshni, a resident of Rajasthan.
6. You are Rohan/Roshni of 21, Mayur Vihar Phase Invite your friend Ritika Agarwal who lives in
1, New Delhi. Your grandparents are celebrating Delhi to spend a part of her winter vacation with
their Golden Jubilee — 50 years of married life you at your farm house near outskirts of Udaipur.
— on 15th December, 20xx. Write an informal
Ans :
invitation to your friend Mohit/Mohini inviting
him/her to join this special family celebration. Shivaji Farm
Use the following cues : Ramjas Road, Udaipur
Golden Jubilee — 50 years — 15th December, Rajasthan
20xx — 6:30 p.m. — Celebrations Club, Mayur 23 November 20xx
Vihar, New Delhi — Dinner and cultural Dear Ritika
programme I will be spending this winter vacation at my
Ans : farm house which is situated at the outskirts
of Udaipur. It is a pollution free place with
21, Mayur Vihar Phase 1, lots of trees and greenery. Horse riding would
New Delhi be another activity. The soothing environment
8th December, 20xx will really refresh you. Please join me for this
vacation. Hoping for a positive reply.
Dear Mohit,
I am happy to inform you that my grandparents Your lovingly
are celebrating their Golden Jubilee — 50 Roshan
wonderful years together! The celebration
is on 15th December, 20xx at 6:30 p.m. at 9. You are Tanvi/Tanishq, residing at 4, Lotus Villa,
Celebrations Club, Mayur Vihar. There will be Janakpuri, New Delhi. You have recently started
dinner and a cultural programme. Please come practicing yoga and have experienced its amazing
and bless them. health benefits. On the occasion of International
Yoga Day, you have organized a professional-led
Yours affectionately,
yoga session for your close friends in the local
Rohan
park to promote a healthy lifestyle.
PAGE 224 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Cues: To cheer the team before the match, your friend

• Occasion: International Yoga Day Celebration group is organising a small get-together. Write an
• Date & Time: 21st June at 6:00 AM informal invitation to your friend Manan/Mansi.
• Venue: District Park, Janakpuri, New Delhi Use the following cues :
• Highlights: Guided session by an expert,
peaceful environment, and herbal tea/snacks Cheer gathering — Football team — State
afterwards. Championship — 8th March, 20xx — 6:00
• Use the phrase: “I would love to have you p.m. — D-9/41, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi —
join us.” Snacks and music
Ans : Ans :

4, Lotus Villa, D-9/41, Paschim Vihar,

New Delhi New Delhi
15th June, 2026 2nd March, 20xx
Dear Riya, Dear Manan,
I’ve organized a special yoga session on 21st June You will be excited to know that our school
at 6:00 AM in the District Park to celebrate football team has qualified for the State
International Yoga Day. There will be an expert Championship! We are organising a cheer
guide and healthy refreshments. I would love to gathering on 8th March, 20xx at 6:00 p.m. at
have you join us! Please wear comfortable white my place with snacks and music. Come and
clothes. Looking forward to your company. boost their confidence. Please confirm by 6th
March.
Yours lovingly,
Tanvi Yours affectionately,
Prachi
10. You are Naman of 8, Rajpur Road, Dehradun.
You and your friends are planning a trek to 12. You are Liza. You are going for a picnic with a
Robber’s Cave this coming Sunday. Write an group of your friends to Rang Mahal Lake near
informal invitation to your friend Ishaan inviting Ghaziabad. Write an informal invitation to your
him to join the group. Use the following cues : friend to join you on that day. Invent necessary
details.
NODIA

Trek — Robber’s Cave — Sunday, 14th July,

Ans :
20xx — Assemble at 7:00 a.m. — Carry water
and snacks 273 Urban Colony
Ans : Sector 9 Ghaziabad
23 September 20xx
8, Rajpur Road, Dear Rehana
Dehradun You will be glad to know that we have decided
10th July, 20xx to go for a picnic to Rang Mahal Lake this
coming Saturday, i.e. 30 September 20xx. We
Dear Ishaan, will be going by my car and our entire group is
Our group is planning a trek to Robber’s Cave accompanying us. We will depart from my place
this Sunday, 14th July, 20xx. Please assemble at 7:30 a.m. Please confirm your presence by 25
at my place by 7:00 a.m. It will be a thrilling September.
experience. Carry sufficient water and snacks. Looking forward to your company.
Your company would make the trip even more
enjoyable. Please confirm by Friday. Yours lovingly
Liza
Yours affectionately,
Naman 13. You are Ayush/Ananya, residing at 12-B, Hemkunt
Tower, Nehru Place, New Delhi. Your family has
11. You are Prachi/Pratham of D-9/41, Paschim recently purchased a new apartment and you are
Vihar, New Delhi. Your school football team moving in this weekend. To seek blessings and
has qualified for the State Level Championship. celebrate this new beginning, your parents have
 INFORMAL INVITATION

organized a traditional housewarming ceremony 15. Write an invitation to your friend inviting him
(Griha Pravesh) and a lunch for close relatives on the inauguration ceremony of your new house.
and friends. Use the information given below.
Cues:
• Occasion: Housewarming Ceremony (Griha Inauguration of home - Hawan ceremony -
Pravesh) Lunch
• Date & Time: Sunday, 24th May, at 10:00 Ans :
AM
• Venue: New Residence (12-B, Hemkunt 753-L Defence Colony
Tower, Nehru Place) Roorkee
• Highlights: Traditional puja followed by a 25th August 20xx
celebratory lunch. Dear Reena
• Expression to include: “Your presence would I invite you at the inauguration ceremony of our
mean a great deal to me” and ask for a new house in Defence Colony, Roorkee. It would
confirmation. be a real pleasure to have your presence on this
auspicious occasion.
Ans : The Hawan Ceremony is at 10 a.m. and
lunch at 1:30 p.m. Please grace the occasion
12-B, Hemkunt Tower,
with your presence and give us your blessings.
New Delhi
18th May, 2026 Yours faithfully
Dear Rahul, Radha Mehra
We are moving into our new apartment! I’m 16. Invite your class fellows and friends on the
happy to invite you to our housewarming wedding of your elder sister. Invent necessary
ceremony on Sunday, 24th May, at 10:00 AM. details. (50 words).
There will be a puja followed by lunch. Your
Ans :
presence would mean a great deal to me. Please
confirm your attendance by Friday. 16, Nai Sarak
New Delhi
Yours affectionately, 15 August 20xx
Ayush Dear Reena
I invite you to grace the occasion of my elder
14. You are Seema Singh. The wedding of your elder sister Riya’s marriage on 30th august 20xx.
brother Jivitesh Singh is going to be held on 17th Please grace the occasion at 4 p.m. The marriage
December 20xx at Hotel Lake View, Udaipur. party will leave for Hotel Park, New Delhi at 5
Write out an informal invitation to your friend p.m. Kindly join us on the auspicious day and
Rohini requesting her to attend the function. oblige
Ans :
Yours faithfully
C-16/361 Hansraj Road Rita
Sector 5, Agra
17. You are Sameer/Sanjana, residing at A-45,
30 November 20xx
Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi. You have recently won
Dear Rohini,
the first prize in the Zonal Science Exhibition for
You will be glad to know that my elder brother
Jivitesh is getting married next month. You your working model on “Renewable Energy.” You
are cordially invited to attend the wedding on want to celebrate this achievement with your best
17 December at Hotel Lake View, Udaipur. friend by hosting a small treat.
I invite you to join us for lunch at 1:30 p.m. Cues:
in the hotel. The wedding ceremony will take • Occasion: Celebration of first prize in Zonal
place at 9 p.m. Hoping for your presence on this Science Exhibition.
auspicious occasion. • Date & Time: Friday, 18th July, at 4:30 PM.
• Venue: Your residence (A-45, Lajpat Nagar,
Yours lovingly
New Delhi).
Seema
• Highlights: Viewing the winning model,
followed by music and snacks.

Downloaded from [Link]

PAGE 226 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• Expression to include: “I am thrilled to share Ans :

that...” and ask for confirmation.

NODIA
32, Vasant Vihar,
Ans :
New Delhi
A-45, Lajpat Nagar, 13th August, 20xx
New Delhi Dear Kabir,
12th July, 2026 Our group is planning a heritage walk to
Dear Rahul, Qutub Minar and Lodhi Garden this Sunday,
I am thrilled to share that I won the first prize 18th August, 20xx. Please assemble at my
in the Zonal Science Exhibition! To celebrate, place by 7:30 a.m. Do carry a water bottle
I’m hosting a small party this Friday at 4:30 and comfortable shoes. It will be a wonderful
PM at my home. Your presence would mean a experience. Please confirm by Friday.
lot to me. Please confirm your attendance by Yours affectionately,
Thursday evening. Aman
Yours affectionately,
Sameer 20. You are Riya of 15, Shanti Nagar, Bhopal.
Your brother Vivek is getting married on 20th
18. You are Rahul/Richa of 14, Lajpat Nagar, New December, 20xx. Write an informal invitation
Delhi. Your school has organised an Inter-School to your friend Neha inviting her to attend the
Debate Competition and you have won the first wedding.
prize. Your family is hosting a small celebration on Ans :
12th October, 20xx. Write an informal invitation
to your friend Sameer/Sameera inviting him/her 15, Shanti Nagar,
to join the celebration. Bhopal
5th December, 20xx
Ans :
Dear Neha,
14, Lajpat Nagar, I am delighted to inform you that my brother
New Delhi Vivek is getting married on 20th December,
6th October, 20xx 20xx at 7:00 p.m. at Hotel Grand, Bhopal. I
Dear Sameer, would love to have you celebrate this joyous
You will be glad to know that I have won the first occasion with us. Please do come.
prize in the Inter-School Debate Competition! Yours lovingly,
My family is hosting a celebration on 12th Riya
October, 20xx at 6:00 p.m. at our residence. Do
join us for dinner. Please confirm your presence
by 10th October.
Yours affectionately,
Rahul
21. You are Tanya/Tarun of 56, Defence Colony,
19. You are Aman/Amaira of 32, Vasant Vihar, New New Delhi. Your school’s Annual Cultural Fest is
Delhi. You and a group of friends are planning to being organised on 14th February, 20xx and your
visit Qutub Minar and Lodhi Garden this Sunday dance group is performing. Write an informal
for a heritage walk. Write an informal invitation invitation to your cousin Simran/Siddharth who
to your friend Kabir/Kavya inviting him/her to lives in the same city, inviting him/her to watch
join. Use the following cues : the performance.
Heritage walk — Qutub Minar and Lodhi
Garden — Sunday, 18th August, 20xx —
Assemble at 7:30 a.m. — Carry water bottle
and comfortable shoes
 INFORMAL INVITATION

Ans : Ans :

56, Defence Colony, C-4/15, Sector 9,

New Delhi Lucknow
8th February, 20xx 18th March, 20xx
Dear Simran, Dear Simran,
I am thrilled to share that our dance group I am thrilled to share that my boutique “Priya’s
is performing at the Annual Cultural Fest on Creations” is being inaugurated on 25th March,
14th February, 20xx from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. 20xx at 11:00 a.m. at Shop No. 5, Mall Road,
at Springdales School Auditorium, Defence Lucknow. Your presence on this special day
Colony. Entry is free. I would love to have you would mean a great deal to me. Please do come.
cheer for us. Please come.
Yours lovingly,
Yours affectionately, Priya
Tanya
24. You are Sonal/Soham of 8, Greater Kailash Part
II, New Delhi. Your school is organising a Diwali
Mela on 20th October, 20xx with food stalls,
games, and cultural performances. You are in
charge of inviting friends and classmates. Write
an informal invitation to your friend Megha/
22. You are Gaurav/Gauri of 15, Saket, New
Mehul. Use the following cues :
Delhi. You have started a book club in your
neighbourhood and the first meeting is being Diwali Mela — Food stalls — Games —
organised on 5th May, 20xx. Write an informal Cultural performances — 20th October, 20xx
invitation to your friend Kartik/Karishma who — 3:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. — School Grounds,
loves reading, inviting him/her to join the club. GK II, New Delhi — Entry free
Use the following cues :
Ans :
Book club — First meeting — 5th May, 20xx
— 5:00 p.m. — Discussion on favourite books 8, Greater Kailash Part II,
— Tea and snacks New Delhi
13th October, 20xx
Ans :
Dear Megha,
15, Saket, Our school is organising a Diwali Mela on 20th
New Delhi October, 20xx from 3:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at the
28th April, 20xx school grounds, GK II. There will be food stalls,
exciting games, and cultural performances.
Dear Kartik,
Entry is absolutely free. Do come and enjoy the
I have started a book club in our neighbourhood
festive spirit with us. Looking forward to your
and our first meeting is on 5th May, 20xx at
company.
5:00 p.m. at my residence. We will discuss our
favourite books over tea and snacks. Knowing Yours lovingly,
your love for reading, your presence would truly Sonal
enrich our gathering. Please do join us.
25. You are Aryan/Ananya, residing at B-12, Green
Yours affectionately,
Park, New Delhi. Your close friend, Kabir, is
Gaurav
moving to another city as his father has been
transferred. You and your friends have decided
23. You are Priya of C-4/15, Sector 9, Lucknow. You
to organize a small farewell party to give him
are opening a boutique on 25th March, 20xx.
a warm send-off and spend some quality time
Write an informal invitation to your best friend
together before he leaves. Write an invitation to
Simran inviting her to attend the inauguration.
your friend, Rohan, asking him to join.

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PAGE 228 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Cues:
• Occasion: Farewell party for Kabir.
• Date & Time: Saturday, 10th October, at
5:00 PM.
• Venue: Your residence (B-12, Green Park,
New Delhi).
• Highlights: Music, snacks, and a surprise gift
presentation.
• Expression to include: “It would be incomplete
without you.”
Ans :

B-12, Green Park,

New Delhi
2nd October, 2026
Dear Rohan,
Our friend Kabir is moving to Mumbai next
week. We’ve planned a small farewell party for
him this Saturday at 5:00 PM at my home.
NODIA
We’ll have music, snacks, and a surprise gift.
This send-off would be incomplete without you.
Please do join us to say goodbye!
Yours affectionately,
Aryan


 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

CHAPTER 13
LETTER TO THE EDITOR

1. INTRODUCTION Sender’s Address

A Letter to the Editor is a formal letter written Date
to the editor of a newspaper or magazine. It is Receiver’s Designation and Address
written by a reader to express opinions, share
information, raise concerns, suggest solutions, or Subject [One line stating the main topic of the
respond to something published. Newspapers have letter]
a wide readership and influence public opinion. Salutation [Sir/Madam,]
Such letters give ordinary citizens a chance to
voice their views and bring important issues to Body of the Letter:
the attention of the public and authorities. It is Opening Paragraph [State the purpose of
an effective way of communicating with society writing the letter clearly and concisely.]
through print media. It also helps in creating Middle Paragraph(s) [Describe the problem or
awareness and encouraging action on important issue in detail. Give facts, examples, or personal
issues. experiences to support your point.]
Closing Paragraph [Request the editor to
2. PURPOSE OF LETTER TO THE publish the letter. Appeal to the concerned
EDITOR authorities for action.]

A letter to the editor may be written for any of Subscription [Yours faithfully,]
the following purposes: Sender’s Name
1. To draw attention to a problem or issue in the
community
2. To suggest solutions to a civic or social 4. PARTS OF A LETTER TO THE
problem EDITOR
3. To appreciate or criticise a policy or decision
4. To correct wrong or incomplete information The following are the main parts of a letter to the
published in a newspaper editor, which should be written in a proper and
5. To increase awareness about an important correct format:
social issue 1. Sender’s Address: The full address of the
6. To appeal to the authorities for action person writing the letter is written on the top
left side of the page. It includes the house
number, locality, city, and state.
3. FORMAT OF A LETTER TO THE 2. Date: The date is written just below the
sender’s address. It must be written in full.
EDITOR
Example : 15th October, 20xx
A letter to the editor follows a specific formal 3. Receiver’s Address: The designation and
format. Every part of the letter must be written address of the editor is written after the date.
carefully and in the correct order. It begins with “To,” and includes:
- The Editor
- Name of the Newspaper or Magazine
- City

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PAGE 230 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. Subject Line: The subject is a single line that 6. Always suggest solutions or appeal for action
clearly summarises the main point of the in the closing paragraph. Do not merely
letter. It begins with “Subject :” and should complain.
be brief and specific. 7. The word limit for CBSE Class 9 is 120 to 150
Example : words. Stay within this limit strictly.
Subject : Increasing menace of waterlogging 8. Use “Yours faithfully” as the subscription
in residential areas — never “Yours affectionately” or “Yours
5. Salutation: The letter begins with “Sir,” or lovingly.”
“Madam,” depending on the gender of the 9. If you are criticising something, begin with a
editor. When the gender is not known, “Sir/ balanced and constructive tone rather than
Madam,” is used. an angry or aggressive one.
6. Body of the Letter: The body is divided into 10. Always close with a polite request to the editor
three parts: to publish the letter so the issue reaches the
a. Opening Paragraph : Introduce yourself concerned authorities and the public.
briefly and state the purpose of writing 11. Do not use casual or informal language. Avoid
the letter. Mention through which slang, contractions, or conversational phrases.
medium you wish to draw attention to 12. The sender’s name given in the question must

NODIA
the issue. be used. If a male/female option is given
b. Middle Paragraph(s) : Describe the (e.g., Priya/Priyanshu), choose one and use it
problem or issue in detail. Use facts, consistently throughout.
personal observations, or experiences to
make your point convincing. Explain the
impact of the problem on people.
c. Closing Paragraph : Suggest possible
solutions or measures. Appeal to the 6. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS FOR A
concerned authorities for immediate LETTER TO THE EDITOR
action. Request the editor to publish the
The following are some useful expressions that
letter so that the issue reaches a wider
can be used while writing a letter to the editor:
audience.
7. Subscription: The letter always ends with
To Begin the Letter
“Yours faithfully,” since this is a formal letter
• Through the columns of your esteemed
to someone the writer does not personally
newspaper, I wish to draw attention to...
know.
• I am writing to express my deep concern
8. Sender’s Name: The full name of the sender
over...
is written below the subscription.
• I would like to bring to your notice a serious
issue regarding...
5. POINTS TO REMEMBER • With your kind permission, I wish to highlight
a growing problem...
The following are some important points to • I am a regular reader of your newspaper and
remember while writing a letter to the editor: wish to draw attention to...
1. A letter to the editor is always a formal
letter. The tone must be serious, polite, and To Describe the Problem
respectful throughout. • The situation has become extremely serious
2. The letter must focus on only one issue or and requires immediate attention...
topic. Do not mix multiple problems in a • The residents of our area have been facing
single letter. this problem for a long time...
3. The language must be simple, clear, and • Despite repeated complaints to the authorities,
concise. Use short sentences and short no action has been taken...
paragraphs. • This problem has severely affected the daily
4. Always begin the letter by introducing lives of the people...
yourself and stating your purpose clearly. • The condition is deteriorating with each
5. The subject line must be specific and clearly passing day...
reflect the content of the letter.
 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

To Suggest Solutions authorities to the alarming rise in noise pollution

• I earnestly request the concerned authorities in our locality.
to take immediate action... With the arrival of the festival season, the
• The government must take strict measures to peace of our residential area has been completely
address this issue... shattered. Banquet halls and wedding processions
• I urge the authorities to look into the matter continue to use high-decibel loudspeakers well past
without further delay... midnight, openly flouting the 10 p.m. deadline.
• It is high time that proper steps were taken to This constant noise is causing immense distress to
resolve this problem... senior citizens and patients. As a student, I find
• Regular inspection and strict enforcement of it impossible to concentrate on my studies for the
rules can help curb this menace... upcoming board examinations.
I urge the local police to strictly enforce the
To Close the Letter existing laws and penalize those who violate noise
• I hope you will publish this letter and bring it limits. Regular patrolling after 10 p.m. is essential
to the notice of the authorities... to ensure a quiet environment.
• I trust that your newspaper will take up this I hope you will publish this letter to awaken
cause for the benefit of the public... the authorities to this serious problem.
• Kindly give space to this letter in your
esteemed publication... Yours faithfully,
• I sincerely hope that the concerned authorities Amit
will take note and act promptly... 2. You are Aman/Ananya of 15, Sector 12, Dwarka,
New Delhi. Look at the visual prompt below,
7. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES which illustrates a major intersection in Delhi
showing chaotic traffic, a minor accident, and two
1. You are Amit/Amita, a student living at 12, drivers arguing angrily. Based on this image, in
Rajpur Road, Civil Lines, New Delhi. With 120-150 words, write a letter to the Editor of The
the onset of the wedding and festival season, Hindustan Times on the lack of road discipline
the residents of your locality are suffering from and the growing menace of road rage. Suggest
sleepless nights due to the loud music from remedial measures.
nearby banquet halls and late-night processions.
This is severely affecting your preparation for
the upcoming final exams. Write a letter to the
Editor of The Hindustan Times drawing attention
to the violation of noise pollution norms.
Cues:
• Loudspeakers beyond 10 p.m.
• Lack of police patrolling
• Health issues for senior citizens
• Impact on student concentration
• Need for strict penalties.
Ans :
12, Rajpur Road, Civil Lines,
New Delhi Ans :
15th September, 20xx 15, Sector 12, Dwarka,
To, New Delhi
The Editor 14th February, 20xx
The Hindustan Times To,
New Delhi The Editor
Subject: Growing menace of noise pollution in The Hindustan Times
residential areas New Delhi
Sir, Subject: Increasing incidents of road rage and
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, lack of traffic discipline
I wish to draw the attention of the concerned

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PAGE 232 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Sir, I am writing to express my deep concern over

Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, the extremely poor condition of the roads in our
I wish to draw the attention of the authorities to locality, which has become a nightmare for the
the disturbing rise in road rage and chaotic traffic residents.
conditions in New Delhi. The main road was dug up months ago for
The streets of our city have become a pipeline repairs but was never properly restored.
battlefield where commuters have lost all patience. It is now riddled with deep potholes and loose
A minor brush-up between vehicles instantly stones. This has led to several minor accidents,
escalates into heated arguments, blocking other especially involving two-wheeler riders who skid
road users for hours. Drivers frequently violate on the gravel. During peak hours, the broken road
traffic rules, break signals, and engage in reckless causes long traffic jams, making it difficult for
driving. This lack of discipline not only causes school buses and ambulances to pass. Furthermore,
severe traffic jams but is also a major cause of the constant dust is causing respiratory issues
fatal accidents, as the recent visuals near Dwarka among the residents.
crossing have shown. I urge the Public Works Department (PWD)
The government must take strict measures to prioritize the repair of this road before a major
to address this issue by deploying more traffic accident occurs. Regular maintenance must be
police at busy intersections and installing high- ensured for public safety.
resolution CCTV cameras. Strict penalties for I hope you will give space to this letter in
violators can help curb this menace significantly. your publication to prompt the authorities to act.
Public awareness drives are also essential.
Yours faithfully,
I hope you will publish this letter to bring it
Karan
to the notice of the traffic department.
Yours faithfully, 4. You are Meena/Mohan, a resident of 33, Civil
Aman Lines, New Delhi. You have observed that children
in your neighborhood spend most of their evenings
3. You are Karan/Kavita of 7, Shastri Nagar, New staring at smartphone screens rather than playing
Delhi. The main connecting road in your area in the parks. You feel this is leading to a lack of
was dug up for pipeline work six months ago and physical fitness and social skills. Write a letter
has not been repaired since. The road is now full to the Editor of The Deccan Chronicle discussing
of potholes and loose gravel, leading to frequent the harmful effects of excessive screen time and
skidding of two-wheelers and massive traffic jams suggesting ways to encourage outdoor activities.
during peak hours. Write a letter to the Editor of Outline: Decline in physical health—social
The Hindu in 120–150 words appealing for urgent isolation—eye strain—role of parents—need for
repairs. digital-free hours.
Cues: Ans :
• Unfinished work 33, Civil Lines,
• Risky for commuters New Delhi
• Dust pollution 12th January, 2026
• Heavy traffic congestion To,
• Request for PWD intervention. The Editor
Ans : The Deccan Chronicle
7, Shastri Nagar, New Delhi
New Delhi Subject: Harmful effects of excessive mobile phone
5th November, 20xx use among children
To, Sir,
The Editor Through the columns of your respected newspaper,
The Hindu I wish to share my concern regarding the growing
New Delhi addiction to smartphones among the youth.
Subject: Deplorable condition of roads in Shastri It is disheartening to see that parks, which
Nagar used to be full of children playing, are now mostly
Sir, empty. Instead, teenagers spend hours scrolling
through social media or playing online games.

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 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

This sedentary lifestyle is causing poor eyesight, leakages in the underground pipes to prevent
obesity, and a lack of real-life social skills. Many contamination.
students are also losing sleep, which directly Kindly publish this letter to draw the attention
affects their concentration in school. of the higher authorities to our grievance.
I believe parents should lead by example
Yours faithfully,
and strictly monitor their children’s screen time.
Rekha
Schools should also organize more sports events
and awareness talks on “Digital Detox.” It is high
time we encourage our children to reconnect with 
the physical world.
I hope your newspaper will highlight this issue
to create awareness among parents and students.
Yours faithfully,
Meena

5. You are Rekha/Rajan of 18, Sector 9, Rohini,

New Delhi. Your colony has been receiving water
supply for only twenty minutes a day for the last
two weeks. The pressure is too low to reach the
first floor, and the water is often dirty. Write a
letter to the Editor of The Tribune highlighting
the plight of the residents and the lack of response
from the local water board.
Begin like this: I wish to use the platform of
your esteemed daily to bring to light the severe
hardship...
Ans :
18, Sector 9, Rohini,
New Delhi
10th May, 2026
To,
The Editor
The Tribune
New Delhi
Subject: Acute water shortage and supply of
contaminated water
Sir,
I wish to use the platform of your esteemed daily
to bring to light the severe hardship faced by the
residents of Rohini due to a major water crisis.
For the past fifteen days, our locality has been
receiving water for barely twenty minutes a day.
The pressure is so low that the water does not
even reach the storage tanks. To make matters
NODIA

worse, the water supplied is often brownish and

foul-smelling, making it unfit for drinking or
cooking. Despite several complaints to the Delhi
Jal Board, no corrective measures have been
taken.
I request the concerned authorities to
ensure a regular and clean water supply to our
area immediately. They must also check for any
PAGE 234 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE I trust that your newspaper will take up this

cause for the benefit of the public.
1. You are Kavita/Karan of 20, Rajouri Garden, Yours faithfully,
New Delhi. Observe the visual given below, Kavita
highlighting the vulnerability of children on the
internet. As digital classes and social media use 2. You are Rohan/Raveena of 12, Karol Bagh, New
increase, so do the risks of cyberbullying and Delhi. While volunteering at a local NGO, you
online fraud. In 120-150 words, write a letter to noticed that many bright children from low-
the Editor of The Hindu emphasizing the need for income families are falling behind because they
‘digital safety’ education in schools and at home. lack smartphones and internet access for their
hybrid classes. Write a letter to the Editor of The
Times of India highlighting this ‘Digital Divide’
and suggesting how the community can help
bridge this gap.s
Cues:
• Online learning a luxury for many
• Unequal access to resources
• Need for community gadgets donation
• Setting up free Wi-Fi zones in clusters
• Role of NGOs.
Ans :
12, Karol Bagh,
New Delhi
Ans : 15th April, 2026
20, Rajouri Garden, To,
New Delhi The Editor
8th March, 20xx The Times of India
To, New Delhi
The Editor Subject: Addressing the digital divide in our
The Hindu education system
New Delhi Sir,
Subject: Urgent need for cyber safety education I am writing to you today to highlight a digital gap
among teenagers that is silently affecting the future of thousands of
Sir, underprivileged children in our city.
I am writing to express my deep concern over the The situation has become extremely serious
vulnerability of children in the online world, as and requires immediate attention. While most
depicted by the increasing reports of cyberbullying students in New Delhi have shifted to digital
and fraud. learning, children from low-income families are
In today’s digital age, children are exposed to struggling due to a lack of smartphones and data
the internet at a very young age for education and connections. This problem has severely affected
entertainment. Unfortunately, the web is also full the daily lives of these students, as they feel
of dangers. Young users, often unaware of privacy excluded from the modern education system.
settings, are easy targets for online predators and The government must take strict measures
identity theft. The constant pressure of social to address this issue by setting up community
media can lead to anxiety, and cases of severe learning centers with free Wi-Fi. I earnestly
cyberbullying are on the rise, causing immense request the concerned authorities to encourage
distress to teenagers. gadget donation drives. Regular inspection of
Schools must introduce compulsory digital government schools to ensure digital infrastructure
ethics classes to teach students responsible use is also necessary.
of technology. Parents must also monitor screen I hope you will publish this letter and bring
time and educate children about online safety. it to the notice of the authorities and the public.
It is high time that proper steps were taken to Yours faithfully,
protect our future generation. Rohan

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 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

3. You are Shreya/Shreyas of 24, Green Park, New • Social media responsibility
Delhi. You feel that the current education system • Need for digital ethics in schools.
focuses too much on bookish knowledge and Ans :
ignores practical skills like coding, gardening, or 10, Lajpat Nagar,
basic repair work. Write a letter to the Editor of New Delhi
The Pioneer suggesting the inclusion of vocational 22nd May, 2026
training in the school curriculum. To,
Outline: Skill-based learning—employability—all- The Editor
round development—National Education Policy The Hindustan Times
(NEP) goals—practical workshops. New Delhi
Ans : Subject: Dangers of unverified news and rumors
24, Green Park, on social media
New Delhi Sir,

NODIA
12th January, 2026 With your kind permission, I wish to highlight a
To, growing problem regarding the unchecked spread
The Editor of fake news through social media platforms.
The Pioneer The residents of our area have been facing
New Delhi this problem for a long time, but a recent incident
Subject: Importance of vocational skills in school of a false kidnapping rumor caused widespread
curriculum panic. The condition is deteriorating with each
Sir, passing day as people forward messages without
I am a regular reader of your newspaper and wish fact-checking. This problem has severely affected
to draw attention to the need for a shift in our the daily lives of people, creating a sense of fear
education system toward vocational training. and even leading to mob violence in some cases.
The situation has become extremely serious It is high time that proper steps were taken to
as students graduate with degrees but lack resolve this problem. I urge the authorities to look
practical, real-world skills. This problem has into the matter and launch awareness campaigns
severely affected the daily lives of the youth who on digital ethics. Strict enforcement of laws
struggle to find employment. Despite the focus against those who create such rumors is essential.
on theory, no action has been taken to introduce I trust that your newspaper will take up this
hands-on workshops for skills like digital literacy cause for the benefit of the public.
or craftsmanship in many schools.
Yours faithfully,
It is high time that proper steps were taken
Ishan
to resolve this problem by including skill-based
subjects in the curriculum. Regular inspection of 5. You are Aryan/Ananya of 55, Preet Vihar, New
school facilities for vocational training can help Delhi. You have observed that many of your
curb this menace of unemployment. classmates suffer from extreme stress and anxiety
Kindly give space to this letter in your due to the pressure of competitive exams, yet
esteemed publication. there is a stigma attached to seeking help. Write
Yours faithfully, a letter to the Editor of The Hindu suggesting the
Shreya need for mandatory counseling in schools.
Begin like this: Through the columns of your
4. You are Ishan/Ishita of 10, Lajpat Nagar, New esteemed newspaper, I wish to voice a concern
Delhi. Recently, a viral rumor on a messaging that is often hidden behind...
app caused unnecessary panic in your colony Ans :
regarding a child-lifting gang, which turned out 55, Preet Vihar,
to be completely false. Write a letter to the Editor New Delhi
of The Hindustan Times about the dangers of 10th June, 2026
spreading unverified information. To,
Cues: The Editor
• Panic and fear The Hindu
• Mob mentality New Delhi
• Lack of fact-checking
PAGE 236 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Subject: Need for mandatory mental health Subject: Lack of civic sense and public littering in
counseling in schools parks and public spaces
Sir, Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper,
I wish to voice a concern that is often hidden I wish to draw attention to the disappointing
behind the high academic expectations placed on lack of public responsibility towards maintaining
students today. cleanliness, especially after events in public parks.
The situation has become extremely serious We often enjoy the greenery and peace that our
as the pressure to score high marks is leading to local parks offer, yet we completely fail to protect
anxiety and depression among teenagers. Despite them. The shocking “before and after” state of
repeated complaints to school boards about our green spaces shows that after any gathering,
the heavy syllabus, no action has been taken people routinely leave behind heaps of plastic
to provide emotional support. This problem waste and food wrappers. This not only spoils
has severely affected the daily lives of students, the natural beauty but also creates unhygienic
making them feel isolated and overwhelmed. conditions, turning a place of relaxation into a
I earnestly request the concerned authorities breeding ground for diseases.
to make full-time counselors mandatory in every I urge the municipal authorities to ensure
school. Regular inspection of the students’ mental that strict fines are imposed on anyone found
well-being is as important as their grades. I littering. Organizers of public events must be held
sincerely hope that the concerned authorities will accountable for the post-event cleanup. Regular
take note and act promptly. inspection can help curb this menace significantly.
Kindly give space to this letter in your
Yours faithfully,
esteemed publication to highlight this important
Ananya
issue.
6. You are Deepak/Deepika of 10, Civil Lines, Yours faithfully,
New Delhi. Look at the infographic below which Deepak
compares a clean public park to one that has
been left littered after an event. It reflects a poor 7. You are Kabir/Kriti of 88, Hauz Khas, New
civic sense. In 120-150 words, write a letter to Delhi. You find that the few open spaces and
the Editor of The Pioneer on the lack of public playgrounds left in your locality are being used for
responsibility and the need to impose heavy fines commercial parking or wedding functions, leaving
to maintain cleanliness in public spaces. children with no place to play. Write a letter to
the Editor of The Indian Express expressing your
concern.
Cues:
• Encroachment of public land
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Obesity in children
• Violation of city planning
• Need for “Play Zones.”
Ans :
88, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi
5th September, 2026
To,
Ans : The Editor
10, Civil Lines, The Indian Express
New Delhi New Delhi
22nd April, 20xx Subject: Encroachment of playgrounds affecting
To, children’s health
The Editor Sir,
The Pioneer I would like to bring to your notice a serious issue
New Delhi regarding the rapid disappearance of playgrounds

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 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

and open spaces in Hauz Khas. tourism in our city.

The residents of our area have been facing The government must take strict measures to
this problem as our only local park is now being address this issue by deploying security guards
used for parking and private functions. The and installing CCTV cameras at these sites.
situation is deteriorating with each passing day, I urge the authorities to look into the matter
leaving children with no choice but to stay indoors without further delay and impose heavy fines for

NODIA
and lead a sedentary lifestyle. This problem has vandalism.
severely affected the daily lives of the youth, I hope you will publish this letter and bring it
contributing to physical and mental health issues. to the notice of the authorities.
The government must take strict measures
Yours faithfully,
to address this issue and ensure that parks are
Tanmay
reserved only for recreation. I urge the authorities
to look into the matter without further delay. 9. You are Ridhima/Rohan of 42, Pitampura, New
I hope you will publish this letter and bring it Delhi. Recently, many residents in your colony fell
to the notice of the authorities. ill after consuming loose milk and spices bought
Yours faithfully, from a local vendor. You suspect food adulteration
Kabir is becoming rampant in the city. Write a letter to
the Editor of The Hindustan Times highlighting
8. You are Tanmay/Tanvi of 15, Chandni Chowk, the need for regular food safety checks.
New Delhi. During a school heritage walk, Cues:
you were shocked to see that several historical • Health hazards
monuments in your area are covered in graffiti • Harmful chemicals
and surrounded by litter. Many local shops have • Lack of regular inspection
also encroached upon the monument walls. Write • Unscrupulous traders
a letter to the Editor of The Times of India • Need for consumer awareness and strict
expressing your concern over the neglect of our FSSAI enforcement.
cultural heritage. Ans :
Begin like this: I would like to bring to your 42, Pitampura,
notice a serious issue regarding the deteriorating New Delhi
condition of... 20th April, 2026
Ans : To,
15, Chandni Chowk, The Editor
New Delhi The Hindustan Times
15th April, 2026 New Delhi
To, Subject: Growing menace of food adulteration in
The Editor the city
The Times of India Sir,
New Delhi I am writing to express my deep concern over the
Subject: Neglect and vandalism of historical alarming rise in food adulteration cases in our
monuments locality.
Sir, The situation has become extremely
I would like to bring to your notice a serious issue serious as several residents have fallen ill due to
regarding the deteriorating condition of our local contaminated food products. Despite repeated
heritage sites in Chandni Chowk. complaints to the local authorities, no action has
The situation has become extremely been taken against the dishonest vendors. The
serious and requires immediate attention. It is condition is deteriorating with each passing day,
disheartening to see our historical monuments posing a grave threat to the health of children
covered in graffiti and surrounded by heaps of and senior citizens. This problem has severely
trash. The residents of our area have been facing affected the daily lives of the people who now live
this problem for a long time as local vendors in constant fear for their safety.
have encroached upon the monument premises. I earnestly request the concerned authorities
This problem has severely affected the daily lives to take immediate action by conducting regular
of those who value our history and discourages inspections and food quality tests. The government
PAGE 238 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

must take strict measures to penalize those who Yours faithfully,

play with public health. Regular inspection and Ananya
strict enforcement of rules can help curb this
menace. 11. You are Kabir/Kriti of 10, Lajpat Nagar,
Kindly give space to this letter in your New Delhi. You have witnessed people in your
esteemed publication. neighborhood treating stray animals cruelly—
throwing stones at them or displacing new-born
Yours faithfully, puppies. You feel that a society is judged by how
Ridhima it treats its animals. Write a letter to the Editor
of The Indian Express advocating for animal
10. You are Aryan/Ananya of 20, Rajouri Garden,
compassion and local shelters.
New Delhi. You noticed that a classmate who
Cues:
uses a wheelchair finds it impossible to access
• Animal rights violation
the school library and the local park because
• Fear-based aggression
there are no ramps. Write a letter to the Editor
• Importance of sterilization over cruelty
of The Hindu regarding the need for “Inclusive
• Role of NGOs
Infrastructure” for the differently-abled in public
• Need for community feeding zones.
spaces.
Begin like this: Through the columns of your Ans :
esteemed newspaper, I wish to highlight the silent 10, Lajpat Nagar,
struggles of... New Delhi
5th June, 2026
Ans :
To,
20, Rajouri Garden,
The Editor
New Delhi
The Indian Express
12th May, 2026
New Delhi
To,
Subject: Increasing instances of cruelty toward
The Editor
stray animals
The Hindu
Sir,
New Delhi
I am a regular reader of your newspaper and
Subject: Need for inclusive infrastructure for the
wish to draw attention to the growing problem of
differently-abled
animal cruelty in our residential areas.
Sir,
The condition is deteriorating with each
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper,
passing day as residents often resort to violence
I wish to highlight the silent struggles of the
against stray dogs instead of seeking humane
differently-abled citizens in our city due to a lack
solutions. This situation has become extremely
of inclusive infrastructure.
serious as puppies are being displaced, and
The residents of our area have been facing
animals are being beaten without cause. Such
this problem as most public buildings, parks,
behavior reflects a poor civic sense and a lack of
and even schools lack basic ramp facilities. This
empathy in our society.
problem has severely affected the daily lives of
I earnestly request the concerned authorities
many bright individuals who are denied their
to take immediate action by collaborating with
right to equal access. Despite various policies, no
NGOs for sterilization and vaccination drives. It is
action has been taken on the ground to make our
high time that proper steps were taken to educate
city truly “barrier-free.”
the public on animal rights. Strict enforcement
It is high time that proper steps were taken
of rules against animal cruelty can help curb this
to resolve this problem. I urge the authorities to
menace.
look into the matter and ensure that all public
I sincerely hope that the concerned authorities
spaces are equipped with ramps and tactile paths.
will take note and act promptly.
Regular inspection of new construction projects
should be made mandatory to ensure they follow Yours faithfully,
accessibility norms. Kabir
I trust that your newspaper will take up this
cause for the benefit of the public.

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 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

12. You are Shreya/Shreyas of 88, Vasant Kunj, New serious environmental crisis and the urgent need
Delhi. You find that your classmates are using for a scientific waste management plan.
AI tools to write their essays and solve their
homework, leading to a decline in original thinking
and creativity. Write a letter to the Editor of The
Pioneer regarding the ethical use of technology in
education.
Outline: Impact on critical thinking—risk of
plagiarism—loss of problem-solving skills—need
for balanced use of AI—importance of teacher
guidance.
Ans :
88, Vasant Kunj,
New Delhi
10th July, 2026
To, Ans :
The Editor B-Block, Gazipur,
The Pioneer New Delhi
New Delhi 25th January, 20xx
Subject: Ethical use of AI and its impact on To,
students’ creativity The Editor
Sir, The Times of India
I would like to bring to your notice a serious New Delhi
issue regarding the increasing over-dependence on Subject: Towering Gazipur landfill posing severe
Artificial Intelligence tools among school students. health and environmental risks
The situation has become extremely serious Sir,
as students have started using AI to complete I would like to bring to your notice a serious issue
their assignments without understanding the regarding the massive garbage landfill near our
concepts. This problem has severely affected the residential locality in Gazipur, New Delhi.
daily lives of learners, leading to a significant As you are aware, this “garbage mountain”
decline in original thinking and creativity. The has far exceeded its capacity and has become a
condition is deteriorating as students lose their dangerous health hazard. The rotting waste emits
ability to solve problems independently. a constant foul stench and toxic gases, making
The government and educational boards it difficult for the residents to even breathe. It
must take strict measures to regulate the use of is also contaminating the groundwater in the
these tools in schools. It is high time that proper area. Frequent fires at the landfill contribute
steps were taken to teach students the difference significantly to Delhi’s air pollution.
between using technology as a help and using it I earnestly request the concerned authorities
as a shortcut. Regular inspection of students’ to take immediate action by prioritizing the
progress through traditional methods should be scientific management of waste. There is a critical
encouraged. need to implement segregation at the source and
I hope you will publish this letter to create set up modern waste-to-energy plants. We cannot
awareness among parents and teachers. afford to ignore this deteriorating situation any
NODIA

longer.
Yours faithfully,
Kindly publish this letter to create awareness
Shreyas
and ensure public safety.
13. You are Rohan/Raveena, a resident of B-Block, Yours faithfully,
Gazipur, New Delhi. Look at the visual given Rohan
below showing the towering landfill near your
locality. It is a health hazard, causes groundwater
pollution, and emits foul gas. In 120-150 words,
write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India
drawing the attention of the authorities to this
Dear Teacher,
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• Complete NODIA book series for CBSE Class 9 (Session 2026–27) is available as free, fully
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PAGE 240 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

14. You are Rahul/Rina of 10, Adarsh Nagar, New Ans :

Delhi. You notice that children in your colony 25, Rohini,
spend all their time on mobile phones because New Delhi
there is no library or reading room nearby. Write 20th June, 2026
a letter to the Editor of The Times of India To,
suggesting that the government should open a The Editor
public library in your area. The Hindustan Times

NODIA
Begin like this: I am a regular reader of your New Delhi
newspaper and wish to draw attention to... Subject: Concern over cutting of trees for parking
Ans : space
10, Adarsh Nagar, Sir,
New Delhi I am writing to express my deep concern over the
15th May, 2026 continuous cutting of trees in our colony to create
To, more space for parking.
The Editor The situation has become extremely serious
The Times of India and requires immediate attention. Trees are our
New Delhi lifeline, but they are being cut down blindly. The
Subject: Need for a public library in Adarsh condition is deteriorating with each passing day
Nagar as the temperature in our area is rising and birds
Sir, are losing their nests. This problem has severely
I am a regular reader of your newspaper and wish affected the daily lives of the people who now
to draw attention to the lack of a public library miss the cool shade of the trees.
in our locality. The government must take strict measures to
The residents of our area have been facing this address this issue. I urge the authorities to look
problem for a long time. Children and students into the matter and start a tree-plantation drive
have no quiet place to sit and read. Since books in our locality. Regular inspection can help curb
are very expensive, many students cannot afford this menace of illegal tree cutting.
to buy them. This problem has severely affected I sincerely hope that the concerned authorities
the daily lives of the youth, as they spend most will take note and act promptly.
of their time on mobile phones instead of reading. Yours faithfully,
I earnestly request the concerned authorities Aman
to take immediate action and open a small public
library or a reading room. It is high time that 16. You are Sonu/Soni of 5, Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
proper steps were taken to promote reading When you go to the local market, you see that
habits. people throw fruit peels and plastic bags on the
I hope you will publish this letter and bring it road because there are no dustbins. Write a letter
to the notice of the authorities. to the Editor of The Hindu asking the municipal
department to install dustbins.
Yours faithfully,
Begin like this: I would like to bring to your notice
Rahul
a serious issue regarding...
15. You are Aman/Amita of 25, Rohini, New Delhi. Ans :
You are worried because many trees are being 5, Karol Bagh,
cut down in your colony to make more space New Delhi
for parking cars. Write a letter to the Editor of 12th July, 2026
The Hindustan Times about the importance of To,
planting trees. The Editor
Cues: The Hindu
• Cutting trees for parking New Delhi
• Less shade Subject: Lack of dustbins in the local market area
• Increase in heat Sir,
• Birds losing homes I would like to bring to your notice a serious issue
• Request to plant more saplings. regarding the lack of dustbins in the Karol Bagh
main market.
 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

The residents of our area have been facing safe environment for our kids.
this problem for a long time. Since there are no I hope you will publish this letter and bring it
dustbins, shoppers and vendors throw garbage to the notice of the authorities.
on the road. The situation has become extremely
Yours faithfully,
serious as the waste attracts flies and smells very
Vinita
bad. This problem has severely affected the daily
lives of the people who visit the market for their 18. You are Rohan/Riya, a resident of Block-C,
daily needs. Janakpuri, New Delhi. Look at the visual prompt
I earnestly request the concerned authorities provided below, which shows a tangled mess of
to take immediate action and install large dustbins overhead electricity and internet wires hanging
at every corner of the market. Regular inspection dangerously low in a narrow street. This situation
and strict enforcement of rules can help keep our is a major fire hazard and has caused several
market clean. minor accidents in your locality. In 120-150 words,
I trust that your newspaper will take up this write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India
cause for the benefit of the public. drawing the attention of the authorities to this
Yours faithfully, life-threatening issue.
Sonu

17. You are Vicky/Vinita of 12, Palam Enclave, New

Delhi. In your colony, there is no playground, so
children are forced to play cricket and football
on the busy streets. This is dangerous and causes
trouble for drivers. Write a letter to the Editor of
The Times of India requesting the authorities to
develop a vacant plot into a children’s park.
Begin like this: I would like to bring to your notice
a serious issue regarding...
Ans : Ans :
12, Palam Enclave, Block-C, Janakpuri,
New Delhi New Delhi
15th August, 2026 13th April, 2026
To, To,
The Editor The Editor
The Times of India The Times of India
New Delhi New Delhi
Subject: Need for a dedicated children’s park in Subject: Danger posed by low-hanging overhead
Palam Enclave wires in Janakpuri
Sir, Sir,
I would like to bring to your notice a serious I would like to bring to your notice a serious issue
issue regarding the lack of a safe playing area for regarding the death traps hanging over the streets
children in our colony. of Janakpuri in the form of tangled electricity and
The residents of our area have been facing this internet wires.
problem for a long time. Since there is no park, The situation has become extremely serious
children are forced to play on the busy streets. and requires immediate attention. As seen in our
The situation has become extremely serious as locality, a massive web of loose wires hangs so low
it leads to frequent minor accidents and disturbs that it is almost within reach of pedestrians. The
the traffic. This problem has severely affected the residents of our area have been facing this problem
daily lives of the children who have no space for for a long time, but the condition is deteriorating
physical exercise. with each passing day. These wires pose a severe
I earnestly request the concerned authorities risk of short circuits and fires, especially during
to take immediate action and convert the vacant the monsoon season. This problem has severely
plot in our block into a beautiful park. It is high affected the daily lives of the people, who live in
time that proper steps were taken to provide a constant fear of a fatal accident.

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PAGE 242 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

I earnestly request the concerned authorities Yours faithfully,

to take immediate action to fix these wires. The Rahul
government must take strict measures to shift
these cables underground to ensure public safety. 20. You are Sunny/Sonia of 8, Janakpuri, New
Regular inspection of electric poles can help curb Delhi. You are upset to see that the clean walls
this menace. of your colony and school have been defaced
I hope you will publish this letter and bring it with advertisements and political posters. Write
to the notice of the authorities. a letter to the Editor of The Hindu about the
importance of keeping our city’s walls clean.
Yours faithfully, Begin like this: With your kind permission, I wish
Rohan to highlight a growing problem regarding...
19. You are Rahul/Rani of 44, Anand Vihar, New Ans :
Delhi. You see that everyone in your colony uses 8, Janakpuri,
a private car even for short distances, which leads New Delhi
to huge traffic jams and pollution. Write a letter 22nd October, 2026
to the Editor of The Hindustan Times about the To,
benefits of using the Metro and buses. The Editor
Cues: The Hindu
• Too many private cars New Delhi
• Heavy traffic Subject: Defacement of public walls by posters
• High pollution and advertisements
• Metro is cheaper and faster Sir,
• Saving fuel and environment. With your kind permission, I wish to highlight
a growing problem regarding the defacement of
Ans :
public and private walls in Janakpuri.
44, Anand Vihar,
The residents of our area have been facing
New Delhi
this problem for a long time. People paste colorful
10th September, 2026
advertisements and posters on every clean wall
To,
they find. The situation has become extremely
The Editor
serious as it makes our beautiful colony look very
The Hindustan Times
ugly and dirty. This problem has severely affected
New Delhi
the daily lives of residents who take pride in
NODIA

Subject: Promoting the use of public transport to

keeping their surroundings clean.
reduce pollution
I earnestly request the concerned authorities
Sir,
to take immediate action and remove these posters.
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper,
The government must take strict measures to
I wish to draw attention to the increasing number
penalize those who ruin public property. Regular
of private vehicles on our roads.
inspection and strict enforcement of rules can
The situation has become extremely serious
help curb this menace.
and requires immediate attention. People use their
I sincerely hope that the concerned authorities
cars even for very short distances, which leads to
will take note and act promptly.
massive traffic jams every day. The condition is
deteriorating with each passing day as the smoke Yours faithfully,
from these cars makes the air unfit to breathe. Sonia
This problem has severely affected the daily lives
of people who spend hours stuck in traffic. 
The government must take strict measures
to address this issue by improving the frequency
of buses. I urge the authorities to look into the
matter and encourage people to use the Delhi
Metro. Regular inspection of vehicle emissions
can also help curb this menace of pollution.
I trust that your newspaper will take up this
cause for the benefit of the public.
 FORMAL E-MAIL

CHAPTER 14
FORMAL E-MAIL

1. INTRODUCTION Salutation
[Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Mr./Ms. (Surname)]
A formal e-mail is a professional written
Body:
communication sent through electronic mail for
Introduction
official, academic, or business purposes. Unlike
.........................................................................
informal e-mails written to friends and family,
.........................................................................
formal e-mails follow a structured format, use
Main Content
polished language, and maintain a respectful
..........................................................................
tone throughout. They are commonly written
..........................................................................
to principals, teachers, editors, managers,
..........................................................................
government authorities, and organizations.
Conclusion
..........................................................................
2. WHEN DO WE WRITE FORMAL ..........................................................................
Closing
E-MAILS? [Yours sincerely/Yours faithfully/Regards]
Formal e-mails are written in situations such as: Sender’s Name
1. Requesting permission from a school principal [Full name of the writer]
or authority Designation
2. Writing to the editor of a newspaper to [Role/class of the sender (if applicable)]
present views or suggestions on an issue
Attachments (if any)
3. Applying for leave or making official requests
at a workplace
4. Corresponding with NGOs, businesses, or
government bodies 4. STRUCTURE OF THE BODY
5. Seeking information, sponsorship, or The body of a formal e-mail is divided into three
collaboration from organizations clear parts:
1. Introduction : Begin by stating who you are
and the purpose of your e-mail. Keep it brief
3. FORMAT OF A FORMAL E-MAIL and direct.
A formal e-mail must follow a precise structure. Example: “I am writing on behalf of the
Each component serves a specific purpose. Science Club to request your permission to
organize...”
To Recipient’s official e-mail address 2. Main Content : Provide all relevant details
Cc Optional – copies sent to additional (dates, times, venues, reasons) and any
recipients supporting information the recipient needs to
make a decision or take action.
Bcc Optional – hidden copies to other
3. Conclusion : End politely by expressing hope
recipients
for a positive response, offering to provide
Subject A clear, concise line stating the further information, and thanking the
purpose recipient.
Example: “I look forward to your kind
approval. Please feel free to contact us for any
further details.”

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PAGE 244 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

5. POINTS TO REMEMBER 7. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

To draft a professional and high-scoring e-mail, it
is essential to keep the following points in mind: 1. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
1. Subject Line Clarity: The subject must school requesting permission to organize a tree
immediately tell the reader what the e-mail plantation drive on the school campus. The drive
is about. A vague subject like “Regarding is being planned by the Green Earth Club to
Something” is unacceptable. promote environmental awareness and encourage
2. Appropriate Salutation: Use “Dear Sir/ students to actively contribute toward a greener
Madam” when the name is unknown; use and healthier environment. Mention the proposed
“Dear Mr./Ms. [Surname]” when the name is date and activities planned.
known. Ans :
3. Word Limit: For your examination, a formal
e-mail must be written within 120–150 words. To [Link]@[Link]
Every word must count. Subject Request for Permission to Organize a

NODIA
4. No Informal Language: Words like “hey,” Tree Plantation Drive
“gonna,” “btw,” or exclamation marks used Dear Dr. Sunita Sharma,
casually are strictly prohibited. I hope this e-mail finds you in good health. I
5. Proper Closing: “Yours sincerely” is used am writing on behalf of the Green Earth Club
when you know the recipient’s name; “Yours of our school to seek your kind permission to
faithfully” is used when you don’t. organize a Tree Plantation Drive on Saturday,
6. Complete Information: Always include all 22nd March 2025, on the school campus.
necessary details such as date, time, venue, The initiative aims to raise awareness about
and purpose so the recipient does not need to environmental conservation and encourage
follow up for basics. students to actively contribute toward a greener
7. Professional E-Mail Address: In exam format environment. We plan to plant saplings along
questions, use realistic e-mail addresses (e.g., the school boundary, and all necessary tools and
[Link]@[Link]). plants will be arranged by the club members.
We believe this drive will instill a sense of
6. TYPES OF FORMAL E-MAILS responsibility toward nature among students.
Kindly grant us your approval and share any
Based on your syllabus, formal e-mails are suggestions for the smooth conduct of the event.
written on a given issue for presenting views and Thanking you.
suggestions. The most common types you will
encounter are: Yours sincerely,
1. E-Mail to a Principal : Requesting permission Ritika Mehta
for events, competitions, drives, workshops, Secretary, Green Earth Club
or fundraisers. Sunrise School
2. E-Mail to an Editor: Presenting views, raising
concerns, or offering suggestions about a
social, environmental, or community issue.
This type requires a clear opinion backed by
relevant points.
3. E-Mail to an Authority or Organization: Written
2. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a local
to municipal bodies, NGOs, companies, or
newspaper expressing your concern about the
institutions for collaboration, complaints,
rising problem of noise pollution in your city.
requests, or information.
Highlight how it is affecting the daily lives of
4. E-Mail Making a Request: Seeking
residents, particularly students and the elderly,
sponsorship, guidance, discount, or assistance
and suggest at least three effective measures that
from a person in an official capacity.
authorities and citizens can take to bring this
issue under control.
 FORMAL E-MAIL

Ans : The competition aims to develop critical thinking,

To [Link]@[Link] public speaking, and research skills among
students of Classes 9 and 10. All arrangements,
Subject Urgent Need to Address Rising Noise
including a panel of judges and certificates for
Pollution in Our City
participants, will be managed by the club.
Dear Mr. Suresh Verma, We are confident this event will be both intellectually
I am writing to express my deep concern about stimulating and enriching for the participants.
the alarming rise in noise pollution in our city. Kindly grant us your approval and advise us
Blaring horns, construction activities, and loud regarding any formalities to be completed.
loudspeakers in public spaces have made daily Thanking you.
life extremely stressful for residents, particularly
Yours sincerely,
students and the elderly.
Priya Sinha
Excessive noise pollution leads to serious
President, Literary and Debate Club
health issues such as hearing impairment,
Delhi Public School
increased stress levels, sleep disturbances, and
difficulty concentrating. Students preparing for 4. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a national
examinations are among the worst affected. magazine sharing your views on how the lack of
I would like to suggest that authorities strictly physical activity among teenagers is seriously
enforce noise pollution laws, impose fines for affecting their physical and mental health. Discuss
unnecessary honking, regulate construction the reasons behind this growing trend and suggest
timings in residential areas, and organize practical measures that schools, parents, and the
public awareness campaigns. Citizens too must government can take to encourage a more active
cooperate by using loudspeakers responsibly. and healthy lifestyle among young people.
I kindly request you to publish this letter to Ans :
draw the attention of concerned authorities
toward this growing menace. To [Link]@[Link]
Yours sincerely, Subject The Growing Health Crisis Due to
Aarav Mishra Physical Inactivity Among Teenagers
Class 9-A, ABC School Dear Ms. Kavita Bose,
I am writing to bring to your attention a serious
3. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
yet often overlooked concern — the alarming
school requesting permission to conduct an inter-
decline in physical activity among teenagers in
class debate competition on the topic “Technology
our country. With increasing academic pressure
Does More Harm Than Good.” The competition is
and excessive use of digital devices, most young
being organized by the Literary and Debate Club
people today lead largely sedentary lifestyles.
and is aimed at developing critical thinking and
The consequences are deeply worrying. Rising
public speaking skills among students of Classes 9
cases of obesity, poor posture, weakened
and 10. Provide details about the proposed date,
immunity, and mental health issues such as
venue, and time.
anxiety and depression are being increasingly
Ans :
observed among teenagers. Doctors warn
To [Link]@gmail. that this generation may face serious lifestyle
com diseases at an unusually young age.
Subject Request for Permission to Conduct I strongly suggest that schools make sports a
Inter-Class Debate Competition compulsory daily activity, parents limit recreational
screen time, and the government invest in public
Dear Dr. Rajiv Kapoor,
playgrounds. Communities should also organize
I hope this message finds you well. I am
regular fitness events to motivate young people.
writing on behalf of the Literary and Debate
I request you to publish this letter to spark a
Club to request your permission to organize an
much-needed national conversation on this issue.
Inter-Class Debate Competition on the topic
“Technology Does More Harm Than Good” Yours sincerely,
on Friday, 7th February 2025, in the school Meera Kapoor
auditorium from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Class 9-B, XYZ School

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PAGE 246 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

5. Write a formal e-mail to the municipal Ans :

commissioner of your city requesting urgent
To [Link]@[Link]

NODIA
action to address the serious problem of garbage
being illegally dumped near a residential area. Subject Request for Permission to Launch a
Explain how this is affecting the health and safety School Magazine
of residents and suggest specific measures that
Dear Dr. Anita Nair,
the authorities should take to resolve the issue
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing
permanently.
on behalf of the students of Classes 9 and 10 to
Ans : seek your kind permission to launch a School
Magazine titled *The Young Voices*, which will
To [Link]@[Link]
serve as a platform for students to showcase
Subject Request for Urgent Action Against their creative writing, artwork, and academic
Illegal Garbage Dumping in achievements.
Greenwood Colony The magazine will be published termly and
Dear Mr. Rakesh Sharma, will include student poems, short stories,
I am writing on behalf of the residents of illustrations, school news, and inspiring student
Greenwood Colony to draw your attention to profiles. A dedicated editorial team of students,
the serious problem of garbage being illegally under the guidance of our English teachers, will
dumped near the main entrance of our locality manage all aspects of the publication.
on MG Road. We believe this initiative will greatly boost
The accumulated waste has been lying the confidence and creativity of students
unattended for over three weeks, emitting foul while building a sense of pride in the school
odours and attracting stray animals and insects. community. Kindly grant us your approval and
This poses a significant health hazard, especially guidance to proceed.
for children and senior citizens residing nearby. Thanking you.
The risk of waterborne diseases spreading in the Yours sincerely,
area is also a grave concern. Ananya Sen
We request you to kindly arrange for the Editor-in-Chief (Proposed)
immediate clearance of the dumped waste, St. Joseph School
install proper garbage bins in the area, and
deploy sanitation workers on a regular schedule.
7. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a newspaper
Strict action against those dumping garbage
presenting your views on the importance of
illegally would also serve as a strong deterrent.
making quality education accessible to children
We hope for your prompt response to this
in rural areas of India. Highlight the existing gap
urgent matter.
between urban and rural education, and suggest
Yours faithfully, specific steps that the government, NGOs, and
Rohit Sharma communities can take to bridge this divide and
Resident Representative, Greenwood Colony create equal opportunities for all children.
Ans :

To [Link]@[Link]
6. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your Subject Bridging the Education Gap —
school requesting permission to launch a school Quality Learning for Rural Children
magazine that will serve as a creative platform Dear Mr. Pawan Joshi,
for students. The magazine will showcase student I am writing to share my views on an issue that
writing, artwork, and achievements, and will be deserves far greater attention than it currently
managed entirely by a student editorial team receives — the lack of access to quality education
under teacher supervision. Explain how this for millions of children in rural India.
initiative will benefit the school community. While urban schools boast smart classrooms,
well-trained teachers, and modern facilities,
children in villages often study in dilapidated
 FORMAL E-MAIL

buildings with undertrained staff and no digital 9. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
resources. This inequality is creating a widening school requesting permission to celebrate World
gap in opportunities and outcomes between Environment Day on 5th June in the school
urban and rural youth. premises. The event is being organized by the
I strongly believe that the government must Science Club and will include simple activities
prioritize increasing the number of trained like making posters, planting saplings, and giving
teachers in rural schools, provide digital short speeches. Mention how this event will help
infrastructure under schemes like Digital India, create awareness about environmental issues
and involve NGOs in monitoring educational among students.
quality at the grassroots level. Scholarships Ans :
and mid-day meal programmes must also be
strengthened to reduce dropout rates. To [Link]@[Link]
Kindly publish this letter to encourage public Subject Request for Permission to Celebrate
debate and policy action on this pressing issue. World Environment Day
Yours sincerely, Dear Dr. Ramesh Gupta,
Tara Sharma I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing
Class 9-A, Kendriya Vidyalaya on behalf of the Science Club to seek your kind
permission to celebrate World Environment
8. Write a formal e-mail to the director of a local Day on Friday, 5th June 2025, in the school
NGO requesting them to conduct a career premises during the morning assembly period.
guidance workshop for students of Classes 9 and The event will include simple activities such
10 at your school. Explain why such a workshop as poster making, planting of saplings in the
is needed at this stage of students’ academic school garden, and short speeches by students
lives, provide details about the proposed date and on topics related to environmental protection.
venue, and mention the topics you would like to No special arrangements or extra resources will
be covered during the session. be required, as everything will be managed by
Ans : the club members themselves.
We believe this celebration will help create
To [Link]@[Link]
meaningful awareness about pressing
Subject Request to Conduct a Career environmental issues among students and
Guidance Workshop at XYZ School encourage them to adopt eco-friendly habits in
Dear Ms. Priya Agarwal, their daily lives.
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing Kindly grant us your approval for the same.
on behalf of the Student Welfare Committee Thanking you.
of XYZ School to request your esteemed Yours sincerely,
organization to conduct a Career Guidance Rohan Mehta
Workshop for students of Classes 9 and 10. Secretary, Science Club
We propose to hold the workshop on Saturday, XYZ School
15th March 2025, at our school auditorium from
10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Many of our students feel
uncertain about their future academic and career
paths, and expert guidance at this stage would
help them make informed and confident decisions.
We would be deeply grateful if your team could
cover topics such as career options after Class
10, the importance of skill development, and 10. Write a formal e-mail to your class teacher
emerging career fields. Kindly let us know your requesting her to issue a character certificate for
availability and any requirements from our side. you as it is required for admission to a hobby
Thanking you. class at a local community centre. Mention your
name, class, and section clearly, explain why the
Yours sincerely,
certificate is needed, and request her to issue it at
Meera Kapoor
the earliest convenience.
Head Girl, XYZ School

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PAGE 248 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : EXERCISE
To teacher.class9@[Link] 1. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
Subject Request for Issuance of Character school requesting permission to organize a health
Certificate and hygiene awareness campaign for students of
the junior classes. The campaign is being planned
Dear Ms. Neha Sharma,
by the Health and Wellness Club and aims to
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing
teach younger students about the importance of
to request you to kindly issue a character
cleanliness, healthy eating, and personal hygiene
certificate in my name for official purposes.
through interactive activities and demonstrations.
I, Aryan Kapoor, a student of Class 9-A at XYZ
School, require the certificate for my admission Ans :
to a painting hobby class at the Greenwood
To [Link]@[Link]
Community Centre. The centre has made it
mandatory for all applicants below the age of Subject Request for Permission to Organize
18 to submit a character certificate issued by a Health and Hygiene Awareness
their respective schools. Campaign
I would be grateful if you could issue the Dear Dr. Ramesh Gupta,
certificate at your earliest convenience, as the I hope this message finds you in good health. I
last date for submission of documents at the am writing on behalf of the Health and Wellness
centre is 20th April 2025. I assure you that Club to seek your permission to organize a
it will be used solely for the above-mentioned Health and Hygiene Awareness Campaign for
purpose. students of Classes 5 to 8 on Wednesday, 5th
Thank you for your time and kind support. April 2025, in the school hall.
Yours sincerely, The campaign aims to educate younger students
Aryan Kapoor on the importance of handwashing, healthy
Class 9-A, XYZ School eating habits, personal cleanliness, and staying
physically active. We plan to conduct interactive
activities, demonstrations, and a short quiz to
 make the session engaging and impactful.
We believe this initiative will help build lifelong
healthy habits among young students. Kindly
grant us your approval and any guidance you
deem necessary.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
Riya Sen
President, Health and Wellness Club
Modern School

2. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a newspaper

expressing your concern about the rampant
misuse of social media by teenagers in today’s
digital age. Discuss the various harmful effects
this misuse is having on their mental health,
academic performance, and personal safety, and
suggest concrete steps that parents, schools, and
the government can take to promote responsible
and safe online behaviour.

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 FORMAL E-MAIL

Ans : Ans :

To [Link]@[Link] To [Link]@[Link]

Subject Misuse of Social Media by Teenagers Subject Request for Permission to Establish a
— A Growing Concern Peer Tutoring Programme

Dear Mr. Anil Sharma, Dear Dr. Meena Iyer,

I am writing to express my concern regarding I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing to
the rampant misuse of social media platforms propose and seek your permission to establish
by teenagers in our society. Cyberbullying, a Peer Tutoring Programme at our school,
spreading misinformation, excessive usage wherein students of Classes 10 and 11 would
leading to addiction, and exposure to voluntarily assist students of Classes 6 to 8 in
inappropriate content have become disturbingly subjects they find challenging.
common problems. The programme would operate during free
This misuse is not only affecting the mental periods and lunch breaks, ensuring no disruption
health and academic performance of young to regular classes. It will benefit both parties
people but also creating dangerous situations — junior students will receive personalized
involving privacy breaches and online predators. academic support, while senior students will
Many teenagers are unaware of the long-term strengthen their own understanding and develop
consequences of their digital footprint. leadership skills.
I suggest that schools introduce mandatory We are prepared to submit a detailed plan,
digital literacy programmes, parents actively including a schedule and list of volunteer tutors,
monitor their children’s online activity, and social upon your approval. Kindly consider this
media companies strengthen age verification and proposal and guide us accordingly.
content moderation. Government regulations Thanking you.
regarding harmful online content must also be Yours sincerely,
strictly enforced. Sneha Mehta
I request you to kindly publish this letter to School Prefect
raise awareness among parents, educators, and Lakeview School
policymakers.
4. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a magazine
NODIA

Yours sincerely, sharing your views on how the rapidly increasing

Aryan Kapoor air pollution in Indian cities is causing serious
Class 9-B, XYZ School damage to public health and the environment.
Using specific examples of its impact, suggest at
least three concrete measures that the government,
industries, and ordinary citizens must urgently
adopt to tackle this growing crisis.
Ans :
To [Link]@[Link]

3. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your Subject The Devastating Impact of Air
school requesting permission to set up a peer Pollution on Public Health
tutoring programme where senior students Dear Ms. Nandita Roy,
voluntarily help junior students with subjects I am writing to share my deep concern over
they find difficult. Explain how the programme the rapidly worsening air quality in our cities
will be structured, why it will be beneficial for and its devastating impact on public health.
both senior and junior students, and how it will According to recent reports, several Indian
be conducted without disrupting regular school cities consistently rank among the most polluted
activities. in the world, making clean air a luxury rather
than a right.
Rising air pollution is causing a sharp increase in
respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis,
and lung cancer. Children and the elderly are
PAGE 250 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

particularly vulnerable, and hospital admissions 6. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
for pollution-related illnesses have increased school requesting permission to organize a first-
significantly in recent years. aid and emergency response training session for
I urge the government to enforce stricter senior students. The session is proposed to be
vehicular emission norms, promote electric conducted in collaboration with a local hospital
public transport, ban crop burning, and and aims to equip students with life-saving skills.
increase urban green cover. Citizens must also Provide details about the proposed date, venue,
do their part by reducing private vehicle use and the topics to be covered during the training.
and adopting cleaner fuels. Ans :
I request you to publish this letter and help
amplify this critical message. To [Link]@gmail.
com
Yours sincerely,
Rahul Sharma Subject Request for Permission to Organize
Class 9-A, Kendriya Vidyalaya First-Aid Training Session
Dear Dr. Priya Nair,
5. Write a formal e-mail to the head of a local sports I hope this message finds you well. I am writing
academy requesting them to consider providing free on behalf of the Student Safety Committee to
coaching to underprivileged children in your locality seek your permission to organize a First-Aid
who show exceptional talent in sports but cannot and Emergency Response Training Session for
afford professional training. Explain the importance students of Classes 9 and 10, in collaboration
of this initiative for the community and describe with the City Care Hospital.
the kind of support your organization is willing to The session is proposed for Saturday, 29th March
provide to make this collaboration successful. 2025, from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. in the school
Ans : gymnasium. Trained medical professionals from
To [Link]@ the hospital will demonstrate techniques such
[Link] as CPR, handling fractures, treating burns, and
responding to choking incidents.
Subject Request to Provide Free Coaching to
This training will equip students with life-
Underprivileged Talented Children
saving skills that could prove invaluable in real
Dear Mr. Vikram Singh, emergencies. The hospital has confirmed their
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing availability. Kindly grant us your approval to
on behalf of the Youth Empowerment Society proceed with the planning.
to request your esteemed academy to consider Thanking you.
offering free sports coaching to underprivileged
children in our locality who demonstrate Yours sincerely,
exceptional talent but lack financial resources. Aarav Sharma
Head Boy
We have identified several children aged
Bright Future School
between 10 and 15 years who show remarkable
potential in athletics, football, and cricket but
are unable to afford professional coaching. With
the right guidance and training, these children
could excel at state and national levels.
Your academy’s outstanding reputation and
expertise make it the ideal platform to nurture 7. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a
such talent. We would be happy to assist with newspaper presenting your views on the urgent
identification, documentation, and coordination. need to modernize public libraries in your city
Kindly consider this humble request and let us to make them more appealing and accessible to
know your decision. young people. Discuss why public libraries are
Thanking you. losing their relevance today and suggest specific
Yours sincerely, improvements that authorities can make to revive
Meera Kapoor a culture of reading among the youth.
Coordinator, Youth Empowerment Society

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 FORMAL E-MAIL

Ans : donation boxes placed in each classroom and

To [Link]@[Link] the school foyer. The entire amount collected
will be transferred to the Prime Minister’s
Subject Reviving the Reading Culture — The
Relief Fund on behalf of our school.
Need to Modernize Public Libraries
We believe this initiative will cultivate compassion
Dear Mr. Rajan Mehta, and a sense of social responsibility among our
I am writing to draw attention to the urgent students. Kindly grant us your approval and any
need for modernizing public libraries in our guidance you may wish to share.
city to reignite a love for reading among the Thanking you.
youth. In an age dominated by smartphones
Yours sincerely,
and streaming platforms, traditional libraries
Riya Mehta
are largely being ignored due to their outdated
President, Social Service Club
infrastructure and limited resources.
XYZ School
A thriving reading culture is essential for
intellectual growth, improved language skills,
9. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a newspaper
and the development of empathy and critical
sharing your views on the urgent need to make
thinking. However, most young people today
roads safer for pedestrians and cyclists in Indian
find public libraries unappealing due to limited
cities. Highlight the dangers they face daily due
book collections, poor lighting, absence of
to poor infrastructure and reckless driving, and
digital resources, and inconvenient timings.
recommend specific measures that municipal
I suggest that authorities invest in digital
authorities and the government should implement
catalogues, e-book sections, comfortable reading
immediately to protect the lives of the most
spaces, and extended operational hours. Schools
vulnerable road users.
could also organize regular library visits to build
NODIA

reading habits from a young age. Ans :

Kindly publish this letter to initiate a wider To [Link]@[Link]
discussion on this important matter.
Subject Making Indian Roads Safer — An Urgent
Yours sincerely, Need for Pedestrians and Cyclists
Priya Sinha
Class 9-A, St. Mary’s School Dear Mr. Suresh Pillai,
I am writing to highlight a matter of serious
8. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your public concern — the alarming lack of safe
school requesting permission to organize a infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists on
fundraiser to collect donations for the victims Indian roads. Despite being the most vulnerable
of a recent devastating flood in a neighbouring road users, they are routinely ignored in urban
state. Explain the purpose of the fundraiser, how planning and traffic management.
the collected funds will be used, and describe the Broken footpaths, encroached pavements, absence
method through which donations will be collected of dedicated cycling tracks, and reckless driving by
from students, teachers, and parents. motorists put the lives of pedestrians and cyclists at
Ans : risk every single day. Tragic accidents are reported
regularly, yet little systemic change follows.
To [Link]@[Link]
I strongly recommend that municipal authorities
Subject Request for Permission to Organize a build wide, unobstructed footpaths, dedicate
Flood Relief Fundraiser lanes for cyclists, install proper pedestrian
Dear Dr. Ramesh Gupta, crossings with signals, and enforce strict
I hope this message finds you well. I am writing penalties for vehicles parking on pavements.
on behalf of the Social Service Club to seek Campaigns promoting road safety etiquette
your kind permission to organize a Flood Relief must also be conducted regularly.
Fundraiser at our school from 10th to 12th I hope this letter encourages the concerned
April 2025 to support the victims of the recent authorities to act swiftly.
devastating floods in Assam. Yours sincerely,
We plan to collect monetary donations from Tara Kapoor
students, teachers, and parents through Class 9-B, DAV School
PAGE 252 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

10. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your Ans :

school requesting permission to install a student
suggestion box in the school corridor. Explain To [Link]@[Link]
why such a platform is necessary for student well- Subject Food Wastage in India — A Crisis
being, how it will function, and how the feedback That Demands Immediate Attention
collected will be used constructively to improve
Dear Mr. Arun Joshi,
various aspects of school life for all students.
I am writing to draw attention to the deeply
Ans : troubling issue of food wastage in our country.
India wastes millions of tonnes of food every
To [Link]@gmail.
year, even as a significant portion of its
com
population goes to bed hungry. This paradox
Subject Request for Permission to Install a demands urgent reflection and action.
Student Suggestion Box Food is wasted at every stage — from farms
Dear Dr. Anand Verma, where unsold produce rots, to lavish weddings
I hope this e-mail finds you in good health. I and events where enormous quantities are
am writing to propose and seek your permission discarded. This not only represents a moral
to install a Student Suggestion Box in the failure but also strains water, land, and energy
school corridor, through which students can resources used in food production.
anonymously share feedback, concerns, and I suggest that the government introduce
creative ideas for improving various aspects of policies incentivizing food donation, restaurants
school life. be required to package leftover food for
Many students hesitate to voice their opinions redistribution, schools conduct awareness
directly due to shyness or fear of judgement. programmes, and community refrigerators be
A suggestion box would provide a safe and established in public spaces. Each one of us
inclusive channel for all students to contribute must also commit to wasting less food daily.
meaningfully to school improvement. Suggestions I request you to publish this letter to raise
collected could be reviewed monthly by the awareness on this pressing issue.
student council and relevant staff. Yours sincerely,
We believe this initiative will strengthen Rohan Sharma
student-administration trust and create a more Class 9-A, Greenfield School
student-friendly environment. Kindly consider
our proposal and grant your approval.
12. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your school
Thanking you.
requesting permission to organize a motivational
Yours sincerely, talk by a young and successful entrepreneur for
Ananya Mehta students of Classes 9 and 10. Explain how this talk
Head Girl will help students broaden their understanding
New Horizons School of career options beyond traditional fields and
inspire them to think creatively and develop an
entrepreneurial mindset from an early age.
Ans :

To [Link]@gmail.
com
11. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a newspaper
Subject Request for Permission to Organize
expressing your deep concern about the shocking
a Motivational Talk by a Young
amount of food that is wasted in India every year.
Entrepreneur
Highlight the moral, economic, and environmental
dimensions of this problem, and suggest practical Dear Dr. Sunita Mehta,
steps that individuals, restaurants, event I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing
organizers, and the government can take to on behalf of the Career Awareness Society to
significantly reduce food wastage in the country. seek your permission to organize a Motivational
Talk by Ms. Rhea Jain, a successful young

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 FORMAL E-MAIL

entrepreneur and founder of an award-winning also be included in school curricula to help

start-up, on Friday, 11th April 2025, in the children make informed dietary choices.
school auditorium. I request you to kindly publish this letter to
The session aims to broaden students’ encourage community-wide action.
perspectives on career options beyond
Yours sincerely,
engineering and medicine, and inspire them to
Aditi Verma
think innovatively, embrace risk, and develop
Class 9-B, City International School
entrepreneurial skills. Ms. Jain has graciously
agreed to address students of Classes 9 and 10.
14. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your
We are confident this talk will be an inspiring
school requesting permission to form an eco-
and eye-opening experience for our students.
club that will work throughout the year on
Kindly grant us your approval at your earliest
various environmental conservation projects.
convenience.
Describe the specific activities the club plans
Thanking you.
to undertake, explain how student participation
Yours sincerely, will be organized, and highlight the long-term
Kabir Singh benefits this club will bring to the school and the
Secretary, Career Awareness Society surrounding community.
Progressive School Ans :
13. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a newspaper To [Link]@gmail.
sharing your views on the harmful impact of junk com
food consumption on the health of school children
in India. Discuss how the easy availability Subject Request for Permission to Establish
and aggressive marketing of unhealthy food an Eco-Club at School
products is contributing to this problem, and Dear Dr. Kavita Sharma,
suggest measures that schools, parents, and the I hope this message finds you in good health.
government should take to promote healthier I am writing to seek your kind permission to
eating habits among children. establish an Eco-Club at our school, which
Ans : will work throughout the year on meaningful
environmental conservation projects.
To [Link]@[Link] The club proposes to undertake activities such
Subject Junk Food and School Children — as composting kitchen waste, setting up a
Time to Take Decisive Action rainwater harvesting model, conducting monthly
cleanliness drives, maintaining a school garden,
Dear Ms. Vandana Iyer, and organizing awareness campaigns on issues
I am writing to express my concern about the such as plastic pollution and climate change.
widespread consumption of junk food among The club will be entirely student-run, with
school children in India and its severe impact on voluntary participation open to all classes. We
their health. Chips, sugary drinks, and fast food believe it will not only improve the environmental
have become a staple for many young people, footprint of our school but also develop a
replacing nutritious home-cooked meals. strong sense of ecological responsibility among
This trend is leading to a sharp rise in childhood students.
NODIA

obesity, dental problems, nutritional deficiencies, Kindly grant us your approval and guidance to
and conditions such as Type 2 diabetes that set the club in motion.
were once associated only with adults. Poor Thanking you.
diet also negatively affects concentration and
academic performance. Yours sincerely,
I urge schools to ban junk food in canteens Ritika Mehta
and replace it with healthy options, parents Class 9-A
to pack nutritious meals, and the government Greenwood School
to regulate misleading food advertisements
targeting children. Nutrition education must
PAGE 254 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

15. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a national Ans :

newspaper presenting your views on the critical
importance of introducing financial literacy To [Link]@[Link]
as a part of school education in India. Explain Subject Request for an Educational Visit for
what financial literacy means, why most young School Students
people lack it despite completing their schooling,
Dear Mr. Ashok Trivedi,
and suggest practical ways in which schools and
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing
educational authorities can address this serious
on behalf of XYZ School to request your kind
gap in the current curriculum.
permission to organize a special educational
Ans : visit to the City Museum for students of Classes
9 and 10.
To [Link]@[Link]
We propose the visit for Saturday, 5th April
Subject Financial Literacy in Schools — An 2025, between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m.
Investment in Our Children’s Future Approximately 80 students accompanied by
Dear Mr. Deepak Malhotra, six teachers will be visiting. We would greatly
I am writing to put forward my strong views on appreciate it if a knowledgeable guide could be
the urgent need to introduce financial literacy as arranged to walk students through the exhibits
a part of school education in India. Most young and explain their historical and cultural
people today enter adulthood with little or no significance.
understanding of budgeting, saving, investing, We believe such a visit will greatly enrich
or managing debt, leading to poor financial students’ understanding of our region’s heritage
decisions later in life. beyond the classroom. Kindly confirm the
Basic concepts such as the value of savings, how feasibility of this visit and let us know any entry
interest works, the importance of insurance, requirements or booking procedures.
and the dangers of impulsive spending are not Thanking you.
currently taught in schools. As a result, many Yours sincerely,
adults remain financially vulnerable despite Riya Sharma
earning reasonable incomes. Class 9 A, XYZ School
I urge educational boards to include a dedicated
financial literacy module in the curriculum
17. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a magazine
from Class 6 onwards. Schools could also invite
expressing your views on how the current
banking professionals to conduct workshops.
examination system in India causes excessive
Developing financially informed citizens will
and unnecessary stress among school students.
directly contribute to a stronger and more
Discuss the drawbacks of a purely marks-based
stable economy.
evaluation system and suggest alternative, more
I hope this letter encourages action from
holistic methods of assessing student learning
policymakers and educators alike.
that focus on understanding, creativity, and
Yours sincerely, overall development.
Kabir Sharma Ans :
Class 9-A, National Public School
To [Link]@[Link]
Subject Rethinking Examinations — Reducing
Stress and Measuring Learning
16. Write a formal e-mail to the director of a city Effectively
museum requesting them to organize a special Dear Ms. Anita Bose,
guided educational visit for students of your I am writing to share my views on a concern
school. Provide details about the number of that affects millions of students across the
students, proposed date, and the grade levels country — the overwhelming stress caused by
involved, and explain how such a visit will enrich the current examination system. High-stakes
the students’ understanding of history and culture annual examinations that test memorization
beyond what is taught in the classroom. rather than understanding have created

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 FORMAL E-MAIL

enormous pressure on students, adversely only timely but essential. Kindly grant us
affecting both their mental health and genuine your approval and let us know if any specific
learning. arrangements are required.
Incidents of exam-related anxiety, depression, Thanking you.
and in extreme cases, self-harm, underscore
Yours sincerely,
the urgent need to rethink how we evaluate
Aryan Singh
students. The current system often rewards rote
President, Technology Club
learning over creativity, problem-solving, and
TechSmart School
critical thinking.
I recommend that schools adopt continuous 19. Write a formal e-mail to the editor of a
assessment methods, project-based evaluations, newspaper presenting your views on how rapid
and open-book tests to measure real and unplanned urban development across Indian
understanding. Counselling support must also cities is leading to the destruction of green spaces,
be made readily available in all schools, and parks, and natural habitats. Highlight the serious
parents must be educated to prioritize learning environmental and health consequences of this
over marks. trend and suggest measures to ensure that future
I request you to publish this letter to encourage urban development follows a more sustainable
a national dialogue on meaningful educational and nature-friendly approach.
reform.
Ans :
Yours sincerely,
Priya Mehta To [Link]@[Link]
Class 9-B, Scholars Academy Subject Vanishing Green Spaces — The
Hidden Cost of Unplanned Urban
18. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your Development
school requesting permission to organize a
Dear Mr. Ravi Chandra,
workshop on cybersecurity and online safety for
NODIA

I am writing to raise concern about the rapid

students of Classes 8 to 10. Explain why this topic
and largely unplanned urban development that
is especially relevant and important for today’s
is systematically destroying the green spaces
school students, describe what the workshop
and natural habitats of our cities. Parks, forests,
will cover, and mention the expert who will be
wetlands, and open grounds are being continuously
conducting the session.
replaced by concrete structures, leaving urban
Ans : residents and wildlife with no breathing space.
To [Link]@[Link] The consequences are severe — rising urban
Subject Request for Permission to Organize temperatures, increased flooding due to reduced
a Cybersecurity and Online Safety water absorption, worsening air quality, and the
Workshop disappearance of local flora and fauna. Mental
health research also consistently links the loss
Dear Dr. Suresh Nair, of green spaces to increased stress and anxiety
I hope this e-mail finds you well. I am writing among urban dwellers.
on behalf of the Technology Club to seek your I urge city planners to make green space
permission to organize a Cybersecurity and preservation a non-negotiable part of all
Online Safety Workshop for students of Classes development approvals, increase tree cover
8 to 10 on Saturday, 19th April 2025, in the along roads, restore urban wetlands, and involve
computer laboratory. communities in maintaining neighbourhood
The workshop, to be conducted by a certified parks. Sustainable development must be our
cybersecurity professional, will cover essential guiding principle, not unchecked construction.
topics such as identifying phishing scams, I hope this letter draws the attention of both
creating strong passwords, protecting personal citizens and authorities to this growing crisis.
data online, and recognizing the dangers of
Yours sincerely,
sharing private information on social media.
Sneha Sharma
Given the increasing amount of time students
Class 9-A, Eco Scholars School
spend online, we believe this session is not
PAGE 256 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

20. Write a formal e-mail to the principal of your school

requesting permission to conduct a photography
exhibition in the school premises. The exhibition,
organized by the Photography Club, will display

NODIA
students’ photographs on the theme “Life in Our
City” and aims to celebrate visual storytelling
and artistic expression among students. Provide
relevant details about the proposed dates, venue,
and the nature of the photographs to be displayed.
Ans :

To [Link]@gmail.
com
Subject Request for Permission to Organize a
Student Photography Exhibition
Dear Dr. Rekha Pillai,
I hope this message finds you in good health.
I am writing on behalf of the Photography
Club to seek your kind permission to organize a
Student Photography Exhibition on the theme
“Life in Our City” on Friday and Saturday,
25th and 26th April 2025, in the school corridor
and main hall.
Students from Classes 8 to 10 have captured
compelling photographs depicting everyday
urban life — markets, festivals, street scenes,
architecture, and people — over the past
two months. The exhibition will display
approximately 60 photographs, with short
captions written by the photographers
themselves.
We believe this event will celebrate student
creativity, encourage visual storytelling, and
provide an inspiring experience for the entire
school community. Kindly grant us your
approval and any suggestions to make the
exhibition a success.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
Aryan Mehta
President, Photography Club
Creative Minds School


 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 15
FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

1. INTRODUCTION 6. Formal Language : A factual description uses

formal, standard language. Slang, casual
A factual description is a piece of writing that expressions, and emotional language are
presents real, accurate, and objective information avoided.
about a person, place, object, event, or process.
Unlike creative or imaginative writing, a factual
description does not include personal opinions, 3. WHAT CAN BE DESCRIBED?
feelings, or exaggerations. It relies entirely on A factual description can be written about a wide
facts, data, and observable details to give the variety of subjects. For your examination, the
reader a clear and complete picture of the subject most common subjects are:
being described. For example, describing a railway 1. A place : a monument, market, railway
station by mentioning its location, facilities, station, park, school, hospital, hill station
number of platforms, and daily passenger footfall 2. A person : a historical figure, a sports
is a factual description. It tells the reader exactly personality, a scientist, a freedom fighter
what the place is like based on real information. 3. An object : a gadget, a machine, a building,
an instrument
4. An event : a festival, a sports meet, an annual
2. KEY FEATURES OF A FACTUAL day, a natural disaster
DESCRIPTION 5. A process : how something works or how
A good factual description has the following something is made
important characteristics:
1. Accuracy : All information included must be
4. FORMAT OF A FACTUAL
correct and based on real facts. There is no
room for guessing, exaggerating, or making DESCRIPTION
things up. A factual description must follow a clear and
2. Objectivity : The writer must present facts organized structure.
without letting personal opinions or emotions Title (A short, specific title that clearly identifies
influence the writing. The tone remains the subject)
neutral and informative throughout. Introduction (One short paragraph introducing
3. Clarity : The language used must be simple, the subject — what it is, where it is located, and
direct, and easy to understand. The reader why it is significant)
should be able to form a clear mental picture Body (One or two paragraphs covering all
of the subject without any confusion. important factual details about the subject —
4. Logical Order : Information should be history, features, functions, significance, statistics,
presented in a well-organized manner — etc.)
either from general to specific, from the most Conclusion (One short paragraph summarizing
important detail to the least, or in a sequence the importance of the subject or ending with a
that makes the description easy to follow. relevant factual remark)
5. Relevant Details : Only information that
is directly related to the subject should be
5. POINTS TO REMEMBER
included. Unnecessary or irrelevant details
must be avoided to keep the description Before you begin writing a factual description, go
focused and within the word limit. through these important points carefully to avoid
common mistakes:

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PAGE 258 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

1. A factual description is based only on real • ...serves as a major center for...

facts — never use expressions like “I think” • ...is visited by people from all parts of the
or “I feel.” Do not include personal opinions country...
or exaggerated statements of any kind. • ...has been recognized/declared as...
2. Always start with a short, underlined title. • ...plays a vital role in...
Your first sentence should directly introduce
the subject — never begin with “In this
description I will write about...” 7. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES
3. Write in clear paragraphs — an introduction,
two or three body paragraphs, and a 1. Your school social science club is preparing a
conclusion. Never write everything together biography wall of world leaders. Write a factual
in one big block. description of Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister
4. End with a short conclusion that tells of India, in 120-150 words.
the reader why the subject is important
or significant. A good ending makes the
description feel finished and complete.
5. Write your information in a proper order —
start with general details and then move to
specific ones. Do not jump from one unrelated
point to another.
6. Always include exact details like dates, years,
heights, distances, and numbers wherever
possible. Writing “stands 73 metres tall” is
NODIA

always better than writing “is very tall.”

7. Keep your description within 120–150 words.
Do not repeat the same information — every
sentence should add something new.
8. Use simple present tense for places and things Hints: Born 17 September 1950 in Vadnagar,
that exist today, and simple past tense for Gujarat — 14th Prime Minister of India —
historical events or people who are no longer previously Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014)
alive. — known for “Digital India” and “Swachh Bharat
9. Do not use informal words like “awesome,” Abhiyan” — longest-serving non-Congress Prime
“cool,” or “amazing.” Use proper words like Minister.
“remarkable,” “significant,” or “well-known” Ans :
instead. Narendra Modi: The 14th Prime Minister of
10. Use linking words like ‘furthermore, moreover, India
however,’ and ‘in addition’ to connect your Narendra Damodardas Modi is a prominent
sentences. This makes your writing smooth Indian statesman currently serving as the 14th
and easy to read. Prime Minister of India. Born on 17 September
1950 in Vadnagar, Gujarat, he rose from a humble
background to become one of the most significant
6. USEFUL PHRASES FOR FACTUAL
political figures in contemporary India.
DESCRIPTION Before assuming his role as Prime Minister
These phrases will help you write smoothly and in May 2014, he served as the Chief Minister of
professionally: Gujarat for four consecutive terms from 2001
• ...is located in/situated in/found in... to 2014. His administration is marked by major
• ...was established/built/founded in... national initiatives such as “Digital India,”
• ...covers an area of/spans over... aimed at increasing technological access, and
• ...is known for/is famous for/is renowned the “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,” a nationwide
for... cleanliness campaign. He is also recognized for
• ...attracts thousands of visitors every year... economic reforms like the implementation of the
• ...is one of the most important/significant/ Goods and Services Tax (GST).
well-known... Mr. Modi holds the distinction of being the
 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

longest-serving non-Congress Prime Minister of Hints: Purpose and significance — physical

India. His leadership style focuses on development components (dial, casing, straps) — internal
and global diplomacy, making him a central figure mechanism (quartz/automatic) — additional
in international politics today. features (stopwatch, water resistance) — utility.
Ans :
2. You visited the India Gate in New Delhi during
your school trip. Your teacher has asked you The Chronograph Wristwatch
to write a factual description of India Gate for A wristwatch is a portable timepiece designed
the school magazine. Using the details given to be worn around the wrist, serving as both a
below and your own knowledge, write a factual functional tool for timekeeping and a personal
description of India Gate in 120–150 words. accessory. Among various types, the chronograph
Hints: Located in New Delhi — war memorial — is a specific model that combines the functions of a
built in 1931 — designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens standard display watch with those of a stopwatch.
— 42 metres tall — made of sandstone — Amar The object consists of a circular stainless-
Jawan Jyoti — dedicated to soldiers — Rajpath steel casing that houses the internal movement,
— popular tourist spot which is typically powered by a battery-operated
Ans : quartz crystal or a self-winding mechanical
system. The face, or dial, is protected by scratch-
India Gate resistant sapphire glass and features three smaller
India Gate is one of the most iconic landmarks sub-dials for measuring elapsed seconds, minutes,
of New Delhi, located at the eastern end of the and hours. Two push-buttons on the side of the
Rajpath, in the heart of the capital city of India. case control the timer functions. Most modern
It is a magnificent war memorial built in the chronographs are equipped with luminescent
memory of approximately 70,000 Indian soldiers hands for visibility in low light and are water-
who sacrificed their lives during the First World resistant up to a depth of 50 meters.
War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. In conclusion, the chronograph wristwatch
Designed by the renowned British architect remains a highly valued instrument due to its
Sir Edwin Lutyens, India Gate was completed precision and multi-functional capabilities. It
and inaugurated in the year 1931. Standing at serves as an essential tool for professionals who
an impressive height of 42 metres, the structure require accurate interval timing in various fields.
is built entirely of red and yellow sandstone. The
names of thousands of fallen soldiers are inscribed 4. Your school hosted an Inter-School Science
on its walls as a mark of respect and remembrance. Exhibition. Write a factual description based on
At the base of India Gate burns the Amar the event’s proceedings.
Jawan Jyoti, an eternal flame lit in 1972 to honour Hints: Date and participants — theme:
the soldiers who died in the Indo-Pakistani War “Sustainable Future” — types of models (robotics,
of 1971. India Gate attracts millions of tourists green energy) — judging criteria — importance of
and visitors every year and serves as a symbol of the event.
national pride and sacrifice. Ans :
3. You are writing a review for a consumer electronics Inter-School Science Exhibition: Sustainable
magazine. Write a factual description of a modern Future
Chronograph Wristwatch. An Inter-School Science Exhibition was hosted at
XYZ Global School on 22nd January. The event
brought together 30 schools from across the city
to showcase innovative projects under the theme
“Sustainable Future.”
The exhibition featured over 100 models,
focusing primarily on robotics, renewable
energy sources, and waste management systems.
Participants demonstrated working prototypes,
such as solar-powered purifiers and AI-based
crop monitoring tools. A panel of three professors
from the local Institute of Technology judged the

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CBSE Class 9 (2026–27)

• Complete NODIA book series for CBSE Class 9 (Session 2026–27) is available as free, fully
printable PDFs — no purchase required.
• Teachers across the country set their question papers directly from NODIA books, picking and
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PAGE 260 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

entries based on creativity, scientific accuracy, The trachea subsequently splits into two
and practical utility. primary tubes called the bronchi, one entering
The event provided a platform for young each lung. Inside the lungs, the bronchi further
scientists to share ideas and discuss solutions divide into smaller branches known as bronchioles,
for environmental challenges. It culminated in a which terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli. At
prize-winning ceremony where the “Clean Energy this stage, the crucial gas exchange takes place:
Project” from Silver Oaks School was awarded the oxygen is absorbed from the inhaled air into the
first prize for its scalability and cost-effectiveness. bloodstream, while carbon dioxide is transferred
from the blood into the alveoli.
5. Study the flowchart illustrating the process of The process is completed during exhalation,
human respiration. Write a factual, step-by-step when the carbon dioxide is expelled from the

NODIA
description of how humans breathe, using the body following the reverse pathway.
present tense and passive voice (120–150 words).
6. You are the School Captain. Below is the layout
map of the newly inaugurated “School Eco-Park.”
Write a factual description of the park for the
school newsletter.

Ans :
Layout and Features of the School Eco-Park
The newly inaugurated School Eco-Park is a
multi-functional green space designed for both
education and recreation. As per the layout map,
the park is rectangular and features a centrally
located circular pond, which serves as the focal
point of the campus.
From the main entrance at the southern end,
paths lead to the western and eastern wings. The
western side is occupied by a dense Botanical
Garden featuring diverse plant species, while the
eastern side houses an Open-air Amphitheater
for school gatherings. The northern section of the
Ans : park is dedicated to sustainability and research,
containing a Composting Unit and a specialized
The Process of Respiration in Humans
Herbal Garden. All sections are interconnected by
Respiration is a vital biological process that
a network of paved walking tracks.
involves the exchange of gases between the human
In conclusion, the Eco-Park is logically
body and the environment. The process is initiated
organized to balance environmental conservation
when air is inhaled through the nasal cavity, where
with student activities. The placement of the
it is filtered and warmed. This filtered air is then
composting unit at the rear and the amphitheater
transported through the trachea, or windpipe,
near the entrance ensures a functional flow for
into the thoracic cavity.
visitors and students alike.
 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

7. As the Cultural Secretary, you need to write have been assigned to write a factual description
a factual report for the school archives on the of ISRO for the display board. Using the hints
“Inter-School English Debate Competition.” given below and your own knowledge, write a
Use the schedule provided below to write your factual description of ISRO in 120–150 words.
description (120–150 words). Hints: Established 1969 — headquarters in
Bengaluru — founded by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
Time Activity Venue participants
— satellite launch vehicles — PSLV and GSLV
09:00 Inauguration & Auditorium Principal, — Chandrayaan missions — Mangalyaan 2013 —
Lamp Lighting Judges,
Coordinators
most cost-effective space agency — 104 satellites
in one launch 2017 — serves communication,
09:30 Announcement Main Hall all 20
of Motion teams (40
weather, navigation needs
(Topic) participants) Ans :
09:30– Preparation Library/ Teams Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
10:00 AM Time Classrooms (restricted
The Indian Space Research Organisation,
internet use)
popularly known as ISRO, is India’s national
10:00 Commencement Auditorium Participants,
space agency and one of the most respected space
of Debate Audience,
Judges organizations in the world. It was established on
15th August 1969, under the visionary leadership
13:00 Lunch Break Cafeteria all attendees
of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, who is widely regarded
14:00 Judges’ Auditorium Participants
as the father of the Indian space programme.
Feedback & & Judges
Q&A Session ISRO’s headquarters are located in Bengaluru,
Karnataka.
15:00 Valedictory Auditorium all attendees
Ceremony Over the decades, ISRO has achieved
& Prize several remarkable milestones that have placed
Distribution India firmly on the global space map. Its Polar
Ans : Satellite Launch Vehicle, known as the PSLV, is
internationally recognized for its reliability and
Report on the Inter-School English Debate precision. In February 2017, ISRO created a world
Competition record by successfully launching 104 satellites in
The Inter-School English Debate Competition was a single mission. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission,
conducted methodically in the school auditorium known as Mangalyaan and launched in 2013,
on [Insert Date]. The event commenced at 09:00 made India the first country in the world to reach
AM with the inauguration and traditional lamp- Mars orbit in its very first attempt.
lighting ceremony led by the Principal and the ISRO’s satellites serve vital national needs in
panel of judges. the areas of communication, weather forecasting,
A total of 20 teams, comprising 40 participants, disaster management, and navigation. The
assembled in the Main Hall at 09:30 AM for Chandrayaan missions have significantly advanced
the announcement of the motion. Immediately our understanding of the Moon. ISRO continues
following this, the teams were given 30 minutes to be a source of immense pride for the nation.
of preparation time, utilization of the library
and assigned classrooms with restricted internet 9. The editor of your school’s annual magazine has
access. The debate formally began at 10:00 AM requested students to contribute factual write-ups
in the main auditorium. After a lunch break at on famous hill stations of India. You have decided
01:00 PM, the session resumed at 02:00 PM with to write about Shimla, the capital of Himachal
judges providing critical feedback and conducting Pradesh. Using the hints given below and your
a Q&A session. The event concluded with the own knowledge, write a factual description of
Valedictory Ceremony and Prize Distribution at Shimla in 120–150 words.
03:00 PM. Hints: Capital of Himachal Pradesh — altitude
2,206 metres — former summer capital of British
8. Your school is participating in a state-level science India — Kalka-Shimla railway — Mall Road
exhibition and your team has been asked to create — Christ Church — Jakhu Temple — pleasant
an informative display board on the topic of the summers, snowy winters — popular tourist
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). You destination — adventure sports

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PAGE 262 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : The school campus is spread over five acres

Shimla — The Queen of Hill Stations and is equipped with modern, well-ventilated
Shimla, the capital city of Himachal Pradesh, classrooms, a well-stocked library containing over
is one of the most popular and picturesque hill 15,000 books, fully equipped science laboratories,
stations in India. Situated at an altitude of and a state-of-the-art computer centre. A large

NODIA
approximately 2,206 metres above sea level in playground, a covered sports hall, and facilities
the lower Himalayas, the city enjoys a pleasant for basketball, cricket, and athletics provide
climate during summers and experiences heavy ample opportunity for physical development.
snowfall during the winter months, making it a The school has consistently produced
year-round tourist destination. outstanding results in CBSE board examinations
During the British colonial period, Shimla and has won numerous awards at inter-school
served as the summer capital of British India, a competitions in academics, sports, and cultural
status that greatly influenced its architecture and activities. Beyond academics, the school places
urban character. Many of its buildings, including strong emphasis on value-based education,
the elegant Christ Church and the grand Viceregal leadership development, and community
Lodge, are fine examples of colonial Gothic service, nurturing students into responsible and
architecture and continue to attract history compassionate citizens.
enthusiasts from across the country.
The Mall Road, lined with shops, restaurants, 
and colonial-era buildings, is the social and
commercial heart of the city. The famous Jakhu
Temple, dedicated to Lord Hanuman, is another
major landmark. Shimla is also well connected
to Kalka by the UNESCO-recognized Kalka-
Shimla Toy Railway, which winds through tunnels
and bridges offering breathtaking views of the
mountains. Adventure activities such as skiing,
trekking, and ice skating further add to its charm.

10. Your English teacher has asked you to write a

factual description of your school for a brochure
being prepared to welcome new students and their
parents in the upcoming academic session. Using
the hints given below and your own knowledge,
write a factual description of a school in 120–150
words.
Hints: Established school — location — number of
students and teachers — well-equipped classrooms
— library — science and computer labs — sports
facilities — annual events — academic results —
value-based education
Ans :
XYZ Senior Secondary School
XYZ Senior Secondary School is one of the most
reputed educational institutions in the city,
located at 45, Green Park Avenue, in the heart
of the town. Established in 1985 and affiliated
to the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE), the school has grown steadily over the
decades and today caters to over 2,000 students
from Classes 1 to 12, guided by a dedicated staff
of 120 trained teachers.
 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

EXERCISE Ans :
The River Ganga
1. Your school has asked students to submit a write- The River Ganga, declared the National River of
up for the annual school magazine. You have been India, is one of the most important and sacred rivers
asked to write a factual description of the Taj in the country. It originates from the Gangotri
Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for Glacier in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand,
this purpose. Using the hints provided below and at an altitude of approximately 3,892 metres
your own knowledge, write a factual description above sea level. Stretching over a length of 2,525
of the Taj Mahal in 120–150 words. kilometres, the Ganga flows through the states of
Hints: Located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh — built by Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Emperor Shah Jahan — in memory of Mumtaz and West Bengal before emptying into the Bay of
Mahal — construction completed in 1653 — Bengal near Sagar Island.
white marble — UNESCO World Heritage Site The Ganga basin is home to more than 400
— symbol of love — millions of tourists annually million people, making it one of the most densely
Ans : populated river basins in the world. The river is
The Taj Mahal of immense religious significance to Hindus, who
The Taj Mahal is one of the most celebrated consider it sacred and purifying. Major pilgrimage
architectural wonders of the world, situated on cities such as Haridwar, Varanasi, and Prayagraj
the southern bank of the river Yamuna in Agra, are situated on its banks and attract millions of
Uttar Pradesh. It was commissioned by the pilgrims every year.
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his The Ganga supports a rich aquatic ecosystem,
beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who passed away including the endangered Gangetic River Dolphin,
in 1631. which is also the National Aquatic Animal of
Construction of the Taj Mahal began in India. However, the river faces severe pollution
1632 and was completed in 1653, employing over from industrial waste, sewage, and religious
twenty thousand skilled artisans and craftsmen activities. The Government of India has launched
from across India and Central Asia. the Namami Gange Programme to restore and
The monument is built entirely of pristine conserve this vital river for future generations.
white marble, which changes its appearance subtly
3. Your school is organizing an inter-school quiz
with the shifting light of the sun and moon. Its
competition on famous Indian scientists. As part
central dome rises to a height of 73 metres and is
of the preparation material, your teacher has asked
surrounded by four elegant minarets.
you to write a factual description of Dr. A.P.J.
The Taj Mahal was designated a UNESCO
Abdul Kalam for the school notice board. Using
World Heritage Site in 1983 and is widely regarded
the hints given below and your own knowledge,
as the finest example of Mughal architecture. It
write a factual description of Dr. Kalam in 120–
attracts more than seven million visitors every
150 words.
year, making it one of the most visited monuments
in the world.

2. A national newspaper is running a series of

articles on important rivers of India and their
significance. You have been invited to contribute
a factual description of the River Ganga for this
series. Using the hints given below and your own
knowledge, write a factual description of the River
Ganga in 120–150 words.
Hints: Originates from Gangotri Glacier,
Uttarakhand — 2,525 km long — flows through
Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, West Bengal — holy
river — Varanasi, Haridwar, Allahabad — Ganga
Action Plan — pollution — National River of
India — Namami Gange programme

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PAGE 264 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Hints: Born 15th October 1931 — Rameswaram, Hints: Born 2nd October 1869 — Porbandar,
Tamil Nadu — aerospace scientist — ISRO and Gujarat — studied law in London — South Africa
DRDO — Pokhran nuclear tests 1998 — Missile — non-violence and truth — Satyagraha — Non-
Man of India — 11th President of India — Bharat Cooperation Movement — Salt March 1930 —
Ratna 1997 — passed away 27th July 2015* Father of the Nation — assassinated 30th January
Ans : 1948 — inspiration worldwide
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam — The Missile Man of Ans :
India Mahatma Gandhi — The Father of the Nation
Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, reverently
popularly known as the Missile Man of India, known as Mahatma Gandhi and the Father of
was one of the most distinguished scientists and the Nation, was one of the greatest leaders and
statesmen the country has ever produced. He was freedom fighters in the history of the world. He
born on 15th October 1931 in Rameswaram, a was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar, a
small town in Tamil Nadu, into a humble family. coastal town in the present-day state of Gujarat.
Dr. Kalam dedicated the early decades of After completing his early education in India, he
his career to India’s space and defence research travelled to London to study law and was called
programmes. He made invaluable contributions to to the Bar in 1891.
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Gandhi’s journey as a social and political
and the Defence Research and Development activist began in South Africa, where he spent over
Organisation (DRDO), playing a pivotal role in two decades fighting against racial discrimination.
the development of India’s first satellite launch It was here that he first developed and practised
vehicle and its ballistic missile programme. He Satyagraha, his powerful philosophy of non-violent
was also a key figure in India’s Pokhran nuclear resistance based on truth and peaceful protest.
tests conducted in 1998. Upon returning to India, Gandhi led several
Dr. Kalam served as the 11th President of landmark movements against British colonial rule,
India from 2002 to 2007 and was awarded the including the Non-Cooperation Movement, the
Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the historic
in 1997. He passed away on 27th July 2015 and Salt March of 1930.
continues to inspire millions of young Indians His unwavering commitment to non-violence
through his life and vision. and justice inspired millions across India and
the world. Mahatma Gandhi was tragically
4. Your class teacher has asked you to prepare a assassinated on 30th January 1948. His teachings
factual description of Mahatma Gandhi for a continue to inspire leaders, activists, and
special assembly being organized on the occasion peacemakers around the globe to this day.
of Gandhi Jayanti. Using the hints given below and
your own knowledge, write a factual description 5. You are writing a report comparing technological
of Mahatma Gandhi in 120–150 words. tools for digital learning. Use the data in the chart
to write a factual description of the “Class-Sync
Tablet” in 120–150 words.

Downloaded from [Link]

 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

Feature Specification
Model Class-Sync Educational
Tablet
Display 10.1-inch IPS LCD, 1920x1200
resolution
Processor Octa-Core 2.0 GHz
RAM/Storage 4GB RAM / 64GB Internal
(expandable to 256GB)
Operating Android 13 (with restricted
Hints: Definition — structural parts (hollow
System student interface)

NODIA
body, neck, fretboard, strings) — material (wood,
Connectivity Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth 5.0 steel/nylon) — mechanism of sound production
Battery 7000 mAh Li-Ion (approx. 10 — significance in music.
hours battery life) Ans :
Camera 5MP Front (for online The Acoustic Guitar
classes), 8MP Rear The acoustic guitar is a popular stringed musical
Special Feature Pre-loaded NCERT content; instrument that produces sound through the
Anti-glare screen coating vibration of its strings, amplified mechanically by
a hollow wooden body. It is widely used across
Ans : various genres of music, including folk, classical,
Technical Specifications of the Class-Sync and rock.
Educational Tablet The instrument is primarily composed of three
The Class-Sync Educational Tablet is a device sections: the headstock, the neck, and the body.
designed for digital learning, featuring a 10.1-inch The hollow body, usually made of tonewoods
IPS LCD display with a resolution of 1920x1200 like spruce or mahogany, acts as a resonating
pixels and an anti-glare screen coating. It operates chamber. Stretched across the length of the guitar
on a 2.0 GHz Octa-Core processor supported by are six strings made of steel or nylon, which are
4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage, which attached to tuning pegs at the headstock and a
is expandable to 256GB. bridge on the body. When a string is plucked, the
The tablet runs on the Android 13 operating vibration is transferred through the bridge to the
system, customized with a restricted student soundboard, creating audible sound waves that
interface. Connectivity is provided through Wi- exit through a central sound hole. The fretboard
Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.0. It is equipped with dual on the neck allows the player to change the pitch
cameras: a 5MP front camera optimized for by pressing strings at different intervals.
online classes and an 8MP rear camera. A 7000 Ultimately, the acoustic guitar is recognized
mAh Li-Ion battery powers the device, offering for its portability and versatile range. It remains a
approximately 10 hours of usage. fundamental instrument in both solo performances
Additionally, the tablet comes pre-loaded and orchestral arrangements worldwide.
with NCERT content, making it a specialized
7. Your school recently celebrated its Annual Sports
educational tool.
Day. As the Sports Captain, write a factual
description of the event for the school’s archives.
Hints: Date and venue — inauguration by Chief
Guest — march past — track and field events —
prize distribution — Principal’s closing speech.
Ans :
6. Your school music club is creating an educational
pamphlet. Write a factual description of the Annual Sports Day Celebration
Acoustic Guitar. The Annual Sports Day of ABC Public School
was held on 15th October 2025 at the school’s
sprawling sports complex. The event was organized
to promote physical fitness and sportsmanship
PAGE 266 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

among students from Classes 6 to 12. 9. You volunteered at a Relief Camp organized
The day commenced at 9:00 AM with the after a natural disaster (cyclone). Write a factual
arrival of the Chief Guest, a renowned national description of the camp’s operations for a local
athlete, followed by the traditional lighting of NGO report.
the torch. This was followed by an impressive Hints: Location and duration — number of
march past by the four school houses. The core displaced people — facilities (food, medical aid,
of the event included various track and field shelter) — role of volunteers — government
competitions, such as the 100-meter sprint, long support.
jump, and relay races. Ans :
In the concluding session, the Chief Guest
Cyclone Relief Camp Operations
distributed trophies and certificates to the
Following the recent cyclone in the coastal district,
winners, with “Blue House” securing the Overall
a state-level relief camp was established at the
Championship trophy. The event ended at 4:00
Government Senior Secondary School building
PM with a vote of thanks by the Principal,
from 10th to 20th November. The camp was set
followed by the National Anthem.
up to provide immediate shelter and essential
8. Study the flowchart below showing the stages of services to approximately 500 displaced residents.
a “Paper Recycling Process” and write a factual The facility was divided into three main
description of the procedure. sections: a dormitory for sleeping, a community
kitchen serving three meals daily, and a 24-hour
medical desk. A team of twenty volunteers, along
with government health officials, managed the
distribution of clean drinking water, dry rations,
and basic medicines.
To maintain hygiene, regular sanitation
drives were conducted within the premises. The
camp successfully provided a safe environment
Ans : until the water levels receded, after which the
The Process of Paper Recycling inhabitants were assisted in returning to their
The provided flowchart outlines the systematic homes with rehabilitation kits provided by the
procedure involved in recycling waste paper to local administration.
create new, usable sheets. The process consists 10. You visited the International Book Fair at Pragati
of five primary stages, starting from collection to Maidan. Write a factual description of the event
final production. for your school magazine.
Initially, waste paper is collected from various Hints: Venue and theme — number of stalls/
sources and transported to a recycling facility. In publishers — special segments (children’s corner,
the second stage, the paper is sorted to remove seminars) — footfall — significance.
contaminants like plastic or metal. Following this,
Ans :
the sorted paper is shredded and mixed with water
and specific chemicals to create a “pulp.” This International Book Fair - New Delhi
mixture then undergoes cleaning and bleaching to The International Book Fair was organized
remove ink and impurities, ensuring the quality of at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, from 5th to
the recycled material. 13th February. The event, themed “Indigenous
In the final stage, the refined pulp is spread Voices,” saw participation from over 600 national
onto large screens and pressed through rollers and international publishers, spanning various
to remove moisture, eventually drying into new languages and genres.
sheets of paper. The fair was spread across five massive halls,
This industrial process is a vital example with Hall 1 dedicated specifically to children’s
of sustainable manufacturing. It demonstrates literature and educational technology. Key
how waste material is converted into a valuable features of the event included daily seminars by
resource through mechanical and chemical prominent authors, book launches, and interactive
interventions. workshops for students. Statistics indicated a
daily footfall of nearly 50,000 visitors, including

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 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

scholars, students, and bibliophiles.

The event served as a major center for cultural
exchange and the promotion of reading habits.
It concluded with a valedictory ceremony where
publishers were recognized for their contributions
to digital and print media.

11. The table below compares the features of two

popular library apps used by students. Write a
factual description highlighting the similarities
and differences.

Feature E-Lib App BookWorm

App
Monthly `150 `200 Hints: Born 7 July 1981 in Ranchi — right-
Subscription handed batsman and wicket-keeper — led India
Book 50,000+ 80,000+ to 2007 T20 World Cup and 2011 ODI World Cup
Database victories — known as “Captain Cool” — retired
from international cricket in 2020 — recipient of
Offline Available Available Padma Bhushan and Major Dhyan Chand Khel
Reading Ratna.
Audiobooks Not Available Available Ans :
User Rating 4.2/5 4.7/5 Mahendra Singh Dhoni: The Iconic Cricketer
Ans : Mahendra Singh Dhoni, popularly known as M.S.
Dhoni, is a former Indian international cricketer
Comparative Analysis of E-Library who captained the Indian national team in limited-
Applications overs formats from 2007 to 2017. Born on 7 July
The provided table offers a comparative study 1981 in Ranchi, Bihar (now in Jharkhand), he
of two digital reading platforms: E-Lib App and is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-
BookWorm App, based on five key parameters. keeper-batsmen and captains in the history of the
While both applications provide the essential sport.
feature of offline reading, they differ significantly Under his leadership, India achieved significant
in cost and content. E-Lib is the more economical milestones, including winning the inaugural 2007
option with a monthly subscription of `150, ICC World Twenty20, the 2011 ICC Cricket
compared to `200 for BookWorm. World Cup, and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.
However, BookWorm offers a much larger Known for his calm temperament under pressure,
database of over 80,000 books, whereas E-Lib he earned the nickname “Captain Cool.” Over
hosts approximately 50,000 titles. A major his career, he scored over 10,000 runs in One
distinction is the availability of audiobooks, which Day Internationals (ODIs) and holds numerous
NODIA

is exclusive to the BookWorm App. records for wicket-keeping dismissals.

Furthermore, the user experience seems to In recognition of his contributions to sports,
favor BookWorm, which holds a higher rating of he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the Padma
4.7/5 against E-Lib’s 4.2/5. In summary, while Shri, and the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna.
E-Lib serves as a budget-friendly choice for Although he retired from international cricket
standard reading, BookWorm provides a more in August 2020, he continues to be a massive
comprehensive and highly-rated service including influence in the Indian Premier League (IPL).
multimedia features, justifying its higher price
point. 13. During your summer vacation, you visited the
Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand
12. As the editor of the school sports magazine, with your family. After returning, your English
write a factual description of the former Indian teacher asked you to write a factual description
cricket captain, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, in 120- of Jim Corbett National Park for the school
150 words. magazine. Using the hints given below and your
PAGE 268 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

own knowledge, write a factual description of Jim between the Indian state of West Bengal and
Corbett National Park in 120–150 words. the neighbouring country of Bangladesh, with
Hints: Located in Nainital district, Uttarakhand the Indian portion covering approximately 4,260
— established 1936 — first national park of India square kilometres.
— named after Jim Corbett — Project Tiger The Sundarbans is celebrated for its
1973 — Bengal tigers — elephants, leopards, deer extraordinary biodiversity. It is home to the Royal
— Ramganga River — eco-tourism Bengal Tiger, the Irrawaddy dolphin, saltwater
Ans : crocodiles, and a vast array of bird species. The
dense network of tidal waterways, mudflats, and
Jim Corbett National Park
mangrove trees creates a unique and complex
Jim Corbett National Park, located in the Nainital
ecosystem that supports life found nowhere else
district of Uttarakhand, holds the distinction of
on Earth.
being the oldest national park in India. Established
The Indian portion of the Sundarbans was
in 1936, it was originally named Hailey National
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Park and was later renamed in honour of the
in 1987 and is also recognized as a Biosphere
legendary hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett, who
Reserve. The forest serves as a vital natural barrier
played a significant role in its creation.
protecting the coastal population from cyclones
Spread over an area of approximately 520
and tidal surges. However, rising sea levels caused
square kilometres, the park is nestled in the
by climate change, increasing human activity, and
foothills of the Himalayas and is drained by
deforestation pose serious and growing threats to
the Ramganga River, which flows through its
this irreplaceable natural treasure.
heart. The park is home to a rich variety of
wildlife, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, Asian 15. The school is planning a history trip. Based on
elephants, leopards, sloth bears, and over 600 the provided layout map of the Red Fort in Delhi,
species of birds. write a factual description of the monument for
Jim Corbett National Park was one of the the trip brochure. (120–150 words)
first reserves to come under Project Tiger,
the Government of India’s flagship wildlife
conservation programme launched in 1973. Today,
it serves as one of the most important tiger
habitats in the country and attracts thousands
of eco-tourism enthusiasts from across the world
every year.

14. Your school’s science club is publishing a special

newsletter on the theme “Wonders of the Natural
World.” You have been asked to contribute a
factual description of the Sundarbans, the world’s
largest mangrove forest. Using the hints given
below and your own knowledge, write a factual
Ans :
description of the Sundarbans in 120–150 words.
Hints: Located in West Bengal and Bangladesh Layout and Key Structures of the Red Fort
— delta of Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna — The Red Fort, an iconic historical monument
world’s largest mangrove forest — Royal Bengal located on the western bank of the Yamuna River
Tiger — Irrawaddy dolphins — UNESCO World in Delhi, is a massive, octagonal fortress built of
Heritage Site — Biosphere Reserve — rising sea red sandstone. Its main entrance, known as the
levels — threat of climate change Lahori Gate, is positioned at the southern end of
Ans : the complex.
According to the architectural layout, a
The Sundarbans central pathway leads from the gate through the
The Sundarbans is the world’s largest mangrove Naqqar Khana (Drum House) and culminates at
forest, straddling the delta formed by the Ganga, the Diwan-i-Aam, the Hall of Public Audience.
Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers as they flow This building is a large, pillared hall made of red
into the Bay of Bengal. The forest is shared sandstone.

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 FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

Positioned further north are the private royal higher than Coding, highlighting a traditional
chambers. These include the elegant white marble trend in student engagement.
Diwan-i-Khas, used for private audience, and the
Rang Mahal, which serves as the Palace of Colors. 17. Below is a pie chart representing the daily time
The Moti Masjid, or Pearl Mosque, is a small management of a typical Class 9 student during
marble structure located adjacent to the Diwan- exam season. Write a factual description in 120–
i-Khas. 150 words.

16. The following bar graph shows the preference for

extracurricular activities among 200 students of
Class 9 at Global International School. Write a
factual description interpreting the data.

NODIA

Ans :
Daily Time Allocation of Students During
Examinations
The provided pie chart illustrates the daily time
management strategy for a typical Class 9 student
during examination season. The 24-hour day is
Ans : allocated across five distinct categories: Sleep,
School/Classes, Self-Study, Relaxation/Play, and
Analysis of Student Preferences in Meals & Hygiene.
Extracurricular Activities According to the data, the largest single time
The provided bar graph illustrates the distribution allocation is for Sleep, which accounts for 7 hours,
of extracurricular preferences among a sample of or 29.2% of the day. Academic activities dominate
200 students in Class 9 at Global International the schedule, with School/Classes and Self-Study
School. The data categorizes interests into five each being assigned 6 hours (25% each), totaling
distinct areas: Sports, Music, Art, Dance, and 12 hours of academic engagement. For non-
Coding. academic needs, 3 hours (12.5%) are dedicated to
According to the graph, Sports is the most Relaxation/Play, while 2 hours (8.3%) are utilized
dominant preference, chosen by 80 students, for Meals & Hygiene.
which accounts for 40% of the total group. Music In conclusion, the chart highlights that exactly
and Art follow as the next most popular choices, half of the student’s day (12 hours) is dedicated
with 50 and 40 students respectively. to formal and self-directed learning, while nearly
In contrast, performing arts like Dance a third is allocated to essential rest, resulting in a
see a significant drop, with only 20 students structured and intensive routine.
participating. Technical interests, represented
by Coding, are the least preferred, with only 10
students opting for it. 
In conclusion, the data indicates a strong
inclination toward physical and creative fields
over technical or performing arts. The preference
for Sports is double that of Art and eight times
PAGE 270 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 16
ARTICLE WRITING

1. INTRODUCTION exam, always use the name given in the

question. If no name is provided, use “By
An article is a meaningful piece of writing meant XYZ.”
to be published in a school magazine or a journal 3. Body Paragraphs: This is the main part of
to share information with a large group of people. your article, usually divided into three or four
It allows you to express your personal thoughts, paragraphs:
ideas, and suggestions on a specific topic in a • Opening Paragraph: Introduce the topic
clear and organized way. By writing an article, clearly and grab the reader’s attention.
you can influence your readers, raise awareness • Middle Paragraph 1: Explain the causes,
about social issues, or simply provide interesting background, or current situation related
facts about a subject you care about. to the topic.
• Middle Paragraph 2 (if needed): Discuss
the effects, arguments, advantages, or
2. FORMAT OF AN ARTICLE
disadvantages in more detail.
An article must adhere to the prescribed format. • Closing Paragraph: Give your final
The format of an article is as mentioned below: opinion, offer solutions, and end with a
Title/Heading strong message. Do not introduce any
Byline new information here.
Body:
Opening Paragraph .........................................
..........................................................................
4. POINTS TO REMEMBER
......................................... General points to be remembered while writing
Middle Paragraph 1 ........................................ an article are as follows :
.......................................................................... 1. Read the question carefully at least twice to
.......................................................................... understand the topic, the main issue, and all
......................................... the hints provided before you begin writing.
Middle Paragraph 2 (if needed) ....................... 2. Spend a minute planning your points in
.......................................................................... a logical order before you start. A little
.......................................................................... planning makes your article flow smoothly
.......................................... from beginning to end.
Closing Paragraph ........................................... 3. Divide your article into clear paragraphs —
.......................................................................... the opening should introduce the topic, the
........................................... middle paragraphs should cover the main
facts such as causes, effects, or arguments,
and the final paragraph should give a proper
3. ELEMENTS OF AN ARTICLE conclusion.
4. Every sentence should connect logically to
The essential parts of an article are as follows:
the next. Use linking words like ‘however,
1. Title/Heading: This is the most important
therefore, similarly,’ and ‘in conclusion’ to
part because it tells the reader what the
keep your writing smooth and well-joined.
article is about. It should be short (4-6 words)
5. Keep your language simple, direct, and
and catchy.
grammatically correct. You do not need
2. Byline: This is where you write the name
difficult or fancy words — clear and accurate
of the person who wrote the article. In your
English is always better.

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 ARTICLE WRITING

6. Articles are generally written in the third for your school magazine on the topic “Books vs
person. Avoid using “I” or “my” unless Screens — Choose Wisely” encouraging students
the question specifically asks for a personal to develop a reading habit.
account. Hints: Declining reading habits — smartphones
7. Stick to the word limit of 120 to 150 words. and social media — short attention spans —
Writing too much increases the chances of benefits of reading — vocabulary — imagination
making unnecessary mistakes. — knowledge — libraries — suggestions
Ans :
5. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES Books vs Screens — Choose Wisely
By Meera
1. You are Rahul/Riya of Greenfield Public School. In today’s world, where everything is available at
You feel deeply concerned about the increasing the tap of a screen, the habit of reading books is
consumption of junk food among school children slowly disappearing among young people. Students
and its harmful effects on their health. Write an today prefer scrolling through social media over
article in 120–150 words for your school magazine opening a book, and this shift is having serious
on the topic “Junk Food — A Silent Enemy” consequences.
urging students to adopt healthy eating habits. Excessive screen time is reducing attention
You may use the following hints along with your spans, weakening memory, and making students
own ideas. restless and impatient. Social media, though
Hints: Easy availability — cheap and attractive — entertaining, provides little real knowledge or
causes obesity — heart problems — diabetes — intellectual growth.
unhygienic preparation — ban in school canteens Books, on the other hand, are a treasure
— healthy alternatives of knowledge. Reading regularly improves
vocabulary, sharpens concentration, develops
Ans :
imagination, and builds empathy. Great books
Junk Food — A Silent Enemy have shaped the thinking of scientists, leaders,
NODIA

By Riya and writers across centuries.

Junk food has quietly become one of the biggest Students should make it a habit to read
health threats facing school children today. It is at least one book every month. Schools should
cheap, easily available, and attractively packaged, organize regular library sessions and book clubs to
which makes it almost irresistible for young rekindle the love of reading. A student who reads
people. However, behind its tempting appearance grows — in mind, in thought, and in character.
lies a dangerous reality.
Regular consumption of junk food leads to 2. You recently participated in a week-long workshop
serious health problems such as obesity, diabetes, on water conservation and were deeply moved by
high blood pressure, and heart disease — the alarming facts shared about the scarcity of
conditions that were once associated only with clean water across the world. Write an article in
adults. Most junk food is prepared in unhygienic 120–150 words for your school magazine on the
conditions, making it even more harmful. It is also topic “Save Water, Save Life” highlighting the
high in trans fats and sugar, which drain energy importance of water conservation and suggesting
levels and reduce concentration in class. practical steps people can take.
Schools must take the initiative by banning Ans :
junk food in their canteens and replacing it with
Save Water, Save Life
healthy, nutritious alternatives. Parents should
By XYZ
encourage children to carry home-cooked meals.
Water is the most precious natural resource on
Remember — a healthy body leads to a healthy
Earth, and yet it is treated as though it will never
mind, and only healthy young people can build a
run out. The reality, however, is deeply alarming.
strong nation.
Water levels across the country are falling rapidly
Ans :You are Meera/Mohan of Sunrise Public due to overuse, wastage, and increasing pollution
School, Jaipur. You strongly believe that the habit of rivers and lakes.
of reading books is gradually dying among young In many parts of India, people walk miles
people due to the excessive use of smartphones and every day just to fetch a pot of clean water, while
social media. Write an article in 120–150 words
PAGE 272 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

in cities, taps are left running without a second environmental challenges the Earth faces today
thought. Droughts are becoming more frequent, and what young people can do to help.
and the shortage of clean drinking water is already Hints: Global warming — deforestation — melting
causing disease and hardship for millions. glaciers — rising sea levels — plastic pollution
Every citizen must take responsibility. Simple — reduce, reuse, recycle — tree plantation —
steps like fixing leaking taps, using buckets awareness among youth
instead of pipes for washing, and harvesting Ans :
rainwater can make a significant difference. The
Protect Our Planet — It Is Our Only Home
government’s schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission
By Kabir
must be supported by active citizen participation.
Our planet is in trouble, and the signs are
Water saved today is life secured tomorrow.
impossible to ignore. Rising temperatures, melting
3. You are deeply disturbed by the growing problem glaciers, frequent floods, devastating wildfires,
of air pollution in Indian cities and its impact on and choking plastic pollution — Earth is sending
public health, especially children. Write an article us an urgent warning, and it is time we listened.
in 120–150 words for a national magazine on the Human activities such as deforestation,
topic “Breathe Free — The Fight Against Air burning fossil fuels, and dumping plastic waste have
Pollution” suggesting steps that citizens and the pushed our planet to the edge. Global warming
government can take to tackle this crisis. has already caused the Earth’s temperature to
rise significantly, threatening ecosystems, food
Ans :
supply, and the very survival of countless species.
Breathe Free — The Fight Against Air Young people have both the power and the
Pollution responsibility to bring about change. We can begin
NODIA

By XYZ with small but meaningful actions — planting

Every morning, millions of Indians wake up and trees, reducing plastic use, saving electricity,
breathe air that is slowly poisoning them. Air and spreading awareness among our friends and
pollution has become one of the most serious families. Schools and communities must organize
public health crises in our country, and yet it regular environmental drives.
continues to worsen every year. We did not inherit this planet from our
The main causes of air pollution are vehicular ancestors — we are borrowing it from our children.
emissions, industrial waste, burning of crop Let us return it better than we found it.
stubble, and construction dust. Cities like Delhi
consistently rank among the most polluted in 5. You are Sneha/Sanjay of Bright Future School,
the world. Children, the elderly, and people with Mumbai. You believe that road accidents in India
respiratory conditions are the worst affected, are largely caused by careless and reckless driving.
with cases of asthma, bronchitis, and lung disease Write an article in 120–150 words for your school
rising sharply. magazine on the topic “Drive Safe, Arrive Safe”
The government must enforce stricter stressing the importance of following traffic rules
emission norms, promote electric vehicles, and and responsible behaviour on the road.
expand public transport. Industries must be held Hints: Rising accident numbers — over-speeding
accountable for the pollution they cause. Citizens — drunk driving — mobile phone use — ignoring
too have a role — planting trees, carpooling, and traffic signals — road safety rules — strict
reducing the use of firecrackers can collectively enforcement — awareness campaigns
make a significant difference. Ans :
Clean air is not a luxury — it is a basic right
Drive Safe, Arrive Safe
that every citizen deserves.
By Sneha
4. You are Kabir/Kavya of Kendriya Vidyalaya, Every hour, several precious lives are lost on
Pune. Your school recently organized a special Indian roads due to careless driving. Road
assembly to mark World Environment Day, accidents have become one of the leading causes
after which your principal asked you to write an of death in our country, and the saddest part is
article for the school magazine. Write an article that most of them are completely avoidable.
in 120–150 words on the topic “Protect Our Over-speeding, drunk driving, using mobile
Planet — It Is Our Only Home” highlighting the phones while driving, jumping red lights, and
 ARTICLE WRITING

ignoring lane discipline are the most common The internet should be a space of learning
causes of accidents. Many drivers, especially and connection — not a platform for cruelty.
young ones, treat traffic rules as suggestions
rather than laws, putting their own lives and the 7. You are Rohan/Roshni of Modern Public School.
lives of others at serious risk. India is a country with an extraordinarily rich
Strict enforcement of traffic laws, heavier cultural and natural heritage that attracts millions
penalties for violations, and the installation of of tourists every year. Write an article in 120–
more speed cameras can help reduce accidents 150 words for your school magazine on the topic
significantly. Schools and colleges should conduct “Tourism in India — Incredible and Unexplored”
regular road safety awareness programmes so that highlighting the potential of tourism in India and
responsible driving habits are built from an early how promoting it benefits the country.
age. Ans :
A few minutes saved by reckless driving are Tourism in India — Incredible and
not worth a lifetime of regret. Drive safe — for Unexplored
yourself and for everyone on the road. By Rohan
From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to
6. You are Tara/Tarun of Lakeview School, the serene backwaters of Kerala, from the ancient
Bengaluru. You are deeply concerned about the temples of Varanasi to the modern marvels of
rising problem of cyberbullying among teenagers modern cities — India offers a travel experience
and its impact on their mental health. Write an unlike any other destination in the world.
article in 120–150 words for your school magazine Tourism is not just about sightseeing — it is
on the topic “Cyberbullying — The Invisible a powerful driver of economic growth. It generates
Threat” creating awareness about this issue and employment for millions, from hotel workers and
suggesting ways to deal with it. tour guides to craftsmen and local vendors. It
Hints: Social media misuse — hurtful comments is also one of India’s most important sources of
— trolling — mental health — anxiety and foreign exchange earnings.
depression — reporting mechanisms — role of The government’s “Incredible India” campaign
parents and schools — digital literacy has done much to promote the country globally.
Ans : Initiatives like e-visa facilities, development of
heritage sites, and the growth of medical and eco-
Cyberbullying — The Invisible Threat
By Tara tourism have further boosted India’s appeal as a
The internet has made the world smaller, but it travel destination.
has also opened the door to a new and dangerous However, tourists and citizens alike must
form of bullying — cyberbullying. Unlike practise responsible tourism — preserving
traditional bullying, cyberbullying follows its monuments, avoiding littering, and respecting
victims everywhere, even into the safety of their local cultures. A cleaner, better-maintained
own homes, through phones and screens. India will attract even more visitors and further
Hurtful comments, trolling, spreading strengthen our economy.
rumours, and sharing private images without
consent are common forms of cyberbullying.
Teenagers are the most affected group, and the
8. You are Arjun/Arya of National Public School,
impact on their mental health can be devastating
Delhi. The bar graph given below shows the main
— leading to anxiety, depression, low self-esteem,
causes of road accidents in India in the year 2023.
and in extreme cases, even self-harm.
The data is deeply alarming and highlights the
Students must remember that every social
need for urgent action on road safety. Using the
media post has consequences. They should
information provided in the graph and your own
report abusive content and never engage with
ideas, write an article in 120–150 words for your
bullies online. Schools must introduce digital
school magazine on the topic “Road Accidents
literacy programmes that teach responsible
in India — Who Is Responsible?” discussing the
online behaviour. Parents should maintain open
major causes shown in the data and suggesting
communication with their children about their
measures to make Indian roads safer.
online experiences.

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PAGE 274 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

9. You are Sneha/Siddharth of Sunrise Academy,

Delhi. The pie chart below is based on a survey of
500 school students conducted in 2024, showing
how Indian students spend their free time. The
results are a cause for serious concern. Using
the data given in the chart and your own ideas,
write an article in 120–150 words for your school
magazine on the topic “How Are We Spending
Our Free Time?” analysing what the data reveals
about students’ habits and suggesting how
students can make better use of their leisure time.

NODIA

Ans : Ans :
Road Accidents in India — Who Is How Are We Spending Our Free Time?
Responsible? By Sneha
By Arjun A recent survey of 500 school students reveals a
Every year, thousands of precious lives are lost on deeply worrying picture of how Indian teenagers
Indian roads — and the data tells us exactly why. spend their leisure hours. A staggering 40 percent
According to a 2023 report, over-speeding alone of free time is spent on social media and mobile
accounts for 42 percent of all road accidents in phones, while another 22 percent goes to watching
India, making it by far the single biggest cause of television and OTT platforms. Together, screens
road fatalities. Drunk driving and mobile phone are consuming nearly two-thirds of every student’s
use while driving contribute a further 18 and 16 free time.
percent respectively, together claiming nearly In sharp contrast, only 12 percent of free time
one-third of all accident victims. is spent on outdoor sports and physical activity,
What is most troubling about these figures and a mere 8 percent on reading books. Hobbies
is that every single one of these causes is entirely like art, music, and dance account for just 10
preventable. Ignoring traffic signals and poor road percent. These numbers reflect a generation that is
conditions account for the remaining accidents, increasingly passive, sedentary, and disconnected
pointing to a failure of both individual discipline from the activities that truly develop the mind
and government maintenance. and body. The consequences — poor health,
Stricter enforcement of traffic laws, heavier reduced creativity, and shorter attention spans —
penalties for drunk driving and over-speeding, are already becoming visible.
and mandatory road safety education in schools Students must consciously reclaim their free
are urgently needed. Roads will only become safer time. Put down the phone, pick up a book, step
when every driver takes personal responsibility. outside, and rediscover the joy of living fully.
A statistic is just a number — until it becomes
someone’s family member. 
 ARTICLE WRITING

EXERCISE tonnes of wasted food every single day. On the

other hand, millions of people — including
1. You are Isha/Ishaan of Sun Rise School, Pune. children — go to sleep hungry every night. This
You feel that the contribution of teachers to a gap is not just shocking, it is shameful.
student’s life and to society as a whole is immense According to reports, India wastes millions
and often goes unrecognized. Write an article in of tonnes of food annually at a time when
120–150 words for your school magazine on the nearly 190 million people in the country remain
occasion of Teacher’s Day on the topic “A Teacher undernourished. Food is wasted at every stage —
— The True Nation Builder” expressing your from farms, to supermarkets, to restaurants, to
gratitude and appreciation for the role teachers our own homes.
play. Changing this requires both individual
Hints: Shaping young minds — beyond books — responsibility and collective action. We must serve
values and discipline — encouragement — lifelong only what we can eat, avoid over-ordering, and
impact — challenges faced by teachers — respect store leftovers properly. Community initiatives
and recognition — Teacher’s Day like food banks and community refrigerators
Ans : where surplus food can be left for those in need
must be encouraged across cities.
A Teacher — The True Nation Builder
NGOs working to redistribute food from
By Isha
events to the homeless deserve our full support.
Every scientist who made a discovery, every
Wasting food is not just careless — it is a moral
leader who changed the world, every artist who
failure.
moved hearts — behind each one of them stood
a teacher. Teachers are the quiet architects of 3. You recently read a report about the declining
civilization, shaping minds and souls long before number of trees in your city due to rapid
the world ever notices the results of their work. urbanization and construction. Write an article
A good teacher does far more than deliver in 120–150 words for your school magazine on the
lessons from a textbook. They inspire curiosity, topic “Plant a Tree, Plant Hope” emphasizing the
build confidence, teach values, and sometimes importance of trees for human survival and urging
change the direction of a student’s entire life with students and citizens to actively participate in
a single encouraging word. They see potential in tree plantation drives.
students before the students see it in themselves. Ans :
Yet teachers are among the most
underappreciated professionals in our society. Plant a Tree, Plant Hope
On this Teacher’s Day, let us pause to genuinely By XYZ
reflect on the debt we owe to every teacher who A city without trees is like a body without lungs
believed in us, pushed us, and helped us become — it simply cannot survive. Yet across India,
better versions of ourselves. thousands of trees are being cut down every day
A nation that respects its teachers respects to make way for roads, buildings, and flyovers.
its own future. The consequences of this silent destruction are
becoming impossible to ignore.
2. You are Arjun/Anjali of Green Valley School, Trees are the foundation of life on Earth. They
Hyderabad. You are concerned about the provide oxygen, clean the air, prevent soil erosion,
increasing problem of food wastage in India, reduce flooding, provide shade, and support the
especially at weddings and large events, while survival of countless birds and animals. A single
millions of people in the country continue to go mature tree can absorb hundreds of kilograms of
hungry. Write an article in 120–150 words for a carbon dioxide every year.
local newspaper on the topic “Stop Wasting Food As urbanisation speeds up, every citizen must
— Someone is Hungry” urging people to be more take responsibility. Planting even one tree and
responsible about food consumption and wastage. caring for it can make a meaningful difference.
Stop Wasting Food — Someone Is Hungry Schools, housing societies, and local authorities
By Arjun must organise regular plantation drives and
India is a country of extraordinary contradictions. ensure that every road has adequate tree cover.
On one hand, lavish weddings and events produce A tree planted today is shade, oxygen, and
hope for tomorrow.

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PAGE 276 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. You are Simran/Sumit of National Public School, heartbreaking problems facing India today. Young
Chandigarh. You believe that physical fitness and people who should be full of dreams and energy
regular exercise are being neglected by today’s are instead destroying their health, their futures,
young generation due to sedentary lifestyles and and the happiness of their families by falling prey
excessive screen time. Write an article in 120–150 to addiction.
words for your school magazine on the topic The road to drug abuse often begins with
“Fitness is Not a Choice — It is a Necessity” peer pressure — a friend saying “just try it once.”
encouraging students to make exercise and That one time can change everything. Drugs
outdoor activities a daily part of their lives. damage the brain, weaken the body, destroy
Hints: Sedentary lifestyle — obesity among relationships, and lead to a cycle of dependence
children — screen time — lack of outdoor play that is extremely difficult to break. Families are
— benefits of exercise — mental health — sports torn apart, careers are ruined, and lives are cut
facilities in schools — daily routine short.
Ans : Students must have the courage to say
no — firmly and without hesitation. Schools
Fitness Is Not a Choice — It Is a Necessity
should conduct regular awareness programmes
By Simran
and create safe spaces where students can speak
A generation ago, children spent their afternoons
about peer pressure without fear. Parents should
playing cricket in the park, cycling down lanes,
maintain open and trusting relationships with
and running around with friends. Today, most
their children.
children spend those same hours sitting in front
Your life is precious — do not trade it for a
of screens. The result is a generation that is
moment of weakness.
increasingly unfit, unhealthy, and at risk.
Childhood obesity, poor posture, weak 6. You are Ankit/Ankita of Sunrise Academy, Jaipur.
immunity, and rising rates of anxiety are all linked You recently attended an awareness programme
to physical inactivity. Medical experts warn that on the importance of energy conservation and
today’s children may be the first generation to were alarmed by the facts shared about the rapid
have a shorter life expectancy than their parents depletion of natural energy resources across the
— and our sedentary habits are largely to blame. world. Write an article in 120–150 words for
Exercise is not just about losing weight or your school magazine on the topic “Save Energy
building muscles. It improves mood, sharpens Today, Secure Tomorrow” explaining why energy
concentration, reduces stress, and boosts conservation is essential and suggesting practical
overall energy levels. Even thirty minutes of ways in which students can contribute.
physical activity every day can bring dramatic Hints: Depleting natural resources — coal,
improvements in health and wellbeing. petrol, gas running out — electricity wastage
Schools should ensure daily physical education — renewable energy — solar and wind power —
and encourage participation in outdoor sports. simple habits — switching off lights — public
And students must make the choice — step away transport — Earth Hour
from the screen and step outside. Ans :
5. You are Kavya/Kartik of Wisdom School, Bhopal. Save Energy Today, Secure Tomorrow
You are deeply concerned about the problem of By Ankit
NODIA

drug abuse among teenagers in India and feel that The lights in our homes, the fans in our classrooms,
it is a crisis that demands urgent attention from the buses we travel in — all of this runs on energy.
parents, schools, and the government. Write an And most of that energy comes from natural
article in 120–150 words for your school magazine resources like coal, oil, and gas that took millions
on the topic “Say No to Drugs — Choose Life” of years to form and are now running out faster
warning students about the dangers of drug abuse than we can imagine.
and how to stay away from it. Energy conservation is not a distant concern
Ans : — it is an urgent reality. Wasteful use of
electricity, over-dependence on private vehicles,
Say No to Drugs — Choose Life
and the burning of fossil fuels are pushing our
By Kavya
planet towards a serious energy crisis that future
Drug abuse among teenagers is one of the most
generations will have to face.
 ARTICLE WRITING

The good news is that every student can talented young athletes from reaching their true
contribute meaningfully. Switching off lights potential. Write an article in 120–150 words for
and fans when leaving a room, using public your school magazine on the topic “Sports in
transport, unplugging chargers when not in use, India — Unleashing the Potential” discussing the
and supporting solar energy initiatives are small current state of sports in India and what needs to
habits that together create enormous change. be done to help young athletes succeed.
Renewable energy is the future — but Ans :
conservation is the bridge that gets us there.
Sports in India — Unleashing the Potential
7. You are Rekha/Rajat of Modern Academy, Delhi. By XYZ
You feel that India’s rich cultural heritage — its India is a nation of over a billion people, and
monuments, traditions, art forms, and languages yet our Olympic medal tally remains modest
— is not being valued and preserved adequately compared to countries far smaller in population.
by the younger generation. Write an article in The reason is not a lack of talent — it is a lack of
120–150 words for your school magazine on the opportunity.
topic “Our Heritage — Our Identity” urging Across India’s villages and small towns, there
young people to take pride in and responsibility are young athletes of extraordinary ability who
for preserving India’s extraordinary cultural may never be discovered simply because they have
legacy. no access to good coaches, proper equipment, or
Hints: Ancient monuments — folk arts and sports facilities. Financial constraints force many
music — classical dance — regional languages talented youngsters to give up their sporting
— UNESCO heritage sites — neglect and dreams before they even begin.
vandalism — school trips — awareness — digital The government has taken positive steps
documentation through schemes like the Khelo India initiative,
but much more is needed. Schools must give
Ans :
sports equal importance alongside academics.
Our Heritage — Our Identity Talent identification programmes must reach
By Rekha every district and village. Sponsors and the media
Walk through the corridors of the Red Fort, stand must support athletes in lesser-known sports
before the carved pillars of Hampi, or watch a beyond cricket.
Bharatanatyam performance — and you will feel India has the talent to stand at the top of
a connection to something ancient, something every podium — what it needs is the system to
larger than yourself. India’s cultural heritage support that talent.
is one of the greatest gifts humanity has ever
produced. Yet it is a gift we are slowly failing to 9. India is a country where the gap between the rich
protect. and the poor remains deeply troubling. You feel
Monuments are vandalized, ancient art forms that quality education is the most powerful tool to
are dying for lack of patronage, regional languages bridge this gap and create equal opportunities for
are being abandoned, and generations of young every child. Write an article in 120–150 words for
Indians are growing up with little knowledge of your school magazine on the topic “Education —
their own extraordinary history and traditions. The Great Equaliser” highlighting how access to
Our heritage is not just about the past — it quality education can transform lives and society.
is the foundation of our identity. Schools should Ans :
organize regular heritage walks and cultural Education — The Great Equaliser
programmes. Students should explore local history By XYZ
and traditional arts with genuine curiosity. Imagine a child born in a small village, the first
Digital documentation, community preservation in her family to ever attend school. She has no
efforts, and responsible tourism can all help protect books at home, no tuition, and no one to help
what centuries have built. What we do not protect with homework. And yet, with the right teacher
today will be lost forever. and the right opportunity, she could grow up to
be a doctor, a judge, or a scientist. This is the
8. India has immense potential in the field of sports,
transformative power of education.
but lack of infrastructure, proper coaching, and
Education is the most powerful force we
recognition at the grassroots level is preventing
have to break the cycle of poverty and create a

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PAGE 278 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

more equal society. When a child — regardless they do.

of their background — is given access to quality A skilled India is an employed India.
education, their potential becomes limitless.
The Right to Education Act was a historic 11. You feel that the problem of corruption in India
step, but implementation gaps remain. remains one of the biggest obstacles to the
Government schools need better infrastructure, country’s progress and development. You believe
trained teachers, and digital resources. Mid- that young people have a crucial role to play in
day meal schemes and scholarships must be fighting corruption. Write an article in 120–150
strengthened to keep children in school. words for your school magazine on the topic
Every child who gets an education is a step “Youth Against Corruption — Time to Act”
towards a stronger, fairer India. urging students to stand up against corruption in
their daily lives.
10. You are Prerna/Pranav of Kendriya Vidyalaya, Hints: Corruption in daily life — bribery — effect
Bhopal. You are deeply concerned about the on development — loss to government resources
problem of unemployment among educated youth — role of youth — refusing bribes — right to
in India and feel that the current education system information — vigilance and reporting
is not preparing students adequately for the job Ans :
market. Write an article in 120–150 words for
Youth Against Corruption — Time to Act
your school magazine on the topic “Degrees Are
By XYZ
Not Enough — Skills Are the Future” arguing
Corruption is not just a headline in a newspaper
that skill development must be made a central
— it is the extra money paid to get a driving
part of education in India.
licence, the bribe given to jump a queue, the
Hints: Rising unemployment — gap between
funds meant for a village school that disappear
education and industry — skill shortage —
into someone’s pocket. It is everywhere, and it is
vocational training — internships — practical
costing India enormously — in money, in trust,
knowledge — National Skill Development Mission
and in human lives.
— attitude and soft skills
Corruption diverts resources away from
Ans : schools, hospitals, and roads — directly harming
Degrees Are Not Enough — Skills Are the the poorest and most vulnerable citizens. It breeds
Future inequality, rewards dishonesty, and discourages
By Prerna hardworking and honest people.
Every year, millions of graduates enter the Indian Young people are the most powerful force for
job market armed with degrees — and struggle to change in this fight. We must refuse to pay or
find employment. This is not because jobs do not accept bribes, even when it seems easier to give in.
exist. It is because there is a growing gap between We must use tools like the Right to Information
what our education system teaches and what the Act to hold authorities accountable. We must
real world requires. speak up rather than look away.
Employers today are looking for people who A generation that refuses to tolerate
can think critically, communicate clearly, solve corruption will build an India worth being proud
NODIA

problems creatively, and adapt quickly to change. of.

A degree certificate, on its own, guarantees none
of these things. 12. You are Alisha/Alok of Greenfield Academy,
India urgently needs to shift its focus from Jaipur. You are concerned about the declining
rote learning and examination scores to skill quality of air and water in Indian cities due to
development, vocational training, and practical rapid industrialization and population growth.
experience. Internships, apprenticeships, and Write an article in 120–150 words for a local
industry exposure must become a standard part newspaper on the topic “Clean City, Healthy Life”
of every student’s education. Soft skills like discussing the environmental problems faced by
teamwork, communication, and leadership must Indian cities today and suggesting ways in which
be taught alongside academic subjects. citizens and authorities can work together to
The National Skill Development Mission is a make cities cleaner and healthier.
step in the right direction — but every school and Hints: Air pollution — water contamination —
college must make skill-building central to what garbage disposal — open drains — Swachh Bharat
 ARTICLE WRITING

Mission — green spaces — citizen responsibility Reading a newspaper every day builds a
— waste segregation — public awareness habit of disciplined thinking. It exposes students
Ans : to a wide range of topics — politics, science,
Clean City, Healthy Life sports, culture, economics — presented with
By Alisha depth and accuracy that social media rarely
A clean city is not just aesthetically pleasing offers. It improves vocabulary, sharpens reading
— it is a matter of life and health. Yet across comprehension, and is invaluable preparation for
India, millions of citizens wake up every day to competitive examinations.
choked roads, polluted rivers, overflowing garbage Equally important, newspapers help students
dumps, and air so thick with smog it burns the develop the ability to question, analyse, and form
eyes. Our cities are sick, and the consequences for their own informed opinions — a skill that is critical
public health are severe. in today’s world of rampant misinformation.
Air pollution, contaminated drinking water, Spend fifteen minutes with a newspaper every
and poor waste management are responsible morning — and watch how your world grows
for a significant proportion of diseases in urban larger.
India. Children, the elderly, and the economically
14. You are Tanvi/Tarun of Sunrise School, Jaipur.
disadvantaged suffer the most, as they have the
You recently noticed that a large number of
least ability to escape these environments.
students in your school are under enormous
The Swachh Bharat Mission has made a
pressure during examination time and are adopting
difference, but the work is far from over. Citizens
unhealthy coping methods. Write an article in
must take responsibility — segregating waste,
120–150 words for your school magazine on the
avoiding plastic, using public dustbins, and
topic “Beat Exam Stress the Right Way” offering
reporting illegal dumping. Local authorities must
practical and healthy advice to students on how
maintain drains, increase green cover, and strictly
to manage examination pressure effectively.
enforce pollution norms.
Hints: Causes of exam stress — irregular sleep —
A clean city is every citizen’s right — and
skipping meals — cramming — time management
every citizen’s responsibility.
— regular breaks — exercise — talking to someone
13. You are Rishabh/Riya of Bright Star School, — positive thinking — preparation starts early
Indore. You feel that the habit of reading Ans :
newspapers every day is declining among young
Beat Exam Stress the Right Way
people and that this is having a negative effect By Tanvi
on their awareness, knowledge, and ability to As examinations approach, a familiar kind of
form opinions. Write an article in 120–150 words panic sets in. Sleep becomes irregular, meals are
for your school magazine on the topic “Read a skipped, textbooks pile up, and panic replaces
Newspaper — Know Your World” encouraging preparation. For many students, exam time feels
students to develop the daily habit of reading less like a test of knowledge and more like a test of
newspapers. survival. It does not have to be this way.
Hints: Declining newspaper reading — social Exam stress, when managed well, can actually
media as news source — misinformation — sharpen focus and motivate better performance.
benefits of newspapers — current affairs — The key is to handle it in healthy and constructive
vocabulary — general knowledge — competitive ways rather than giving in to panic.
exams — disciplined habit Start preparing early — do not leave
Ans : everything for the last week. Make a realistic
Read a Newspaper — Know Your World timetable and stick to it. Take short breaks every
By Rishabh hour to let your brain rest. Sleep for at least
In an age of instant notifications and social media seven to eight hours — a rested brain performs
feeds, most teenagers get their “news” from a ten- far better than an exhausted one. Eat nutritious
second video or a forwarded message on a chat meals and drink enough water.
group. The daily newspaper, once a fixture in Most importantly, talk to a friend, teacher, or
every Indian home, is increasingly being ignored parent if the pressure feels overwhelming. You are
by the younger generation — and this is a loss far not alone — and asking for help is always a sign
greater than it might seem. of strength, not weakness.

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• Complete NODIA book series for CBSE Class 9 (Session 2026–27) is available as free, fully
printable PDFs — no purchase required.
• Teachers across the country set their question papers directly from NODIA books, picking and
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PAGE 280 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

15. You are Ankush/Anisha of Progressive School, historical places — natural wonders — tolerance
Agra. You are concerned about the increasing and understanding — school trips — budget
problem of noise pollution in Indian cities and travel — memories for life
its harmful effects on the health and wellbeing of Ans :
residents, especially in densely populated areas.
Travel — The Best Teacher
Write an article in 120–150 words for a local
By Nandini
newspaper on the topic “Silence Please — Noise
No textbook can teach you what it feels like to
Pollution is a Real Threat” highlighting the causes
stand at the edge of the Grand Canyon, walk
and effects of noise pollution and suggesting ways
through the narrow alleys of Varanasi at dawn, or
to control it.
share a meal with a family in a remote Rajasthani
Hints: Vehicular horns — loudspeakers —
village. Some lessons can only be learned by
construction noise — firecrackers — health effects
stepping out of your comfort zone and into the
— hearing loss — sleep disturbance — stress —
world.
enforcement of noise laws — awareness
Travel is one of life’s greatest educators. It
Ans : teaches history more vividly than any classroom,
Silence Please — Noise Pollution Is a Real because you are standing inside it. It builds
Threat tolerance and empathy, because you meet people
By Ankush whose lives are completely different from your
The moment you step outside in any Indian own and discover how much you have in common.
city, you are assaulted by sound — blaring It teaches adaptability, problem-solving, and
horns, roaring construction machinery, booming confidence — because every journey brings
loudspeakers at religious events, and the endless unexpected challenges.
rumble of traffic. Noise pollution is so constant School trips to historical sites, nature
that most people have simply stopped noticing it. reserves, and cultural destinations should be an
But our bodies have not stopped suffering. essential part of education, not an optional extra.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise leads And students should seize every opportunity —
to serious health problems — permanent hearing even within their own city or state — to explore,
damage, disturbed sleep, high blood pressure, discover, and learn.
increased stress hormones, poor concentration, The world is the greatest classroom there is
and even cardiovascular disease. Children and the — and it is always open.
elderly are particularly vulnerable.
Strict enforcement of existing noise pollution 17. You are Aditi/Aditya of Ryan International School.
laws is urgently needed. Unnecessary honking You feel that the excessive use of smartphones and
must attract heavy fines. The use of loudspeakers digital devices is seriously affecting the physical
must be regulated, especially during night hours. and mental health of teenagers in India. Write an
Festivals involving firecrackers must be managed article in 120–150 words for your school magazine
responsibly. on the topic “Smartphone Addiction — When
Citizens too have a role. The simplest and Technology Becomes a Trap” warning students
most powerful step anyone can take is to reduce about the dangers of excessive screen time.
the noise they personally create. A quieter city is Ans :
a healthier and happier city. Smartphone Addiction — When Technology
Becomes a Trap
16. You are Nandini/Nakul of St. Francis School,
By Aditi
Kochi. You feel that travel and exploring new
A decade ago, a teenager’s biggest distraction was
places is one of the best ways to learn about the
the television. Today, it is the smartphone — and
world, understand different cultures, and develop
it is far more powerful, far more addictive, and far
as a person. Write an article in 120–150 words
more difficult to put down.
for your school magazine on the topic “Travel
Studies show that the average teenager spends
— The Best Teacher” arguing that travelling
over six hours a day on their phone. This excessive
broadens the mind and enriches life in ways that
screen time is causing serious damage — disturbed
no classroom can.
sleep patterns, poor posture, weakened eyesight,
Hints: Meeting new people — learning new
reduced physical activity, and increasing levels of
cultures — stepping out of comfort zone —

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 ARTICLE WRITING

anxiety and depression. Many young people are so 19. The bar graph given below is based on a survey of
absorbed in their virtual lives that they are losing 1,000 school students conducted in 2024, showing
the ability to have real conversations and build the level of awareness among Indian youth about
genuine relationships. various environmental issues. While the results
Technology itself is not the enemy — it is show some encouraging signs, they also reveal
how we use it that matters. Students should set serious gaps that need to be addressed. Using
daily screen time limits, keep phones away during the data given in the graph along with your own
meals and bedtime, and replace at least one hour ideas, write an article in 120–150 words for your
of screen time with an outdoor activity every day. school magazine on the topic “How Aware Are
A phone is a tool — do not let it become your We About Our Environment?” analysing what
master. the data suggests and urging students to become
more informed and active about environmental
protection.

18. You are Meghna/Mohit of Scholars Academy.

You strongly feel that women in India are still
not given the equal opportunities they deserve
in education, employment, and society. Write an
article in 120–150 words for your school magazine
on the topic “Women Empowerment — Still a
NODIA
Dream or a Reality?” discussing the progress
made and the challenges that still remain.
Hints: Increasing literacy rates — women in
leadership — gender inequality — education —
workplace discrimination — domestic violence —
government schemes — Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Ans :
Women Empowerment — Still a Dream or a
Reality?
By Meghna
India has come a long way in the journey
towards women empowerment. Today, women are
astronauts, judges, army officers, entrepreneurs,
and athletes. Female literacy rates are rising and
more girls than ever before are attending school.
These are signs of genuine progress that must be
acknowledged and celebrated.
However, beneath this progress lie
uncomfortable truths. Gender inequality,
Ans :
workplace discrimination, unequal pay, domestic
violence, and child marriage continue to affect How Aware Are We About Our Environment?
millions of women across the country, particularly By XYZ
in rural areas. A girl’s right to education and a A 2024 survey of 1,000 school students offers
safe life is still not guaranteed everywhere. an interesting and important insight into how
Government schemes such as Beti Bachao aware Indian youth are about the environmental
Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, and free challenges facing our planet. The results are a
education for girls are steps in the right direction. mixed picture — encouraging in some areas, but
But real empowerment goes beyond schemes — deeply concerning in others.
it requires a change in mindset, in families, in Encouragingly, 85 percent of students are
schools, and in society. aware of air pollution and 78 percent are aware
Women do not need sympathy — they need of water pollution — issues they encounter daily.
opportunity, respect, and equality. Plastic waste awareness stands at a reasonable 72
percent. However, awareness drops significantly
PAGE 282 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

when it comes to deforestation at 60 percent, Close behind is fear and anxiety at 25 percent
climate change at 55 percent, and most alarmingly, — a problem that feeds on itself, as fear leads
wildlife conservation at just 38 percent. to avoidance, and avoidance deepens fear. Weak
These gaps are worrying. Climate change and basics and poor foundations account for 20
wildlife conservation are among the most serious percent, while poor teaching methods and lack of
long-term threats to our planet, yet they remain interest contribute 15 and 10 percent respectively.
poorly understood by more than half of young What these numbers tell us is that most
people surveyed. students do not lack the ability to do Mathematics
Schools must go beyond textbooks and bring — they lack consistent practice, confidence, and
environmental education to life through field proper foundational support.
trips, awareness campaigns, and student-led Teachers must make classrooms safe spaces
green initiatives. An aware youth is the planet’s for making mistakes. Students must practice daily,
greatest hope. however briefly. And parents must encourage
rather than pressurize. Mathematics is not a wall
20. The pie chart given below shows the findings of — it is a door. With the right key, anyone can
a survey conducted among 400 school students in open it.
2024, which asked them about the main reasons
they find Mathematics difficult. The results
highlight both personal habits and systemic 
issues that need to be addressed. Using the data
provided in the chart along with your own ideas,
write an article in 120–150 words for your school
magazine on the topic “Why Do Students Fear
Mathematics — And How Can We Change That?”
analysing the key reasons shown in the data and
suggesting practical solutions to help students
overcome their difficulties with the subject.

Ans :
Why Do Students Fear Mathematics — And
How Can We Change That?
By XYZ
Mathematics is often called the queen of all
sciences, yet for many students it is the subject
they dread most. A 2024 survey of 400 students
sheds light on exactly why this fear exists — and
the findings are both revealing and fixable.
The survey shows that lack of regular
practice is the single biggest reason students
struggle, accounting for 30 percent of responses.

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 ESSAY WRITING

CHAPTER 17
ESSAY WRITING

1. INTRODUCTION Examples: Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed

in Schools?, Capital Punishment.
An essay is a piece of writing in which the writer 5. Reflective Essay : The writer reflects deeply
expresses thoughts, ideas, and feelings about a on a personal experience or idea, exploring
topic in a well-organised manner. The word ‘essay’ what it meant to them and what they learnt
comes from the French word ‘essai’, meaning ‘an from it. More philosophical in tone.
attempt’ — it is your attempt to say something Examples: What Failure Has Taught Me, My
meaningful and interesting about a given topic in Relationship with Books.
your own words. Essay writing is an important 6. Analytical Essay : Analyses a text, event, or
part of the Writing Skills section, and you are concept in detail — breaking it down into
expected to write essays that are clear, organised, parts and examining how they work together.
well-expressed, and within the given word limit. A Common in higher classes.
good essay reveals not just what you know about Examples: An Analysis of a Poem, The
a topic, but how thoughtfully and clearly you can Causes and Effects of the French Revolution.
express yourself.
NOTE :
As per the CBSE Class 9 syllabus, only Descriptive
2. TYPES OF ESSAYS
and Narrative essays are required. The other
Essays can be written in many different styles and types have been mentioned above for your general
for many different purposes: awareness only. This chapter will focus on these
1. Descriptive Essay : Describes a person, place, two types only.
NODIA

object, event, or experience in vivid detail.

The goal is to paint a picture with words
so the reader can see, hear, and feel what is 3. STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY
being described. Every good essay — whether descriptive or
Examples: A Village Fair, A Rainy Day, My narrative — follows the same basic three-part
School Library. structure. Understanding and using this structure
2. Narrative Essay : Tells a story — real or will make your essay organised, readable, and
imaginary — with a sequence of events. It has score-worthy.
characters, a setting, a problem, and usually A. Introduction (1 paragraph): This is the
a lesson or moral at the end. opening paragraph. It introduces the
Examples: An Unforgettable Journey, The topic to the reader and sets the mood or
Day I Got Lost, A Day I Helped Someone. tone of the essay. A good introduction is
3. Expository Essay : Explains or informs interesting enough to make the reader want
the reader about a topic in a factual, to read further. You can begin with a striking
straightforward manner. It presents facts, statement, a question, a short description, or
definitions, and explanations without personal a quote.
opinion. B. Body (2–4 paragraphs): This is the main
Examples: How Photosynthesis Works, section of the essay where you develop your
Causes of Climate Change. ideas in detail. Each paragraph should focus
4. Argumentative/Persuasive Essay : Presents on one main idea. In a descriptive essay,
the writer’s argument or opinion on a topic describe different aspects of the subject.
and tries to convince the reader. It uses facts, In a narrative essay, narrate the events in
logic, and examples to support a point of sequence. The body should flow smoothly
view. from one paragraph to the next.
PAGE 284 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

C. Conclusion (1 paragraph): This is the final with more precise and vivid ones. A thesaurus is
paragraph that brings the essay to a satisfying your best friend!
close. It summarises the main idea, gives a
final thought, feeling, or lesson, and leaves the 5. HOW TO WRITE A NARRATIVE
reader with something to think about. Never
introduce any new idea in the conclusion. ESSAY
To keep your writing seamless, use transition A narrative essay tells a story. It should have a clear
words to glue your ideas together. If you ever feel beginning, middle, and end. The story should be
lost, just remember the simple “Tell” formula: Tell engaging, personal, and should end with a lesson,
them what you will say (Introduction) → Say it reflection, or change in the narrator. Narrative
(Body) → Tell them what you said (Conclusion). essay questions often give a starting line, a theme,
or a situation to build the story around.
1. Choose a Meaningful Incident: Whether the
4. HOW TO WRITE A DESCRIPTIVE question gives you a starting line or a free
ESSAY topic, choose an incident that has a clear
A descriptive essay paints a picture with words. conflict, turning point, and resolution. Even
The goal is to use language so vividly that the a simple event can make a powerful essay if it
reader feels they are actually experiencing the has a strong message.
person, place, object, or event you are describing. 2. Arrange Events in Chronological Order:
The key is to appeal to the five senses: sight, Narrative essays generally follow the order in
sound, smell, touch, and taste. which events happened. Use time markers like
1. Decide Your Focus: You cannot describe ‘first’, ‘then’, ‘soon after’, ‘suddenly’, ‘finally’, ‘by
everything. Choose the most important or the time’, and ‘looking back’ to guide the reader.
interesting aspects of your topic and describe 3. Show, Don’t Just Tell: Instead of writing ‘I
those in depth. For example, if describing a was nervous’, write ‘My hands trembled and I
fair, focus on the atmosphere, a few specific kept reading the same line of my notes without
sights, and one or two experiences rather than understanding a word.’ This technique —
trying to mention everything. called ‘showing’ — makes the reader feel the
2. Use the Five Senses: For every aspect you emotion rather than just being told about it.
describe, ask: What does it look like? What 4. Build to a Climax: Every strong narrative
sounds are there? What does it smell like? has a most important moment — the climax
Is there a taste or texture? Specific sensory — where the main event or conflict reaches
details make your description come alive. its peak. Give this moment its due attention.
Avoid vague words like ‘nice’ or ‘beautiful’ The writing before it should build up to it
— use specific words like ‘golden’, ‘sharp’, naturally.
‘fragrant’, ‘velvety’, or ‘thundering’. 5. End with Reflection: A narrative essay always
3. Use Figurative Language: Similes (as bright ends with what you learnt, how the experience
as the sun), metaphors (the road was a silver changed you, or what message it carries. This
ribbon), and personification (the trees danced final paragraph transforms a simple story into
in the wind) make descriptions richer and a meaningful essay.
more interesting. Use them naturally — do Write narrative essays in the first person (I,
not force them in. we, my). Use one or two short lines of dialogue to
4. Organise Your Description Logically: Move make the story feel real and lively. For example:
from general to specific, or from far to near, My grandfather looked at me and said, ‘Failure is
or from outside to inside. For example, when not the end, my dear.’
describing a place, first give a general view,
then focus on specific details. 6. POINTS TO REMEMBER
5. End with a Feeling or Reflection: Always Keep the following important points in mind
conclude with how the subject made you feel every time you write an essay in class or in the
or what it made you think about. This gives examination:
the essay an emotional depth. 1. Always read the question carefully before
Read your descriptive essay aloud. If it you begin. Identify whether it is a descriptive
sounds flat or repetitive, replace ordinary words

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 ESSAY WRITING

or narrative essay and note any specific 7. SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

instructions.
2. Spend 2–3 minutes planning before writing. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS
Jot down 3–4 main ideas in the margin. This
prevents you from going off-topic. 1. You recently attended a colourful village fair
3. Write in clear paragraphs — introduction, during your winter holidays. Your English teacher
body, and conclusion. Do not write your essay has asked you to write a descriptive essay on ‘A
as one long paragraph. Village Fair’ for the school magazine. Write the

NODIA
4. Every paragraph must have one main idea. essay in 200–250 words describing the sights,
Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence sounds, smells, and the overall atmosphere of the
that tells the reader what the paragraph will fair. Also mention what you enjoyed most and
be about. how you felt when you left.
5. Stay within the word limit of 200–250 words. Hints: colourful stalls, balloons, food smells, giant
Too short means you have not developed your wheel, puppet show, crowd, festive atmosphere,
ideas. Too long may mean you have gone off- earthen toys, evening lights, feeling of joy
topic. Ans :
6. Use a variety of sentence lengths. Mix short, A Village Fair
punchy sentences with longer, descriptive Last winter, I got the chance to attend a village
ones for a natural and engaging flow. fair in a small village near my hometown. It was
7. Avoid repeating the same word too many a wonderful experience that I will not forget for
times in the essay. Use synonyms to keep your a long time.
language fresh and varied. The fair was set up in a large open field. As
8. Use proper punctuation — full stops, commas, soon as I entered, I saw bright red and yellow
question marks, and exclamation marks — tents, colourful balloons, and flags moving in the
correctly. Poor punctuation makes even good cool breeze. The air was filled with the sweet smell
ideas hard to read. of jalebi and roasted groundnuts. Vendors sat on
9. Do not use very informal language, slang, or both sides of the path and called out loudly to
text-message abbreviations in an essay. attract customers. They were selling everything
10. Always write a conclusion. Many students from earthen pots to small toys.
run out of time and leave the essay without In the centre of the fair there was a giant
an ending — this always results in loss of wheel. Children screamed and laughed with joy
marks. as it went round and round. Nearby, a crowd had
11. Use linking words to connect sentences and gathered around a puppet show. The puppeteer
paragraphs: however, therefore, as a result, made his puppets dance and talk in funny voices.
on the other hand, in addition, for instance, Everyone watching was laughing and clapping.
above all. Women in bright sarees and children in their
12. Check your essay for spelling mistakes, best clothes moved from stall to stall. I bought
grammatical errors, and missing words before a small clay doll and a bag of popcorn. In the
submitting. A re-read of 1–2 minutes can save evening, the fair became even more beautiful.
valuable marks. Small lights were switched on everywhere and the
13. The opening line of your essay is very whole ground glowed with colour. It looked very
important — it sets the tone. Avoid starting festive and cheerful.
with ‘In this essay, I will write about...’ — When I walked home that night, I was tired
instead, begin with an interesting statement, but very happy. I realised that a village fair is
image, or question. not just a place to buy things. It is a place where
14. The CBSE examiner awards marks for people come together, enjoy themselves, and share
content, organisation, and language. Work on happy moments with each other.
all three, not just the content.
2. Your school magazine is publishing a special
edition on school life. You have been asked to write
a descriptive essay on ‘Our School Library’ in
200–250 words. Describe the physical appearance
of the library, its atmosphere, the kind of books
PAGE 286 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

and resources available, and what the library and pakoras, school holiday, sparrows, rainbow,
means to you personally. Make your description cosy feeling
vivid and interesting for the readers. Ans :
Hints: large room, bookshelves, natural light,
A Rainy Day
smell of books, silence, wooden tables, librarian,
Rain always brings a special feeling with it. Last
fiction and non-fiction sections, reference books,
monsoon, there was one particularly heavy rainy
peaceful feeling
day that I still remember very clearly.
Ans : I woke up that morning to the sound of heavy
Our School Library rain falling on the window. The sky outside was
Our school library is one of my favourite places dark grey and covered with thick clouds. It looked
in the whole school. Whenever I step inside, I feel more like evening than morning. Water was
calm and peaceful. All the noise and rush of the flowing down the road and collecting in puddles
school corridors seems far away the moment I everywhere.
walk through its door. The air smelled fresh and earthy — the way
The library is a large, well-lit room on the first it always does after rain. The trees outside were
floor of our school building. It has big windows on swaying in the wet wind and their leaves were
both sides that let in plenty of natural light. The shining with raindrops. A few small sparrows
room is lined with tall bookshelves on all sides. were sitting together under the roof of a nearby
The books are arranged neatly and labelled clearly house, chirping quietly.
— fiction, science, history, geography, and many That day, our school was declared closed
more sections. The smell of books fills the air and because of the heavy rainfall. My brother and
makes the place feel warm and comfortable. I were very happy to hear this. We made small
In the centre of the room there are long paper boats and put them in the puddles near
wooden tables and chairs where students sit and our gate. We watched them float and race each
read quietly. Everyone speaks in low voices or other in the flowing water. Our mother made
not at all. The only sounds you can hear are the hot tea and crispy pakoras for us. We sat near
soft turning of pages and the occasional scratch the window, ate our snacks, and listened to the
of a pencil. A friendly librarian sits at the front sound of the rain. It was one of the most cosy and
desk and helps students find the books they are enjoyable mornings I can remember.
looking for. By the afternoon, the rain had slowed down.
The library has a large collection of storybooks, The sky became a little brighter. Then we noticed
reference books, magazines, and encyclopedias. a beautiful rainbow stretching across the sky
Whether I want to read an adventure story or in seven colours. Our neighbours also came out
find information for a school project, I always find of their houses to look at it and everyone was
what I need here. smiling.
I try to visit the library during my free That rainy day was simple but very special.
periods as often as I can. Reading here is a It reminded me that sometimes the best days are
different experience from reading at home. It is the ones that arrive without any planning.
quiet, focused, and enjoyable.
To me, our school library is not just a room 4. Your school organised an educational trip to a
full of books. It is a place where I can learn, famous historical monument in your city or state.
imagine, and grow. You have been asked to write a descriptive essay
on ‘A Visit to a Historical Monument’ in 200–250
3. Last monsoon, you experienced a particularly words for the school newsletter. Describe what the
heavy and memorable rainy day. Your class teacher monument looked like, what you learnt from your
has asked everyone to write a descriptive essay on guide, how you felt standing before it, and what
‘A Rainy Day’ in 200–250 words. Describe the impression it left on you. Choose any monument
weather, the sights and sounds around you, what you have visited or know about.
you and your family did that day, and what made Hints: tall structure, red sandstone or white
the day special or memorable. Use vivid sensory marble, carvings, guide’s explanation, ancient
details to bring the day to life. history, Iron Pillar, pride, wonder, afternoon
Hints: grey clouds, drumming rain, fresh earthy sunlight
smell, streams in the street, paper boats, hot tea

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 ESSAY WRITING

Ans : something about the cold air, warm clothes, and

A Visit to a Historical Monument foggy mornings that makes me feel happy and
History can sometimes feel boring when we read comfortable.
it in textbooks. But when you actually stand Winter in my city starts around October and
in front of a historical monument, everything becomes colder through December and January.
changes. Our school organised a trip to the Qutub The mornings are the best part of winter for
Minar in Delhi last year, and it turned out to be me. The sun rises late and a thick fog covers the
one of the most interesting trips I have ever been streets and fields. Everything looks quiet and still.
on. Trees have lost most of their leaves and their bare
When our bus entered the complex, the first branches stand out clearly against the pale sky.
sight of the tall tower made all of us go quiet. The By afternoon, the sun comes out and the
Qutub Minar is a very tall structure made of red weather becomes pleasant and warm. People

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sandstone. It is about 73 metres high and gets come out of their homes and sit in parks and open
narrower as it goes up. The surface of the tower spaces to enjoy the sunshine. Children play outside
is covered with beautiful carvings and patterns. I in colourful sweaters and jackets. The smell of
could not believe that something so detailed and roasted peanuts and bonfires floats through the
so large had been built so many hundreds of years air in the evenings. It is a very familiar and
ago without any modern machines. comforting smell.
We walked around the complex with our guide. Winter is also the time of many festivals.
He told us about the kings who had built the Lohri, Makar Sankranti, and Christmas all fall
tower and the mosque nearby. He also showed us in winter and bring with them lights, sweets, and
the famous Iron Pillar standing in the courtyard. celebrations. Markets are full of fresh vegetables
He told us that this pillar has not rusted even like peas, carrots, and cauliflower. Marigold
after more than one thousand six hundred years. flowers bloom in gardens and add colour to the
That fact amazed all of us. cold grey days.
Standing at the base of the Minar and looking At night, the cold becomes stronger. The sky
up at it, I felt very proud. The afternoon sunlight is very clear and full of bright stars. I love lying
was falling on the red stone and making it look under a warm quilt on winter nights with a cup of
even more beautiful. hot cocoa and a good book.
When we got back on the bus, everyone was Winter makes me feel peaceful and happy. It
talking about what they had seen. That trip is the season I look forward to the most every
taught me that India has a very rich and great year.
history. Reading about it in books is one thing,
but seeing it with your own eyes is something else NARRATIVE ESSAYS
entirely.
6. Everyone has at least one journey that has
5. Every person has a favourite season that they look stayed with them — not just because of where
forward to every year. Write a descriptive essay on they went, but because of what they discovered
‘My Favourite Season’ in 200–250 words. Describe along the way. Write a narrative essay on ‘An
how the season looks, sounds, and smells, what Unforgettable Journey’ in 200–250 words. Narrate
changes it brings to nature and daily life, what where you went, what happened during or after
activities or festivals you associate with it, and the journey, what or whom you encountered, and
why it is your favourite. Use vivid and interesting most importantly what you learnt or how you
language to bring the season to life for the reader. changed as a result of the experience.
Hints: crisp air, foggy mornings, warm woolens, Hints: train journey, changing landscapes,
golden sunlight, bare trees, bonfires, peanuts, grandfather’s village, simple life, stories from the
Lohri / Makar Sankranti / Christmas, marigold past, hard work, morning mist, birdsong, peace,
flowers, hot cocoa, stars at night new perspective
Ans : Ans :
My Favourite Season An Unforgettable Journey
Every season has something special about it, I have been on many trips with my family, but
but winter is my favourite season of all. There is there is one journey that I will always remember.
Last summer, my father and I travelled by train
PAGE 288 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

to visit my grandfather who lives in a small village People walked past her without a second glance.
in the hills. Something made me stop.
The train journey itself was very enjoyable. It I went up to her and asked if she was all right.
was almost twelve hours long. I sat by the window She spoke in a trembling voice, telling me that she
and watched the scenery change slowly outside. had come to the market to buy medicines but had
First there were flat fields and small towns. Then lost her way and could not remember her house
the land started rising and I could see green address. She seemed frightened. I sat with her and

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forests and hills on both sides. The air coming gently asked her questions — the name of her
through the window became cooler and fresher as locality, any landmarks near her home. Slowly,
we went further. with her help, I figured out where she lived.
We reached my grandfather’s village in the I called my mother, told her I would be late,
evening. He lives in a small, simple house on the and walked the old woman to a nearby auto-
side of a hill. That night, we sat together near rickshaw stand. I explained her address to the
a fire and he told me stories from his younger driver and paid the fare from my pocket money.
days. He told me how he used to walk several She held my hand, smiled warmly, and said, “God
kilometres to school every day. He talked about bless you, son.”
how hard life was and how he worked very hard to That simple sentence stayed with me all
give his family a better future. I listened quietly evening. That day, I understood that helping
and felt very impressed by him. someone does not always require great resources
The next morning I woke up early and or heroic acts. Sometimes, all it takes is stopping
stepped outside. There was mist on the hills and when everyone else walks on.
birds were singing all around. I stood there for a
long time just looking at the view. I had never felt 8. Your school has asked students to contribute to a
so calm and peaceful before. creative writing contest on the theme ‘A Decision
When I came back home after a week, I felt That Changed My Life’. Using the opening line
different. I had learnt that a simple life can also — ‘One decision changed everything.’ — write
be a happy life. I had a new respect for hard work a narrative essay in 200–250 words. Develop the
and for the people who live quietly but honestly. story from this opening, describing what situation
That journey taught me more than I expected. you faced, what the decision was, how difficult it
was to make, what happened after you made it,
7. We are often too busy to notice the people around and what it ultimately taught you about yourself.
us who may need our help. Write a narrative Hints: fear of public speaking, class debate,
essay in 200–250 words on ‘A Day When I Helped teacher’s encouragement, two weeks of practice,
Someone in Need’. Describe the situation you mirror practice, father’s support, stage fright,
came across, who the person was and what they second place, confidence, courage
needed, what you did to help them, how the Ans :
person reacted, and what the entire experience
A Decision That Changed My Life
taught you. Make your narrative personal and
One decision changed everything. It was the
honest.
day I chose to participate in the school debate
Hints: old woman lost at market, confusion and
competition, even though I was terrified of
fear, asking questions, finding address, auto-
speaking in front of people.
rickshaw, pocket money, her words of gratitude,
I had always sat in the audience during school
lesson about kindness
events, watching others speak, clap, and win
Ans : prizes, telling myself I could never do the same.
A Day When I Helped Someone in Need My hands would tremble and my voice would
I have always been told that helping others gives vanish at the mere thought of standing on a stage.
you a satisfaction that nothing else can. I truly When my class teacher encouraged me to enter
understood this one ordinary Tuesday afternoon the debate, my first instinct was to say no.
last November. But something made me say yes.
I was walking home from school, tired and The next two weeks were difficult. I practised
thinking about lunch, when I noticed an old woman alone in my room, in front of the mirror, in the
sitting on the pavement outside the market. She bathroom, on the way to school. I made notes,
was holding a small bag and looking confused. crossed them out, rewrote them. My father
 ESSAY WRITING

listened patiently to my arguments each evening lessons. First, never wander off from your family
and told me where I could improve. in crowded places. Second, in moments of fear,
On the day of the competition, my heart the right action is always better than panic. I
was pounding as I stood at the podium. But the have never forgotten either lesson.
moment I spoke my first sentence, something
shifted. My voice steadied. The words came. I 10. Starting at a new school mid-year can be one of
spoke with a confidence I did not know I had. the most nervous and challenging experiences for
I did not win first place — I came second. But a student. Write a narrative essay on ‘My First
standing there, holding that certificate, I felt like Day at a New School’ in 200–250 words. Describe
a champion. That day, I discovered that courage why you had to change schools, how you felt on
is not the absence of fear. It is choosing to act the morning of your first day, what happened
despite it. during the day — both the difficult parts and
the pleasant surprises — and what the day finally
9. Getting lost, even for a short while, can be a taught you about people and new beginnings.
frightening and eye-opening experience. Write Hints: father’s transfer, new uniform, unfamiliar
a narrative essay in 200–250 words titled ‘The campus, kind teacher’s introduction, sitting alone
Day I Got Lost’. Describe clearly where you got at lunch, a classmate’s kindness, sharing a joke,
separated from your family or group, what you certificate of first day courage, hopeful feeling
felt in those moments, how you stayed calm or Ans :
tried to get help, how the situation was resolved,
My First Day at a New School
and what two important lessons the experience
My father was transferred when I was in Class
taught you for life.
6, and I had to change schools mid-session. I still
Hints: railway station, toy shop distraction,
remember my first day at the new school as one of
parents not visible, panic, loud announcement
the most nerve-wracking days of my life.
system, policeman/railway official, reunion with
That morning, I woke up with a knot in my
mother, tight hug, lesson about safety
stomach. I barely touched my breakfast. The new
Ans : uniform felt stiff and unfamiliar. As my mother
The Day I Got Lost dropped me at the school gate, I looked at the
I was eight years old when I got lost at a railway large, busy campus and felt very small and alone.
station, and even today, more than seven years My class teacher, Mrs Sharma, was warm and
later, that memory sends a chill down my spine. welcoming. She introduced me to the class and
My family was travelling to my aunt’s house asked everyone to make me feel at home. Some
by train. The station was crowded and noisy. At students nodded politely; others barely looked up
one point, I got distracted by a toy shop near from their notebooks. I sat at an empty desk near
the platform entrance and wandered off without the window, not knowing what to do with my
telling anyone. When I turned around, my parents hands.
were nowhere to be seen. During the lunch break, I sat alone, watching
Panic set in immediately. The station other children laugh and run around. Then a girl
seemed enormous — rushing passengers, blaring from my class, Ananya, walked up to me and
announcements, clattering trolleys. I stood frozen, asked if I wanted to sit with her group. That
not knowing which way to go. Tears blurred my small act of kindness changed my entire day.
vision. I thought I had lost my family forever. By the time the final bell rang, I had laughed
Then I remembered what my father had once at a joke, borrowed a pencil, and been told about
told me: if you are lost, go to a railway official the best teacher and the worst canteen food. I
or a policeman. I spotted a uniformed man near walked out feeling lighter than I had in the
the inquiry counter and ran to him. He was kind morning.
and calm. He took me to the Station Master’s My first day taught me that courage and
office and made an announcement over the public one act of kindness from a stranger can turn a
address system. frightening beginning into a hopeful one.
Within ten minutes, my mother came
running, her face pale with worry. She hugged me 
so tightly that I could barely breathe.
That experience taught me two important

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PAGE 290 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

EXERCISE that science is not just about reading from books.

It is about thinking, creating, and experimenting
with the world around us.
DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS
2. You recently visited a busy street market in your
1. Every year, your school organises a Science and city or town — either alone or with your family.
Technology Exhibition in which students from all This could be a vegetable market, a weekly bazaar,
classes display their projects and experiments. This a handicraft market, or any busy shopping area.
year, you were part of the organising committee. Write a descriptive essay titled ‘A Busy Street
Write a descriptive essay on ‘Our School Science Market’ in 200–250 words. Use sensory details —
Exhibition’ in 200–250 words for your school what you saw, heard, smelled, and felt — to help
newsletter. Describe the various exhibits and the reader experience the market along with you.
experiments on display, the atmosphere in the Describe the types of goods sold, the vendors, the
hall, how students and teachers reacted, and what crowd, and what impression the market left on
you personally enjoyed or learnt from the event. you.
Hints: decorated hall, working models, students Hints: colourful stalls, shouting vendors, smell
explaining projects, electricity experiments, of spices and flowers, bargaining, fruits and
robots, volcano model, curious visitors, teacher vegetables, clothes and bangles, narrow lanes,
appreciation, pride and excitement crowded, noise and energy, lively atmosphere
Ans : Ans :
Our School Science Exhibition A Busy Street Market
Science has always been one of my favourite Last Sunday, I went with my mother to the weekly
subjects, but our school’s Annual Science market near our locality. I had been there before,
Exhibition last month showed me just how but that day I paid more attention to everything
talented and creative my classmates are. It was around me — and I realised what a lively and
truly a memorable event. interesting place it truly is.
The school hall looked completely different The market was set up along both sides of
that day. Colourful charts and posters decorated a narrow lane. Vegetable sellers sat behind large
the walls. Tables were arranged neatly in rows, piles of fresh produce — green peas, bright orange
and each one had a working model or experiment carrots, tomatoes, spinach, and coriander. The
on display. As soon as I walked in, I could hear smell of fresh vegetables mixed with the smell of
the hum of machines and see blinking lights flowers and spices in the air. It was a pleasant and
everywhere. The atmosphere was full of energy familiar smell.
and excitement. The vendors called out loudly to attract
Our class had made a working model of a customers. “Fresh tomatoes, only five rupees!”
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hydroelectric dam. My friend Rajat explained shouted one man. “Best brinjals here!” answered
to the visitors how flowing water can be used to his neighbour. There was a constant noise of
produce electricity. People stopped and listened bargaining, chatting, and the clinking of bangles
with great interest. In another section, students from a nearby stall.
from Class 10 had built a small robot that could Customers moved from stall to stall, picking
pick up objects. Almost everyone crowded around up vegetables, checking prices, and bargaining.
it. Women carefully compared the quality of goods
Other exhibits were also very impressive. before buying. Children held on to their mothers
There was a model of the solar system with small and looked around with wide eyes. An old man
lights for each planet, a chemistry experiment quietly bargained for a bunch of bananas.
using vinegar and baking soda, and a model of a On one side, cloth sellers had spread out
volcano that erupted with red foam. That volcano colourful sarees and dupattas. On another, a man
attracted the most visitors of all. was selling plastic toys and small household items.
Teachers walked around the hall asking By the time we finished our shopping and
questions and praising students. Everyone looked started walking home, I felt that the market was
proud of their work. much more than just a place to buy things. It was
When I walked out at the end, I felt very a busy, noisy, colourful slice of everyday life.
happy and inspired. The exhibition taught me
 ESSAY WRITING

3. Trees are one of the most important gifts of nature have become part of everyday life, what benefits
to mankind. Your school has started a ‘Save Our they offer, what problems they cause especially
Trees’ campaign and has asked every student to for young people, and what the right way to use
write an essay for the campaign poster board. them is.
Write a descriptive essay on ‘The Importance of Hints: communication, internet, online learning,
Trees in Our Life’ in 200–250 words. Describe the entertainment, social media, distraction from
various ways in which trees are essential to our studies, health problems, eye strain, addiction,
survival and well-being, what would happen if cyberbullying, responsible use, screen time,
trees disappeared, and what we as individuals can balance
do to protect them. Ans :
Hints: oxygen, shade and shelter, rainfall,
Mobile Phones — A Blessing or a Curse?
preventing soil erosion, fruits and medicines,
It is hard to imagine life today without a mobile
home for birds and animals, reducing pollution,
phone. Whether it is a student checking his school
planting drives, emotional and spiritual value
timetable, a mother video-calling her son in
Ans : another city, or a farmer looking up the weather,
The Importance of Trees in Our Life mobile phones have become part of almost
Trees are one of the greatest gifts that nature has everyone’s daily life. But are they always good for
given us. We see them every day — on roadsides, us? That is the real question.
in gardens, in forests — but we rarely stop to think Mobile phones have many benefits. They
about how important they truly are. Without help us stay in touch with family and friends no
trees, life on earth would simply not be possible. matter how far away they are. Students can use
The most important thing trees give us is them to search for information, watch educational
oxygen. Every tree absorbs carbon dioxide from videos, and prepare for exams. During the Covid
the air and releases fresh oxygen in return. lockdown, mobile phones and the internet kept
In cities where there is a lot of pollution from studies going when schools were closed. In an
vehicles and factories, trees help to clean the air emergency, a phone can help us reach a doctor,
and make it safer to breathe. the police, or our family very quickly.
Trees also give us shade, fruit, and wood. But mobile phones also cause problems,
Their roots hold the soil firmly in place and stop especially for students. Many young people
it from being washed away by rain. Forests help spend hours every day watching videos, playing
bring rainfall to nearby areas. Many medicines games, or scrolling through social media instead
used to treat diseases are also made from the of studying or playing outside. This harms their
leaves, bark, and roots of trees. Birds and animals studies and wastes their time. Looking at a screen
depend on trees for their food and shelter. for too long causes eye strain, headaches, and
However, today trees are being cut down at a poor sleep. Some students also face cyberbullying
very fast rate to make space for buildings, roads, online, which can be very stressful and upsetting.
and farms. This is causing serious problems — The answer is not to stop using mobile phones
temperatures are rising, rainfall is decreasing, and altogether. The answer is to use them carefully.
many animals are losing their homes. We should decide how much time we spend on
We must all do our part to protect trees. We our phones each day, avoid using them during
should plant trees in our gardens, schools, and study time, and use them mainly for learning and
neighbourhoods. We should avoid wasting paper. communication.
We should support campaigns that work to save A mobile phone is a very useful invention.
forests. Whether it helps us or harms us depends
A tree takes years to grow but can be cut completely on how we choose to use it.
down in minutes. Let us value what we have
before it is too late. 5. Your school has organised a poster-making and
essay-writing competition on ‘Water Pollution
4. Your school magazine is publishing a special — A Growing Threat’ as part of Environment
edition on ‘Technology in Our Daily Life’. You Week. Write a descriptive essay in 200–250 words.
have been asked to write a descriptive essay Describe what water pollution is, what causes it,
on ‘Mobile Phones — A Blessing or a Curse?’ what effects it has on humans, animals, and the
in 200–250 words. Describe how mobile phones environment, and what steps can be taken to

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PAGE 292 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

reduce it. Ans :

Hints: industrial waste in rivers, plastic and A Morning in the Forest
garbage dumping, untreated sewage, dying fish Our school had organised a nature trip to a forest
and aquatic life, diseases in humans, contaminated area near the city. On the first morning, I woke
drinking water, banning plastic, treatment plants, up early and walked to the edge of the forest
individual responsibility alone. What I experienced in the next hour was
Ans : something I had never felt before.
Water Pollution — A Growing Threat The forest was very quiet at that time. The
Water is one of the most important things needed sun had just begun to rise and a light mist covered
for life. We drink it, cook with it, and use it every the ground between the trees. The air was cool
day. But today, the water in our rivers, lakes, and and fresh, and it smelled of wet soil and leaves. It
ponds is becoming more and more polluted. This was a clean, earthy smell that felt very different
is a very serious problem that we cannot ignore. from the air in the city.
Water pollution happens when harmful Slowly, the forest began to wake up. Birds
things are mixed into water and make it dirty started to call out from the branches above.
and unsafe. Factories release chemical waste Some had sweet, musical calls and others had
directly into rivers. Cities dump large amounts short, sharp ones. I stood still and just listened.
of untreated sewage into water bodies. Farmers Somewhere in the distance I could hear the faint
use fertilisers and pesticides on their fields, and sound of water, probably a small stream.
these chemicals slowly seep into the groundwater. As I walked slowly along the path, the leaves
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People also throw plastic bags, bottles, and rustled gently in the breeze. Suddenly I heard a
garbage into rivers and ponds without thinking sound in the bushes nearby. I stopped. A spotted
about the damage they cause. deer stepped out carefully, looked at me for a
The effects of water pollution are very moment with its large calm eyes, and then quietly
harmful. Fish and other water animals die when walked back into the trees.
their water becomes poisonous. When people drink After some time, the sun rose higher and rays
or use polluted water, they fall ill with diseases of light began to come through the leaves and fall
like typhoid, cholera, and diarrhoea. Children are on the ground.
affected the most. In many parts of India, people I felt very peaceful standing there. The forest
do not even have access to clean drinking water. showed me that nature has a beauty and a silence
We need to act quickly to solve this problem. that cannot be found anywhere else.
Factories should be made to treat their waste
7. Mobile phones and the internet have completely
properly before releasing it. Cities need better
changed the way people live, learn, and
sewage treatment systems. The use of plastic
communicate. Your class teacher has asked you
should be reduced. Each one of us should stop
to write a descriptive essay on ‘The Internet — A
throwing garbage near water bodies.
Window to the World’ in 200–250 words. Describe
Clean water is not just our need. It is our
what the internet has made possible, how it
right. We must protect it for ourselves and for the
has changed daily life, what its advantages and
generations that will come after us.
disadvantages are, and how students can use it
responsibly.
Hints: online learning, video calls, news from
6. Imagine you are standing alone at the edge of a around the world, shopping, entertainment, social
dense forest early one morning as part of a school media, false information, addiction, screen time,
nature trip. Write a descriptive essay titled ‘A using it wisely
Morning in the Forest’ in 200–250 words. Describe Ans :
what you see, hear, smell, and feel. Describe the The Internet — A Window to the World
mood of the forest and what thoughts or feelings Just a few years ago, if you wanted to find
it creates in you. information about something, you had to go to
Hints: early morning mist, tall trees, birdsong, a library and search through many books. If you
rustling leaves, damp soil smell, sunlight through wanted to talk to a relative living far away, you
branches, distant waterfall, deer or wildlife, silence had to wait for a letter or make an expensive
and peace, feeling of wonder
 ESSAY WRITING

phone call. Today, both of these things can be more energy and can concentrate better in class.
done in seconds, thanks to the internet. Exercise also reduces stress and improves our
The internet has changed almost every part mood. After a good game of cricket or football,
of our lives. Students can now watch lessons most students feel relaxed and happy.
taught by good teachers from anywhere in the Sports also teach us important life skills. When
world. They can read books, take part in online we play in a team, we learn to work together and
competitions, and find information on any topic support each other. We learn how to handle both
within minutes. During the Covid lockdown, the winning and losing. We learn discipline, because
internet made it possible for students to continue sports require regular practice and commitment.
their studies from home. These are qualities that help us not just in school
The internet has also changed the way we but throughout our lives.
communicate. Families separated by thousands of On the other hand, students who do not
kilometres can see and talk to each other through exercise and spend all their time sitting in front of
video calls. News from around the world reaches screens often become unfit and lazy. They put on
us instantly. We can shop, pay bills, and even weight, feel tired easily, and find it hard to focus
consult doctors online. on their studies. Health problems like obesity and
However, the internet also has a negative back pain, which were once seen only in adults,
side. A lot of false information spreads online, are now becoming common in teenagers too.
and it is not always easy to tell what is true. Schools should make sure that sports and
Many students waste hours on social media and physical education are taken seriously. Parents
online games instead of studying. Spending too should encourage their children to play outside
much time on screens is also bad for our eyes and every day. A student who is fit and active will
our health. always perform better — in school and in life.
The internet is a very powerful tool. If we use
it carefully and wisely, it can help us learn and 9. Your school is observing ‘Environment Awareness
grow. But if we misuse it, it can waste our time Week’ and has asked every student to write
and harm us. an essay for the school notice board. Write a
descriptive essay on ‘Global Warming — A Threat
8. Your physical education teacher has asked you to Our Planet’ in 200–250 words. Describe what
to write a descriptive essay on ‘The Importance global warming is, what causes it, what effects
of Exercise and Sports in a Student’s Life’ in it is having on nature and human life, and what
200–250 words. Describe the physical, mental, steps can be taken to control it.
and social benefits of regular exercise and sport, Hints: greenhouse gases, burning of fuels, rising
what happens when young people avoid physical temperatures, melting glaciers, rising sea levels,
activity, and why schools and parents should floods and droughts, cutting of trees, solar energy,
encourage active lifestyles. planting trees, individual responsibility
Hints: strong body and bones, stress relief, better Ans :
concentration in studies, teamwork and discipline,
Global Warming — A Threat to Our Planet
obesity and laziness from inactivity, outdoor
We have all heard the phrase “global warming”
games vs screen time, morning exercise, role
many times, but do we truly understand how
models in sport
serious it is? Global warming means the slow
Ans : rise in the temperature of the Earth. Over the
The Importance of Exercise and Sports in a past hundred years, the earth has been getting
Student’s Life warmer, and the effects of this are now clearly
We have all heard the saying — “A healthy body visible all around us.
has a healthy mind.” This is completely true. The main cause of global warming is the
Regular exercise and participation in sports are increase of harmful gases like carbon dioxide in
very important for every student, not just for the the atmosphere. These gases are released when
body but also for the mind. we burn coal, petrol, and wood. They rise into
When we exercise regularly, our body the sky and form a layer that traps the heat of
becomes stronger. Our muscles and bones develop the sun, making the earth warmer than it should
well, our heart stays healthy, and we fall ill less be. Cutting down forests also makes the problem
often. Students who play outdoor sports have worse, because trees absorb carbon dioxide and

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PAGE 294 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

without them, more gas stays in the air. and a few shelves of books — my favourite place
The effects of global warming are very in the whole house.
serious. Glaciers in the Himalayas and other The kitchen would always smell of fresh food
mountain ranges are melting fast. This is causing being cooked. The bedrooms would be peaceful
sea levels to rise, which can flood cities near the and simple, with soft quilts and a view of the
coast. Weather has also become more extreme trees outside.
— summers are hotter, rains are heavier, and What I want most in my ideal home is not
droughts last longer. Many animals and birds are expensive furniture or fancy decoration. I want a
losing their homes as forests and habitats change. place that feels warm, peaceful, and truly mine. A
We can all do something to help. Governments place where I can read, rest, and feel completely
should use more solar and wind energy instead of at home.
coal and petrol. Industries must reduce the smoke
and gases they release. Each one of us can help by NARRATIVE ESSAYS
saving electricity, planting trees, and using public
transport. 1. Your school magazine is running a special column
Global warming is a problem that affects called ‘Memories That Matter’, where students
every living thing on earth. If we act now, we can are invited to share meaningful stories from their
still make a difference. lives. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words
beginning with the following line: “It was the
10. A dream home means different things to different last day of school, and none of us knew just how
people. Some dream of a mansion in a city, others much things were about to change...” Describe
dream of a small cottage in the hills or a house the events of that day, the emotions you felt, what
by the sea. Write a descriptive essay on ‘My Ideal made the day special, and the lesson you carried
Home’ in 200–250 words. Describe where your home with you.
ideal home would be, what it would look like from Hints: farewell atmosphere, friends and laughter,
the outside and inside, what special features it teacher’s emotional speech, signing diaries,
would have, and why this kind of home appeals uncertainty about future, promise to stay in
to you. touch, value of time
Hints: location, size and appearance, garden or
Ans :
courtyard, reading corner or library, open windows
and natural light, kitchen, peaceful surroundings, Memories That Matter : The Final Bell
feeling of comfort and belonging It was the last day of school, and none of us knew
Ans : just how much things were about to change.
I got ready that morning just like any other
NODIA

My Ideal Home day. But the moment I reached school, I could

Everyone has a dream home in their mind. When feel that something was different. Students were
I close my eyes and imagine mine, I do not see a standing in small groups, talking softly. There was
big mansion or a luxury apartment. I see a simple, laughter, but everyone also looked a little sad.
comfortable house on a hillside, surrounded by Our class teacher, Mr Verma, came in and
trees and fresh air. stood quietly in front of us for a moment. Then
My ideal home would be a small stone he said, “I have taught many students, but this
house with a sloping roof. It would have a wide class will always be special to me.” A few students
open porch at the front where I could sit in the started crying. I felt a lump in my throat too.
morning with a cup of tea and look at the green We spent the rest of the day signing each
valley below. There would be a small garden with other’s notebooks and diaries. Even students
flowers like roses, marigolds, and jasmine. A large who had fought with each other were shaking
shady tree in the garden would be perfect for hands and smiling. We took photographs near the
sitting under on a warm afternoon. playground, in the corridors, and under the big
Inside, the house would be simple but cosy. peepal tree in the school garden.
Every room would have large windows to let in When the final bell rang, no one moved for a
plenty of sunlight and fresh air. The living room few seconds. Then slowly, one by one, we walked
would have a small bookshelf, a comfortable sofa, out. I stopped at the gate and looked back at the
and a fireplace for cold winter evenings. There school building. I had spent five years of my life
would be a small quiet corner with a reading lamp here.
 ESSAY WRITING

I walked home that day with a heavy heart Hints: overconfidence, wrong decision, unexpected
but also a happy one. I realised that we never result, regret, reflection, changed behaviour, doing
truly value the time we have until it is gone. That better next time
was the most important lesson that last day of Ans :
school taught me.
Mistakes Are Our Best Teachers
2. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words on ‘The The night before my Social Science test, I sat on
Best Gift I Ever Received’. This gift need not my bed feeling very confident. “I already know
be expensive or bought from a shop — it could this chapter well,” I told myself. “I do not need
be a kind word, a book, a letter, or something to revise.” I switched off my study lamp, watched
handmade. Describe who gave you the gift, on television for an hour, and went to sleep early.
what occasion, what the gift was, how you felt The next morning, I sat in the exam hall
when you received it, and why it is still important and opened the question paper. My confidence
to you. disappeared in seconds. There were questions
Hints: unexpected gift, occasion it was given, your on diagrams I had never looked at carefully and
reaction, the meaning behind it, lesson about love dates I had completely forgotten. I tried my best
being more valuable than money but I knew I had not done well.
Ans : When the answer sheets were returned, I saw
the number written in red at the top — 11 out of
The Best Gift I Ever Received 30. My teacher had written next to it, “You can
I have received many gifts in my life — toys, do much better than this.”
games, books, and clothes. But the gift I treasure Those words hurt more than the marks. I
the most did not come wrapped in paper or tied went home quietly and sat alone in my room for a
with a ribbon. It was a simple handwritten letter long time. I thought about what had gone wrong.
from my grandfather, which I found under my The answer was simple and uncomfortable — I
pillow on the morning of my twelfth birthday. had been too lazy and too proud. I had thought
That year had not been a good one for me. that listening in class was enough. It was not.
I had done very badly in my mid-term exams After that day, I changed the way I studied.
and was feeling ashamed and low. I did not want I started revising every chapter before every test,
to talk to anyone, not even my grandfather who even the ones I thought I already knew. In the
lived in another state. next term, I scored very well in the same subject.
When I found the letter and opened it, I That one bad result taught me more than
read something I did not expect. My grandfather ten good ones ever had. Mistakes are painful, but
wrote about a time when he himself had failed an they are also our best teachers — if we are willing
important examination. He wrote about how sad to learn from them.
and embarrassed he had felt. And then he wrote,
“Failure is not the end of the road, my dear. It is 4. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words on
just a bump on it.” ‘An Act of Bravery I Witnessed’. Describe the
I read those words again and again. I felt as if situation clearly, who the brave person was, what
a heavy weight had been lifted from my shoulders. they did, what the result was, how people around
That evening, I opened my books and started you reacted, and what the incident made you
studying — something I had not done in weeks. think about courage.
That letter gave me something far more Hints: accident or emergency, people standing and
valuable than any toy or gadget ever could. It gave watching, one person who acted quickly, result of
me hope and confidence when I needed it most. I the action, crowd’s reaction, your thoughts on
still keep it safely in my drawer. It is, without any real bravery
doubt, the best gift I have ever received. Ans :
3. ‘Mistakes are our best teachers.’ Write a narrative An Act of Bravery I Witnessed
essay of 200–250 words based on this idea. Narrate I always thought that brave people were special —
a personal incident where you made a mistake, that courage was something only certain people
what happened as a result, how others reacted, were born with. One afternoon last winter, a boy
and most importantly what the experience taught from my neighbourhood showed me that I was
you about yourself and about life. completely wrong.

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PAGE 296 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

I was walking home from school when I heard The children played in the open fields from
shouting near the pond at the edge of our colony. morning until dark, laughing and running freely.
A little girl of about six years had fallen into Neighbours cooked together and shared food
the water. She was splashing and crying, clearly without being asked. An old woman walked a long
panicking. The water was not very deep, but she distance every morning to collect water and sang
could not stand up. to herself while doing it. Nobody was in a hurry.
Several adults were standing on the bank. Nobody looked stressed or unhappy.
They were shouting and pointing but no one was One evening I asked the old man whose house
moving. Then a boy named Arjun, who was in we were staying in whether he ever wished he
Class 10 in my school, dropped his school bag, lived in a city. He smiled warmly and said, “Why
took off his shoes, and jumped into the pond would I? Everything I need is right here.”
without saying a word. He was not a trained I kept thinking about those words on the
swimmer. He just acted. entire journey back home.
He reached the girl quickly, held her firmly, That trip taught me that happiness does not
and brought her to the edge. People on the bank come from having more things. It comes from
pulled them both out. The girl cried and held on being satisfied with what you have. It was a lesson
to her mother. Arjun sat on the grass, completely no classroom had ever taught me so clearly.
wet, looking more embarrassed than proud.
Everyone clapped and thanked him. He just 6. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words on ‘The
shrugged and said, “Somebody had to do it.” Day I Made My Parents Proud’. It does not have
Those five simple words stayed with me for a to be about winning a prize. It could be about an
long time. I understood that day that bravery is honest act, a performance, or simply doing the
not about being fearless. It is about doing what right thing. Describe what you did, how you felt,
needs to be done, even when others are standing and the moment you realised your parents were
still. proud of you.
Hints: a challenge you faced, effort and
5. You have been invited to contribute to your preparation, the day of the event, parents’ words
school’s annual magazine under the theme ‘A or expression, achievement that felt truly earned
Journey Worth Taking’. Write a narrative essay Ans :
of 200–250 words on ‘A Journey That Changed The Day I Made My Parents Proud
My Perspective’. Describe where you went, what I had always dreamed of making my parents
you saw or experienced, who you met, and how proud. But I never imagined it would happen the
the journey changed the way you think. way it did — not by coming first in class, but by
Hints: unexpected experience, simple village life, simply having the courage to try.
people without many comforts, contrast with I was asked to take part in an inter-school
city life, moment of realisation, returning home elocution competition at very short notice because
differently another student had fallen ill. The topic was ‘The
Ans : Importance of Honesty’. I had only one week to
A Journey That Changed My Perspective prepare.
Last summer, my family visited a small village Every evening I practised in the living room.
in the hills for four days. I was not very excited My father listened carefully and helped me with
about the trip. I was used to the city — malls, difficult words. My mother told me to speak
fast food, and the internet. I could not imagine slowly and look at the audience. Some nights I
enjoying a place with none of these things. But felt like giving up because I was sure the other
that trip turned out to be one of the most eye- participants would be far better than me.
opening experiences of my life. On the day of the competition, my hands
The village had no cinema, no big shops, and were shaking as I walked up to the microphone. I
electricity for only a few hours each day. When took a deep breath and began. I did not forget a
I first arrived, I felt sorry for the people living single line. My voice was steady. When I finished,
there. I thought they must be unhappy without the audience clapped.
the things I considered so important. I did not win first place. I came third.
But I was completely wrong. But when I came out of the hall, my mother
hugged me tightly. My father put his hand on my

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 ESSAY WRITING

shoulder and said quietly, “We are very proud of someone is not a sign of weakness. It actually
you.” makes you feel much lighter inside.
I had not won the competition, but those
words meant more to me than any trophy. I had 8. Your class teacher has asked students to write a
worked hard, faced my fear, and given my best. narrative essay for English Week on the theme
That, I realised, is what truly makes a parent ‘The Moment I Discovered My Talent’. Describe
proud. when and how you found out you had a special
ability, who encouraged you, how it made you
7. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words based feel, and what it has meant for you since then.
on the following opening line: “I never believed in Hints: ordinary situation where talent appeared
second chances — until that afternoon when my unexpectedly, teacher’s or friend’s encouragement,
neighbour knocked on our door with a request I surprise at yourself, exploring the talent more,
could not refuse.” Describe who your neighbour growth in confidence
was, what they wanted, why it was difficult for Ans :
you to say yes, what happened after you helped, The Moment I Discovered My Talent
and what you learnt. For a long time, I believed I had no special talent.
Hints: old conflict with neighbour, unexpected My friends were good at cricket, drawing, singing,
request, difficulty in agreeing, helping despite or maths. I was average at everything and had
feelings, positive outcome, lesson about forgiving accepted that about myself.
and letting go Then one day in Class 7, our English teacher
Ans : Mrs Das gave us an unusual task. She asked us to
The Power of a Second Chance write a short story on any topic in less than one
I never believed in second chances — until that page. Most students finished quickly and handed
afternoon when my neighbour knocked on our it in. I sat staring at the blank page for a while,
door with a request I could not refuse. and then I started writing. I wrote a story about
My neighbour, Mr Tiwari, was an elderly a boy who finds out that the old tree in his garden
man I had been avoiding for nearly a year. The is hiding a secret.
previous summer, a cricket ball had accidentally Two days later, Mrs Das read a story out
broken his window. He had spoken very rudely to the whole class without saying whose it was.
to my father about it, and I had never forgotten Everyone listened quietly. When she finished,
that. students laughed and said they had really enjoyed
So when I opened the door and saw him it. Then she asked who had written it. I slowly
standing there with his young grandson, I was not raised my hand.
happy. He looked uncomfortable. He explained After class, Mrs Das called me aside. She said,
politely that his grandson needed help with his “You write very well. You should keep writing.”
English homework and there was no one at home Those words changed something in me. That
who could assist him. He had heard that I was evening I wrote two more stories. Then a poem.
good at English. Then an essay. I realised I had been sitting on a
I wanted to say no. But the little boy was talent without even knowing it was there.
looking at me with such hopeful eyes that I could I learnt that day that we often do not discover
not turn him away. what we are good at until someone gives us the
“Come in,” I said. chance to try. A single kind word from a teacher
can open a door that changes your life.
NODIA

We sat together and finished the homework

in about an hour. The boy was happy and kept 9. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words on
saying thank you. Mr Tiwari sat quietly nearby. ‘How I Overcame My Fear’. Describe what your
When we were done, he cleared his throat and fear was and where it came from, how it affected
said, “I was rude to your father last year. I am your life, what made you decide to face it, what
sorry for that.” happened when you confronted it, and how you
It was clearly not easy for him to say those feel now.
words. Hints: origin of the fear, avoiding situations
I felt the anger I had been carrying for a year because of it, turning point, step by step facing
simply go away. I learnt that day that forgiving the fear, feeling of pride and relief afterwards
PAGE 298 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : had not fully rehearsed. Everyone in the group

How I Overcame My Fear looked at each other not knowing what to do.
Ever since I was six years old, I had been terrified I am not sure what happened in that moment,
of water. It had started at a birthday party when but something made me step forward. I picked
I accidentally slipped into the deep end of a up the rehearsal schedule and called everyone
swimming pool. I was pulled out immediately and together. I divided the work — two people for
was not hurt, but the fear of that moment stayed costumes, two for the backdrop, and the rest to
with me for years. rehearse the lines. I made sure everyone was doing
After that, I avoided swimming pools their part and helped solve disagreements when
completely. On school trips to water parks, I sat they came up.
on a bench and watched while my friends enjoyed On the day of the performance, our skit went
themselves. I made up excuses every time. Deep smoothly. It was not perfect, but it was done. The
inside, I was ashamed of my fear, but I did not audience clapped.
know how to get over it. After it was over, my friend Priya said to me,
In Class 8, our school made swimming classes “You should lead every time. Why have you never
compulsory. I had no choice but to go. done this before?”
On the first day, I stood at the edge of the I did not have an answer.
pool gripping the railing, my heart beating fast. But I understood something important that
Our swimming coach saw that I was scared. He day. I had always told myself I was not a leader
did not push me in or make fun of me. He just simply because I had never tried. The ability had
asked me to sit on the steps and let the water been inside me all along. I just needed the right
touch my feet. That was all. moment to find it.
Day by day, he helped me go a little deeper.
He was always patient and always nearby. After 
three weeks, I swam across the width of the pool
on my own. I could not stop smiling.
I learnt that fear does not go away by running
from it. The only way to beat a fear is to face it
— slowly, one small step at a time.

10. Write a narrative essay in 200–250 words on

‘A Surprising Discovery I Made About Myself’.
Describe the situation that led to the discovery,
what you found out about yourself, how others
reacted, and how it has changed the way you see
yourself.
Hints: unexpected situation, a hidden quality
revealed, others’ surprise and encouragement,
new confidence, change in how you think about
yourself
Ans :
A Surprising Discovery I Made About Myself
I had always been a quiet student who stayed
in the background. In group projects and school
activities, I was happy to follow instructions and
let others take charge. I never thought of myself
as a leader. Not even close.
That changed during the preparations for our
Class 9 Annual Day.
Our group leader fell ill just two days before
our skit was to be performed. Our costumes were
not ready, the backdrop was not painted, and we

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

CHAPTER 1
HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO
READ

1. INTRODUCTION The Narrator’s Cousins

Relatives who accompany the narrator to a
Written by acclaimed author Sudha Murty, “How neighbouring village to attend a wedding and
I Taught My Grandmother to Read” is set in a enjoy playing freely.
remote village in North Karnataka. The narrative
revolves around a twelve-year-old girl and her The Grandfather
sixty-two-year-old grandmother, Krishtakka. Briefly mentioned as living with the narrator and
In an era where village transport was slow, the Krishtakka in their north Karnataka village.
weekly arrival of a popular Kannada magazine Krishtakka’s Mother
was an eagerly anticipated event. The young She passed away when Krishtakka was just a
granddaughter regularly reads a serialized novel to young girl, leaving her without maternal guidance.
her illiterate grandmother. However, a temporary
separation leaves the elderly woman unable to Krishtakka’s Father
follow her favorite story, sparking a profound A busy man who remarried after his first wife
realization about her dependency. Consequently, died. He did not consider education essential for
she humbly requests her young granddaughter to his daughter.
become her teacher.
3. SUMMARY
2. CHARACTERS
NODIA

A Village, A Magazine, and a Bond

The Narrator The story, written by Sudha Murty, revolves
A helpful 12-year-old girl who enjoys reading. She around a 12-year-old girl (the narrator) and her
becomes her grandmother’s first teacher, patiently 62-year-old grandmother, Krishtakka. They live
helping her learn the Kannada alphabet. in a small village in North Karnataka. In those
days, the transport system was quite slow, so
Krishtakka (The Grandmother)
the morning newspapers and weekly magazines
A determined, hardworking 62-year-old woman.
always arrived a day late.
She regrets missing school but bravely overcomes
The village people eagerly waited for a weekly
her age to learn to read independently.
magazine called ‘Karmaveera’, which published a
Triveni serialised novel named ‘Kashi Yatre’, written by
A very popular Kannada writer. She wrote a famous Kannada writer, Triveni. The novel was
engaging, easy-to-read stories that explored the about an old woman who deeply wished to visit
complex psychological problems of ordinary Kashi (Varanasi) but eventually gave up her life
people. savings to help a poor orphan girl get married.
The Old Lady The grandmother identified strongly with the
The selfless protagonist of the novel ‘Kashi Yatre’. novel’s main character, as she too had never
She sacrifices her lifelong dream of visiting Kashi been to Kashi. Every week, the narrator would
to fund an orphan’s wedding. read the next episode of the story aloud to her
grandmother, who would then discuss it joyfully
The Orphan Girl with her friends.
A young character in ‘Kashi Yatre’ who falls in
love but lacks the money needed for her wedding.
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CBSE Class 9 (2026–27)

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PAGE 300 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

The Incident That Changed Everything that she was not touching the feet of her young
One day, the narrator had to leave the village granddaughter, but rather paying respect to her
for a week to attend a wedding. During her teacher who had helped her become independent.
absence, the weekly magazine arrived, but the As a reward, the narrator gifted her grandmother
grandmother could not read it because she had a newly published copy of the novel ‘Kashi Yatre’.
never been to school. She opened the magazine The grandmother looked at it and confidently
and rubbed her hands over the pictures, but she read the title out loud, proving that her hard
could not understand what was written. work had paid off and she had passed her test
Though she was from a well-off family, she with flying colours.
felt entirely helpless and dependent. She was too
embarrassed to ask anyone else in the village to
read it to her. When the narrator finally returned 4. WORD MEANINGS
from the wedding, she was shocked to find her 1. Transport – conveyance, vehicles for moving
usually strong and happy grandmother in tears. goods or people
A Firm Determination to Learn 2. Magazine – periodical publication, journal
Later that night, the grandmother poured her 3. Eagerly – impatiently, enthusiastically, keenly
heart out to her granddaughter. She explained 4. Popular – well-liked, famous, renowned
that when she was a little girl, education for 5. Wonderful – excellent, marvelous, fantastic
women was not considered important, and she 6. Style – manner of expression, approach
had lost her mother early, so she never went to 7. Convincing – believable, persuasive, credible
school. She expressed her deep regret over being 8. Dealt – handled, managed, coped with
illiterate. 9. Complex – complicated, intricate, difficult
She then announced a life-changing decision: 10. Psychological – relating to the mind, mental
she wanted to learn the Kannada alphabet starting 11. Ordinary – normal, usual, common
the very next day. She set a strict deadline for 12. Interesting – engaging, captivating,
herself, vowing to read a novel on her own by fascinating
Saraswati Puja day during the Dassara festival. 13. Unfortunately – unluckily, sadly, regrettably
Initially, the 12-year-old narrator childishly 14. Literature – written works, books, writings
made fun of her grandmother, laughing at the 15. Appreciate – value, admire, cherish
idea of a 62-year-old woman with grey hair and 16. Novels – fictional books, full-length stories
spectacles trying to learn the alphabet. However, 17. Serial – a story published in installments,
the grandmother simply smiled and said, “For sequence
learning, there is no age bar.” 18. Ardent – keen
19. Desire – strong wish, longing, craving
The Journey of Teaching and Learning 20. Worshipping – praying to, showing reverence
The young narrator took on the role of a teacher, 21. Ultimate – final, highest, supreme
and her grandmother became her most dedicated 22. Punya – spiritual merit, virtue, good deed
student. The grandmother worked incredibly 23. Struggle – fight, effort, battle
hard to achieve her goal. She spent hours doing 24. Described – explained, detailed, narrated
her homework—reading, writing, and repeatedly 25. Orphan – a child without parents
reciting the alphabet. Her intense willpower and 26. Savings – collected money, reserved funds
dedication proved her own belief that if someone 27. Happiness – joy, delight, cheerfulness
is determined for a good cause, they can overcome 28. Important – crucial, significant, vital
any obstacle. 29. Episode – part, chapter, installment
A Heartwarming Resolution 30. Forget – fail to remember, overlook
When the day of the Dassara festival finally 31. Greatest – highest, maximum
arrived, the grandmother called the narrator 32. Concentration – deep focus, attention,
to the puja room. To the young girl’s absolute absorption
surprise, the grandmother bent down and touched 33. Repeat – say again, iterate, echo
her granddaughter’s feet. In Indian tradition, 34. Entire – whole, complete, full
youngsters touch the feet of their elders, so this 35. Identified – related to, connected with,
was highly unusual. empathized
The grandmother beautifully explained 36. Protagonist – main character, central figure

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

37. Interested – curious, attentive, engaged 84. Cause – purpose, reason, objective
38. Insist – demand, urge, press 85. Determined – resolute, steadfast, firm
39. Courtyard – open space, enclosed area, patio 86. Overcome – conquer, defeat, surmount
40. Gather – collect, assemble, come together 87. Obstacle – hurdle, barrier, block
41. Discuss – talk about, debate, converse 88. Tuition – teaching, instruction, lessons
42. Understood – comprehended, grasped, 89. Amazing – astonishing, incredible, surprising
realized 90. Recite – say aloud, repeat from memory,
43. Debate – discussion, argument, dispute narrate
44. Neighbouring – nearby, adjacent, bordering 91. Secretly – privately, quietly, confidentially
45. Event – occurrence, occasion, happening 92. Published – printed, issued, released
46. Thoroughly – completely, entirely, fully 93. Unusual – uncommon, strange, rare
47. Endlessly – without stopping, continuously, 94. Taken aback – surprised by something
boundlessly unexpected
48. Savouring – enjoying it to the fullest 95. Youngsters – youth, children, teenagers
49. Freedom – independence, liberty 96. Tradition – custom, belief, practice
50. Surprised – astonished, amazed, startled 97. Reverse – opposite, contrary, backward
51. Situations – circumstances, conditions, states 98. Confidently – boldly, surely, positively
52. Worried – anxious, concerned, troubled 99. Scriptures – sacred texts, holy writings,
53. Nodded – moved the head in agreement, religious books
signaled [Link] – regardless, notwithstanding,
54. Reply – answer, respond ignoring
55. Terrace – flat roof, open balcony
NODIA

56. Affectionate – loving, caring, warm

57. Forehead – upper part of the face, brow 5. MESSAGE
58. Realised – understood, recognized, perceived In this heartwarming story, author Sudha Murty
59. Matter – issue, problem, situation shares the beautiful message that there is no
60. Guide – direct, lead, mentor age limit for learning. The grandmother’s strong
61. Considered – thought, believed, regarded desire to read proves that with determination and
62. Essential – necessary, crucial, vital hard work, anyone can achieve their goals. The
63. Regret – feel sorry about, repent, lament story also highlights the importance of education
64. Immensely – extremely in making a person truly independent. It teaches
65. Expression – look, appearance, indication us that where there is a will, there is a way, and
66. Leaned – bent, inclined, slanted we are never too old to learn something new.
67. Accompanies – goes with, comes alongside,
complements
68. Rubbed – massaged, stroked, wiped 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
69. Wishing – hoping, desiring, longing
70. Possible – achievable, doable, feasible Reflect and Respond
71. Educated – literate, taught, learned
72. Embarrassed – ashamed, self-conscious, I. Complete the given word web.
awkward
73. Dependent – reliant, needing support
74. Helpless – powerless, weak, vulnerable
75. Well-off – wealthy, rich, affluent
76. Independent – self-reliant, free, self-sufficient
77. Alphabet – letters, characters, script
78. Onwards – forward in time, starting from
79. Deadline – time limit, target date, due date
80. Determination – firmness of purpose, resolve,
Ans :
willpower
1. It makes an individual self-reliant and
81. Wrinkled – creased, lined, folded
independent in daily life.
82. Spectacles – glasses, eyewear
2. It allows a person to gain knowledge, stay
83. Childishly – immaturely, foolishly, playfully
informed, and understand the world better.
PAGE 302 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

3. It opens up opportunities for better jobs, 4. discussion

careers, and financial security. 5. a part of a story
4. It helps in maintaining privacy (like reading 6. focus
one’s own letters/documents) and prevents 7. main character
exploitation by others. 8. directed
The casting for the (i) protagonist of our school’s
II. Read the questions given below and share your annual play was done after a lot of (ii) debate as
answers with your classmates and teacher. many good actors had auditioned for the role. We
had decided to present an (iii) episode from an
1. Which language(s) do your grandparents or
inspirational story. It was a life story of a group of
elderly relatives speak?
children who worked with the (iv) community to
Ans : spread literacy. Every day, we reached school early
My grandparents mostly speak our mother tongue, to practise with (v) concentration. We waited (vi)
Hindi, and their regional dialect, Bhojpuri. My eagerly for the final presentation. All of us played
grandfather also speaks a little bit of English our roles in a very (vii) convincing manner as our
which he learned during his working years. theatre teacher had (viii) guided us well.
(Note: Students should answer this based on their
Ans :
own personal experience).
i. protagonist 7. main character
2. How do they spend their time? How do you spend
time with them? ii. debate 4. discussion
Ans : iii. episode 5. a part of a story
They spend their time reading the newspaper,
iv. community 3. people living in one
gardening, visiting the nearby temple, and
particular area
watching television in the evening. I spend time
with them by listening to their stories from v. concentration 6. focus
the past, helping my grandmother with her vi. eagerly 1. excitedly
smartphone, and going for evening walks with my
vii. convincing 2. believable
grandfather.
viii. guided 8. directed
3. What is your favourite experience with them?
Ans : Check Your Understanding
My favourite experience with them is during
the summer holidays when we all sit together I. Complete the cause and effect table given below
on the terrace at night. My grandmother tells based on Part I of the story. Share your answers
me fascinating mythological stories and shares with your classmates and teacher.
anecdotes from her childhood, which makes me
feel very closely connected to her. Cause Effect
1. i. The morning
4. What is something that the elderly in your family papers arrived late
cannot do easily but enjoy watching you do? in the day and
Ans : weekly magazines
The elderly in my family find it difficult to use would come one
modern technology, like navigating through social day late.
media apps or playing video games. However,
2. The ii.
they thoroughly enjoy watching me play games
grandmother,
on the tablet or easily make video calls to our
Krishtakka,
distant relatives.
never went to
III. Read the following passage. Match the highlighted school.
words with their meanings given in the box below. 3. iii. She was deeply
1. excitedly interested in the
2. believable story and discussed
3. people living in one particular area it with her friends.

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

4. The narrator iv. No, the narrator did not expect to see her
went to a grandmother in tears. She states that she
wedding for a was surprised because she had never seen her
week. grandmother cry, even in the most difficult
situations. Her grandmother was usually a happy,
5. v. The grandmother smiling lady, so seeing her in tears was completely
never went to unexpected and worrying for the twelve-year-old
school.

NODIA
narrator.
6. The grandmother vi.
regretted not III. How might the narrator help her grandmother to
going to school. fulfil her desire to learn to read and write?
Ans :
Ans : The narrator might help her grandmother by
Cause Effect becoming her teacher. She could patiently teach
her the Kannada alphabet, assign her homework,
1. The transport i. The morning and help her practice reading, writing, and
system to the papers arrived late reciting every day until the grandmother reaches
village was not in the day and her goal of reading a novel independently.
very good. weekly magazines
would come one Check Your Understanding
day late.
I. State whether the following sentences are true or
2. The ii. She could not
false. Share your answers with your classmates
grandmother, read or write
and teacher.
Krishtakka, never independently.
1. The grandmother wanted to learn the
went to school.
Kannada alphabet to gain independence.
3. The grandmother iii. She was deeply 2. The grandmother asked someone in the
identified herself interested in the village to read Kashi Yatre to her while the
with the novel’s story and discussed narrator was away.
protagonist (the it with her friends. 3. The narrator was the grandmother’s first
old lady). teacher and taught her how to read Kannada.
4. The narrator iv. The grandmother 4. The grandmother believed that there was no
went to a wedding could not find out age limit for learning.
for a week. what happened 5. The grandmother touched the narrator’s feet
next in Kashi Yatre as a mark of respect for her as a teacher.
as she could not 6. The narrator was disappointed with the
read the magazine progress her grandmother made in learning
herself. to read.
5. In those days, v. The grandmother Ans :
people never never went to 1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. True, 5. True, 6.
considered school. False.
education
essential for girls.
Critical Reflection
6. The grandmother vi. She made sure I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
regretted not that her children questions that follow.
going to school. and grandchildren
studied well. 1. When I came back to my village, I saw my
grandmother in tears. I was surprised, for I had
never seen her cry even in the most difficult
II. Do you think the narrator expected to see her
situations. What had happened? I was worried.
grandmother in tears when she returned to the
‘Avva, is everything all right? Are you okay?’
village? If yes, why? If no, why not?
I used to call her Avva, which means mother in
Ans : the Kannada spoken in north Karnataka.
PAGE 304 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

She nodded but did not reply. I did not understand very hard. I will keep Saraswati Puja day during
and forgot about it. In the night, after dinner, we Dassara as the deadline. That day I should be
were sleeping in the open terrace of our house. It able to read a novel on my own. I want to be
was a summer night and there was a full moon. independent.’
Avva came and sat next to me. Her affectionate I saw the determination on her face. Yet I laughed
hands touched my forehead. at her.
i. Complete the following sentence with the ‘Avva, at this age of sixty-two you want to learn
appropriate option. the alphabet? All your hair is grey, your hands
The phrase ‘never seen her cry in the most are wrinkled, you wear spectacles and you work
difficult situations’ tells us that the grandmother so much in the kitchen...’
was _____. Childishly I made fun of the old lady. But she
just smiled.
A. strong-willed
B. understanding
C. considerate
D. bold

ii. Complete the following with the correct option

from those given in the brackets.
Grandmother did not reply when the narrator
asked if she was alright because she might have
been too _____ (emotional/tired) to respond. ‘For a good cause if you are determined, you can
overcome any obstacle. I will work harder than
iii. Identify the clue from the extract that indicates a anybody but I will do it. For learning there is no
rural setting with traditional customs. age bar.’
iv. Which lines of the extract establish a tender i. What does the grandmother’s statement, “I want
atmosphere? to be independent,” reveal about her character?
NODIA

v. Which of the following aspect is NOT emphasised A. She wanted to be literate.

in the given extract? B. She desires self-sufficiency.
A. the emotional turmoil of the grandmother C. She wants to prove her intelligence to others.
B. the affectionate bond between the narrator D. She feels pressured by society to learn.
and her grandmother
ii. Fill in the blank with the appropriate option from
C. the grandmother’s regret over her lack of those given in brackets.
education The grandmother’s determination shows that
D. the narrator’s concern for her grandmother learning has no _____ (age limit/gender bias/
Ans : cultural barriers)
i. A. strong-willed
ii. emotional iii. Complete the following with a suitable reason.
iii. The clues indicating a rural setting with The narrator laughs at her grandmother’s
traditional customs are sleeping on the “open decision to learn the alphabet at the age of sixty-
terrace of our house” on a summer night two because _____.
and the use of the regional traditional term
iv. List any two qualities displayed by the
“Avva” (meaning mother in north Karnataka)
grandmother.
to respectfully address the grandmother.
iv. The lines that establish a tender atmosphere v. How can we say that the narrator is making
are: “Avva came and sat next to me. Her assumptions about her grandmother?
affectionate hands touched my forehead.” Ans :
v. C. the grandmother’s regret over her lack of i. B. She desires self-sufficiency.
education ii. age limit
2. ‘I have decided I want to learn the Kannada iii. because she childishly believed that her
alphabet from tomorrow onwards. I will work grandmother was too old to learn, focusing
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

on her physical traits like grey hair, wrinkled Ans :

hands, and spectacles, rather than her Her desire reflects her immense willpower,
willpower. determination, and progressive mindset. It shows
iv. 1. Determined that she values independence and believes that
2. Hardworking age is not a barrier to acquiring new knowledge.
v. We can say the narrator is making It also highlights her self-discipline and readiness
assumptions because she immediately judges to work hard to achieve her goals.
her grandmother’s ability to learn based
purely on her advanced age and physical 5. What lessons can we infer from the grandmother’s
appearance (grey hair, wrinkled hands, action of touching the narrator’s feet?
spectacles), falsely assuming that education Ans :
is restricted only to the young. The grandmother touching her granddaughter’s
feet teaches us the true meaning of respect and
II. Answer the following questions. humility. It shows that a teacher should be
respected regardless of their age or gender. It
1. Why do you think the grandmother felt
breaks conventional age hierarchies, highlighting
embarrassed to ask someone else to read to her
that knowledge and the one who imparts it are
while the narrator was away?
worthy of the highest reverence.
Ans :
The grandmother felt embarrassed because asking 6. What does the following line tell us about the
someone else would expose her inability to read, broader theme of the story?
making her feel heavily dependent and helpless ‘For a good cause if you are determined, you can
despite being from a well-off family. It hurt her overcome any obstacle.’
dignity and self-respect to beg others for a simple Ans :
task like reading a magazine. This line is the central theme of the story. It conveys
that true determination and a noble purpose can
2. Why does the narrator initially laugh at her
conquer all barriers, be it age, physical limitations,
grandmother’s determination to learn at the age
or societal norms. It teaches that one is never too
of sixty-two?
old to learn and improve oneself.
Ans :
The narrator initially laughs because she is just a 7. How effectively does the story highlight the value
twelve-year-old child who associates learning and of education in supporting personal independence?
school exclusively with young children. Seeing her Ans :
sixty-two-year-old grandmother—who has grey The story highlights this very effectively by
hair, wrinkled hands, and spends most of her time showcasing the grandmother’s deep anguish
in the kitchen—wanting to learn the alphabet when she cannot read the magazine in her
seemed funny and out of place to her. granddaughter’s absence. Her wealth was of no
use in giving her independence; only the ability
3. What significance does the story of Kashi Yatre
to read could do that. Her journey from feeling
have in both the grandmother’s life and the story?
helpless to confidently reading the novel on her
Ans : own proves that education is the ultimate tool for
The story of Kashi Yatre acts as a mirror to the true personal independence.
grandmother’s life. Just as the old lady in the novel
had an unfulfilled ardent desire to visit Kashi, Vocabulary and Structures in Context
the grandmother had a deep, unfulfilled desire
to be educated and independent. Furthermore, I. The expression ‘hide and seek’ is used in the text.
the protagonist’s sacrifice in the novel deeply This is called a binomial.
resonated with the grandmother’s selfless nature. Binomials are expressions consisting of two words,
Ultimately, it was her intense urge to read the usually linked by a conjunction like ‘and’ or ‘or’,
next episode of Kashi Yatre independently that that are commonly used together in a fixed order.
pushed her to learn the Kannada alphabet. For example: odds and ends, right or wrong.
Match the binomials in Column 1 with their
4. What does the grandmother’s desire to learn the meanings in Column 2. You may refer to a
Kannada alphabet reflect about her? dictionary.

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PAGE 306 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Column 1 Column 2 2. part and parcel : Making mistakes is part and

parcel of the learning process.
1. sink or swim i. put different things

NODIA
3. sooner or later : She will realise her mistake
together to get a sooner or later.
range of possibilities 4. leaps and bounds : Since he started reading
2. on and off ii. complete part of or daily, his vocabulary has improved by leaps
belong to and bounds.
5. pick and choose : In a large buffet, you have
3. mix and match iii. choose only the best
the luxury to pick and choose your favourite
(things, people,
dishes.
etc.)
4. all or nothing iv. at sometime in the II. Read the following words from the text given in
future the box below.
5. part and parcel v. sometimes, unhappy unusual unfortunately
occasionally irrespective independent
6. pick and choose vi. increase or develop These words are made by adding suitable prefixes
very quickly (‘un’, ‘ir’, and ‘in’) to give an opposite or negative
7. sooner or later vii. succeed or fail meaning to the words.
without help Now, make words by adding the suitable prefixes
given in the box to the words from the text in
8. leaps and viii. something to be
Column 1. Write the prefixed words in Column
bounds done completely or
2. One example has been done for you.
not at all
Now, use any five of the above binomials in un im dis in mis extra
sentences of your own.
Ans : Column 1 Column 2
1. popular i. unpopular
Column 1 Column 2
2. belief ii.
1. sink or swim vii. succeed or fail
without help 3. important iii.
2. on and off v. sometimes, 4. respect iv.
occasionally 5. correct v.
3. mix and match i. put different things 6. continue vi.
together to get a
7. understand vii.
range of possibilities
8. ordinary viii.
4. all or nothing viii. something to be
done completely or 9. interesting ix.
not at all 10. possible x.
5. part and parcel ii. complete part of or Ans :
belong to
Column 1 Column 2
6. pick and choose iii. choose only the best
(things, people, 1. popular i. unpopular
etc.) 2. belief ii. disbelief
7. sooner or later iv. at sometime in the 3. important iii. unimportant
future
4. respect iv. disrespect
8. leaps and vi. increase or develop
5. correct v. incorrect
bounds very quickly
6. continue vi. discontinue
1. on and off : It has been raining on and off
since yesterday morning. 7. understand vii. misunderstand
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

8. ordinary viii. extraordinary 4. to rack one’s brain ii to think very hard

9. interesting ix. uninteresting 5. to learn by heart i. to memorise
10. possible x. impossible something
6. burn the midnight iv. to study or work
III. Identify any five words with prefixes from the oil late into the night
story and make sentences using each. 1. to hit the books : With the final exams only
Ans : a week away, it is time to hit the books.
1. Unfortunately : Unfortunately, our train was 2. to draw a blank : When the teacher asked
delayed by three hours due to heavy fog. me a question suddenly, I drew a blank and
2. Dependent : (The text uses independent, couldn’t answer.
the prefix is ‘in’). Sentence: Avva wanted to 3. to learn the ropes : It will take a few weeks
become independent by learning how to read. for the new employee to learn the ropes of
3. Unhappy : The little boy was unhappy this department.
because he lost his favourite toy. 4. to rack one’s brain : I had to rack my brain
4. Unusual : It is highly unusual for elders to for hours to solve the difficult math puzzle.
touch the feet of youngsters. 5. to learn by heart : The director asked the
5. Unable : (Prefix ‘un’ added to able). Sentence: actors to learn their dialogues by heart before
I was unable to finish the exam within the the dress rehearsal.
given time. 6. burn the midnight oil : She had to burn the
midnight oil to finish her science project on
IV. In the sentence, “I knew, then, that my student time.
had passed with flying colours”, the phrase
V. Read the following sentences from the text and
“passed with flying colours” is an idiom. It means
underline the verbs.
outstanding performance.
1. Secretly, I bought Kashi Yatre which had
Now, match the idioms related to ‘learning’ given
been published as a novel by that time.
in Column 1 with their meanings in Column 2.
2. I knew, then, that my student had passed
You may refer to a dictionary.
with flying colours.
Column 1 Column 2 In sentece 1, verb ‘bought’ is in simple past tense.
1. to hit the books i. to memorise In sentece 2, verb ‘had passed’ is in past perfect
something tense.
Ans :
2. to draw a blank ii. to think very hard
1. Secretly, I bought Kashi Yatre which had
3. to learn the ropes iii. to study seriously been published as a novel by that time.
4. to rack one’s brain iv. to study or work 2. I knew then that my student had passed with
late into the night flying colours.
5. to learn by heart v. to be unable to i. Fill in the blanks with simple past and past
remember perfect tense form of the verbs given in brackets.
6. burn the midnight vi. to understand how A. When the delegates _____ (arrive) at the
oil to do an activity conference, the keynote speaker _____
(already begin) the session.
Now, use these idioms in sentences of your own.
B. After the students _____ (learn) how
Ans : to identify fake news online, they_____
(start) verifying information before sharing
Column 1 Column 2
it.
1. to hit the books iii. to study seriously C. Before Kiran _____ (start) using digital
2. to draw a blank v. to be unable to payment platforms, she _____ (ensure) her
remember understanding of online fraud prevention.
D. By the time Varun _____ (recognise)
3. to learn the ropes vi. to understand how
the importance of budgeting, he _____
to do an activity
(exhaust) most of his savings.

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PAGE 308 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

E. When Raghu _____ (log in) to the Listen and Respond

cybersecurity webinar, the instructor
_____ (already discuss) the importance of I. You will listen to a speaker talk about digital
strong passwords. literacy. As you listen, complete the following
sentences with one to three exact words that you
Ans :
hear. (Transcript for teacher on page 259)
A. When the delegates arrived (arrive) at the
1. Literacy these days includes the ability to use
conference, the keynote speaker had already
_____.
begun (already begin) the session.
2. Digital literacy is also about protecting
B. After the students had learned (learn) how to
_____.
identify fake news online, they started (start)
3. Digital literacy enables the elderly to
verifying information before sharing it.
_____.
C. Before Kiran started (start) using digital
4. Digital literacy encourages using the internet
payment platforms, she had ensured (ensure)
safely by helping us recognise _____ and
her understanding of online fraud prevention.
_____.
D. By the time Varun recognised (recognise) the
5. The National Digital Literacy Mission helps
importance of budgeting, he had exhausted
people across the country by imparting
(exhaust) most of his savings.
_____.
E. When Raghu logged in (log in) to the
cybersecurity webinar, the instructor had Ans :
already discussed (already discuss) the 1. Literacy these days includes the ability to use
importance of strong passwords. digital technology/smart devices.
2. Digital literacy is also about protecting
ii. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs personal information/online privacy.
given in brackets. 3. Digital literacy enables the elderly to stay
Last year, my parents and I A. _____(take) a independent.
financial planning course. When we B. _____ 4. Digital literacy encourages using the internet
(review) our expenses, we realised we C. _____ safely by helping us recognise fake news and
(spend) too much on unnecessary purchases. After online scams/cyber threats.
my parents D. _____ (discuss) ways to save, I 5. The National Digital Literacy Mission helps
E. _____ (open) a savings account. people across the country by imparting digital
By the time we F. _____ (set) our budget, the skills/training.
course G. _____ (already introduce) investment
strategies. We H. _____ (hurry) to take notes, Speaking Activity
but many participants I. _____(complete) Turncoat is a type of solo debate where the
their financial plans. Despite that, we J. _____ speaker argues for and against a topic, switching
NODIA

(enjoy) learning how to manage money wisely. sides after a certain period of time.
Ans :
I. Choose your topic and speak ‘for’ and ‘against’
Last year, my parents and I A. took a financial
for not more than one minute each.
planning course. When we B. reviewed our
Topic 1 : It is important to learn a new language
expenses, we realised we C. had spent too much
apart from your mother tongue.
on unnecessary purchases. After my parents D.
Topic 2 : Learning can happen only when you are
had discussed ways to save, I E. opened a savings
young.
account.
Use the guidelines given below.
By the time we F. set our budget, the course
• Begin with speaking ‘for’ the topic for one
G. had already introduced investment strategies.
minute.
We H. hurried to take notes, but many participants
• Your teacher will signal that it is time to
I. had completed their financial plans. Despite
switch sides.
that, we J. enjoyed learning how to manage
• Then speak ‘against’ the topic for one minute.
money wisely.
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

highly beneficial.

Against the Topic

Although learning a new language has benefits,
it is not necessary for everyone. Many people can
succeed in life using only their mother tongue.
Learning a new language requires time and
effort, which may not be possible for everyone.
In many cases, translation tools and technology
can help us communicate easily without learning
a new language. Also, focusing too much on other
languages may reduce our connection with our
You may use the following sentence prompts. own culture and language. Hence, learning a new
Here is the same table rewritten in text format: language is not always essential.

‘For’ ‘Against’ Topic 2 : Learning can happen only when you are
young
1. To begin with, i. On the contrary
I would like to / On the other For the Topic
speak ‘for’ the hand... It is often said that learning happens best at a
topic... young age. Children have sharper memory and
2. My first ii. There are two sides faster understanding abilities. They can easily
argument in to this topic... learn languages, skills, and concepts compared to
favour of... adults. Young minds are more flexible and open
to new ideas. Early learning also builds a strong
3. Most importantly iii. There’s no doubt
foundation for future success. Therefore, learning
I want to mention that...
is easier and more effective when we are young.
that...
4. In addition iv. If I could make a Against the Topic
to that... / point here... Learning is a lifelong process and does not
Moreover, I feel... stop with age. Adults can also learn new skills,
languages, and ideas with dedication and
5. I strongly feel... v. I am pretty sure
practice. In fact, older people often have better
that...
focus, discipline, and real-life experience, which
6. I have a reason vi. Well, I am not sure helps in understanding things more deeply. Many
to believe... whether you can successful people have achieved great things later
really... in life. So, learning is not limited to youth; it can
7. There’s no doubt vii. So, to put it in a happen at any stage of life.
that... few words...
Writing Task
Ans :
Topic 1 : It is important to learn a new language I. As a socially responsible citizen, you strongly
apart from your mother tongue believe that students can contribute significantly
in promoting adult literacy. Write a letter to
For the Topic the Editor of a local newspaper emphasising
Learning a new language is very important in today’s the importance of student participation in adult
global world. It helps us communicate with people literacy camps conducted by various organisations.
from different countries and cultures. Knowing more Discuss the benefits of such initiatives for both
than one language improves our thinking ability and students and society. Suggest effective ways to
memory. It also opens better career opportunities, as spread awareness and encourage more students
many jobs require communication skills in different to volunteer for this noble cause.
languages. Moreover, learning a new language helps A letter to the editor is a formal letter in which
us understand different cultures and perspectives, the writer gives suggestions and creates awareness
making us more open-minded. Therefore, learning on an issue of public interest or an issue already
another language apart from our mother tongue is raised in an article/write-up/published letter

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PAGE 310 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Language 1. Kannada 2. 3. 4. 5.

12, Sunrise Apartments,
M.G. Road, Grandmother Avva
Bengaluru - 560001 Grandfather
15 October 2024
Mother
The Editor,
The Deccan Herald, Father
Bengaluru - 560001 Sister
Subject: Emphasising Student Participation in
Brother
Adult Literacy Camps
Sir/Madam, Ans :
This is with reference to the article about the
Language 1. Kannada 2. Hindi 3. Bengali 4. Marathi 5. Tamil
‘Rising Need for Adult Education’ dated 12
Grandmother Avva Dadi/ Thakurma/ Aaji Paati
October 2024 in your esteemed newspaper. As Nani Didima
a concerned citizen, I would like to draw your Grandfather Ajja Dada/ Dadu Ajoba Thatha
attention towards the immense potential of Nana

student participation in adult literacy camps to Mother Amma Maa/ Ma Aai Amma
Mata
eradicate illiteracy from our community.
Father Appa Pitaji/ Baba Baba Appa
The issue at hand affects a large section of society. Papa
Millions of adults still lack basic reading and Sister Akka Behen Bon/Didi Tai Akka/
writing skills, which hampers their independence Thangai

and limits their opportunities. It is imperative Brother Anna Bhai Bhai/Dada Bhau Anna/
Thambi
that we encourage the youth, especially school and
NODIA

college students, to actively volunteer in literacy

campaigns conducted by various NGOs. It would II. Do you know?
be highly beneficial if students step forward, as 1. National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA)
they possess fresh knowledge, enthusiasm, and is responsible to design, develop, and implement
the patience required to teach. By engaging in the Adult Education Programme in India.
these programmes, students will not only uplift Directorate of Adult Education (DAE), under
the illiterate adults but also develop a strong the Department of School Education and
sense of empathy, communication skills, and Literacy, Ministry of Education, Government of
social responsibility. India, functions to facilitate the implementation
A possible solution to this issue could be of adult education programmes in the country.
implementing ‘Each One Teach One’ programmes Find more information on it with the help of
in schools, where volunteering hours count the link given below:
[Link]
towards extra-curricular credits. Authorities
could consider organising awareness seminars 2. Financial literacy refers to the ability to
in educational institutions to highlight the joy understand and effectively apply various
of teaching adults. I trust this matter will be financial skills, including personal financial
considered seriously for the benefit of all, and I management, budgeting, and investing.
hope this letter gets published in the columns of The National Centre for Financial
your esteemed daily to inspire the youth. Education (NCFE), plays a pivotal role
in implementing financial education
Yours truly, programmes. The NCFE conducts surveys to
Kaveri / Karan assess financial awareness and collaborates
with educational institutions to integrate
Learning Beyond the Text financial management concepts into the
curricula. Additionally, it organises annual
I. India has 22 major languages according to the
financial literacy tests to gauge and improve
Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Each
the financial knowledge of individuals.
language has its own unique identity. Talk to your
Through these concerted efforts, the
classmates and teacher and complete the given
Government of India aims to empower its
table with words from any five Indian languages.
citizens with the knowledge and skills necessary
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

to make informed financial decisions, thereby • The National Centre for Financial
promoting economic stability and growth. Education (NCFE) promotes financial
3. The Early Literacy Project (ELP) is an education.
integrated, intensive, and culturally sensitive • It conducts surveys to check financial
early literacy-training programme. The ELP awareness.
primarily targets out-of-school children and • It works with schools to include financial
youth as well as under-achieving school-going education in studies.
children (in Grades 1, 2, and 3) attending • It also organizes tests to improve financial
rural government primary schools. Most of knowledge.
the targeted children come from the most • Its goal is to help people make better
marginalised communities (such as migrants financial decisions and support economic
and ethnic minorities), with high illiteracy growth.
rates. In addition, they also have different 3. Early Literacy Project (ELP)
socio-cultural, linguistic, and economic • ELP is a programme for early literacy
traditions and experiences. training.
4. Cultural literacy refers to the awareness, • It focuses on children who are out of
understanding, and appreciation of the school or weak in studies (Classes 1–3).
country’s diverse traditions, languages, • It mainly helps children from poor and
arts, and social practices. Given India’s rich marginalised communities.
cultural heritage, it involves the ability to • It is sensitive to different cultures,
engage meaningfully with various customs languages, and backgrounds.
and historical narratives while navigating 4. Cultural Literacy
modern influences. Government initiatives • Cultural literacy means understanding
and educational programmes through and appreciating different traditions,
organisations like the Centre for Cultural languages and arts.
Resources and Training (CCRT) promote • It helps people connect with India’s rich
cultural literacy by integrating regional cultural heritage.
languages, arts, and traditions into learning • Organisations like CCRT promote
frameworks. The training programmes provide cultural learning.
an understanding and appreciation of the • It includes learning about art, culture,
philosophy, aesthetics, and beauty inherent and traditions in education.
in Indian art and culture; and focus on • It also shows the importance of culture
formulating methodologies for incorporating in areas like science, technology, and
a cultural component in curriculum teaching. development.
The role of culture in science and technology,
housing, agriculture, sports, etc., in all aspects III. Talk to your grandparents and find out which
of development and growth is emphasised. book or magazine they enjoy reading. Buy a copy
of it and present it to them as a gift.
Ans :
1. National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) Ans :
• NLMA designs, develops and implements (This is a practical activity for the student. A
adult education programmes in India. sample response demonstrating the outcome of
• The Directorate of Adult Education the activity is provided below).
(DAE) helps in carrying out these Self-Reflection Note : I spoke to my grandfather
programmes. and found out that he loves reading spiritual
• It works under the Ministry of Education, and historical magazines. I bought him a copy
Government of India. of ‘Kalyan’ magazine from a local bookstore.
When I presented it to him, his face lit up with a
• Its aim is to improve literacy among huge smile. We spent the entire evening reading a
adults across the country. few articles from it together. It was a wonderful
2. Financial Literacy bonding experience!
• Financial literacy means understanding
how to manage money, budgeting and
investing.

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PAGE 312 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. OTHER IMPORTANT 8. What was the name of the eagerly awaited

QUESTIONS magazine?
(a) Kashi Yatre (b) Karmaveera
Multiple Choice Type Questions (c) Saraswati (d) Triveni

1. Who is the author of the story? Ans :

(b) Karmaveera
(a) Sudha Murty (b) Triveni Devi
(c) Kamala Mehta (d) Anita Deshmukh 9. How frequently was the magazine published?
Ans : (a) Every week (b) Every day
(a) Sudha Murty (c) Every month (d) Every year

2. What is the young narrator’s age in the story? Ans :

(a) Every week
(a) Ten years (b) Twelve years
(c) Fourteen years (d) Sixteen years 10. What was the name of the serialised novel?
Ans : (a) Karmaveera (b) Triveni
(b) Twelve years (c) Krishtakka (d) Kashi Yatre

3. What is the name of the grandmother? Ans :

(d) Kashi Yatre
(a) Saraswati (b) Triveni
(c) Krishtakka (d) Karmaveera 11. Who was the famous writer of the serialised novel?
Ans : (a) Sudha Murty (b) Krishtakka
(c) Krishtakka (c) Triveni (d) Saraswati
Ans :
4. What is the grandmother’s age in the story? (c) Triveni
(a) Sixty years (b) Fifty years
(c) Seventy years (d) Sixty-two years 12. In which language was the novel written?
(a) Telugu (b) Kannada
Ans :
(d) Sixty-two years (c) Marathi (d) English
Ans :
5. In which region did the narrator and her (b) Kannada
grandmother live?
(a) North Karnataka (b) South Karnataka 13. What was the main plot of the novel Kashi Yatre?
(c) East Karnataka (d) West Karnataka (a) An old woman taking her entire family to
Kashi.
Ans :
(a) North Karnataka (b) A young girl traveling to Kashi for an
education.
6. How was the transport system described in those (c) An old woman giving up savings to help an
days? orphan.
(a) Very rapid (b) Quite slow (d) A famous writer documenting her journey to
(c) Highly fast (d) Very modern Kashi.
Ans :
Ans :
(c) An old woman giving up savings to help an
(b) Quite slow
orphan.
7. The morning newspapers and weekly magazines
14. Which holy city did the old woman in the novel
always arrived a ______ late.
deeply wish to visit?
(a) Week (b) Month
(a) Mathura (b) Ayodhya
(c) Year (d) Day
(c) Tirupati (d) Varanasi
Ans :
Ans :
(d) Day
(d) Varanasi

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

15. Assertion (A): The grandmother identified 21. What did the grandmother rub over the pictures
strongly with the novel’s main character. in the magazine?
Reason (R): The grandmother had also never (a) Her face (b) Her eyes
been to Kashi. (c) Her cloth (d) Her hands
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Ans :
explanation.
(d) Her hands
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation. 22. What was the financial status of the grandmother’s
(c) A is true, but R is false in this specific context. family?
(d) A is false, but R is true in this specific context. (a) Very poor (b) Well-off
Ans : (c) Struggling (d) Bankrupt
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Ans :
explanation. (b) Well-off

16. Every week, the narrator would read the next 23. How did the grandmother feel about her inability
episode of the story aloud to her ______. to read the magazine?
(a) Mother (b) Grandmother (a) She felt completely proud and deeply satisfied.
(c) Sister (d) Friend (b) She felt entirely helpless and very dependent.
Ans : (c) She felt extremely angry and highly rebellious.
(b) Grandmother (d) She felt utterly careless and completely aloof.

17. Who did the grandmother joyfully discuss the Ans :

story with? (b) She felt entirely helpless and very dependent.
(a) Her cousins (b) Her siblings 24. Why didn’t the grandmother ask anyone else in
(c) Her children (d) Her friends the village to read to her?
Ans : (a) Too angry (b) Too scared
(d) Her friends (c) Too embarrassed (d) Too arrogant

18. Why did the narrator have to leave the village? Ans :
(c) Too embarrassed
(a) Attend a wedding (b) Visit a hospital
(c) Go to a college (d) See a festival 25. When the narrator finally returned from the
Ans : wedding, she was shocked to find her grandmother
(a) Attend a wedding in ______.
(a) Joy (b) Pain
19. How long was the narrator absent from the (c) Anger (d) Tears
village?
Ans :
(a) Two weeks (b) One week
(d) Tears
(c) Three weeks (d) Four weeks
Ans : 26. Which of the following statements is correct
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(b) One week regarding the grandmother’s childhood?

I. She lost her mother early.
20. Why was the grandmother unable to read the II. Education for women was highly important.
magazine? III. She never went to school.
(a) She lacked glasses (b) She felt too tired (a) Only statements I and II are correct.
(c) She was illiterate (d) She was quite busy (b) Only statements I and III are correct.
Ans : (c) Only statements II and III are correct.
(c) She was illiterate (d) All statements I, II, and III are correct.
Ans :
(b) Only statements I and III are correct.
PAGE 314 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

27. When did the grandmother pour her heart out to (d) She remained silent
her granddaughter? Ans :
(a) The next morning (c) She laughed childishly
(b) The following week
34. Which of the following physical traits of the
(c) The next evening
grandmother did the young narrator make fun of?
(d) Later that night I. Her grey hair
Ans : II. Her spectacles
(d) Later that night III. Her walking stick
(a) Only statements I and II are correct.
28. What did the grandmother deeply regret about
her life? (b) Only statements II and III are correct.
(a) Being poor (b) Being sick (c) Only statements I and III are correct.
(c) Being illiterate (d) Being alone (d) All statements I, II, and III are correct.

Ans : Ans :
(c) Being illiterate (a) Only statements I and II are correct.

29. Which alphabet did the grandmother decide to 35. What profound statement did the grandmother
learn? make about learning?
(a) English alphabet (b) Hindi alphabet (a) “Learning is only meant for the young and
wealthy.”
(c) Telugu alphabet (d) Kannada alphabet
(b) “For learning, there is absolutely no age bar
Ans : at all.”
(d) Kannada alphabet
(c) “Reading is completely impossible for older
30. When did the grandmother vow to start learning people.”
the alphabet? (d) “Education brings only deep sorrow and
(a) Next week (b) Next month many regrets.”
(c) The very next day (d) After the festival Ans :
(b) “For learning, there is absolutely no age bar
Ans :
at all.”
(c) The very next day
36. Who took on the role of the teacher in this story?
31. What was the grandmother’s strict deadline to
read a novel independently? (a) The grandmother
(a) Diwali day (b) Saraswati Puja day (b) The village head
(c) Holi festival day (d) New Year’s day (c) The school master
(d) The young narrator
Ans :
(b) Saraswati Puja day Ans :
(d) The young narrator
32. During which festival did the grandmother’s
deadline fall? 37. The young narrator took on the role of a teacher,
(a) Dassara (b) Diwali and her grandmother became her most ______
student.
(c) Pongal (d) Ugadi
(a) Lazy (b) Dedicated
Ans :
(c) Stubborn (d) Reluctant
(a) Dassara
Ans :
33. How did the 12-year-old narrator initially react to (b) Dedicated
the grandmother’s decision?
(a) She cried loudly 38. What did the grandmother spend hours doing to
achieve her goal?
(b) She felt inspired
(a) Cooking food (b) Singing songs
(c) She laughed childishly
(c) Stitching clothes (d) Doing homework

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

Ans : 43. Who did the grandmother beautifully explain she

(d) Doing homework was paying respect to?
(a) Her deity (b) Her teacher
39. Assertion (A): The grandmother proved her belief
that one can overcome any obstacle. (c) Her mother (d) Her friend
Reason (R): She had intense willpower and Ans :
dedication to learn for a good cause. (b) Her teacher
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
44. The grandmother was grateful because her teacher
explanation.
helped her become ______.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(a) Independent (b) Very wealthy
correct explanation.
(c) Highly famous (d) Very spiritual
(c) A is true, but R is false in this specific context.
(d) A is false, but R is true in this specific context. Ans :
(a) Independent
Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 45. What special reward did the narrator gift her
explanation. grandmother?
(a) A new saree
40. Where was the narrator called when the festival
day finally arrived? (b) A silver coin
(a) The living room (b) The kitchen area (c) A weekly magazine
(c) The puja room (d) The front porch (d) A novel copy

Ans : Ans :
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(c) The puja room (d) A novel copy

41. What surprising action did the grandmother take 46. Which newly published book was given to the
towards her granddaughter? grandmother?
(a) Hugged her tightly (a) Karmaveera (b) Saraswati
(b) Kissed her forehead (c) Kashi Yatre (d) Triveni
(c) Touched her feet Ans :
(d) Held her hands (c) Kashi Yatre

Ans : 47. What part of the gifted novel did the grandmother
(c) Touched her feet confidently read out loud?
(a) The title (b) The preface
42. Why was the grandmother touching the
granddaughter’s feet highly unusual? (c) The chapters (d) The conclusion
(a) Because typically only youngsters are Ans :
supposed to touch their elders’ feet. (a) The title
(b) Because touching feet is strictly forbidden
48. Assertion (A): The grandmother passed her
during a festive puja ceremony.
reading test with flying colours.
(c) Because only male teachers are allowed to Reason (R): She confidently read the title of the
have students touch their feet. gifted novel out loud.
(d) Because grandparents are never historically (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
allowed inside the puja room. explanation.
Ans : (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(a) Because typically only youngsters are supposed correct explanation.
to touch their elders’ feet. (c) A is true, but R is false in this specific context.
(d) A is false, but R is true in this specific context.
Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation.
PAGE 316 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

49. Which of the following statements is correct Ans :

regarding the grandmother’s homework routine? The novel Kashi Yatre revolved around an old
I. She spent hours reading. woman deeply desiring to visit Kashi to worship
II. She repeatedly recited. Lord Shiva. However, she ultimately sacrifices her
III. She avoided writing entirely. lifelong savings to fund the wedding of a young
(a) Only statements I and II are correct. orphan girl, realizing that helping a human is
(b) Only statements II and III are correct. superior.
(c) Only statements I and III are correct. 4. Why did the grandmother identify so strongly
(d) All statements I, II, and III are correct. with the protagonist of Kashi Yatre?
Ans : Ans :
(a) Only statements I and II are correct. Just like the old woman in the novel, the
grandmother had never visited Kashi, which is
50. What ultimate message is demonstrated by the considered the ultimate pilgrimage for Hindus.
grandmother’s journey in the story? She emotionally connected with the protagonist’s
(a) Financial wealth can easily solve all the major devotion, struggles, and her ultimate act of selfless
problems of village life. sacrifice.
(b) Formal education is mostly irrelevant for
5. What weekly routine did the narrator and her
those living in rural villages.
grandmother follow regarding the magazine?
(c) Firm determination and willpower can
Ans :
conquer any learning obstacle.
Every Wednesday, when the Karmaveera magazine
(d) Youngsters should always assume the role of arrived, the narrator would read the latest episode
teachers for older relatives. of Kashi Yatre aloud. The grandmother would
Ans : listen with utmost concentration, memorize the
(c) Firm determination and willpower can conquer plot, and later discuss it passionately with her
any learning obstacle. friends in the temple courtyard.

6. Why did the narrator leave the village, and how

Short Answer Type Questions long was her absence?
Ans :
1. Why was the transport system in the narrator’s
The twelve-year-old narrator went to a
village considered quite slow, and how did it affect
neighboring village with her cousins to attend a
daily life?
wedding. Because weddings in those days were
Ans : grand, prolonged events full of fun and freedom,
The narrator lived in a remote village in North she thoroughly enjoyed herself and stayed there
Karnataka where the transport system was quite for a whole week.
primitive. Consequently, morning newspapers and
weekly magazines like Karmaveera always arrived 7. What did the grandmother do with the magazine
a day late, making the village folk eagerly wait for when it arrived during the narrator’s absence?
their reading materials. Ans :
Desperate to know the ongoing plot of the story,
2. Why was the author Triveni highly popular
the illiterate grandmother repeatedly rubbed her
among the Kannada-reading audience?
hands over the magazine’s pictures. She hoped the
Ans : images would somehow reveal the story, feeling
Triveni was incredibly popular because her utterly helpless because she could not read the
writing style was easy to understand and highly text herself.
convincing. She skillfully dealt with the complex
psychological problems in the lives of ordinary 8. Why didn’t the grandmother ask anyone else in
people, making her stories deeply relatable to the the village to read the magazine to her?
common village readers. Ans :
Although she was desperate to read the serialised
3. What was the central plot of Triveni’s serialised
story, the grandmother felt too deeply embarrassed
novel, Kashi Yatre?
to ask anyone else for help. She was too proud to

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

admit her illiteracy to the other villagers, which Ans :

amplified her feelings of dependency. The grandmother responded calmly but with
immense conviction. She smiled and stated that
9. What shocked the narrator when she finally for a good cause, one can overcome any obstacle.
returned from the wedding? She firmly declared that when it comes to true
Ans : learning, there is absolutely no age bar at all.
Upon returning, the narrator was completely
shocked to find her grandmother crying. She had 15. How did the grandmother behave as a student
never seen her grandmother shed a tear, even in during her learning journey?
the most difficult situations, making the sight Ans :
of her in such deep emotional pain incredibly The grandmother was an incredibly dedicated
alarming. and hardworking student. She spent countless
hours reading, repeating, writing, and reciting the
10. What historical context did the grandmother give Kannada alphabet. Her determination was absolute,
regarding her inability to read? and she diligently completed any homework
Ans : assigned by her twelve-year-old granddaughter.
The grandmother explained that she lost her
mother at a very young age. Since her father 16. Why did the grandmother call the narrator to the
was busy and formal education for girls was not puja place on Dassara?
considered essential in those traditional days, she Ans :
never went to school and was married off early. On the day of Saraswati Puja, the grandmother
called the narrator to the puja room to
11. What painful realization hit the grandmother when ceremonially acknowledge her as her teacher. She
she could not read the magazine independently? wanted to formally express her deep gratitude
Ans : and perform a traditional gesture of respect.
She realized the profound agony of being dependent.
Despite having money and a comfortable life, she 17. What highly unusual gesture did the grandmother
felt completely paralyzed by her illiteracy. She perform in the puja room?
understood that true independence comes from Ans :
education and decided she no longer wanted to Breaking deeply rooted traditional cultural
rely on anyone. norms, the sixty-two-year-old grandmother bent
NODIA

down and touched the feet of her twelve-year-old

12. What strict deadline did the grandmother set to granddaughter. This gesture was highly unusual
learn the Kannada alphabet? because, in Indian tradition, elders do not touch
Ans : the feet of youngsters.
The grandmother set the upcoming Dassara
festival as her strict deadline. Specifically, she 18. How did the grandmother beautifully justify
aimed to read a novel independently by Saraswati touching the feet of a young child?
Puja day, seeing it as an auspicious time to Ans :
conquer her illiteracy and prove her absolute She explained that she was not touching the feet
determination. of her little granddaughter, but rather paying
profound respect to her teacher. She believed
13. How did the twelve-year-old narrator initially a teacher who imparts knowledge with such
react to her grandmother’s decision to study? affection deserves absolute reverence, regardless
Ans : of age or gender.
Being a child, the narrator found the idea highly
amusing. She laughed childishly and playfully 19. What special gift did the narrator present to her
mocked her grandmother, pointing out her grandmother on this festival day?
sixty-two years of age, grey hair, spectacles, Ans :
and wrinkled hands, questioning how she could As a reward for her hard work and relentless
possibly learn to read now. dedication, the narrator gifted her grandmother
a newly published copy of Triveni’s novel, Kashi
14. How did the grandmother thoughtfully respond Yatre. It was the perfect gift to celebrate her
to her granddaughter’s playful mockery? newly acquired independence and literacy.
PAGE 318 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

20. How did the grandmother finally prove that she learn reading and writing.
had achieved her ultimate goal? By the end of the story, Krishtakka becomes
Ans : an empowered and self-reliant individual.
Upon receiving the novel, the grandmother Her journey shows that strong willpower and
immediately opened the book and confidently determination can break personal and societal
read the title, Kashi Yatre, along with the barriers.
publisher’s name, aloud. This clearly proved that
3. Imagine you are the twelve-year-old narrator.
she had successfully overcome her illiteracy and
Write a diary entry expressing your shock and
achieved true independence.
confusion on the day you found your strong
grandmother crying, and her surprising request
Long Answer Type Questions to teach her to read.
Ans :
1. Triveni’s novel Kashi Yatre acts as a powerful Wednesday, 14th April 2026
catalyst in the story. Analyze how this fictional Dear Diary,
piece of literature profoundly impacted the I am still reeling from what happened today.
grandmother’s real-life choices. When I returned from the wedding, I found Ajji
Ans : in tears. I was completely terrified! I have seen
In the story, literature serves as a powerful her face the toughest situations without blinking,
instrument of change. Triveni’s novel, Kashi so seeing her cry was unimaginably shocking.
Yatre, follows an old woman who sacrifices When she poured her heart out later that night, I
her pilgrimage to help an orphan. Krishtakka, realized how utterly helpless she felt just because
the grandmother, deeply resonated with this she couldn’t read Karmaveera. I felt a deep pang
protagonist because she too had never visited of guilt for staying away so long. But then, she
Kashi. Her emotional investment in the serialised surprised me even more. She asked me to teach
novel was so profound that her inability to read her the Kannada alphabet! I childishly laughed
it during her granddaughter’s absence caused at her grey hair and spectacles, but her fierce
her intense agony. The psychological distress of determination silenced me. I am now officially a
rubbing her hands over the unreadable pages teacher to my own grandmother!
sparked a crucial realization. She recognized the Sudha
crippling nature of illiteracy. Thus, a fictional story
became the ultimate catalyst, igniting her fierce 4. “For learning, there is absolutely no age bar at all.”
determination to learn the Kannada alphabet and Discuss how this profound theme is established
transforming her into an independent, literate in the story, with reference to the grandmother’s
woman at the age of sixty-two. actions.
Ans :
2. Analyze the character of Krishtakka. How does The story beautifully dismantles the stereotype
she evolve from a dependent old woman to an that education is strictly meant for the young.
empowered and independent reader? When Krishtakka declares her intention to learn
Ans : the Kannada alphabet at the age of sixty-two, her
Krishtakka is portrayed as a loving, traditional, twelve-year-old granddaughter playfully mocks
yet strong-willed woman. Initially, she represents her physical aging—her grey hair, spectacles,
many women of her generation who were deprived and wrinkled hands. However, the grandmother
of education due to early marriage and prevailing responds with absolute conviction, stating
social norms. Though financially secure, she that for a good cause, willpower can conquer
depends on her twelve-year-old granddaughter to any obstacle, regardless of age. She proves this
read her favorite magazine. philosophy through her rigorous routine. She
However, her character undergoes a studies tirelessly, doing homework and reciting
remarkable transformation when she faces alphabets with the obedience of a primary school
helplessness. Instead of giving in to self-pity, she child. By successfully learning to read before the
shows great determination and proves that age is Dassara deadline, she establishes the core theme:
not a barrier to learning. She humbly accepts her the thirst for knowledge and the capacity to learn
young granddaughter as her teacher and begins to remain alive at every stage of human life.

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 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

5. The relationship between the grandmother and Yatre?”

the granddaughter undergoes a beautiful role Friend 1: “Not yet, Krishtakka. We are waiting
reversal. Evaluate how this unusual dynamic for someone to read it to us. Did Sudha read it
strengthens their bond. to you?”
Ans : Krishtakka: “No, she didn’t! I read it myself. The
The traditional relationship between a old woman in the story finally gave her savings to
grandparent and a grandchild usually involves the orphan girl!”
the elder teaching the younger. However, in this Friend 2: (Astonished) “You read it yourself? But
story, there is an interesting role reversal where you couldn’t read Kannada!”

NODIA
a twelve-year-old girl becomes the teacher of her Krishtakka: “I couldn’t, but my little Sudha
sixty-two-year-old grandmother. taught me. I studied every single day. I was so
At first, the narrator finds this situation tired of feeling helpless and relying on others just
amusing and treats it lightly. But as the to follow a story.”
grandmother shows sincere dedication and Friend 1: “That is incredible, Krishtakka! At our
determination to learn, the girl begins to develop age, learning is so difficult.”
deep respect for her. Krishtakka: “Age is just a number! If you have
The emotional peak occurs when the the determination, nothing can stop you from
grandmother touches the girl’s feet in the puja gaining independence.”
room. She honors her not as a grandchild, but
8. Imagine you are Krishtakka. Write a letter to the
as a Guru who gave her the gift of literacy. This
famous author Triveni, expressing your gratitude
experience transforms their relationship into one
for her novel and sharing how it inspired you to
based on mutual respect, equality, and affection.
learn to read.
6. “I knew then that my student had passed with Ans :
flying colours.” Explain the context of this Dear Triveni,
statement and the significance of this realization I am a sixty-two-year-old woman from a small
by the young teacher. village in North Karnataka, and I am writing to
Ans : express my deepest gratitude to you. Your novel,
The narrator makes this proud statement on Kashi Yatre, literally changed my life.
the day of Saraswati Puja. As a reward for her Like your protagonist, I too had a deep
grandmother’s rigorous hard work, the narrator yearning, but mine wasn’t to visit Kashi; it was
gifts her a newly published copy of the novel to escape the suffocating darkness of illiteracy.
Kashi Yatre. The true test of her teaching and the When I couldn’t read your serialised story during
grandmother’s learning culminates in this exact my granddaughter’s absence, I felt an unbearable
moment. Without any hesitation or assistance, agony.
the grandmother opens the book and fluently That helplessness sparked a fire within me.
reads the title and the publisher’s name aloud. For I decided to learn the Kannada alphabet, and
the young teacher, this is a moment of immense my twelve-year-old granddaughter became my
triumph. It validates the months of patient teacher.
teaching and diligent homework. The phrase Today, I can proudly read your beautiful novel
“passed with flying colours” signifies not just independently. Thank you for creating a story so
academic success, but the grandmother’s ultimate compelling that it gave an old woman the courage
victory over her deeply rooted dependency, to reclaim her independence.
officially marking her successful transition into an Yours sincerely,
independent individual. Krishtakka

7. Imagine a conversation between Krishtakka and 9. How does the author highlight the tragic reality
her friends at the temple courtyard a week after of women’s education in rural India during the
Dassara, where she proudly discusses reading grandmother’s childhood, and how does the
Kashi Yatre independently. Write this dialogue. narrative offer a sense of hope?
Ans : Ans :
Krishtakka: (Smiling proudly) “Namaskara, The story poignantly touches upon the historical
sisters! Have you read the latest episode of Kashi marginalization of women’s education in rural
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PAGE 320 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

India. The grandmother explains that after losing In the story there was also a young orphan girl
her mother, there was no one to look after her. who falls in love but there was no money for the
Since education for girls was considered entirely wedding.”
unnecessary, she was never sent to school and i. What underlying theme of the novel does the
was married off at a very young age. This reflects text reveal?
a tragic societal norm where young girls were (a) Selfless sacrifice
confined strictly to domestic duties, completely (b) Religious devotion
stripped of intellectual empowerment. However, (c) Social inequality
the narrative is incredibly hopeful. It refuses to let
(d) Romantic pursuit
past injustices dictate the future. By showcasing
ii. Consider the following statements based on
the grandmother’s fierce determination to learn
the extract:
at the age of sixty-two, the story beautifully
illustrates that it is never too late to break societal I. The novel explores orthodox religious
chains and reclaim one’s right to education. beliefs.
II. The narrative includes an element of
10. As Sudha Murty (the narrator), draft a short romance.
speech to be delivered at a school assembly (a) Both I and II are correct
on the topic “Overcoming Obstacles through (b) Neither I nor II is correct
Willpower,” using your grandmother’s journey as NODIA (c) Only I is correct
your primary example.
(d) Only II is correct
Ans : iii. What struggle did the old lady face in the
Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear novel?
friends, iv. Which word in the extract is a synonym for
Today, I want to talk about a superpower we all ‘passionate’ or ‘intense’ ?
possess: willpower. We often give up when we v. State whether the following statement is True
face difficulties and blame our circumstances. or False:
But I would like to share a story about my first The old lady in the novel easily achieved
student—my grandmother. At the age of sixty- her dream of visiting Kashi without any
two, she realized the pain of being illiterate. hardships.
Instead of accepting it, she decided to learn the
Ans :
Kannada alphabet.
i. (b) Religious devotion
When I laughed at her age, she calmly said that
ii. (a) Both I and II are correct
there is no age limit for a good cause. For months,
iii. The old lady struggled to fulfil her deep
she worked harder than any student I know—
desire of visiting Kashi to worship Lord
studying, reciting, and writing continuously. On
Vishweshwara.
the occasion of Dassara, she read her first novel
iv. ardent
on her own. Her journey taught me that no
v. False, the text explicitly mentions her
obstacle—whether age, society, or past regrets—
“struggle to go there”.
can stand against strong determination.
Thank you. 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows :
“My grandmother, Krishtakka, never went to
Extract Based Questions
school so she could not read. Every Wednesday
1. Read the extract given below and answer the the magazine would come and I would read the
questions that follows : next episode of this story to her. During that time
“One of her novels, called Kashi Yatre, was she would forget all her work and listen with the
appearing as a serial in the Kannada weekly greatest concentration. Later, she could repeat the
Karmaveera then. It is the story of an old lady entire text by heart. My grandmother too never
and her ardent desire to go to Kashi or Varanasi. went to Kashi, and she identified herself with the
Most Hindus believe that going to Kashi and novel’s protagonist. So more than anybody else
worshipping Lord Vishweshwara is the ultimate she was the one most interested in knowing what
punya. This old lady also believed in this, and her happened next in the story and used to insist that
struggle to go there was described in that novel. I read the serial out to her.”
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

i. The grandmother’s ability to repeat the text (b) Alarmed and bewildered
by heart primarily reveals her: (c) Angry and impatient
(a) Sharp memory (d) Relieved and relaxed
(b) Hidden literacy iii. The opening lines about the village wedding
(c) Lack of work create a mood that is initially:
(d) Musical talent (a) Deeply serious
ii. Assertion (A): The grandmother was deeply (b) Carefree and joyous
invested in the weekly serial. (c) Highly suspenseful
Reason (R): She felt a personal connection (d) Calm and spiritual
with the main character of the novel. iv. Which word in the extract means ‘enjoying or
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the appreciating something fully’ ?
correct explanation of A. v. State whether the following statement is True
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the or False:
correct explanation. The narrator intended from the beginning to
(c) A is true, but R is false. stay at the wedding for an entire week.
(d) A is false, but R is true. Ans :
iii. Why did the grandmother identify herself i. The narrator was surprised because her
with the protagonist of Kashi Yatre? grandmother had never cried even in the
iv. What word in the text means ‘the main most difficult situations.
character of a story’ ? ii. (b) Alarmed and bewildered
v. Fill in the blank: iii. (b) Carefree and joyous
The grandmother felt a strong bond with the iv. savouring
old lady in the novel because both shared the v. False, she initially “went for a couple of days
unfulfilled dream of visiting ______. but ended up staying there for a week”.
Ans :
4. Read the extract given below and answer the
i. (a) Sharp memory
questions that follows :
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
“‘When I was a young girl, I lost my mother.
explanation of A.
There was nobody to look after and guide me.
iii. Like the old lady in the novel, the grandmother
My father was a busy man and got married again.
had also never been to Kashi, so she felt a
In those days people never considered education
deep personal connection with her.
essential for girls, so I never went to school. I got
iv. protagonist
married very young and had children. I became
v. Kashi
very busy. Later I had grandchildren and always
3. Read the extract given below and answer the felt so much happiness in cooking and feeding
questions that follows : all of you. At times I used to regret not going
“Once I went for a wedding with my cousins to to school, so I made sure that my children and
the neighbouring village. In those days, a wedding grandchildren studied well...’”
was a great event. We children enjoyed ourselves i. What primarily prevented the grandmother
thoroughly. We would eat and play endlessly, from receiving an education in her childhood?
savouring the freedom because all the elders were (a) Financial poverty
busy. I went for a couple of days but ended up (b) Societal prejudice
staying there for a week. When I came back to (c) Personal disinterest
my village, I saw my grandmother in tears. I was (d) Geographic distance
surprised, for I had never seen her cry even in the ii. Assertion (A): The grandmother ensured her
most difficult situations. What had happened? I children and grandchildren received a good
was worried.” education.
i. Why was the narrator surprised to see her Reason (R): She wanted to compensate for
grandmother crying? her own unfulfilled desire to go to school.
ii. Which of the following best describes the (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
speaker’s perspective upon returning home? correct explanation of A.
(a) Joyful and nostalgic

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PAGE 322 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the iv. Identify the word from the extract that means
correct explanation. ‘goes along with’ or ‘is present with’.
(c) A is true, but R is false. v. Fill in the blank:
(d) A is false, but R is true. The grandmother rubbed the pages hoping
iii. What did the grandmother regret most in her she could understand them, but realized it
life? was impossible because she lacked ______.
iv. Which word in the text means ‘to feel sad Ans :
or disappointed over something that has i. (b) Deep desperation
happened or been done’ ? ii. (c) Both I and II are true
v. Fill in the blank: iii. She wanted the narrator to come early and
The grandmother derived immense joy in read the next episode of Kashi Yatre to her,
her later years by ______ and feeding her as she could not read it herself.
family. iv. accompanies
Ans : v. education

NODIA
i. (b) Societal prejudice
6. Read the extract given below and answer the
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
questions that follows :
explanation of A.
“‘I have decided I want to learn the Kannada
iii. Grandmother regretted never going to school
alphabet from tomorrow onwards. I will work
and not receiving an education.
very hard. I will keep Saraswati Puja day during
iv. regret
Dassara as the deadline. That day I should be
v. cooking
able to read a novel on my own. I want to be
5. Read the extract given below and answer the independent.’
questions that follows : I saw the determination on her face. Yet I
“‘Yes, I need your help. You know when you were laughed at her.
away, Karmaveera came as usual. I opened the ‘Avva, at this age of sixty-two you want to
magazine. I saw the picture that accompanies the learn the alphabet? All your hair is grey, your
story of Kashi Yatre and I could not understand hands are wrinkled, you wear spectacles and you
anything that was written. Many times I rubbed work so much in the kitchen...’”
my hands over the pages wishing they could i. The grandmother setting a specific deadline
understand what was written. But I knew it was shows that she is:
not possible. If only I was educated enough. I (a) Unsure of herself
waited eagerly for you to return. I felt you would (b) Highly goal-oriented
come early and read for me.’” (c) Easily distracted
i. The act of rubbing her hands over the pages (d) Seeking outside praise
indicates the grandmother’s: ii. Which of the following best describes
(a) Great physical pain the narrator’s immediate reaction to the
(b) Deep desperation grandmother’s decision?
(c) Anger at publishers (a) Deep admiration and support
(d) Love for pictures (b) Childish mockery and disbelief
ii. Consider the following statements about the (c) Genuine concern and worry
grandmother’s experience: (d) Complete indifference and silence
I. She attempted to guess the story solely iii. What deadline did the grandmother set for
from the pictures. herself to learn to read?
II. She felt helpless without the young iv. Which word in the extract means ‘free from
narrator’s assistance. outside control; not depending on another’s
(a) Only I is true authority’ ?
(b) Only II is true v. State whether the following statement is True
or False:
(c) Both I and II are true
The narrator believed that the grandmother’s
(d) Neither I nor II is true
physical signs of aging made her unfit for
iii. Why did the grandmother wait eagerly for
learning.
the narrator to return?
 HOW I TAUGHT MY GRANDMOTHER TO READ

Ans :
i. (b) Highly goal-oriented
ii. (b) Childish mockery and disbelief
iii. She set Saraswati Puja day during Dassara as
her deadline.
iv. independent
v. True, she listed grey hair, wrinkled hands,
and spectacles as reasons to laugh at her
attempt to learn.



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PAGE 324 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 2

NODIA
THE POT MAKER

1. INTRODUCTION 3. SUMMARY
Set in a close-knit traditional village that deeply
Sentila’s Hidden Passion
values its ancestral crafts, the story follows a young
The story revolves around a young girl named
girl named Sentila who harbours a hidden passion
Sentila who harbours a deep passion for the
for pot making. Despite her intense fascination
traditional art of pot making. She spends her time
with the art, she faces strict opposition from
keenly observing expert potters, mesmerized by
her mother, Arenla. Arenla considers the craft
how they shape clay into beautiful pots. However,
physically exhausting and financially unrewarding,
she hides this desire from her mother, Arenla, who
pushing Sentila towards the cleaner, profitable
is herself an expert pot maker. Arenla strongly
trade of handloom weaving instead. The narrative
discourages Sentila from taking up the craft. To
explores the tension between practical economic
Arenla, pot making is a messy, exhausting job
choices and shared cultural heritage as Sentila,
that requires trekking long distances for clay,
guided by village elders and a patient mentor,
carrying heavy loads, and tedious physical labour,
embarks on a challenging journey to master the
all for a very tiny financial reward. Instead, Arenla
traditional clay work.
wants Sentila to learn handloom weaving, as it is
a profitable, clean, indoor job that brings in a
2. CHARACTERS handsome income.

Sentila The Village Council’s Intervention

A young, passionate girl who dreams of becoming In their culture, traditional skills are highly
an expert pot maker. She is determined, highly respected and protected. The village council soon
observant, and a very quick learner. notices that Arenla is not teaching her daughter
the family craft. They summon Sentila’s father,
Arenla Mesoba, and issue a gentle but firm warning. The
Sentila’s mother and an expert potter. She elders remind him that traditional skills do not
initially refuses to teach Sentila pottery because belong to any single person; they are the shared
it is exhausting and pays poorly, preferring her to history and heritage of the community. Therefore,
learn weaving instead. it is Arenla’s strict cultural duty to pass her
Mesoba knowledge down to the next generation. Mesoba,
Sentila’s supportive father. He patiently defends who is highly supportive of his daughter, defends
his wife Arenla before the village council and Sentila’s potential and promises that she will
acts as a bridge between his family and village learn the art.
traditions. A Year of Struggle and Failure
Onula Pressured by the council and her husband, Arenla
A kind, middle-aged widow who supervises the finally begins to train Sentila. However, mastering
girls’ dormitory. She supports Sentila’s dream, the craft proves to be incredibly difficult. The
encouraging her and teaching her how to properly process of pot making is highly demanding—it
shape the clay. involves pounding stubborn clay inside bamboo
cylinders, softening it, and shaping it with a
Village Elders spatula using a highly specific rhythm. Under her
The respected leaders of the village council. They
mother’s strict and watchful eyes, Sentila becomes
ensure that traditional skills like pot making
tense and clumsy. Even after a whole year of
are passed down to the next generation without
training, she fails to make a proper pot. Every
restriction.
 THE POT MAKER

time she tries, the clay collapses into a misshapen 10. Indifference – lack of interest in something
lump, leaving Sentila deeply discouraged, 11. Pittance – a small amount of money received
frustrated, and ashamed. as income
12. Sheer – nothing other than, absolute, steep
Onula’s Gentle Guidance
13. Aches – suffers from a continuous dull pain,
The turning point in Sentila’s journey arrives in
hurts
the form of a thoughtful and generous woman
14. Pounding – repeated beating
named Onula. One day, Onula observes Sentila
15. Stubborn – difficult to move, unyielding,
struggling wearily with her clay. Recognizing that
inflexible
the young girl is simply too tense and lacking
16. Cylinders – solid or hollow tube-shaped
confidence, Onula steps in to help. Instead of
objects
being critical, she creates a calm and encouraging
17. Tedious – tiring
environment. With gentle words of reassurance,
18. Exhaustion – state of being extremely tired,
Onula demonstrates the correct techniques and
extreme fatigue
patiently guides Sentila. This much-needed
19. Batch – a quantity or group of goods produced
emotional support and mentorship finally help
at one time
Sentila relax and successfully shape a beautiful
20. Labour – hard physical work, effort
pot.
21. Providing – supplying, giving
The Birth of a New Pot Maker 22. Messy – untidy, dirty
Sentila’s ultimate test comes when her mother 23. Indoors – inside a building
falls unwell and asks her to continue the work on 24. Handsome – (here) substantial, large in
a new batch of pots. Armed with years of secret amount, highly rewarding
observation, her father’s belief in her, Onula’s 25. Lump – a compact mass of a substance,
guidance, and her own relentless perseverance, chunk, piece
Sentila works independently. Later, when Onula 26. Deftly – skillfully
enters the work shed, she is left completely stunned. 27. Rotated – moved in a circle around an axis,
She finds two perfectly neat rows of newly made turned
pots that are so identical she cannot distinguish 28. Spatula – tool used by a potter to shape a pot
Sentila’s work from her expert mother’s work. 29. Emerging – coming into view, becoming
Sentila has crafted the pots quickly and flawlessly. apparent
The story ends on a triumphant note—Sentila’s 30. Retain – continue to have, keep possession of,
dream has been fulfilled, her perseverance has preserve
paid off, and the village’s cultural heritage is safe 31. Consistency – thickness or firmness of a liquid
because “a new pot maker was born.” or semi-solid substance, texture
32. Kiln – a furnace or oven for baking pottery
33. Uniform – remaining the same in all cases,
4. WORD MEANINGS consistent, even
1. Accompany – go somewhere with someone as 34. Tend – take care of
a companion, escort 35. Ignorant – lacking knowledge or awareness,
2. Expert – having or showing special skill or unaware
knowledge, specialist 36. Gossip – casual conversation or reports about
3. Amused – entertained, finding something other people, rumors
funny 37. Followed suit – did the same thing as
4. Insistence – demanding something forcefully, somebody else has just done
firmly stating something must be done 38. Summoned – urgently called on to be present,
5. Outgrow – to lose interest in something as sent for
one grows older 39. Humble – having or showing a modest
6. Passion – strong emotion, intense desire, estimate of one’s own importance, polite
enthusiasm 40. Cautioning – warning someone, advising
7. Disclose – make known, reveal, uncover against
8. Fascination – strong attraction, deep interest 41. Generation – all of the people born and living
9. Overheard – heard without the speaker’s at about the same time
knowledge 42. Catered – provided what was needed, supplied

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PAGE 326 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

43. Symbolised – represented by means of 75. Coordination – the ability to use different
symbols, signified parts of the body together smoothly,
44. Obliged – required or bound by duty, synchronization
compelled 76. Sprinter – an athlete who runs over short
45. Trough – a long, narrow open container used distances, fast runner
for holding water 77. Momentum – driving force
46. Dao – an instrument used to dig 78. Dexterity – skill
47. Stuffing – filling a space tightly, cramming 79. Tally – a count of (pots)
48. Proportion – a part or share considered in 80. Threshold – entrance of a room
comparative relation to a whole, ratio 81. Intuitively – based on feelings
49. Malleable – able to be put into shape without 82. Momentous – of great significance
breaking or cracking 83. Ajar – slightly open
50. Dough – a thick, malleable mixture of clay 84. Abruptly – suddenly and unexpectedly,
and water hastily
51. Frustration – the feeling of being upset or 85. Curiosity – a strong desire to know or learn
annoyed, disappointment something, inquisitiveness

NODIA
52. Transformed – made a thorough or dramatic 86. Handiwork – something that one has made or
change, altered done, creation
53. Matured – reached an advanced stage of 87. Absorb – take in or understand fully,
mental or emotional development, grown up comprehend
54. Custom – a traditional and widely accepted 88. Phenomenon – unusual incident
way of behaving, tradition 89. Witnessed – saw an event or occurrence,
55. Dormitories – large rooms containing many observed
beds as in a hostel 90. Profound – powerful
56. Supervised – observed and directed the 91. Revelation – a moment of realisation
execution of, overseen 92. Moist – slightly wet, damp
57. Widow – a woman whose spouse has died 93. Symmetry – the quality of being made up
58. Discord – disagreement, conflict, disharmony of exactly similar parts facing each other,
59. Resolved – (here) determined balance
60. Implements – tools, utensils, instruments
61. Clumsy – awkward in movement or in 5. MESSAGE
handling things, ungraceful In this story, Easterine Kire gives a beautiful
62. Tense – unable to relax, nervous, rigid message about following our true passion. Sentila’s
63. Yield – produce or provide, give way journey teaches us that real happiness comes from
64. Wearily – tiredly doing what we love, even if our family disagrees at
65. Misshapen – not having the normal or natural first. While earning money is important, keeping our
shape, deformed traditional arts and cultural heritage alive is equally
66. Amazement – a feeling of great surprise or valuable. The author inspires us to work hard, learn
wonder, astonishment from our elders, and never give up on our dreams.
67. Fashioned – made or shaped, created
68. Confidence – the feeling or belief that one can
rely on someone or something, self-assurance 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
69. Admiring – looking at with pleasure,
appreciating Reflect and Respond
70. Slackened – relaxed I. Look at the pictures given below and identify the
71. Rhythm – a strong, regular, repeated pattern vocations. Now, list at least five more vocations.
of movement or sound
72. Elongated – unusually long in relation to its
width, stretched out
73. Rim – the upper or outer edge of an object,
border
74. Reluctantly – with hesitation, doubt, or
dread, unwillingly
 THE POT MAKER

Ans : heavy loads uphill, and tediously pounding

Based on the pictures provided, the vocations are: stubborn clay to soften it. It also requires immense
1. Basket weaving / Bamboo crafting patience, precision, and skill to shape the clay
2. Pottery / Pot making perfectly without it collapsing.
3. Handloom weaving
4. Carpentry / Woodworking II. Would Sentila be able to fulfil her dream of
becoming a pot maker? Explain.
Five more vocations are:
Ans :
1. Blacksmithing
Yes, it is highly likely that Sentila would be able
2. Tailoring
to fulfill her dream. She is deeply passionate
3. Goldsmithing
about the craft, highly observant, and determined
4. Masonry
enough to sneak out to watch experts and
5. Cobbling
practice on her own. Despite her mother’s initial
II. Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions reluctance and her own early clumsiness, her
and share your answers with your classmates and dedication suggests she will eventually succeed.
teacher.
III. Do you think Mesoba and Arenla would support
1. What is common among these pictures? Sentila? Give a reason.
Ans : Ans :
The common factor among all these pictures is Mesoba is supportive of Sentila, as evidenced by
that they depict people engaged in traditional, his respectful defense of her potential in front
skill-based manual labor and handicrafts. They of the village council, stating she would soon
are all creating products using their hands and make the best pots. Arenla initially does not
specialized tools. support her because she views pot making as an
exhausting job with very little financial reward.
2. We refer to such skill-based work as However, given Sentila’s passion and the village’s
v_ _ a _ _ o _ s. strict cultural expectation to pass on traditional
Ans : skills, Arenla will likely be pressured or persuaded
vocations to support her eventually.

3. Mention a few differences between handmade and Check Your Understanding

machine-made products.
I. Do you think Onula’s support helped Sentila? If
Ans :
yes, why? If no, why not?
Handmade products : These are unique, as
slight variations occur naturally when made Ans :
by hand. They require a lot of time, patience, Yes, Onula’s support immensely helped Sentila.
and specialized skill to create. They often carry When Sentila was struggling and tense, Onula
cultural significance and a personal touch from provided a calm, encouraging environment. By
the artisan. kindly demonstrating the correct technique and
Machine-made products : These are uniform and offering words of reassurance, Onula helped
identical. They are mass-produced at a much Sentila gain the confidence she had never felt
faster rate and are usually cheaper to buy. They before, which allowed her to finally shape a
lack the personal touch and unique character of beautiful pot.
handmade items.
II. Sentila observes her mother making pots. What
does this tell us about her?
Check Your Understanding
Ans :
I. Do you think pot making is easy? If yes, why? If Sentila’s keen observation of her mother tells
no, why not? us that she is a highly dedicated, focused, and
Ans : passionate learner. She pays close attention to the
No, pot making is not easy. Based on the text, it finest details of the craft—such as the positioning
involves strenuous physical labor, such as trekking of the hands, the use of the spatula, and the
long distances to find the right clay, carrying specific rhythm required—demonstrating her
deep desire to master pot making.

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PAGE 328 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

III. Arrange the following events of the story in the people.

correct sequence. Share your answer with your
classmates and teacher. Critical Reflection
1. The village council called Mesoba to I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
know about Arenla’s unwillingness to questions that follow.
teach pottery to Sentila.
1. Pounding the stubborn clay inside bamboo
2. Arenla made a new batch of pots and cylinders to soften it, is also tedious. So many
asked Sentila to continue the work as times I’ve dropped the mould out of sheer
she was unwell. exhaustion and have had to start all over again.
3. Sentila observed how other expert It takes months to bring out a batch of pots after
potters crafted beautiful pots. so much labour. And the reward? A few rupees.
4. Sentila was passionate about pottery But if Sentila learns weaving, she can make much
but did not share it with her mother. more money besides providing enough cloth for
the family. Weaving is not messy like pot making
5. Onula guided Sentila in the art of pot and can be done indoors in all seasons. Also, the
making. time spent on weaving one shawl is much less and
6. Sentila overheard her mother saying the return is handsome.
that pot making was a tiring job and
that she earned very little from it. i. Choose the correct reason for the given assertion.
(A) : The effort in making pots is far greater than
7. Onula observed two rows of pots the returns.
inside the work shed, which she felt
A. The process of pot making is quite tiresome
was the work of two people.
and long, and one hardly earns much.
8. Sentila learnt the art of pot making B. The process of pot making is exhausting, takes
for a year from her mother, but was a long time, yet gives a sense of satisfaction.
unsuccessful.
9. Sentila was able to make pots quickly ii. Why does Arenla want Sentila to learn weaving?
and skillfully, just one less than her iii. State one advantage that weaving has over pot
mother’s. making, as per the extract.
Ans :
iv. Choose the sentence that uses the word ‘handsome’
Correct Sequence
in the same way as in the extract.
4. Sentila was passionate about pottery but did
not share it with her mother. A. My father is a handsome man.
6. Sentila overheard her mother saying that pot B. They will make a handsome profit selling this
making was a tiring job and that she earned property.
very little from it.
3. Sentila observed how other expert potters v. ‘And the reward?’ What is the author’s purpose
crafted beautiful pots. of using a question mark here?
1. The village council called Mesoba to know Ans :
about Arenla’s unwillingness to teach pottery i. A. The process of pot making is quite tiresome
to Sentila. and long, and one hardly earns much.
8. Sentila learnt the art of pot making for a year ii. Arenla wants Sentila to learn weaving because
from her mother, but was unsuccessful. it is far more profitable and less physically
5. Onula guided Sentila in the art of pot making. exhausting than pot making. Weaving is an
2. Arenla made a new batch of pots and asked indoor activity that isn’t messy, takes less
Sentila to continue the work as she was time to complete a product (like a shawl),
unwell. provides cloth for their own family, and brings
9. Sentila was able to make pots quickly and in a “handsome” financial return.
skillfully, just one less than her mother’s. iii. One advantage is that weaving is not messy
7. Onula observed two rows of pots inside the and can be done comfortably indoors during
work shed, which she felt was the work of two all seasons.

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 THE POT MAKER

iv. B. They will make a handsome profit selling iii. A. As a result, the clay seemed unable or
this property. (Here, ‘handsome’ refers to a unwilling to yield the right shape.

NODIA
substantial amount of money, just like in the iv. created
text). v. Sentila most likely felt a deep sense of
v. The author uses a question mark to highlight disappointment, frustration, weariness, and
Arenla’s frustration and bitterness. It shame at her repeated failure to shape the
emphasizes the stark, unfair contrast between clay properly.
the months of grueling physical labor she
puts into making pots and the pitifully small II. Answer the following questions.
amount of money she receives in return.
1. Describe the process of pot making followed by
2. Onula saw her taking out some clay and the expert pot makers, as observed by Sentila.
implements from her basket quietly. She watched Ans :
Sentila’s clumsy efforts to make a pot and noticed Sentila observed a meticulous process: first, the
that Sentila was too tense. As a result, the clay clay was mixed with water and pounded to soften
seemed unable or unwilling to yield the right it. Then, the potters carefully pushed their left
shape. When Sentila wearily let the misshapen hand into a lump of softened clay. They deftly
lump fall flat on the ground, Onula went to her rotated the lump while shaping it from the
and said, “Don’t worry, little one, I shall teach outside using a spatula held in their right hand,
you how to make a perfect pot.” Sentila watched maintaining a specific rhythm. After shaping, the
in amazement as Onula fashioned a beautiful pot pots were given a final touch-up, left to dry in
and asked her to try again. the sun, and finally arranged carefully in a kiln
on a bed of hay and dried bamboo to be fired,
i. Complete the sentence with an appropriate which required strict attention to avoid ruining
reason. the batch.
Onula feels Sentila’s effort at making a pot is
clumsy because _____. 2. What warning was given to Mesoba by the village
council?
ii. Choose the correct option to complete the Ans :
following sentence. The village council cautioned Mesoba to remind
‘Don’t worry, little one, I shall teach you how to his wife, Arenla, that it was her strict duty to
make a perfect pot.’ teach her daughter the skill of pot making. They
This shows that Onula was _____. warned him that traditional skills do not belong
A. sincere and generous to an individual but symbolize the history of the
B. forgiving and thoughtful people, and experts are culturally obliged to pass
C. thoughtful and generous these skills down to the next generation.
D. forgiving and sincere
3. How did Sentila feel when she failed at pot making
iii. Which among the following is the effect of a even after a year of training with her mother?
cause? Ans :
A. As a result, the clay seemed unable or Sentila felt completely discouraged, hanging her
unwilling to yield the right shape. head in deep shame and frustration. She was
disheartened because, despite a year of sessions,
B. Onula saw her taking out some clay and the
she remained clumsy and could not even hold
implements from her basket quietly.
the lump of dough properly under her mother’s
iv. ‘Onula fashioned a beautiful pot.’ Here, the word watchful eye.
‘fashioned’ means _____. (created/styled)
4. ‘Onula stood there for a long time as if trying to
v. How might Sentila have felt when she saw ‘the absorb a new phenomenon’. Explain.
misshapen lump fall flat on the ground’ ? Ans :
Ans : When Onula entered the shed, she saw two
i. Onula feels Sentila’s effort at making a pot is perfectly neat rows of newly made pots that were
clumsy because she was too tense. so identical she could not tell Arenla’s batch
ii C. thoughtful and generous from Sentila’s. She stood there in awe because
PAGE 330 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

she realized that Sentila had finally mastered the The highlighted words describe the tools and
craft. The “new phenomenon” was the sudden materials required in the process of pot making.
and profound birth of a masterful new pot maker, Now, classify the words/phrases given in the box
a realization that left Onula stunned. as shown in the table below. One example for
each category has been done for you.
5. ‘The tradition and history of the people did
not belong to any individual,’ what does this dao dough pounding bamboo
symbolise? clay kiln spatula basket
Ans : cylinders rotating bed of hay shaping
This statement symbolizes the concept of collective
cultural heritage. It highlights that traditional Tools/Implements Raw Materials Process
arts, crafts, and knowledge are the shared
dao dough pounding
wealth of a community, forged over generations.
Therefore, no single person “owns” the skill;
instead, they are simply custodians who have a
moral responsibility to teach and preserve the art
for the survival of the community’s identity.
Ans :
6. What is the significance of the concluding line of
the story, ‘A new pot maker was born’ ? Tools/Implements Raw Materials Process
Ans : dao dough pounding
The concluding line powerfully signifies Sentila’s
kiln bamboo rotating
successful coming-of-age and her transformation
from a clumsy, struggling learner into a skilled spatula clay shaping
artisan. It represents the fulfillment of her lifelong basket bed of hay
dream and the triumph of her perseverance, while
also ensuring that the village’s cultural tradition cylinders
will live on through her.

7. What is the role of perseverance in pursuing one’s II. Notice the use of the following words in the text.
dreams? Elaborate with reference to Sentila. pittance rupees reward return
Ans :
These words relate to livelihood and economic
Perseverance is the steadfast drive to keep trying
aspects that are crucial for any enterprise/
despite difficulties, and it is crucial for achieving
business/vocation.
any dream. Sentila exemplifies this beautifully.
Work in pairs and find the meanings of the
She faced numerous hurdles: her mother’s
following words related to economy. You may
absolute refusal, village gossip, her own physical
refer to a dictionary.
inability to shape the clay initially, and a year of
disheartening failure. However, Sentila never gave bankrupt credit currency debt,
up. She continued to observe, practice in secret, fiscal inflation investment interest
and accept guidance from Onula. Her unwavering Now, frame sentences using each word.
perseverance ultimately allowed her to master the
Ans :
craft and realize her dream.
1. bankrupt : (Meaning: completely lacking in
Vocabulary and Structures in Context money; unable to pay outstanding debts.)
Sentence : The small business went completely
I. Read the highlighted words in the following bankrupt after the sudden economic crash.
sentences from the text. 2. credit : (Meaning: the ability of a customer
to obtain goods or services before payment,
1. She taught Sentila how to dig the clay with dao,
based on trust that payment will be made in
load it on to her carrying basket…
the future.)
2. Sentila was a quick learner and turned the clay Sentence : He bought the new weaving
into malleable dough. Pounding the stubborn clay machine on credit and promised to pay for it
inside bamboo cylinders to soften it … next month.

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 THE POT MAKER

3. currency : (Meaning: a system of money in Ans :

general use in a particular country.) (i) The elders emphasised that it was Arenla’s
Sentence : The official currency of Japan is duty to teach her daughter.
the Yen. (ii) Mesoba explained why Arenla had not yet
4. debt : (Meaning: a sum of money that is owed taught Sentila the craft.
or due to someone else.) (iii) Onula’s promise was that she would teach
Sentence : After taking a large loan for her Sentila how to make a perfect pot.
education, she worked hard to pay off her (iv) Sentila observed her mother carefully when
debt. she was shaping the mouth of the pot, which
5. fiscal : (Meaning: relating to government she had found incredibly difficult to do
revenue, especially taxes, or financial earlier.

NODIA
matters.) (v) The kiln, where the final pots were baked,
Sentence : The government announced a new required careful attention to prevent over-or-
fiscal policy to help support local artisans. under firing.
6. inflation : (Meaning: a general increase in
prices and a fall in the purchasing value of 2. Read the following sentences from the text.
money.) Underline the main clause and circle the
Sentence : Due to high inflation, the cost of subordinate clause.
raw clay and bamboo has doubled this year. (i) Arenla took Sentila to the riverbank where
7. investment : (Meaning: the action or process the grey and red clay was found.
of putting money into something for profit or (ii) She started on the next one, and like a sprinter
material result.) who had suddenly found momentum...
Sentence : Buying a larger kiln was a wise (iii) … skills such as pot making, which not
investment for the potter’s growing business. onlycatered to the needs of the people...
8. interest : (Meaning: money paid regularly at Ans :
a particular rate for the use of money lent.) (i) Arenla took Sentila to the riverbank [where
Sentence : The bank charges a low rate the grey and red clay was found]
of interest on loans given to traditional (ii) She started on the next one, and like a sprinter
craftsmen. [who had suddenly found momentum]
(iii) skills such as pot making, [which not only
III. Read the following sentences from the text. catered to the needs of the people]
The main clause has been underlined and the
subordinate clause has been circled. 3. Complete the following sentences with suitable
• ... she realised that the pot was ready. relative clauses.
• She intuitively sensed that something (i) Sentila, whose _____, practised the craft
momentous had happened. diligently.
Subordinate clauses that act like nouns and (ii) The village council, where _____, sought
perform the same functions as subject or object an explanation for Arenla’s reluctance.
are called noun clauses. (iii) The potter’s hands, which _____, shaped
the clay into beautiful creations.
1. Complete the following sentences with suitable (iv) Arenla, her mother, wanted her to learn
noun clauses. weaving, which _____.
(i) The elders emphasised that _________ (v) Mesoba went home and discussed the matter
_________________________. with Arenla, who _____.
(ii) Mesoba explained why ____________ Ans :
_________________________. (i) Sentila, whose dream was to become a great
(iii) Onula’s promise was that ___________ potter, practised the craft diligently.
_________________________. (ii) The village council, where the village elders
(iv) Sentila observed her mother carefully when gathered, sought an explanation for Arenla’s
she was shaping the mouth of the pot, which reluctance.
_________________________. (iii) The potter’s hands, which moved with
(v) The kiln, where _____________, incredible dexterity, shaped the clay into
required careful attention to prevent over-or- beautiful creations.
under firing.
PAGE 332 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(iv) Arenla, her mother, wanted her to learn Ans :

weaving, which was a much more profitable 1. three-dimensional, [Link], 3. fascinating
and less messy vocation. and mesmerising
(v) Mesoba went home and discussed the matter
with Arenla, who listened quietly to the II. You will now listen to the man speaking about
council’s warning. some steps involved in making stone statues. As
you listen, select the six correct steps out of the
4. Read the highlighted words in the following lines nine given.
from the text. 1. carve to remove large unwanted portions of
• Onula saw her taking out some clay… the stone
• … make as many pots as they could. 2. set up the different tools
• … did not belong to any individual. 3. measure the weight and dimensions of the
• Slowly she walked away from this place of statue
wonder. 4. leave the statue in water to firm up overnight
• … they would not have enough days of 5. refine the creation within the stone
sunshine … 6. choose the stone
i. Find out some more determiners from the text. 7. begin carving from the centre
8. detach the creation from the stone as the final
Ans :
statue
Some other determiners found in the text include:
9. work to bring out the imagined shape
a, an, the, her, their, this, one, two, all.
Ans :
ii. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners. The The six correct steps involved in making stone
first two blanks have been done for you. statues are:
A. The florist arranged five bouquets for her 6. choose the stone
clients, that were displayed in _____ 2. set up the different tools
elegant floral shop. 1. carve to remove large unwanted portions of
the stone
B. The carpenter crafted _____ unique
5. refine the creation within the stone
tables, and _____ became the centrepiece
9. work to bring out the imagined shape
in _____ furniture collection.
8. detach the creation from the stone as the final
C. _____ of _____ apprentices in _____
statue
culinary class demonstrated _____ knife
skills during the intense cooking session. Speaking Activity
D. _____ of _____ sculptures were • Work in pairs and choose two characters from
displayed at _____ art exhibition, the story—Sentila and one other character
showcasing _____ diverse artistic skills. [Arenla, Mesoba, Onula, or a village elder].
Ans : • Prepare to speak from the chosen character’s
A. an perspective based on information from the
B. some, these, his story and the understanding of the intentions
C. All, the, this, their of the characters.
D. Many, these, the, their • Prepare a role-play between Sentila and the
chosen character. The conversation between
Listen and Respond the characters should cover the following
points.
I. You will listen to a man speak about stone statues. • Sentila’s desire to learn pot making
As you listen, complete the given paragraph by • the challenges she faces
filling in the blanks with the exact words you • the advice or perspective the other
listen to. (Transcript for teacher on page 261) character offers
A statue is carved to create a shape that is 1. • Students can use direct quotes from the story
______. Among the many things stone is used and creatively expand on the characters’
for making stone 2. ______ is one of them. thoughts and feelings.
India has some of the most 3. ______ stone
sculptures, as is obvious from its many stone
monuments across the country.

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 THE POT MAKER

Reflect on your passions and the skills you

currently possess or are developing. Consider why
these activities or interests are meaningful and
enjoyable to you.
Step 2 : Describing skills
Describe specific activities or practices you
engage in to nurture your skills. This could
include hobbies, classes (art, music, coding, etc.),
workshops, or personal projects.
Step 3 : Passion into profession
You may use the following sentence prompts. Identify which of these skills you believe have the
• I feel/felt _____ because... potential to turn your passion into a profession.
• I wish/wished _____ because...

NODIA
Explain why you think these skills are crucial or
• When you said/did _____, it made me advantageous in your chosen field.
feel/think _____ because... Step 4 : Examples and reflection
Ans : Provide examples or anecdotes that illustrate how
Characters : Sentila and Arenla your skills and passions complement each other.
Sentila : Mother, I feel nervous because I really Reflect on how these experiences have shaped
want to learn pot making but I was afraid to tell your career aspirations and personal growth.
you. Step 5 : Conclusion
Arenla : Sentila, I wish you had told me earlier Summarise your reflections. Discuss any insights
because I would have helped you. gained about yourself, your skills, and your career
Sentila : When I heard you say that pot making ambitions through this exercise.
is tiring and earns very little, it made me feel Ans :
discouraged because I thought you didn’t want My Passion for Photography
me to learn it. Step 1 : Introduction
Arenla : I said that because it is hard work, but I have always been deeply passionate about
it is also an important skill. I feel proud that you photography. The ability to freeze a single moment
are interested in it. in time and capture the raw emotion of a scene is
Sentila : I tried learning by myself, but I faced incredibly meaningful to me. It allows me to view
many challenges. The clay was hard to shape, and the world from unique perspectives.
my pots would break. Step 2 : Describing skills
Arenla : That is natural. I felt the same when I To nurture this skill, I regularly go on photo-
was learning. You need patience and practice. walks around my city during the “golden hour”
Sentila : I didn’t give up because I really wanted to understand natural lighting. I have also
to improve. Now I feel happy because I can make taken online workshops on photo editing and
good pots. composition, which helps me practice framing my
Arenla : I am glad to see your progress. My advice subjects perfectly.
is to keep practising and believe in yourself. Step 3 : Passion into profession
Sentila : Thank you, Mother. I feel confident now I believe my strong observational skills and
because of your support. technical knowledge of cameras have the potential
to turn this passion into a profession. In fields like
Writing Task photojournalism or wildlife photography, a keen
Reflective Writing – Identifying Skills and Passion eye for detail and the patience to wait for the
Refective writing encourages introspection and perfect shot are crucial advantages.
thoughtful exploration of personal experiences, Step 4 : Examples and reflection
skills, and aspirations. It helps individuals gain For example, last month I spent three hours
deeper insights into themselves and their goals waiting quietly in a park just to capture a
through structured reflection. kingfisher diving into a pond. That experience
1. Follow the steps given below to create a write-up taught me immense patience and showed me that
about your skills and passions. my technical skills complement my dedication.
Step 1 : Introduction This has strongly shaped my ambition to become
a wildlife photographer.
PAGE 334 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Step 5 : Conclusion skills vs. industrialisation and mass-produced

Through this reflection, I realize that photography goods.
is not just a hobby for me, but a serious pursuit. Ans :
By continually refining my technical skills and Review of “Quality” by John Galsworthy
maintaining my patience, I am confident I can “Quality” is a deeply moving short story that
turn this passion into a fulfilling lifelong career. explores the heartbreaking conflict between
passionate craftsmanship and the ruthless rise
Learning Beyond the Text of mass-producing industries. The story revolves
around the Gessler brothers, German shoemakers
I. Pottery is practised in many parts of our country in London who view their trade not merely as a
and each region has its unique style business, but as an art form. Mr. Gessler creates
Find out about the different styles of indigenous boots that are perfectly fitted and extraordinarily
pottery of your region and other regions of our durable, pouring his very soul into every piece of
country. Some notable styles include: leather. However, as large firms begin to dominate
• Khurja pottery from Uttar Pradesh the market through aggressive advertising rather
• Blue pottery from Jaipur than the quality of their goods, the Gessler
• Terracotta from West Bengal brothers lose their customers. Ultimately, the
• Andretta pottery from Himachal Pradesh younger Mr. Gessler starves to death because he
• Karigari pottery from Tamil Nadu refuses to compromise his art, spending all his
• Longpi Black pottery from Manipur money on rent and fine leather rather than food.
The story is a poignant critique of a modernizing
1. Match the pictures with the pottery it represents.
world that values speed and cheapness over true
quality and human dedication.
Presentation Points : Decline of Traditional
Crafts vs. Industrialisation :
1. The Loss of the Personal Touch : Traditional
crafts (like Mr. Gessler’s boots) are made
specifically for the individual, ensuring
perfect fit and quality. Industrialisation
produces standard, uniform goods that lack
this personal connection.
2. Quality vs. Quantity : Artisans take immense
pride and time in their work, ensuring
Ans : longevity. Factories prioritize high-volume
Picture 1 (Top Left, colorful intricate designs) : production and profit margins, often leading
Khurja pottery from Uttar Pradesh to inferior durability.
Picture 2 (Top Middle, distinctive blue and white 3. The Power of Advertising : As highlighted
floral) : Blue pottery from Jaipur in the story, modern industries often win
Picture 3 (Top Right, clay horse figures) : customers through flashy marketing (“by
Terracotta from West Bengal advertisement, nod by work”) rather than
Picture 4 (Bottom Left, greenish/blue glazed the actual merit of their products, unfairly
bowls) : Andretta pottery from Himachal Pradesh drowning out small artisans.
Picture 5 (Bottom Middle, brown/black intricate 4. Economic Starvation of Artisans : Handicraft
pots) : Karigari pottery from Tamil Nadu workers cannot compete with the low prices
Picture 6 (Bottom Right, solid black metallic- and fast delivery times of factories, leading
looking cookware) : Longpi Black pottery from to severe poverty and the eventual death of
Manipur ancient trades.
5. Erosion of Heritage : When skill-based
II. You must have read stories in English and in your
vocations die out, society loses a vital piece of
own language about the value of handicrafts and
its cultural history and the appreciation for
art. Read the story ‘Quality’ by John Galsworthy.
true artistry.
Write its review and make a presentation
highlighting the decline of traditional crafts and

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 THE POT MAKER

7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (b) clay

8. Arenla wanted Sentila to learn handloom

Multiple Choice Type Questions _____.
1. Who is the main character in the story? (a) weaving (b) spinning
(a) Sentila (b) Arenla (c) knitting (d) dyeing
(c) Mesoba (d) Onula Ans :
Ans : (a) weaving
(a) Sentila 9. How does Arenla describe handloom weaving?
2. What is Sentila’s hidden passion? (a) Profitable job (b) Tedious labor
(a) Basket weaving (b) Pot making (c) Exhausting task (d) Messy chore
(c) Loom weaving (d) Field farming Ans :
Ans : (a) Profitable job
(b) Pot making 10. Assertion (A): Arenla prefers handloom weaving
3. Sentila observes the expert potters very _____. for Sentila.
Reason (R): Handloom weaving is an outdoor job.
(a) casually (b) quickly
(a) A and R are true, R explains A.
(c) keenly (d) rarely
(b) A is true, but R is wholly false.
Ans :
(c) A is false, but R is wholly true.
(c) keenly
(d) A and R are both entirely false.
4. What does Sentila do with her deep desire? Ans :
(a) Shares it (b) Flaunts it (b) A is true, but R is wholly false.
(c) Forgets it (d) Hides it
11. Handloom weaving brings in a _____ income.
Ans :
(a) poor (b) average
(d) Hides it
NODIA

(c) handsome (d) minimal

5. Why does Arenla strongly discourage Sentila from Ans :
taking up the craft? (c) handsome
(a) She feels the girl lacks the needed focus.
(b) She wants her to study outside the village. 12. What kind of job is handloom weaving considered?
(c) She thinks village elders will get annoyed. (a) Messy job (b) Heavy job
(d) She views it as messy and exhausting work. (c) Dirty job (d) Clean job

Ans : Ans :
(d) She views it as messy and exhausting work. (d) Clean job

6. Arenla feels pot making brings a very tiny 13. Traditional skills in their culture are highly
_____. _____.
(a) social respect (b) physical relief (a) ignored (b) respected
(c) financial reward (d) community pride (c) criticized (d) forgotten

Ans : Ans :
(c) financial reward (b) respected

7. The work requires trekking long distances for 14. Who notices Arenla is not teaching Sentila?
_____. (a) Village council (b) Fellow potters
(a) water (b) clay (c) Senior weavers (d) Distant relatives
(c) sand (d) wood Ans :
Ans : (a) Village council
PAGE 336 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

15. Which of the following statements is correct Ans :

regarding the village council? (d) supportive
(a) They highly discourage traditional crafts.
22. How does Mesoba react when summoned by the
(b) They ignored Arenla’s teaching methods.
village elders?
(c) They summoned Sentila for strict warning.
(a) He angrily refuses to teach his daughter.
(d) They summoned Sentila’s father, Mesoba.
(b) He begs the elders for financial assistance.
Ans :
(c) He defends her potential and promises
(d) They summoned Sentila’s father, Mesoba.
support.
16. What kind of warning does the council issue? (d) He blames his wife for breaking the traditions.
(a) Harsh warning (b) Angry warning Ans :
(c) Gentle warning (d) Vague warning (c) He defends her potential and promises support.
Ans : 23. Who pressured Arenla to train Sentila?
(c) Gentle warning
(a) Village weavers
17. According to the elders, traditional skills are the (b) Council and husband
shared _____. (c) Local clay sellers
(a) personal property (d) Sentila and friends
(b) hidden treasures Ans :
(c) community heritage (b) Council and husband
(d) financial burdens
24. Mastering the craft of pot making proved to be
Ans :
incredibly _____.
(c) community heritage
(a) difficult (b) simple
18. Traditional skills do not belong to _____. (c) boring (d) useless
(a) village elders (b) young children Ans :
(c) older generation (d) single persons (a) difficult
Ans :
25. Which of the following statements is correct about
(d) single persons
the pot making process?
19. It is Arenla’s strict cultural _____ to pass on (a) It involves pounding stubborn clay in bamboo.
her knowledge. (b) It involves weaving threads on a handloom.
(a) duty (b) wish (c) It involves baking pots in an electric oven.
(c) idea (d) plan (d) It involves purchasing clay from city shops.
Ans : Ans :
(a) duty (a) It involves pounding stubborn clay in bamboo.

20. Assertion (A): Mesoba opposes Sentila’s interest 26. The clay is pounded inside _____ cylinders.
in pot making. (a) metal (b) wooden
Reason (R): He thinks it is a very messy job.
(c) bamboo (d) plastic
(a) A and R are true, R explains A.
NODIA

Ans :
(b) A and R are both entirely false.
(c) bamboo
(c) A is true, but R is wholly false.
(d) A is false, but R is wholly true. 27. What tool is used to shape the softened clay?
Ans : (a) Hammer (b) Chisel
(b) A and R are both entirely false. (c) Trowel (d) Spatula
Ans :
21. Mesoba is highly _____ of his daughter.
(d) Spatula
(a) critical (b) ashamed
(c) ignorant (d) supportive
 THE POT MAKER

28. Shaping the clay requires a highly specific Ans :

_____. (a) Onula
(a) motion (b) rhythm
35. Which phrase best describes Onula’s fundamental
(c) volume (d) weight character in the story?
Ans : (a) Strict and heavily demanding.
(b) rhythm (b) Jealous and highly competitive.
29. Under her mother’s strict eyes, Sentila becomes (c) Thoughtful and highly generous.
_____. (d) Arrogant and extremely dismissive.
(a) extremely bold (b) highly skilled Ans :
(c) very clumsy (d) quite joyful (c) Thoughtful and highly generous.
Ans : 36. Onula observes Sentila struggling _____ with
(c) very clumsy her clay.
30. Assertion (A): Sentila instantly masters pot (a) happily (b) rapidly
making. (c) easily (d) wearily
Reason (R): Her mother’s watchful eyes relax her Ans :
completely. (d) wearily
(a) A and R are true, R explains A.
(b) A is true, but R is wholly false. 37. What does Onula recognize about Sentila?
(c) A is false, but R is wholly true. (a) She lacks the right clay.
(d) A and R are both entirely false. (b) She lacks physical strength.
(c) She lacks the proper tools.
Ans :
(d) A and R are both entirely false. (d) She lacks needed confidence.
Ans :
31. How long does Sentila train without making a (d) She lacks needed confidence.
proper pot?
(a) One month (b) One year 38. Instead of being critical, Onula creates a _____
(c) One week (d) One day environment.
(a) chaotic (b) calm
Ans :
(b) One year (c) noisy (d) tense
Ans :
32. When Sentila tries to make a pot, the clay (b) calm
collapses into a _____.
(a) misshapen lump (b) perfect circle 39. Onula provides gentle words of _____.
(c) solid block (d) broken piece (a) reassurance (b) correction
Ans : (c) scolding (d) warning
(a) misshapen lump Ans :
(a) reassurance
33. Sentila feels deeply _____, frustrated, and
ashamed. 40. How does Onula’s teaching style differ from
(a) encouraged (b) discouraged Arenla’s approach?
(c) entertained (d) indifferent (a) She forces the girl to work much faster.
Ans : (b) She strictly criticizes every single mistake.
(b) discouraged (c) She patiently demonstrates correct techniques.
(d) She tells the village council to heavily punish.
34. Who arrives as the turning point in Sentila’s
journey? Ans :
(c) She patiently demonstrates correct techniques.
(a) Onula (b) Arenla
(c) Mesoba (d) Sentila

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PAGE 338 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

41. Onula’s support finally helps Sentila _____. Ans :

(a) relax (b) quit (a) Stunned
(c) sleep (d) argue 48. What does Onula find in the work shed?
Ans : (a) Broken clay pieces
(a) relax (b) Two neat pot rows
42. After Onula’s help, Sentila shapes a _____ pot. (c) Empty bamboo sticks
(a) broken (b) tiny (d) Dirty shaping tools

NODIA
(c) beautiful (d) heavy Ans :
Ans : (b) Two neat pot rows
(c) beautiful 49. Onula cannot distinguish Sentila’s work from her
43. Sentila’s ultimate test comes when her mother _____ work.
falls _____. (a) mother’s (b) father’s
(a) asleep (b) unwell (c) sister’s (d) friend’s
(c) outside (d) silent Ans :
Ans : (a) mother’s
(b) unwell 50. What is the profound significance of the story’s
44. What does Arenla ask Sentila to do? conclusion?
(a) Clean the shed (a) Sentila permanently abandons the village.
(b) Fetch river clay (b) Arenla decides to completely ban pot making.
(c) Stop making pots (c) The village’s rich cultural heritage is safe.
(d) Continue the work (d) Onula demands payment for her crucial
teaching.
Ans :
(d) Continue the work Ans :
(c) The village’s rich cultural heritage is safe.
45. Which of the following statements is correct about
Sentila’s ultimate test?
(a) She heavily relied on Onula’s active help.
Short Answer Type Questions
(b) She failed completely to finish the new batch. 1. What was Sentila’s hidden passion, and how did
(c) She used relentless perseverance to work she initially pursue it?
alone. Ans :
(d) She outright refused to work without her Sentila’s hidden passion was the traditional craft
mom. of pot making. Initially, she kept this deep desire
a secret from her family. To learn the craft, she
Ans :
spent her time keenly observing the expert potters
(c) She used relentless perseverance to work alone.
in her village as they worked.
46. During her ultimate test, Sentila worked _____.
2. Why did Sentila choose to hide her deep desire to
(a) recklessly (b) forcefully make pots?
(c) hesitantly (d) independently Ans :
Ans : Sentila hid her deep desire because she knew her
(d) independently mother, Arenla, strongly discouraged the craft.
Arenla viewed pot making as an exhausting,
47. How does Onula feel when she enters the work messy chore that required heavily demanding
shed later? physical labour, which intimidated Sentila into
(a) Stunned (b) Angry keeping her genuine passion a secret.
(c) Amused (d) Worried
3. According to Arenla, what were the physical
hardships associated with pot making?
 THE POT MAKER

Ans : urgent matter.

Arenla despised pot making because of its intense
physical demands. She pointed out that the work 9. What gentle warning did the village elders issue
was incredibly messy and exhausting, requiring regarding traditional skills?
artisans to trek long, tiring distances simply to Ans :
gather the necessary clay and water required for The elders issued a gentle warning, reminding
the craft. the family that traditional skills are not single
persons’ property. Instead, they are the shared
4. What was Arenla’s financial argument against community heritage, belonging to the entire
taking up pot making? village, and must be preserved carefully for the
Ans : benefit of future generations.
Aside from the immense physical exertion, Arenla
discouraged pot making because it offered very 10. According to the village council, what was
little economic benefit. She firmly believed that Arenla’s strict cultural duty?
despite the exhausting labour involved, the craft Ans :
ultimately brought in a very tiny and insufficient The village council firmly stated that it was
financial reward for the artisan. Arenla’s strict cultural duty to pass on her expert
knowledge of pot making to her daughter. Failing
5. What alternative profession did Arenla prefer for to teach Sentila was seen as a direct neglect of her
her daughter? responsibility to her community.
Ans :
Instead of the messy job of pot making, Arenla 11. How did Mesoba react when he was summoned
strongly preferred that Sentila learn handloom and questioned by the village elders?
weaving. She actively encouraged her daughter to Ans :
master the loom, believing it was a much more When summoned by the elders, Mesoba reacted
suitable and beneficial skill for a young girl. very positively. Instead of making excuses, he
proved to be highly supportive of his daughter.
6. Why did Arenla consider handloom weaving He defended Sentila’s creative potential before
superior to pot making? the council and promised his full support for her
Ans : learning journey.
Arenla considered handloom weaving superior
because she viewed it as a dignified, clean job. 12. What ultimately forced Arenla to begin training
Unlike working with mud and clay, weaving was Sentila in pot making?
highly profitable and guaranteed a handsome Ans :
income, ensuring a much more comfortable and Arenla was finally pressured into teaching her
secure financial future for Sentila. daughter due to the combined insistence of the
village council and her husband, Mesoba. Their
7. How did the village culture view traditional skills firm reminder of her cultural duty left her with no
like pot making? choice but to start training Sentila.
Ans :
In their specific culture, traditional skills were not 13. Describe the initial step of the pot making process
looked down upon but rather highly respected. The that Sentila had to master.
villagers valued these crafts deeply, recognizing Ans :
them as an essential part of their shared identity The initial process proved to be incredibly difficult.
and a vital link to their ancestral history. It involved immense physical effort, specifically
the task of repeatedly pounding stubborn, raw
8. What prompted the village council to intervene in clay inside large bamboo cylinders until it reached
Sentila’s situation? the precise consistency required for shaping the
Ans : pots.
The village council intervened when they noticed
that Arenla was intentionally refusing to teach 14. What specific tool and technique are required to
Sentila the craft of pot making. Concerned about shape the softened clay?
this break in tradition, the elders summoned Ans :
Sentila’s father, Mesoba, to formally discuss the Once the clay is softened, it must be carefully

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PAGE 340 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

shaped using a specific tool called a spatula. The 20. What is the profound significance of the story’s
artisan must strike the clay utilizing a highly conclusion for the village?
specific and steady rhythm to form the pot Ans :
correctly without breaking its delicate structure. The story concludes with Sentila perfectly
replicating her mother’s work, which deeply
15. Why did Sentila struggle so much during her
signifies that she has fully mastered the craft.
initial training sessions with Arenla?
The profound significance is that the village’s
Ans : rich cultural heritage is completely safe and
Sentila struggled immensely because Arenla successfully passed to the next generation.
maintained a strict, intimidating presence. Under
her mother’s watchful and critical eyes, Sentila
lost all her confidence, becoming very clumsy. Long Answer Type Questions
The immense pressure caused her to repeatedly
fail at shaping the clay properly. 1. Draw a detailed character sketch of Sentila,
highlighting her passion, struggles, and ultimate
16. What was the result of Sentila’s first year of triumph.
training, and how did it affect her? Ans :
Ans : Sentila is a determined and passionate young girl
For an entire year, Sentila trained without NODIA with deep respect for her cultural roots. Despite her
successfully making a single proper pot; the clay mother Arenla’s strong opposition and preference
would constantly collapse into a misshapen lump. for weaving, she secretly nurtures a strong love
This prolonged failure left her feeling deeply for the art of pot making. In the beginning, she
discouraged, profoundly frustrated, and utterly appears insecure and easily intimidated. Under
ashamed of her perceived incompetence. her mother’s strict and critical supervision, she
becomes clumsy and keeps failing, as her clay
17. What did Onula accurately recognize about turns into misshapen lumps for an entire year.
Sentila’s struggle with the clay? However, Sentila is highly resilient and
Ans : determined. With patient guidance from Onula,
When Onula saw Sentila struggling wearily, she she quickly learns the techniques, showing that
insightfully recognized that the young girl did she always had natural talent. Her true success
not lack natural talent or physical strength. comes during her mother’s illness, when she
Instead, Onula realized that Sentila severely works independently. Through her hard work and
lacked the needed confidence due to her mother’s perseverance, she creates perfect rows of pots,
overwhelmingly strict teaching methods. proving her skill and preserving her community’s
tradition.
18. How did Onula successfully help Sentila shape her
first beautiful pot? 2. Analyze Arenla’s character in the story. Why did
Ans : she initially oppose her daughter’s passion, and
Onula created a calm, completely tension-free how did her approach affect Sentila?
environment. Instead of criticizing, she offered Ans :
gentle reassurance and patiently demonstrated Arenla is depicted as a practical, strict, and
the correct techniques. This thoughtful support somewhat rigid mother who is highly skilled in
finally helped Sentila relax, allowing her to shape pot making but disillusioned by its hardships.
her very first beautiful pot successfully. She fiercely opposes Sentila’s passion because
she views pot making as an exhausting, messy
19. What circumstance led to Sentila’s ultimate test job that requires trekking long distances for
in her pot-making journey? clay, all for a tiny financial reward. Instead, she
Ans : advocates for handloom weaving, an essentially
Sentila’s ultimate test occurred abruptly when clean and profitable job. When pressured by the
her mother, Arenla, fell unwell. Unable to work, council to teach Sentila, Arenla does so out of
Arenla asked Sentila to step up and continue the duty rather than enthusiasm. Her teaching style is
heavy workload alone, forcing the young girl to overbearing and critical. Her strict, watchful eyes
rely entirely on her own skills and confidence. strip Sentila of her confidence, rendering the girl
 THE POT MAKER

clumsy and incapable of making a proper pot for progression?

a year. Arenla’s initial approach highlights how a Ans :
lack of emotional support can severely hinder a Mesoba plays a brief but highly important role in
student’s learning process. Sentila’s journey to becoming a potter. In a society
where Arenla strictly controls her daughter’s
3. Contrast the teaching styles of Arenla and Onula.
future and prefers profitable weaving, Mesoba
How does pedagogy affect a learner’s confidence
becomes a strong pillar of support. When called
based on the narrative?
by the village council about his wife’s refusal to
Ans : teach Sentila, he does not get offended or blindly
The story presents a stark contrast between two support his wife’s practical arguments.
distinct pedagogical approaches through Arenla Instead, Mesoba stands firmly by his daughter.
and Onula. Arenla’s teaching style is authoritarian, He confidently presents Sentila’s potential before
strict, and highly critical. She teaches out the elders and promises to support her. By
of cultural obligation rather than genuine supporting the council’s decision and encouraging
encouragement. Under her intimidating presence, Arenla to fulfill her cultural duty, he helps resolve
Sentila becomes anxious, clumsy, and thoroughly the conflict. His belief in Sentila strengthens her
discouraged, failing to shape a single pot for a confidence and sets her journey toward learning
year. Conversely, Onula is thoughtful, generous, pottery in motion.
and highly observant. She instantly recognizes
that Sentila lacks confidence, not capability. By 6. Analyze the climax of the story when Arenla falls
creating a calm, tension-free environment and unwell. What does Sentila’s independent success
offering gentle reassurance alongside patient signify about her character?
demonstrations, Onula completely transforms the Ans :
learning experience. This stark contrast highlights The climax of the story occurs when Arenla falls
a profound psychological truth: a supportive, unexpectedly unwell, leaving the heavy workload
empathetic teaching style fosters relaxation and of pot making entirely on Sentila’s shoulders.
confidence, which are absolutely crucial for a This serves as Sentila’s ultimate test. Stripped
learner to unlock their true potential and succeed. of Onula’s active guidance and free from her
mother’s intimidating oversight, Sentila is forced
4. Discuss the theme of cultural heritage and to rely purely on her own abilities. Working
community responsibility as depicted through the independently, she demonstrates relentless
village council’s actions. perseverance. She meticulously pounds the
Ans : stubborn clay and uses the spatula with the perfect
The story deeply explores the vital theme of rhythm she was taught. When Onula later enters
cultural heritage versus individual ownership. the shed and is stunned to find two neat rows of
In the village, traditional skills like pot making pots indistinguishable from Arenla’s, it signifies a
are highly respected and are not considered the profound coming-of-age moment. Sentila’s success
personal property of a single person. When the proves her absolute mastery of the craft, her
village council discovers that Arenla is refusing newfound self-belief, and confirms that the heavy
to teach Sentila, they immediately summon her responsibility of preserving her village’s cultural
husband, Mesoba. They issue a gentle but firm heritage is finally safe in her hands.
warning, emphasizing that such traditional skills
are the shared community heritage. The council 7. “Traditional skills are community heritage, not
firmly establishes that it is an expert’s strict personal property.” Based on your reading of the
cultural duty to pass their knowledge onto the text, justify this statement made by the village
next generation. This collective intervention elders.
underscores the belief that preserving local art Ans :
forms is a shared community responsibility, The village elders’ statement profoundly reflects
ensuring that the rich cultural history of the the essence of community-based cultures where
village is never lost to individual selfishness or survival and identity are deeply intertwined with
mere economic practicality. shared traditions. By claiming that skills like pot
making are “community heritage,” the elders
5. Evaluate the pivotal role of Mesoba in Sentila’s emphasize that these crafts carry the historical
journey. How does his support influence the plot’s

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PAGE 342 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

legacy, artistic expressions, and ancestral wisdom potential. But most importantly, I owe my success
of the entire village. If a skill is treated merely to Onula. When I lacked confidence, you provided

NODIA
as “personal property,” an individual like Arenla a calm environment and gentle reassurance. You
could selfishly let it die out simply because it taught me the rhythm of the spatula when I
lacks a handsome financial reward or requires was weary. Because of you all, our rich cultural
exhausting physical labour. Treating the craft heritage remains safe today.
as a communal treasure ensures its survival. The Thank you.
elders’ intervention ensures that generational
knowledge is preserved, proving that true wealth 10. Write a dialogue between Mesoba and the Village
lies in a community’s lasting cultural identity Council where they discuss Arenla’s refusal to
rather than the fleeting financial profit of a clean, teach Sentila and Mesoba defends his daughter’s
modern job like handloom weaving. potential.
Ans :
8. Imagine you are Onula. Write a diary entry Village Elder: Mesoba, we have noticed that
expressing your feelings upon discovering the neat Arenla is intentionally refusing to teach Sentila
rows of pots in the shed made entirely by Sentila. the craft of pot making. She pushes her towards
Ans : weaving instead.
Dear Diary, Mesoba: Respected elders, Arenla worries because
I am completely stunned and overjoyed tonight! pot making is an exhausting, messy job with a tiny
Today, I walked into the work shed to check on financial reward. She wants a cleaner, profitable
Sentila, knowing that Arenla had fallen unwell future for Sentila.
and the poor girl was left to manage the massive Village Elder: We understand her maternal worry.
workload all by herself. I was honestly worried But traditional skills are our shared community
she might have given up. But what I saw left me heritage, not personal property to be discarded
entirely speechless. Sitting there beautifully were for money. It is Arenla’s strict cultural duty to
two perfectly neat rows of newly shaped pots. pass this knowledge on.
I examined them closely, and I swear, I could Mesoba: You are absolutely right. I have seen
not distinguish Sentila’s work from her mother’s Sentila observing the expert potters keenly. She
expert craftsmanship! The perfect rhythm of has a true hidden passion for the clay. I highly
the spatula, the smooth clay—it was flawless. I support her interest.
remember when she was just a discouraged girl Village Elder: Then you must speak to your wife.
whose clay would collapse into misshapen lumps. The tradition must not break.
My heart swells with pride. Our village’s rich Mesoba: I promise my full support. I will urge
cultural heritage is finally safe in her capable Arenla to begin her training immediately. Sentila
hands! has immense potential, and she will not disappoint
- Onula the village.

9. Imagine you are Sentila. Write a short speech to

be delivered at a village gathering, thanking those Extract Based Questions
who helped you master the craft of pot making.
1. Read the extract given below and answer the
Ans :
questions that follows :
Respected Elders, Father, Mother, and my dear
“Sentila did not disclose her fascination with
friend Onula,
pot making at home as she had overheard a
Today, I stand before you not just as a daughter
conversation between her parents one night.
of this village, but proudly as a traditional potter.
Her mother was complaining about Sentila’s
For a long time, my passion for shaping clay was
indifference to weaving. She said, “I shall not
hidden. I knew the work was messy, exhausting,
teach her pot making as it has brought no joy
and financially unrewarding. For an entire year,
to me and only a pittance for my troubles. The
under the heavy weight of expectations, my clay
riverbank, where the grey and red clay required
collapsed into misshapen lumps, and I felt deeply
for making pots is found, is sixteen kilometres
ashamed.
from here. I need to climb down a sheer drop to
I want to thank the Village Council and my
the riverbank and my back aches from carrying
supportive father, Mesoba, for defending my
the heavy load uphill all the way to the village.”
 THE POT MAKER

i. What does Arenla’s statement reveal about (a) She enjoyed its rhythmic, loud melody
her perspective on pot making? (b) She was deeply captivated by the craft
(a) She finds it a highly lucrative business (c) She knew it signaled the end of work
(b) She views it as physically exhausting (d) She wanted to learn how to play music
(c) She considers it a sacred tradition ii. Which of the following best describes the
(d) She thinks it is an easy pastime speaker’s perspective of the pottery process?
ii. Assertion (A): Sentila hid her interest in pot (a) A tedious and repetitive daily chore
making from her parents. (b) A dangerous and physically risky task
Reason (R): Her parents were actively (c) A magical and highly captivating art
supporting her passion to be a potter. (d) A loud and somewhat disturbing process
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the iii. What fascinated Sentila most about the pot
correct explanation. making process?
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the iv. What word from the extract means “in a
correct explanation. clever, quick, and skillful way”?
(c) A is true, but R is false. v. Fill in the blank:
(d) A is false, but R is true. Sentila was thoroughly mesmerised by how a
iii. Why did Sentila not disclose her fascination shapeless lump was actively transformed into
with pot making at home? a ______.
iv. Identify the word from the extract that Ans :
means “a very small or inadequate amount of i. (b) She was deeply captivated by the craft
money.” ii. (c) A magical and highly captivating art
v. State whether the following statement is True iii. Sentila was amazed to see a beautiful pot
or False: emerging out of a shapeless lump of clay.
Arenla preferred Sentila to learn pot making iv. deftly
because the required materials were easily v. pot
accessible.
Ans : 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
i. (b) She views it as physically exhausting questions that follows :
ii. (c) A is true, but R is false. “When Sentila wearily let the misshapen lump
iii. Sentila had overheard her mother complaining fall flat on the ground, Onula went to her and
about pot making, so she kept her interest said, “Don’t worry, little one, I shall teach you
hidden. how to make a perfect pot.” Sentila watched in
iv. pittance amazement as Onula fashioned a beautiful pot
v. False, because the required clay was located and asked her to try again. Sentila took another
sixteen kilometres away down a sheer drop, lump of clay and with a confidence she had never
making it physically taxing to gather. felt before, started the process all over again
following the instructions she had just received.
2. Read the extract given below and answer the She created a beautiful pot! When it was done,
questions that follows : she sat there admiring her work but Onula said,
“Sentila continued her visits to watch the potters “The mouth of the pot is all wrong.””
at work. She saw how the clay was mixed with i. How did Sentila’s internal state shift after
water and pounded, how careful they were when Onula’s demonstration?
they pushed their left hand into a lump of the (a) From deeply resentful to extremely
softened clay and how deftly they rotated the jealous
lump as they started giving shape to the rotating (b) From fully confident to completely
clay with a spatula held in the right hand. The hopeless
regular tap, tap of the spatula on the clay was (c) From wearily defeated to highly motivated
music to her ears as she watched in fascination (d) From somewhat annoyed to physically
the pot emerging out of a shapeless lump right in tired
front of her eyes.” ii. Statement I: Onula’s encouragement made
i. Why did the sound of the spatula feel like Sentila’s very next attempt completely
“music to her ears”? flawless.

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PAGE 344 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Statement II: Onula gently pointed out an (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
architectural flaw in Sentila’s finished pot. correct explanation.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is false (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(b) Statement I is false, Statement II is true correct explanation.
(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are (c) A is true, but R is false.
true (d) A is false, but R is true.
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are iii. What unexpected sight did Sentila find when
false she reached the threshold of her house?
iii. How did Onula help Sentila when she failed iv. Identify the word from the extract that means
at her first attempt? “readiness and grace in physical activity;
iv. Which word in the extract is the antonym of skill.”
“energetically” or “briskly”? v. Fill in the blank:
v. State whether the following statement is True Sentila decided to stop working because she
or False: was ______ from the intense physical
Onula blindly praised Sentila’s second pot labour of crafting the pots.
just to make her feel better. Ans :
Ans : i. (b) Gained sudden, natural creative rhythm
i. (c) From wearily defeated to highly motivated ii. (c) A is true, but R is false.
ii. (b) Statement I is false, Statement II is true iii. Sentila found her mother lying on the floor.
iii. Onula encouraged her, demonstrated how iv. dexterity
to make a perfect pot and asked her to try v. Exhausted
again.
5. Read the extract given below and answer the
iv. wearily
questions that follows :
v. False, because Onula honestly pointed out
“The shop had a certain quiet distinction. There
that the mouth of the pot was all wrong to
was no sign upon it other than the name of
help her improve.
Gessler Brothers; and in the window a few pairs
4. Read the extract given below and answer the of boots. He made only what was ordered, and
questions that follows : what he made never failed to fit. To make boots—
“Before long, she realised that the pot was such boots as he made—seemed to me then, and
ready. She started on the next one, and like a still seems to me, mysterious and wonderful. I
sprinter who had suddenly found momentum, remember well my shy remarks, one day, while
she continued making pot after pot with the stretching out to him my youthful foot. “Isn’t it
same speed and dexterity that she had noticed awfully hard to do, Mr Gessler?””
in her mother’s hands. Finally, when she looked i. The narrator’s statement that the boots
at her row of pots, she saw that she had made “never failed to fit” implies that Gessler
just one short of her mother’s tally. Exhausted Brothers:
from the labour, she decided to go into the house (a) Used cheap and highly elastic leather
and join her mother for lunch. When she reached (b) Possessed absolute master craftsmanship
the threshold, she found her mother lying on the (c) Secretly bought boots from other stores
floor.” (d) Only produced extra-large sized footwear
i. The comparison to a “sprinter who had ii. How did the narrator feel about Mr. Gessler’s
suddenly found momentum” implies Sentila: boot making?
(a) Desperately wanted to run away quickly iii. The phrase “mysterious and wonderful” lends
(b) Gained sudden, natural creative rhythm what kind of tone to the passage?
(c) Was exhausted from her physical running (a) Comical and highly lighthearted
(d) Was racing to defeat her mother’s count (b) Awe-struck and deeply appreciative
ii. Assertion (A): Sentila successfully made (c) Suspicious and extremely critical
almost the same number of pots as her (d) Melancholic and profoundly sad
mother. iv. Find the word in the extract that means “a
Reason (R): She had secretly been practising quality or characteristic that sets something
at the village council for years. apart; excellence.”

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 THE POT MAKER

v. State whether the following statement is True v. Fill in the blank:

or False: Mr. Gessler believes that large companies
The Gessler Brothers heavily promoted their acquire their business solely through
shop with large, flashy signboards. ______, rather than through actual hard
Ans : work.
i. (b) Possessed absolute master craftsmanship Ans :
ii. The narrator found it mysterious and i. (b) Large firms stealing customers via ads
wonderful, and viewed it with deep admiration ii. (b) Statement I is false, Statement II is true

NODIA
and reverence. iii. The narrator noticed bitter struggle, lined
iii. (b) Awe-struck and deeply appreciative face and a lot of grey hairs in his red beard.
iv. distinction iv. ill-omened
v. False, because there was no sign upon the v. advertisement
shop other than their name.


6. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows :
““Dey get id all,” he said, “dey get id by
advertisement, nod by work. Dey take id away
from us, who lofe our boods. Id gomes to dis—
bresently I haf no work. Every year id gets less.
You will see.” And looking at his lined face I saw
things I had never noticed before, bitter things
and bitter struggle and what a lot of grey hairs
there seemed suddenly in his red beard! As best I
could, I explained the circumstances of those ill-
omened boots.”
i. Mr. Gessler’s primary complaint in this
extract is directed against:
(a) The unexpectedly poor quality of leather
(b) Large firms stealing customers via ads
(c) Customers who never pay on time
(d) His brother refusing to help him work
ii. Statement I: Mr. Gessler acknowledges that
big firms produce better quality boots than
he does.
Statement II: The narrator notices severe
physical signs of stress and aging on Mr.
Gessler.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(b) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are
true
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are
false
iii. What physical changes did the narrator
notice on Mr. Gessler’s face?
iv. Identify the hyphenated word in the extract
that means “destined to bring bad luck or
misfortune.”
PAGE 346 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 3
WINDS OF CHANGE

1. INTRODUCTION gold threads and engraved brass temple fans.

Gujarat showcases its famous textile industry
The chapter “Winds of Change” explores the through pure cotton fans decorated with intricate
fascinating history and evolution of the traditional mirror work and colourful beads. Kerala utilises
Indian hand fan, widely known as the pankha. Set its abundant natural resources to create spade-
against the backdrop of India’s diverse geography, shaped fans out of palm leaves, while West Bengal
the text highlights how various states utilize uses the spongy centre of the ‘sola’ plant. From
distinct local materials to craft these regional the sturdy bamboo fans of Bihar to the woven
treasures. Originally created as a practical tool to cane fans of Assam, each ‘pankha’ is an innovative
combat sweltering Indian summers, the pankha creation of hardworking, indigenous artisans.
faced a severe decline with the advent of modern
electric cooling appliances. The narrative vividly The Impact of Modern Technology
captures the historical premise of this ancient craft With the advent of modern technology, such
as it slowly transitions from an everyday utility as electric ceiling fans and air conditioners, the
item into a beautifully celebrated decorative everyday need for hand fans began to decline.
artefact. The chapter points out that this technological
advancement posed a major threat to the beautiful
culture of ‘pankhas’. Because people no longer
2. SUMMARY needed them just to cool down, the traditional
craft ran the risk of slowly fading away and losing
The Pankha and Its Historical Roots its presence among modern Indians.
The chapter titled “Winds of Change” beautifully
captures the journey of the traditional Indian Transformation from Utility to Cultural Artefact
hand fan, locally known as the ‘pankha’. The Despite the decline in its daily use, the ‘pankha’
title acts as a clever metaphor: “winds” refers to did not disappear; instead, its role in society
the cool breeze the fan provides, while “change” shifted. No longer just a tool for cooling, the
highlights how the fan has evolved over centuries. ‘pankha’ has been elevated to the status of a
Originally born out of necessity due to India’s hot decorative cultural artefact. People today buy
climatic conditions, the ‘pankha’ was an essential them to decorate their homes and to celebrate
daily utility item used in ancient royal courts Indian heritage. This shift has transformed the
and everyday households alike. Over time, these traditional handicraft into a commercial business.
hand fans became highly valued cultural goods. The growing economic demand for these beautiful
Because of their unique and intricate designs, they art pieces now provides a steady and sustainable
were considered exotic and stylish, and were even source of livelihood for many Indian artisans.
distributed widely through ancient trade routes. The Need for Preservation and Innovation
A Reflection of Regional Culture and Craftsmanship The chapter concludes with a strong message
As the use of the ‘pankha’ spread across India, about the importance of protecting this traditional
different villages and towns began crafting their craft. To ensure the ‘pankha’ survives in modern
own unique versions. The chapter highlights how times, artisans must strike a balance between
the materials and designs of a ‘pankha’ serve as preserving ancient, traditional techniques and
a reflection of a region’s distinct cultural identity incorporating new, innovative designs that appeal
and local artistry. to today’s buyers. Initiatives like ‘pankha’-making
For example, the royal heritage of Rajasthan is workshops are highly encouraged, as they help pass
reflected in its ‘zardozi’ fans made with glittering these valuable skills down to younger generations.

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

By celebrating the ‘pankha’ and appreciating the 39. Handicraft – handmade craft, artisanship
stories behind them, we can instil pride in the 40. Embroidered – decorated with needlework,
craftspersons, boost market demand, and keep stitched
the vibrant “winds of change” blowing for India’s 41. Delicate – fragile, fine, elegant
rich artistic heritage. 42. Sola – a type of water grass
43. Perpetually – constantly
44. Possession – ownership, belonging, item
3. WORD MEANINGS 45. Adorned – decorated, embellished, dressed up
1. Originates – begins, starts, arises 46. Sturdy – strong, solid, durable
2. Denotes – indicates, represents, signifies 47. Antiquity – the distant past
3. Plumed – covered with feathers, feathery 48. Rarity – scarcity, uniqueness, infrequency
4. Evidence – proof, confirmation, indication 49. Adopted – taken up, embraced, accepted
5. Existence – presence, survival, being 50. Embedded – fixed firmly, implanted, inserted
6. Representations – depictions, portrayals, 51. Reserved – set aside, kept back, saved
illustrations 52. Geometrical – relating to shapes, mathematical
7. Embroidery – decorative needlework, stitching patterns
8. Sculptures – carved artworks, 3D statues 53. Advent – arrival
9. Deities – gods, goddesses, divine beings 54. Transformed – changed, converted, altered
10. Varied – differed, ranged, fluctuated 55. Commercial – business-related, trade-
11. Significant – important, notable, major oriented, profitable
12. Distributed – shared, spread, circulated 56. Livelihood – income, source of living,
NODIA

13. Exotic – unusual, foreign, striking maintenance

14. Substantial – considerable, large, significant 57. Significantly – noticeably, importantly,
15. Commonality – shared feature, similarity, greatly
resemblance 58. Factored – influenced, considered, contributed
16. Distinct – clear, unique, noticeably different 59. Preserve – protect, maintain, conserve
17. Intricate – detailed, complex, elaborate 60. Essence – core, spirit, fundamental nature
18. Decorative – ornamental, fancy, pretty 61. Artistry – creative skill, artistic ability,
19. Geographies – locations, regions, areas craftsmanship
20. Rituals – ceremonies, customs, traditions 62. Invokes – calls forth, summons, brings to
21. Restricted – limited, confined, bound mind
22. Core – center, heart, essence 63. Contemporary – modern, current, present-
23. Appliqué – decorative patchwork, attached day
fabric design 64. Demonstrate – show, display, exhibit
24. Antique – old, vintage, ancient 65. Platform – stage, opportunity, medium
25. Ornamental – decorative, attractive, fancy 66. Sustainable – maintainable, enduring, viable
26. Furthermore – additionally, moreover, also 67. Awareness – knowledge, understanding,
27. Glittering – shining, sparkling, gleaming consciousness
28. Ornate – highly decorated, fancy, elaborate
29. Encrusted – covered or decorated
30. Engraving – carving, cutting designs into 4. MESSAGE
metal Through this chapter, the author gives a strong
31. Featuring – displaying, showing, presenting message about preserving our traditional Indian
32. Adjoining – neighboring, connecting, crafts. The text explains how the handmade
bordering pankha, or hand fan, was once an important
33. Indigenous – native, local, aboriginal everyday item. As modern electric cooling
34. Elegant – graceful, stylish, refined machines became popular, this ancient craft
35. Embellished – decorated, adorned, began to disappear. However, the author reminds
ornamented us that even as times change, we must value and
36. Dainty – delicate, small, pretty celebrate these beautiful regional fans as proud
37. Industrious – hardworking, diligent, busy symbols of our rich cultural history and art.
38. Tirelessly – without stopping, continuously,
endlessly
PAGE 348 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

5. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS Column 1 Column 2

1. indigenous i. hardworking
Reflect and Respond
2. innovative ii. actions to improve a
I. Does anyone in your family use a hand fan? What situation
do you call it in your language? What is it made 3. industrious iii. brought out
of ?
4. intricate iv. local — from where it
Ans :
originated
Yes, people in my family sometimes use a hand
fan, especially during power cuts or in hot 5. invoked v. new and original in
weather. In my language, it is called “pankha” approach
(or you can write your regional word if different). 6. initiatives vi. elaborate/detailed
It is usually made of “bamboo, palm leaves, or
Ans :
plastic”. Traditional hand fans are mostly made
from natural materials like dried leaves and Column 1 Column 2
bamboo.
1. indigenous iv. local — from where it
II. Work in pairs. Study the pictures given below originated
carefully and complete the information. Discuss 2. innovative v. new and original in
your answers with your classmates and teacher. approach
3. industrious i. hardworking
4. intricate vi. elaborate/detailed
5. invoked iii. brought out
6. initiatives ii. actions to improve a
situation

Check Your Understanding

I. Work in pairs to complete the table on pankha.
Share your answers with your classmates and
teacher.
Ans :
State Type of Fan Material Used
Assam
Shape : Circular Rajasthan appliqué hand fan _____
Made of : Bamboo (and leaves) _____ gold thread
Kerala
temple hand fans _____
Shape : Round
Made of : Palm leaf (already given) Gujarat mirror work hand _____
Uttar Pradesh fans
Shape : Rectangular/Square _____ beads
Made of : Moonj grass (already given)
_____ leather,
III. Work in pairs. Match the underlined words in decorated
Column 1 with their meanings in Column 2 given with thread
on the next page. Share your answers with your and wool
classmates and teacher. West sola hand fans _____
I visited the crafts fair yesterday. It was a Bengal
wonderful experience. Each indigenous artefact
was an innovative creation of industrious Uttar _____ pure gold,
craftspersons with its intricate design. It invoked Pradesh silver zari, silk
a sense of respect for the initiatives taken by the and satin frills
government to showcase them. Bihar _____ bamboo

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

Ans : iv. Infer one reason for commonality in the use of

pankhas across India.
State Type of Fan Material Used
Rajasthan appliqué hand fan pieces of fabric v. Select which one of the two statements is the
sewn onto correct assertion for the given reason.
another cloth Reason : Pankhas were made of indigenous
materials, unique to the region, with elaborate
zardozi hand fan gold thread designs.
temple hand fans Engraved brass A. Each kind of pankha could be distinguished
Gujarat mirror work hand pure cotton from the other.
fans B. Pankhas were used by many people.
Ans :
Beads hand fan beads
i. False. (The text states they became significant
Kutch hand fans leather, cultural goods distributed through trade
decorated with routes, but does not claim they were “the
thread and wool most popular” items of commerce.)
West sola hand fans Milky-white ii. The word ‘traditional’ is used because
Bengal spongy centre pankhas have been a part of Indian culture
of the sola since ancient times, and the distinct materials,
designs, and artistry used to craft them have
Uttar Phadh hand fans pure gold, silver been passed down through generations within
Pradesh zari, silk and specific villages and towns.
satin frills iii. it expresses a subjective viewpoint or personal
Bihar Colourful and bamboo judgment about the visual appeal and nature
sturdy hand fans of the pankhas, which cannot be universally
measured or proven.
Critical Reflection iv. One primary reason for their common use
across India is the country’s hot climatic
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the conditions, which required a practical tool
questions that follow. for cooling down before modern electrical
appliances were invented.
1. Over time, pankhas became significant cultural v. A. Each kind of pankha could be distinguished
goods distributed through trade routes. They from the other.
were considered exotic and stylish. Although there
was substantial commonality in their use across 2. With time and the advent of technology and
India, different villages and towns developed their innovative creations, the beautiful culture of
own varieties of traditional pankhas. Each place pankhas runs the risk of slowly losing its presence
NODIA

developed pankhas with distinct materials or a among Indians. Once made for personal use,
variety of intricate designs, that set them apart over time this handicraft has transformed into
from one another. a commercial business and now provides some
form of livelihood to India’s artisans. The slight
i. State whether the following sentence is true or increase in popularity and demand is significantly
false. factored by the different versions of the pankha
Pankhas were one of the most popular items of being crafted.
commerce.
i. Infer one negative impact of technological
ii. Why has the word ‘traditional’ been used to advancement on pankha.
describe pankhas?
ii. Complete the statement with an appropriate
iii. Complete the following statement. reason.
The sentence ‘They were considered exotic and The writer refers to ‘pankhas’ not just as an
stylish’ is an opinion and not a fact because object but as a ‘culture’ because _____.
_____.
iii. Select a line from the extract which depicts how
the role of the pankha has changed over the years.
PAGE 350 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. List one way in which the increase in demand of 2. The pankhas of Gujarat showcase the region’s
pankhas might benefit artisans. famous textile and bead crafts, featuring
elegant pure cotton embellished with
v. Select the factor that has contributed to the traditional mirror work and colourful beads.
commercialisation of pankhas.
A. cultural preservation 3. The chapter mentions pankhas running the risk
B. economic demand of slowly losing their presence among Indians.
Evaluate how the balance between preserving
C. technological advancements
traditional craftsmanship and incorporating
D. artisan initiative innovative designs in the creation of pankhas will
Ans : help in this regard.
i. The negative impact of technological Ans :
advancement is that the beautiful traditional Balancing traditional craftsmanship with
craft of pankha-making runs the risk of slowly innovative designs can revitalize the appeal of
losing its presence and relevance among pankhas. While preserving traditional methods
modern Indians. retains the cultural essence and historical value of
ii. they embody the historical identity, traditional the craft, incorporating innovative designs makes
rituals, local artistry, and the unique heritage the pankhas aesthetically pleasing and relevant
of the different regions that craft them. to modern consumer tastes. This approach can
iii. “Once made for personal use, over time this attract a broader market, increase demand, and
handicraft has transformed into a commercial ensure the survival of the art form.
business and now provides some form of
livelihood to India’s artisans.” 4. How might initiatives such as pankha-making
iv. An increase in demand for pankhas benefits workshops contribute to the preservation of this
artisans by providing them with a steady traditional craft?
commercial platform, thereby ensuring a Ans :
sustainable source of livelihood. Pankha-making workshops serve as excellent
v. B. economic demand educational and commercial platforms. They help
spread awareness about the cultural significance
II. Answer the following questions.
and beauty of the craft among the general public.
1. How does the title ‘Winds of Change’ capture the Furthermore, they allow contemporary artisans to
essence of the chapter? showcase their skills, pass down their techniques to
new learners, and secure a sustainable livelihood,
Ans :
all of which are vital for preserving the craft.
The title ‘Winds of Change’ acts as a clever
metaphor. The word “Winds” refers to the literal 5. The writer mentions celebrating pankhas in the
breeze produced by the pankhas, while “Change” concluding part of the chapter. Assess how this
signifies the evolution of the pankha over time— could be beneficial to artisans and the craft.
from a daily utility item used in ancient courts Ans :
and households to a decorative cultural artefact Celebrating pankhas by appreciating the stories
and a commercial handicraft in modern India. and artistry behind them instils pride in the
artisans and highlights the true value of their work.
2. Support the following statement with any two
This recognition can boost market demand and
relevant examples from the chapter.
provide a strong commercial platform, generating
‘The structure and design of pankhas are
a sustainable livelihood for craftspersons and
testimony to the cultural identity of the region.’
encouraging the continuous practice and survival
Ans : of the craft.
The statement can be supported by the following
examples: 6. How does the restriction of the use of pankha for
1. The zardozi hand fan of Rajasthan reflects decorative purposes reflect the changing cultural
its royal, opulent culture through the use role of these traditional fans in modern India?
of glittering, ornate, and encrusted gold Ans :
threadwork. The restriction of pankhas to decorative purposes
reflects a shift in their utility due to the advent

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

of modern technology like electric fans and air 3. fact sundry

conditioners. No longer needed primarily for
4. all thin all and v. everyone,
cooling, they have been elevated to the status
and sundry not just a
of traditional art pieces. This shift shows how few special
modern India values them as symbols of heritage, people

NODIA
aesthetics, and cultural identity rather than
5. wear figures
everyday tools.
6. time run
Vocabulary and Structures in Context 7. thick again

I. Read the following pairs of words from the text. 8. hard dry
exotic and stylish villages and towns Now, match the following meanings with the
thread and wool silk and brass correct word pairs created above.
ornate and encrusted within and outside i. in a difficult situation, without help or money–
ii. the damage to object due to normal use –
1. Classify the pairs of words given above in the iii. accurate and detailed information –
following categories. One example has been done iv. even when there are problems or difficulties–
for you. v. everyone, not just a few special people–
Appearance Place Material vi. often; on many or all occasions–
vii. To make a quick or sudden escape –
within and outside
Ans :
Word 1 Word 2 Fixed Meaning of the
Expression Expression

Now, find more such word pairs from the text and high dry high and dry in a difficult situation,
without help or money
share them with your classmates and teacher.
cut run cut and run to make a quick or
Ans : sudden escape

Appearance Place Material facts figures facts and accurate and detailed
figures information
exotic and villages and towns thread
all sundry all and sundry everyone, not just a
stylish and wool few special people
ornate and within and outside silk and wear tear wear and tear damage to an object
encrusted brass due to normal use

Some other word pairs found in the text include: time again time and often; on many or all
again occasions
• rich and colourful
• simple and elegant thick thin through thick even when there are
and thin problems or difficulties
• rural and urban
• cloth and fabric hard fast hard and fast strict and not able to
be changed
II. Find the word pairs for the following fixed
expressions. Write the meanings of these III. Read the following word combinations from the
expressions by selecting them from the box given text.
below. One example has been done for you. • sustainable livelihood
Some common expressions with ‘and’ have a fixed • aesthetically pleasing
order which cannot be changed. The shortest • appreciating the culture
expression comes first. For example, bread and The given phrases are conventional combinations
butter (*not butter and bread) just like fixed expressions. Such combinations are
Word 1 Word 2 Fixed Meaning called collocations.
Expression of the
1. Choose the appropriate word collocations for the
Expression
following sentences.
1. high tear (i) The students have to (take/give) the English
2. cut fast exam tomorrow.
PAGE 352 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(ii) The interviewer asked the candidate to (take/ handicraft of pankha-making.

have) a seat. 3. Many tribes in India have adopted this
(iii) My scooter (dashed against/ran into) a car. handicraft.
(iv) I must (take/own) responsibility for my 4. Once made for personal use, this handicraft
success. has transformed into a commercial business.
(v) I would like to (tone up/improve) my
Puppets have long fascinated (fascinate) audiences
grammar.
worldwide. Puppeteers (i) have created (create)
Ans : intricate characters and captivating stories with
(i) The students have to take the English exam their skillful artistry. They (ii) have mastered
tomorrow. (master) the delicate movements that bring these
(ii) The interviewer asked the candidate to have lifeless figures to life, entertaining both children
a seat. and adults. Over the years, puppetry (iii) has
(iii) My scooter ran into a car. evolved (evolve), using modern technology
(iv) I must take responsibility for my success. while preserving traditional techniques. Many
(v) I would like to improve my grammar. puppeteers (iv) have passed (pass) down their
IV. Read the following sentences. Underline the craft through generations, ensuring its continuity.
verbs. They (v) have performed (perform) in theatres, on
1. In modern times, pankhas have become television, and at festivals, conveying important
traditional craft items in India. cultural narratives.
2. Gujarat’s industrious home-based women
workers have worked tirelessly in the
Listen and Respond
handicraft of pankha-making. I. You will listen to a dialogue between a boy and
3. Many tribes in India have adopted this a girl discussing which type of pankha they
handicraft. should choose as a gift. As you listen, choose four
4. Once made for personal use, this handicraft statements out of seven that are true from 1–7
has transformed into a commercial business. given below. (Transcript for teacher on page 263)
The underlined verbs refer to the past, but have 1. Rohan thinks Grandma prefers heavier items
relevance to the current or present time. This because they feel more substantial.
form of tense is called the present perfect tense. 2. Priya suggests getting a pankha that can be
Recently completed actions also take the present easily moved around.
perfect form of tense.
NODIA

3. Rohan believes Grandma enjoys sitting in the

Now, fill in the blanks with the present perfect verandah during the evenings.
form of verbs in the following paragraph. One 4. Priya knows Grandma likes to keep special
example has been done for you. items close to her.
Puppets have long fascinated (fascinate) audiences 5. Rohan thinks a pankha with intricate designs
worldwide. Puppeteers (i) _____ (create) would be too delicate for Grandma’s liking.
intricate characters and captivating stories with 6. Priya suggests choosing between a bamboo
their skillful artistry. They (ii) _____ (master) the pankha with beadwork or an embroidered
delicate movements that bring these lifeless figures pankha with mirror work.
to life, entertaining both children and adults. Over 7. Rohan decides they should buy the pankha
the years, puppetry (iii) _____ (evolve), using without consulting their mom.
modern technology while preserving traditional
Ans :
techniques. Many puppeteers (iv) _____ (pass)
The four true statements are likely:
down their craft through generations, ensuring
2. Priya suggests getting a pankha that can be
its continuity. They (v) _____ (perform) in
easily moved around.
theatres, on television, and at festivals, conveying
3. Rohan believes Grandma enjoys sitting in the
important cultural narratives.
verandah during the evenings.
Ans : 4. Priya knows Grandma likes to keep special
1. In modern times, pankhas have become items close to her.
traditional craft items in India. 6. Priya suggests choosing between a bamboo
2. Gujarat’s industrious home-based women pankha with beadwork or an embroidered
workers have worked tirelessly in the pankha with mirror work.
 WINDS OF CHANGE

Speaking Activity brown colour, though it is frequently painted in

bright shades of red, green, and yellow for festive
I. Work in groups of four. Look at the pictures of occasions.
the four different kinds of fans given below. The diya is made primarily of fine, pliable clay
that is shaped either by hand or on a potter’s
wheel, and then baked in a hot kiln to harden.
Traditionally, it belongs to the Indian subcontinent
and has been used for centuries to provide
lighting in homes and temples, especially during
festivals like Diwali to symbolize the triumph of
light over darkness. Over time, it has evolved to
1. Each of you in the group will pick one kind of include intricate carvings, mirror embellishments,
fan. and the use of wax instead of oil. To use it safely
2. Imagine yourself to be that fan. today, it should be placed on a flat, heat-resistant
3. Use the points given in the box below. surface, filled moderately with oil or ghee, and
• Introduce yourself as the fan which you kept at a safe distance from flammable materials
have chosen. like curtains or loose fabrics.
• Describe yourself, for example, your
features, etc. Learning Beyond the Text
• What do you like about yourself?
• What do you feel is your weakness? I. Identify any art or craft item from your region
• What makes you unique? and make a presentation describing its features,
materials, and process involved in making it, its
Ans :
usage, etc. You may refer to the points given on
Example presentation as a Ceiling Fan
the next page.
“Hello everyone! I am a Ceiling Fan. I am usually
• Name of the object and its physical
mounted high up on the ceiling of a room, featuring
characteristics—appearance, shape, size,
three to four long blades connected to a central
colour, etc.
motor. I am mostly made of metal and come in
• What is it made up of?
elegant colours like brown and white. What I like
• Which region does it belong to? How has it
most about myself is my ability to cool down an
been used traditionally?
entire room at a fast speed, providing relief to
• Is there an origin story associated with it?
many people at the same time. However, I feel
How has it evolved over time?
my biggest weakness is that I cannot move from
• How can it be used effectively and safely in
my fixed spot, and I rely entirely on electricity
today’s time?
to function. What makes me unique is my
constant, sweeping circulation of air that makes
me a permanent and reliable companion in almost
every modern Indian home!”

Writing Task
I. Describe an artefact you have made in your craft
class or learnt from someone.
Begin with collection and organisation of the facts
with the help of the pointers given above. Do not
include your opinion in the factual description. Ans :
1. Name and Characteristics : The craft item
Ans :
I have chosen is the ‘Madhubani Painting’
Traditional Clay Diya
(also known as Mithila Art). It is a vibrant,
The artefact is a traditional clay diya (an earthen
two-dimensional folk art characterized by
lamp). It is a small, circular, cup-shaped object
complex geometric patterns, prominent
with a tiny spout pinched at one end to hold
outlines, and vivid colours like red, blue,
a cotton wick. Usually measuring about 2 to 3
green, and yellow. These paintings vary in
inches in diameter, it retains a natural terracotta
size from small canvases to large wall murals.

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PAGE 354 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Traditionally, they are made using natural fold, making each crease about half an inch
dyes and pigments extracted from plants, wide.
flowers, and soot, applied with twigs, fingers, 3. Step 3 : Continue this accordion fold until
or matchsticks. the entire length of the paper is folded tightly
2. Region, Usage, and Evolution : Madhubani together like a single strip.
painting belongs to the Mithila region of 4. Step 4 : Fold the pleated strip in half right
Bihar. Traditionally, it was painted by women down the middle to locate the centre point.
on freshly plastered mud walls and floors to 5. Step 5 : Apply glue or double-sided tape on
mark special occasions like weddings and the inner edges of the folded halves and press
festivals. According to origin stories, it dates them together so they fan out into a semi-
back to the Ramayana, where King Janaka circle.
commissioned artists to paint murals for the 6. Step 6 : Attach two wooden craft sticks (like
wedding of his daughter, Sita. Over time, to popsicle sticks) to the two outer edges of the
ensure the survival and commercial viability fan. Leave a portion of the sticks hanging
of the art form, it has evolved from wall art below the paper to act as handles.
to being painted on handmade paper, canvas, 7. Step 7 : Open the fan by pulling the two
and textiles like sarees. wooden handles apart and securing them at
3. Effective and Safe Usage Today : In today’s the bottom. The paper hand fan is now ready
time, Madhubani paintings are widely used as for display!
aesthetic wall decor in homes and offices. To
use and preserve them effectively, paintings III. You must have read stories about the impact of
on paper or canvas should be framed with art, painting, etc. in your life, in English and in
glass. This protects the natural, eco-friendly your own languages. Now, read and enjoy the
dyes from dust and direct sunlight, which story given below.
could otherwise cause the colours to fade over Ans :
time. Yes, I have read stories about the impact of art
and painting in my life, both in English and in
II. You can also make your own hand fan. Take ideas my own language. These stories show how art
from the pictures given below and in groups of reflects emotions, culture, and creativity. Now, I
four, make your own hand fan. Display the hand am ready to read and enjoy the given story.
fans in the class and describe the process used to
make it.
6. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. In the chapter’s title, what literary device is
primarily used?
(a) Hyperbole (b) Oxymoron
(c) Personification (d) Metaphor
Ans :
(d) Metaphor

2. What does the word “winds” refer to in the

NODIA

chapter’s title?
(a) The stormy weather (b) The cool breeze
Ans : (c) The hot summer (d) The winter cold
Process of Making a Paper Hand Fan : Ans :
1. Step 1 : Take a rectangular piece of colourful (b) The cool breeze
paper (e.g., a bright red paper).
2. Step 2 : Start folding the paper from one of
the shorter ends in an accordion or zig-zag
 WINDS OF CHANGE

3. The term “change” in the title highlights how the (b) They were given away freely to foreigners
fan has: visiting Indian royal courts.
(a) Remained entirely unchanged (c) They were used as weapons to protect
(b) Become overly expensive merchants travelling long distances.
(c) Evolved over centuries (d) They were valued as exotic cultural goods
(d) Lost its cooling ability featuring very intricate designs.

Ans : Ans :
(c) Evolved over centuries (d) They were valued as exotic cultural goods
featuring very intricate designs.
4. The traditional hand fan was originally born out
of: 10. As the use of the fan spread across India, different
villages created their own:
(a) Pure necessity (b) Sheer luxury
(a) Identical copies (b) Unique versions
(c) Royal demand (d) Foreign trade
(c) Plastic variants (d) Electric motors
Ans :
(a) Pure necessity Ans :
(b) Unique versions
5. Which condition made the hand fan an essential
daily utility item? 11. The materials and designs of a local fan serve as
a reflection of a region’s:
(a) Heavy monsoon rains
(a) Cultural identity (b) Economic poverty
(b) Freezing winter cold
(c) Political system (d) Weather forecast
(c) Dry autumn winds
(d) Hot climatic conditions Ans :
(a) Cultural identity
Ans :
(d) Hot climatic conditions 12. Which state’s royal heritage is prominently
reflected through zardozi fans?
6. The traditional fan was used in ancient royal
(a) Gujarat (b) Kerala
courts and everyday ______.
(c) Rajasthan (d) Assam
(a) Village markets (b) Households
(c) Military camps (d) Trade centres Ans :
(c) Rajasthan
Ans :
(b) Households
13. Zardozi fans are traditionally crafted using
7. Over time, the traditional hand fans became glittering:
highly valued:
(a) Silver wires (b) Gold threads
(a) Cultural goods (b) Farming tools
(c) Copper coils (d) Iron chains
(c) Weaponry items (d) Cooking vessels
Ans :
Ans : (b) Gold threads
(a) Cultural goods
14. Along with zardozi fans, Rajasthan is also known
8. Because of their unique designs, these traditional for its engraved:
items were considered:
(a) Wooden temple fans
(a) Cheap and common (b) Heavy and useless
(b) Silver temple fans
(c) Exotic and stylish (d) Plain and boring
(c) Copper temple fans
Ans : (d) Brass temple fans
(c) Exotic and stylish
Ans :
9. Why were traditional hand fans widely distributed (d) Brass temple fans
through ancient trade routes?
(a) They were heavy materials used mainly for
constructing ancient homes.

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PAGE 356 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

15. Fans originating from Gujarat are frequently 21. Which of the following statements is correct
decorated with colourful beads and intricate: regarding regional fans?
(a) Wood work (b) Metal work 1. Assam makes woven cane fans.
(c) Mirror work (d) Glass work 2. Bihar makes palm leaf fans.
3. West Bengal uses the sola plant.
Ans :
(a) Only statements 1 and 2 are absolutely
(c) Mirror work
correct
16. Assertion (A): Kerala utilizes palm leaves to (b) Only statements 1 and 3 are absolutely correct
create spade-shaped fans. (c) Only statements 2 and 3 are absolutely
Reason (R): Kerala relies heavily on imported correct
synthetic materials for its crafts. (d) All statements 1, 2, and 3 are absolutely
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct
completely true statements.
Ans :
(b) The Assertion is completely true but the (b) Only statements 1 and 3 are absolutely correct
Reason is entirely false.
(c) The Assertion is completely false but the 22. The chapter describes the indigenous creators of
Reason is entirely true. these beautiful fans as being highly:
(d) Both the Assertion and the Reason are (a) Hardworking (b) Inexperienced
completely false statements. (c) Uninterested (d) Overpaid
Ans : Ans :
(b) The Assertion is completely true but the (a) Hardworking
Reason is entirely false.
23. What posed a major threat to the beautiful
17. The spade-shaped fans from Kerala are primarily culture of traditional hand fans?
made out of: (a) Lack of raw materials
(a) Bamboo sticks (b) Cotton fabric (b) Foreign invasions
(c) Sola plant (d) Palm leaves (c) Modern technology
Ans : (d) Changing climates
(d) Palm leaves Ans :
NODIA

18. West Bengal uses the spongy centre of which (c) Modern technology
plant to make traditional fans? 24. Which modern inventions caused a significant
(a) Sola plant (b) Palm plant decline in the need for hand fans?
(c) Cane plant (d) Jute plant (a) Refrigerators and coolers
Ans : (b) Electric fans and ACs
(a) Sola plant (c) Televisions and radios
19. Bihar is famously known for crafting sturdy fans (d) Computers and phones
out of: Ans :
(a) Pure cotton (b) Woven cane (b) Electric fans and ACs
(c) Bamboo (d) Brass 25. How did modern technology directly impact the
Ans : traditional hand fan craft?
(c) Bamboo (a) It helped artisans produce fans faster using
advanced factory machinery.
20. Which state is specifically mentioned as creating
woven cane fans? (b) It drastically increased the demand for hand
fans in urban households.
(a) Gujarat (b) Kerala
(c) It caused the immediate and absolute
(c) Rajasthan (d) Assam
extinction of all hand fan makers.
Ans : (d) It reduced the everyday need for cooling,
(d) Assam threatening the craft’s survival.
 WINDS OF CHANGE

Ans : 31. What is the current economic impact of the

(d) It reduced the everyday need for cooling, growing demand for decorative hand fans?
threatening the craft’s survival. (a) It causes heavy financial losses for local and
rural village communities.
26. Because people no longer needed hand fans to
cool down, the ancient craft ran the risk of: (b) It forces traditional artisans to forcefully
abandon their ancient skills.
(a) Fading away
(c) It currently provides a steady and sustainable
(b) Getting cheaper
livelihood for many artisans.
(c) Becoming illegal
(d) It solely benefits the large corporate factories
(d) Expanding rapidly producing electric fans.
Ans : Ans :
(a) Fading away (c) It currently provides a steady and sustainable
livelihood for many artisans.
27. Despite the sharp decline in its daily use, did the
traditional hand fan disappear entirely? 32. The chapter smoothly concludes with a strong
(a) Yes, it completely vanished message highlighting the importance of:
(b) Yes, it was banned by law (a) Buying electric fans
(c) No, its role simply shifted (b) Protecting the craft
(d) No, it remained a necessity (c) Stopping all trade
Ans : (d) Changing our climate
(c) No, its role simply shifted Ans :
(b) Protecting the craft
28. The hand fan has been successfully elevated from
a basic cooling tool to a: 33. Assertion (A): The hand fan craft has transformed
(a) Religious symbol into a viable commercial business today.
(b) Decorative artefact Reason (R): The everyday necessity for manual
(c) Musical instrument cooling in households has drastically increased.
(d) Financial currency (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
completely true statements.
Ans :
(b) The Assertion is completely false but the
(b) Decorative artefact
Reason is entirely true.
29. Today, people primarily buy these items to (c) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
decorate their homes and to celebrate: completely false statements.
(a) Global globalization (d) The Assertion is completely true but the
(b) Foreign traditions Reason is entirely false.
(c) Technological progress Ans :
(d) Indian heritage (d) The Assertion is completely true but the
Reason is entirely false.
Ans :
(d) Indian heritage 34. To ensure survival in modern times, artisans must
strike a balance between ancient techniques and:
30. This shift in usage has wonderfully transformed
the traditional handicraft into a: (a) Innovative designs
(a) Commercial business (b) Cheaper materials
(b) Government scheme (c) Plastic components
(c) Forgotten memory (d) Imported products
(d) Charitable activity Ans :
(a) Innovative designs
Ans :
(a) Commercial business

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PAGE 358 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

35. Implementing new and creative designs is 40. Why must traditional artisans actively balance
absolutely necessary for artisans to appeal to: ancient techniques with new, innovative designs?
(a) Ancient kings (b) Foreign invaders (a) To ensure the fans can be produced purely by
(c) Today’s buyers (d) Factory owners advanced modern machines.
Ans : (b) To make the traditional hand fans look
(c) Today’s buyers exactly like electric home appliances.
(c) To completely erase the deep historical
36. What specific kind of initiatives are highly significance of the old cultural fans.
encouraged to help the craft survive? (d) To preserve traditional roots while successfully
(a) Mass production factories appealing to modern consumers.
(b) Pankha-making workshops Ans :
(c) Complete boycotts of ACs (d) To preserve traditional roots while successfully
(d) Ban on electric appliances appealing to modern consumers.
Ans : 41. The ultimate goal is to keep the vibrant “winds
(b) Pankha-making workshops of change” continuously blowing for India’s rich:
37. Traditional workshops are incredibly helpful (a) Industrial sector (b) Artistic heritage
because they pass valuable skills down to: (c) Political system (d) Military defense
(a) Wealthy merchants Ans :
(b) Rival competitors (b) Artistic heritage
(c) Foreign tourists
42. Assertion (A): Pankha-making workshops are
(d) Younger generations actively organized and encouraged in modern
Ans : times.
(d) Younger generations Reason (R): These workshops effectively help pass
NODIA

traditional artisan skills to younger generations.

38. By celebrating this ancient craft, we can
(a) The Assertion is completely false but the
successfully instil what positive feeling in the
Reason is entirely true.
craftspersons?
(b) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
(a) Pride (b) Shame
completely false statements.
(c) Greed (d) Anger
(c) The Assertion is completely true but the
Ans : Reason is entirely false.
(a) Pride (d) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
completely true statements.
39. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding modern hand fans? Ans :
1. They are only used for cooling. (d) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
2. They act as decorative artefacts. completely true statements.
3. They provide sustainable livelihoods.
43. Which of the following statements is correct about
(a) Only statements 1 and 2 are absolutely
the various materials used in different regions?
correct
1. Kerala primarily uses natural palm leaves.
(b) Only statements 1 and 3 are absolutely 2. Rajasthan beautifully uses zardozi and brass.
correct 3. Bihar utilizes the spongy sola plant centre.
(c) Only statements 2 and 3 are absolutely (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct
correct
(b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct
(d) All statements 1, 2, and 3 are absolutely
(c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct
correct
(d) All statements 1, 2, 3 are correct
Ans :
Ans :
(c) Only statements 2 and 3 are absolutely correct
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct
 WINDS OF CHANGE

44. What is the primary underlying theme of the strata. It was a staple in grand royal courts as a
entire chapter titled “Winds of Change”? symbol of elegance, while simultaneously serving
(a) The rapid replacement of old culture by as a practical cooling tool in everyday households.
highly advanced electric technology.
4. Why were traditional hand fans highly valued and
(b) The evolution, preservation, and cultural distributed along ancient trade routes?
significance of the traditional hand fan.
Ans :
(c) The severe environmental impact of modern Traditional hand fans were highly valued along
cooling systems in Indian homes. ancient trade routes due to their unique, intricate
(d) The historical decline of royal courts and designs. They were considered exotic cultural
their effects on local Indian politics. goods that attracted foreign merchants, ultimately
Ans : helping to spread India’s rich artisanal heritage
(b) The evolution, preservation, and cultural far beyond its geographical borders.
significance of the traditional hand fan.
5. How do the materials and designs of a local hand
45. The chapter indicates that the growing economic fan serve as a mirror to a region’s identity?
demand for these beautiful art pieces now provides Ans :
a steady and ______ source of livelihood. The distinct materials and specific designs of a
(a) Temporary local fan beautifully reflect a region’s cultural
(b) Sustainable identity. They highlight the local natural resources
available, the traditional techniques practiced,
(c) Unreliable
and the unique artistic vision of the community,
(d) Decreasing distinguishing one state’s craft from another.
Ans :
(b) Sustainable 6. Describe the unique craftsmanship of hand fans
originating from the royal state of Rajasthan.
Short Answer Type Questions Ans :
Rajasthan’s hand fans prominently reflect the
1. How does the title “Winds of Change” act as an
state’s majestic royal heritage. Artisans there are
appropriate metaphor for the chapter?
renowned for crafting exquisite zardozi fans using
Ans : glittering gold threads. Additionally, Rajasthan is
The title is a fitting metaphor reflecting the highly famous for producing durable, beautifully
historical evolution of the traditional Indian hand engraved temple fans made out of solid brass.
fan (pankha). It signifies the fan’s remarkable
transition from a basic cooling necessity into a 7. What specific materials are utilized by artisans in
modern decorative artefact, symbolizing broader Gujarat to decorate their traditional fans?
cultural and economic shifts in society. Ans :
Fans originating from Gujarat vividly showcase
2. What specific climatic condition originally
the state’s famous textile industry. Artisans
necessitated the invention of the traditional
traditionally decorate these fans using colourful
Indian hand fan?
fabrics, vibrant beads, and intricate mirror work,
Ans : creating visually striking, culturally rich art
The traditional hand fan was born out of pure pieces that represent the region’s vibrant aesthetic
necessity to combat India’s intensely hot climatic heritage.
conditions. Before the advent of electricity, it
served as an essential daily utility item required 8. How does geographical availability of materials
to provide immediate relief from the sweltering influence the fan-making craft in Kerala?
summer heat. Ans :
Kerala utilizes its abundant natural resources
3. In ancient times, how did the usage of the hand
to craft its distinct fans. Artisans in the state
fan vary across different social classes?
primarily use natural palm leaves to weave elegant,
Ans : spade-shaped fans, perfectly demonstrating how
In ancient India, the hand fan was a ubiquitous local geography directly dictates the traditional
utility item used universally across different social crafting methods and the base materials used.

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PAGE 360 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

9. Differentiate between the base materials used for 14. In what way has the transformation of the hand
crafting hand fans in West Bengal and Bihar. fan into a decorative artefact aided artisans
Ans : economically?
The materials differ drastically based on local Ans :
flora. In West Bengal, artisans uniquely utilize The transformation of the hand fan into a popular
the spongy centre of the sola plant to create decorative item has successfully converted the
their fans. In contrast, Bihar is famously known traditional handicraft into a viable commercial
for crafting highly sturdy and durable fans using business. This growing market demand currently
locally sourced bamboo. provides a steady, sustainable livelihood for
numerous rural artisan communities across the
10. What is the distinct feature of the traditional nation.
hand fans crafted by artisans in Assam?
Ans : 15. Why do modern consumers predominantly
Hand fans in Assam are characteristically made purchase traditional hand fans today?
from woven cane. This utilizes the region’s rich Ans :
bamboo and cane resources, resulting in durable, Today, modern consumers predominantly
intricately patterned cooling tools that brilliantly purchase these traditional hand fans to beautifully
highlight the exceptional and precise weaving decorate their urban homes. Furthermore, buying
skills of the local Assamese artisans. these intricate art pieces allows individuals to
honor, celebrate, and actively connect with
11. How are the indigenous creators of these beautiful India’s rich historical background and diverse
hand fans characterized in the text? artistic heritage.
Ans :
The chapter characterizes the indigenous 16. Why is it crucial for traditional artisans to
creators of these beautiful hand fans as highly strike a balance between ancient techniques and
hardworking individuals. Despite facing immense innovative designs?
modern challenges, these dedicated artisans Ans :
tirelessly utilize their inherited skills to preserve To ensure survival in a competitive modern
their cultural roots while effectively adapting to market, artisans must balance ancient techniques
contemporary market demands. with innovative designs. This adaptability is
absolutely necessary to appeal to the evolving
aesthetic tastes of contemporary buyers while
successfully preserving their deep, traditional
12. What major threat did the advent of modern artistic roots.
technology pose to the traditional pankha-making
craft? 17. What is the primary objective of organizing
Ans : pankha-making workshops in contemporary
Modern technology, specifically the invention times?
of electric fans, coolers, and air conditioners, Ans :
drastically reduced the everyday need for manual Organizing pankha-making workshops is a crucial
cooling. This sudden shift severely threatened the initiative designed to safeguard the craft’s future.
traditional hand fan craft, putting it at immense These interactive workshops aim to systematically
risk of fading away entirely. pass down valuable, age-old artisanal skills and
traditional techniques to younger generations,
13. How did the primary function of the traditional ensuring the vibrant heritage does not die out.
hand fan shift in response to modern inventions?
Ans : 18. How do traditional workshops ensure the long-
As modern electric appliances took over the term survival of this ancient craft?
practical need for cooling, the role of the traditional Ans :
hand fan successfully shifted. It creatively evolved Traditional workshops ensure the craft’s survival
from a basic everyday cooling utility into a highly by actively engaging the youth. By practically
valued decorative artefact specifically used to teaching younger generations the intricate
celebrate Indian heritage. methods of pankha-making, these educational

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

initiatives create a new wave of modern artisans Ans :

fully equipped to carry forward this ancient Dear Diary,
cultural legacy. Today, as I wove golden zardozi threads into
a new fan, I reflected on the rapid passage of
19. How does appreciating the stories behind these time. Decades ago, our engraved brass fans were
crafts positively affect the craftspersons? essential items used by everyone to beat the
Ans : scorching Rajasthani heat. When electric coolers
Taking the time to appreciate the heartfelt stories arrived, my heart sank. I thought our ancestral
and immense effort behind these handcrafted fans craft would vanish forever. But the ‘winds of
boosts overall market demand. More importantly, change’ surprised us all! People now seek my
this genuine recognition instills a deep, motivating creations not for cooling, but to elegantly adorn
sense of pride and accomplishment within the their modern homes. They deeply value our royal
hardworking rural craftspersons. heritage and intricate designs. Though the fan’s
primary purpose has shifted, I am filled with
20. What is the ultimate message the chapter conveys immense pride knowing that my art survives,
regarding India’s artistic heritage? providing a sustainable livelihood for my family,
Ans : and keeping our glorious traditions alive.
The chapter concludes by heavily emphasizing the Bhawani
absolute necessity of protecting India’s traditional
3. You are a cultural heritage advocate. Write a
crafts. It advocates for actively supporting
short speech to be delivered at a school assembly,
indigenous artisans so that the vibrant “winds of
urging students to support local artisans and
change” continuously blow in favor of preserving
value traditional crafts like the pankha over mass-
and promoting the nation’s rich artistic heritage.
produced goods.
Long Answer Type Questions Ans :
Respected Principal, Teachers, and friends,
1. Discuss the central theme of the chapter “Winds Today, I wish to speak about our responsibility
of Change.” How does the journey of the ‘pankha’ towards India’s artistic heritage. Consider the
mirror the resilience of traditional Indian traditional ‘pankha’. Once an everyday necessity,
handicrafts in the face of modernization? it was nearly eradicated by modern electric
Ans : appliances. Yet, it survived because hardworking
The central theme of “Winds of Change” is the artisans brilliantly transformed it into a decorative
evolution, preservation, and enduring cultural artefact.
significance of the traditional Indian hand fan. The continued survival of such crafts depends
The journey of the ‘pankha’ perfectly mirrors entirely on us. When we purchase a handmade
the resilience of Indian handicrafts. Initially born palm-leaf fan from Kerala or a bamboo fan from
out of pure climatic necessity, the craft faced a Bihar, we are not merely buying decor; we are
severe existential threat from modern technology providing a sustainable livelihood for rural
like electric fans and air conditioners. However, communities. We are instilling immense pride
NODIA

instead of fading into obscurity, the craft adapted. in indigenous creators. Let us pledge to actively
Artisans innovated by elevating the pankha from support local artisans, appreciate the history
a mere cooling tool to a beautiful decorative behind their crafts, and keep our cultural roots
artefact. This transition highlights a broader vibrantly alive.
narrative: traditional Indian crafts can survive Thank you.
modernization not by competing on utility, but
4. Imagine you recently attended a ‘pankha-making’
by intelligently rebranding themselves as symbols
workshop. Write a letter to your friend describing
of heritage, thereby providing a sustainable
your experience, what you learned about regional
livelihood for hardworking indigenous artisans.
variations, and why you feel such initiatives are
2. Imagine you are an elderly artisan from Rajasthan vital for the youth.
who has been making zardozi and brass fans for Ans :
decades. Write a diary entry expressing your Dear Rohan,
feelings about how the demand for your craft has I hope you are well. I recently attended a
changed over the years. fascinating ‘pankha-making’ workshop that
PAGE 362 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

completely changed my perspective on traditional been entirely replaced by convenient appliances

crafts. like air conditioners. If artisans stubbornly stick
I learned how different states use local only to old forms, the craft will inevitably fade
materials, beautifully reflecting their unique away.
cultural identities. For example, Assamese artisans By integrating contemporary aesthetics and
weave stunning fans from cane, while those in innovative designs, artisans can successfully
West Bengal utilize the spongy sola plant. appeal to the evolving tastes of modern urban
The session emphasized the need to balance consumers. This smart adaptability transforms
ancient techniques with innovative designs to the functional fan into an exotic, highly desirable
attract modern consumers. I strongly believe such decorative artefact. Consequently, this strategic
initiatives are vital for our youth. They teach balance not only preserves the deep historical
patience, boost market demand, and ensure these roots of the craftsmanship but also guarantees a
indigenous skills are successfully passed down. By steady, sustainable commercial livelihood for the
actively engaging with our roots, we can proudly artisan communities.
protect India’s vibrant artistic heritage from
fading away. 7. Evaluate the role of geography and local flora in
Warmly, shaping the diverse cultural identity of Indian
Aman hand fans. Provide specific examples from the
text to support your answer.
5. Write a creative dialogue between a modern Ans :
Electric Fan and a traditional handmade ‘Pankha’, Geography and local flora play a foundational
where they discuss their respective values, utility, role in shaping the diverse cultural identity of
and places in a modern Indian household. Indian hand fans. Because ancient artisans relied
Ans : exclusively on natural resources available in their
Electric Fan: Look at me! I can cool down an immediate surroundings, each state developed a
entire room in seconds with my powerful motor. distinct style of pankha.
Nobody needs your slow breezes anymore. For example, Kerala’s tropical environment
Pankha: You certainly provide rapid relief from provides abundant palm leaves, leading to their
the heat, but my primary purpose has beautifully unique spade-shaped fans. In contrast, Bihar’s
evolved. I am no longer just a basic cooling tool. geography yields highly sturdy bamboo, while
Electric Fan: What else could a fan possibly be Assam utilizes its rich woven cane resources. Even
used for? West Bengal’s fans are distinct, crafted uniquely
Pankha: I am now a celebrated decorative from the spongy centre of the local sola plant.
artefact. I showcase India’s rich cultural heritage, Thus, a region’s specific geographical environment
from Gujarat’s mirror-work to Kerala’s palm-leaf directly dictates the base materials, organically
designs. People proudly display me to honor their shaping the resulting art and deeply embedding
roots. local environmental identity into the traditional
Electric Fan: I suppose I am just a factory handicraft.
machine, while you are a unique piece of art.
Pankha: Exactly. You serve modern convenience, 8. “Because people no longer needed hand fans
but I sustain hardworking indigenous artisans. to cool down, the ancient craft ran the risk of
fading away... The hand fan has been successfully
6. The text mentions that artisans must “strike a elevated from a basic cooling tool to a decorative
balance between ancient techniques and innovative artefact.” Based on this passage, elaborate on
designs.” Analyze why this balance is the key to how adversity often forces art to evolve.
the economic survival of indigenous crafts in the Ans :
21st century. The provided lines beautifully illustrate how
Ans : adversity acts as a powerful catalyst for artistic
Striking a balance between ancient techniques evolution. When modern electric fans and air
and innovative designs is absolutely critical for conditioners emerged, the traditional pankha
the economic survival of indigenous crafts. In lost its primary function. This technological
today’s highly modernized world, the original disruption created a severe crisis, threatening the
utility of items like the traditional ‘pankha’ has ancient craft with total extinction.

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

However, this adversity forced artisans to By purchasing these exotic, intricately designed
think creatively. Stripped of its practical utility, fans as art pieces, modern consumers actively
the hand fan had to be reimagined to survive. It demonstrate a desire to support sustainable
was ingeniously elevated into a decorative artefact, indigenous livelihoods and creatively celebrate
shifting its value from mere cooling to celebrating the rich, diverse artistic history of their nation.
cultural heritage. This transformation proves
that when traditional crafts face insurmountable Extract Based Questions
modern challenges, they can successfully endure by
adapting their purpose, proving that art remains 1. Read the extract given below and answer the
resilient as long as it evolves with changing times. questions that follows :
“The word punkha or pankha originates from
9. Based on the chapter, draft a ‘societal sketch’ the word ‘pankh’, which means feather of a bird.
of the indigenous fan makers. What traits, Pankha is used to refer to all fans, whereas the
challenges, and triumphs define their community word pankhi denotes a small plumed fan used in
in the modern era? ancient India. Evidence of the existence and use
Ans : of pankhi in India can be found in Buddhist wall
Based on the text, the indigenous fan makers paintings at Ajanta. These wall paintings date
emerge as a highly resilient, hardworking, and back to the 2nd century CE. Other representations
exceptionally creative community. Historically, of the punkha can be found in embroidery work,
they were essential contributors to society, sculptures, and carvings.”
providing basic cooling utilities for both grand i. What does the presence of the pankhi in
royal courts and everyday households. Ajanta paintings primarily imply about its
Faced with the severe threat of modern status in ancient times?
cooling technology, these artisans demonstrated (a) It had profound cultural integration.
remarkable adaptability. Rather than abandoning (b) It possessed purely religious values.
their ancestral skills, they ingeniously balanced (c) It lacked everyday practical usage.
ancient techniques with innovative designs, (d) It served strictly royal households.
transforming their craft into a thriving ii. Assertion (A): The terms ‘pankha’ and
commercial business. They take immense pride in ‘pankhi’ cannot be used interchangeably in
their work, utilizing local materials to reflect their the context of ancient India.
distinct regional identities. Furthermore, through Reason (R): ‘Pankhi’ specifically refers to a
pankha-making workshops, they actively exhibit small plumed fan, while ‘pankha’ is a general
a forward-looking mindset, deeply committed to term for all fans.
passing their precious heritage down to younger
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
generations to ensure its survival.
correct explanation of A.
10. How does the transition of the pankha from a (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
“daily utility item” to a “cultural good” highlight correct explanation of A.
the changing priorities and aesthetics of the (c) A is true, but R is false.
modern Indian consumer? (d) A is false, but R is true.
Ans : iii. What is the literal meaning of the word
The transition of the pankha from a “daily utility ‘pankh’ from which pankha originates?
item” to a “cultural good” profoundly highlights iv. Identify a word from the extract that means
NODIA

the evolving priorities of the modern Indian “pictures or symbols that show or describe
consumer. In the past, the primary consumer something.”
need was purely functional: surviving the harsh v. State True or False with a 1-sentence reason:
climatic heat. Today, that basic need is efficiently The existence of fans in ancient India is only
met by advanced electric appliances. known through written texts.
Consequently, the modern consumer’s priority Ans :
has shifted towards aesthetic appreciation, heritage i. (a) It had profound cultural integration.
preservation, and interior decoration. Buyers ii. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
now seek products that offer a deep connection correct explanation of A.
to their traditional roots and cultural identity. iii. ‘Pankh’ means feather of a bird.
PAGE 364 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. representations ii. (b) The writer appreciates the rich diversity
v. False, because evidence of their existence is stemming from local cultures.
visually depicted in Ajanta wall paintings, iii. The variety was determined by local
embroidery, sculptures, and carvings. geographies, cultures, and traditional rituals.
iv. exotic
2. Read the extract given below and answer the v. geographies
questions that follows :
“Over time, pankhas became significant cultural 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
goods distributed through trade routes. They questions that follows :
were considered exotic and stylish. Although there “In modern times, the use of pankhas has been
was substantial commonality in their use across restricted to decorative purposes, and they have
India, different villages and towns developed become traditional craft items in India. The
their own varieties of traditional pankhas. Each structure of each fan reflects the cultural core
place developed pankhas with distinct materials of the region that crafts it. For instance, the
or a variety of intricate designs, that set them appliqué hand fan of Rajasthan is an antique
apart from one another. Bamboo, cane, palm pankha made of pieces of fabric in different shapes
leaf, silk, brass, leather, and silver pankhas, with and patterns sewn onto another cloth with the
decorative beads and stones were used depending use of ornamental needlework. Furthermore, the
on geographies, cultures, and traditional rituals.” zardozi hand fan of Rajasthan differs in its use of
i. What does the phrase “significant cultural glittering ornate and encrusted gold threadwork.”
goods” suggest about the ‘pankhas’ ? i. What implies that the original purpose of the
(a) They embodied regional identity and pankha has diminished over time?
value. (a) Their exclusive use for decorative
(b) They were exclusively meant for displays.
exporting. (b) Their association with intricate
(c) They lost their original cooling purposes. needlework.
(d) They became strictly religious artifacts. (c) Their transformation into antique
ii. Which of the following best describes souvenirs.
the writer’s perspective on the regional (d) Their reliance on expensive gold
development of ‘pankhas’ ? materials.
(a) The writer views it as a chaotic deviation ii. Statement I: The zardozi hand fan and
from the original design. the appliqué hand fan are identical in their
(b) The writer appreciates the rich diversity crafting techniques.
stemming from local cultures. Statement II: Both types of fans are deeply
(c) The writer believes it led to an unnecessary rooted in the cultural traditions of Rajasthan.
competition among towns. (a) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
(d) The writer feels the standardisation of incorrect.
fans was completely destroyed. (b) Statement II is correct but Statement I is
iii. What factors determined the variety of incorrect.
materials used in making pankhas across (c) Both Statement I and Statement II are
different regions? correct.
iv. Find a word in the extract that is the (d) Both Statement I and Statement II are
antonym of “ordinary” or “commonplace”, incorrect.
often used to describe something unusual and iii. How does the zardozi hand fan differ from the
fascinating. appliqué hand fan of Rajasthan?
v. Fill in the blank: iv. Identify the word from the text that means
The variation in the materials used for “covered or decorated with a hard surface
making pankhas was largely determined by layer.”
local ______, cultures, and rituals. v. State True or False with a 1-sentence reason:
Ans : The structural design of a hand fan is entirely
i. (a) They embodied regional identity and random and unrelated to its origin.
value.

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 WINDS OF CHANGE

Ans : iv. Which word in the extract is used as a

i. (a) Their exclusive use for decorative displays. synonym for “delicate and beautiful”?
ii. (b) Statement II is correct but Statement I is v. Fill in the blank:
incorrect. Hand fans made of pure cotton in Gujarat are
iii. The zardozi fan uses glittering ornate and primarily decorated using ______ work.
encrusted gold threadwork, while the appliqué Ans :
fan uses fabric pieces sewn with ornamental i. (b) It is a localized, community-driven
needlework. livelihood.
iv. encrusted ii. (c) Both I and II are fully accurate.
v. False, because the structure of each fan iii. Gujarat is considered the centre for bead craft
reflects the cultural core of the specific region in India because Gujarat produces dainty
that crafts it. bead hand fans covered with colourful beads,
which are widely used as wall decorations.
4. Read the extract given below and answer the iv. dainty

NODIA
questions that follows : v. mirror
“The adjoining state of Gujarat has its own
indigenous take on pankhas. These hand fans are 5. Read the extract given below and answer the
elegant pure cotton-based fans embellished with questions that follows :
mirror work. The beads hand fan is covered with “Many tribes in India have adopted this handicraft
colourful beads and has a silver handle. Gujarat is to make their own versions of the handheld fan.
the centre for bead craft in India and these dainty Materials such as grass and metal are embedded
pankhas are commonly used as wall decorations. into the fans using bamboo sticks and grass.
Kutch is recognised for its hand-stitched leather Cane and palm leaves are used, with silk and
hand fans decorated with thread and wool at its brass being reserved for antique pieces of these
seams. Gujarat’s industrious home-based women hand fans. The use of geometrical patterns and
workers have worked tirelessly in the handicraft the white ink and red background combinations
of pankha-making to produce embroidered hand have helped the tribes create multiple beautifully
fans with traditional mirror work and cross-stitch designed pankhas.”
embroidery in different shapes and sizes.” i. Why might silk and brass be reserved
i. What does the involvement of “industrious exclusively for “antique pieces” of hand fans?
home-based women workers” suggest about (a) They are too heavy for everyday practical
the pankha-making craft in Gujarat? use.
(a) It is primarily a large-scale factory (b) They lack the aesthetic appeal of natural
operation. grass.
(b) It is a localized, community-driven (c) They are expensive and denote higher
livelihood. value.
(c) It strictly relies on imported raw (d) They are easily damaged by tropical
materials. climates.
(d) It has abandoned traditional crafting ii. Assertion (A): The tribal communities strictly
methods. mimic the urban designs of the pankhas.
ii. Choose the option that correctly pairs the Reason (R): They use specific combinations
region/material with its distinctive pankha like white ink on a red background with
feature as mentioned in the extract: geometrical patterns.
I. Kutch – Leather with thread and wool (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
correct explanation of A.
II. Gujarat overall – Cotton with mirror
work (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
(a) Only I is completely accurate.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(b) Only II is completely accurate.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
(c) Both I and II are fully accurate.
iii. What distinctive design elements do tribal
(d) Neither I nor II are accurate.
communities use to decorate their pankhas?
iii. Why is Gujarat considered the centre for
bead craft in India?
PAGE 366 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

iv. Provide the exact word from the extract that (d) They enforce strict government rules and
means “firmly fixed or placed deeply into a restrict creative designs.
surrounding mass.” iii. How can pankha-making workshops help
v. State True or False with a 1-sentence reason: preserve this traditional craft?
The tribal fans exclusively utilize modern iv. Find a word in the extract that means
synthetic materials for their construction. “belonging to or occurring in the present
Ans : time.”
i. (c) They are expensive and denote higher v. Fill in the blank:
value. By providing artisans with a commercial
ii. (d) A is false, but R is true. platform, the craft can transform into a
iii. Tribal communities use geometrical ______ livelihood.
patterns with white ink and red background Ans :
combinations. i. (b) They require cultural validation to survive
iv. embedded commercially.
v. False, because they primarily use natural ii. (c) They generate cultural awareness and
materials like grass, bamboo, cane, and palm offer economic sustainability.
leaves. iii. Pankha-making workshops spread awareness
about the beauty and importance of the craft
6. Read the extract given below and answer the and provide artisans a commercial platform
questions that follows : for a sustainable livelihood.
“One of the first steps to preserve the essence iv. contemporary
of the craft is by celebrating pankhas, and v. sustainable
appreciating the culture, stories, and artistry that
this handicraft invokes. This allows contemporary
pankha makers to demonstrate their craft 
and regain its popularity. It also helps provide
them with a commercial platform to create a
sustainable livelihood. Initiatives such as pankha-
making workshops, both within and outside the
handicraft exhibitions help spread awareness
about the beauty and importance of this craft in
India’s culture.”
i. What does the author imply by suggesting
we need to “celebrate” pankhas to preserve
them?
(a) They must be worshipped in local temples
annually.
(b) They require cultural validation to
survive commercially.
(c) They should be distributed freely during
festivals.
(d) They are currently banned in
contemporary markets.
ii. Which of the following best summarizes the
dual benefit of organizing pankha-making
workshops?
(a) They reduce raw material costs and train
new amateur hobbyists.
(b) They mass-produce fans and eliminate
the need for hand-crafting.
(c) They generate cultural awareness and
offer economic sustainability.

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 VITAMIN-M

CHAPTER 4
VITAMIN-M

1. INTRODUCTION The plastic comb vendor

A territorial street seller who sharply tells Ravi
The story revolves around an elderly grandfather there is no room for new vendors.
who leaves his peaceful village to live in a bustling
city with his daughter and grandson, Ravi. The ribbon and clip vendor
Following a minor accident, his overprotective A loud street seller who suspiciously questions
daughter enforces strict rules and diets, treating why Ravi is hiding behind the tree.
the old man like a fragile prisoner. Stripped of The third vendor
his independence, Grandpa longs for his former Another curious street seller who joins the group
freedom. The narrative sets up a humorous yet surrounding Ravi behind the banyan tree.
relatable family dynamic when Ravi is secretly
sent to tail his grandfather during a morning walk. The women in the salon
This sparks a clever battle of wits between the Ladies who shriek and evict Ravi when he
young boy and the surprisingly sharp patriarch. accidentally hides inside their hairdressing salon.
The stranger on the bus
A man wearing Grandpa’s yellow cap, revealing
2. CHARACTERS to Ravi that he had been cleverly tricked.
Ravi
NODIA

A caring and curious boy who secretly follows his 3. SUMMARY

grandfather to protect him, only to be playfully
outsmarted. Grandpa’s Life in the City
Grandpa The story revolves around an elderly grandfather
An independent, clever, and mischievous elderly who has recently moved to a noisy, bustling city
man who dislikes being treated like a helpless to live with his daughter and teenage grandson,
child. Ravi. Grandpa deeply misses his independent
life in his quiet hometown, especially his small
Ravi’s mother (Vidya) brick house and big mango tree. He only moved
An anxious and overprotective woman who to the city because he had slipped and fallen in
worries constantly about her elderly father’s his garden, and living alone was no longer safe
safety and memory. for him.
Ravi’s father Because Grandpa is getting old and has shown
A calm man who appears confused by the playful, signs of a failing memory—such as accidentally
secret dynamic between Ravi and Grandpa. taking a double dose of his medicine and forgetting
his way home—Ravi’s mother becomes overly
Ravi’s grandmother protective. She restricts his diet, stops him from
Grandpa’s late wife, whose passing ten years ago going out alone, and often speaks to him in a
led Grandpa to take over household duties. loud, patronising tone as if he were a baby. While
The little boy Ravi’s mother acts out of care, Grandpa feels like
A playful child in the park who mistakenly thinks a prisoner, and Ravi feels guilty about how his
Ravi is playing hide and seek. mother treats the old man.
The little boy’s mother The Secret Mission
A loud, protective woman who angrily scolds Ravi One morning, Ravi’s mother secretly tasks Ravi
for hiding near her son. with keeping an eye on Grandpa. When Grandpa
PAGE 368 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

decides to step out to buy a Tamil newspaper, wink and playfully advises him to read the tips
Ravi follows him closely but tries to stay hidden. on how to trail a suspect without being fooled.
This marks the beginning of a hilarious and This proves that Grandpa’s memory and wit
exhausting secret mission for Ravi, who attempts are perfectly sharp; he knew Ravi was following
to play the role of a detective trailing a suspect. him all along and decided to teach him a playful
lesson.
A Day of Rule-Breaking and Adventures
The story ends on a humorous and ironic note
Unaware—or so it seems—that he is being
regarding the title, “Vitamin-M” (which stands
followed, Grandpa goes on a fun, independent
for a memory vitamin). While Ravi’s mother
stroll across the city. He first visits a children’s
constantly worries about Grandpa’s fading
park, where he buys a paper-cone of peanuts and
memory, she is the one who completely forgot her
happily watches the children play. Next, he stops
own father’s birthday, proving that she might be
at a tea stall and treats himself to items that are
the one who actually needs “Vitamin-M”!
strictly banned by Ravi’s mother: a sugary cup of
tea, two bananas, and an ice cream!
While Grandpa is having a great time, poor 4. WORD MEANINGS
Ravi struggles to stay hidden. He faces continuous
humiliation and physical discomfort. He has to 1. Hurriedly – rapidly, quickly, swiftly
duck behind cars, crouch behind elephant-shaped 2. Invent – create, discover, originate
bushes, crawl on all fours, face the anger of street 3. Frail – weak, delicate, fragile
vendors, and even gets kicked out of a ladies’ hair 4. Shuddered – trembled, shivered, shook
salon while trying to keep his grandfather in sight. 5. Difficult – hard, tough, challenging
6. Absent-mindedly – forgetfully, inattentively
The Great Escape 7. Dose – amount, portion, measure
Eventually, Grandpa walks briskly to a bus stop 8. Anxious – worried, nervous, tense
and boards a bus. Ravi rushes in after him, 9. Insisted – demanded, urged strictly
keeping his eyes glued to Grandpa’s signature 10. Trace – hint, small amount, sign
yellow cap. However, to Ravi’s absolute horror, 11. Firmness – strictness, determination, resolve
NODIA

he discovers that the person wearing the yellow 12. Poky – small and cramped, tiny
cap is a complete stranger! Grandpa had cleverly 13. Forbid – ban, prohibit, disallow
swapped his cap with someone else to trick his 14. Bustle – busy activity
grandson and successfully managed to ditch him. 15. Dusk – evening, twilight, sunset
A Heartwarming Relief and a Clever Twist 16. Pottering – moving about aimlessly, tinkering
Sick with worry that Grandpa is lost in the big 17. Instructed – ordered, directed, commanded
city, Ravi returns home in a panic. However, to 18. Winced – showed an expression of
his immense delight and relief, he finds Grandpa embarrassment
safely asleep in his bed, snoring peacefully. 19. Cunning – clever, crafty, sly
Overwhelmed with love and realizing how much 20. Historic – famous, significant in history
he truly cares for his grandfather, Ravi kneels by 21. Tiresome – annoying, exhausting, irritating
the bed and gives him a heartfelt hug. 22. Suspicious – doubtful, untrusting, wary
When Ravi’s mother questions them, 23. Guilty – ashamed, regretful, remorseful
Grandpa coolly covers for Ravi, saying he had 24. Craftily – cleverly, slyly, cunningly
a quiet morning but that Ravi had mysteriously 25. Mahogany – dark reddish-brown wood
disappeared. Then, Grandpa brings out a gift- 26. Carved – cut, sculpted, shaped
wrapped parcel for Ravi. Ravi’s mother is 27. Declared – stated, announced, proclaimed
impatient, thinking Grandpa’s memory is failing 28. Twirling – spinning, rotating, turning
since Ravi’s birthday was three months ago. 29. Jauntily – happily and confidently
However, it is actually Grandpa’s own birthday, 30. Dilemma – difficult choice, confusion,
and he is keeping up his lifelong tradition of giving predicament
gifts to his family on his special day. 31. Furious – extremely angry, enraged, irate
32. Foolish – silly, stupid, unwise
The Irony of “Vitamin-M” 33. Crouch – bend the body low
When Ravi opens the gift, he finds a detective
34. Trimmed – cut neatly, pruned, clipped
storybook. Grandpa gives him a mischievous
35. Boomed – spoke loudly, roared, thundered
 VITAMIN-M

36. Shoo – send away, drive away, dismiss 83. Trailing – following
37. Threateningly – aggressively, fiercely, 84. Suspect – a person thought to be guilty
menacingly 85. Solemnly – seriously
38. Ultimate – final, extreme, worst 86. Twinkle – sparkle, shine, flicker
39. Humiliation – shame, embarrassment, 87. Gleam – shine, flash of light, glimmer
disgrace 88. Mischievous – playful, naughty, teasing
40. Crawl – move on hands and knees, creep
41. Ducking – moving your head or body down
42. Creeping – moving slowly and quietly, 5. MESSAGE
sneaking The author gives a beautiful message about caring
43. Quizzical – questioning, puzzled, curious for elderly family members. While it is good to
44. Accusing – blaming, charging, pointing fingers look after them, overprotecting them can feel
45. Conceded – accepted, admitted, surrendered like a punishment. Grandpa felt like a prisoner
46. Peering – looking closely, staring, gazing when his daughter took away his freedom. The
47. Thudded – beat heavily, pounded, thumped story teaches us that old people do not just need
48. Zigzagging – moving in sharp turns, weaving a strict diet and safety. They also need respect,
49. Panic – sudden fear, terror, alarm independence, and the joy of making their own
50. Screech – sharp noise, squeal, shriek choices to live happily.
51. Bald – hairless, smooth-headed
52. Evicted – thrown out, removed forcefully,
expelled 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
53. A volley of – a lot of
54. Briskly – quickly, energetically, rapidly Reflect and Respond
55. Boarding – getting on, entering (a vehicle)
56. Sprinting – running fast, dashing, rushing I. From your experience with an elderly person at
57. Deterred – prevented (from doing) home or in your neighbourhood, complete the
58. Detective – investigator, sleuth, researcher following graphic organiser.
59. Panting – breathing heavily, gasping, puffing
60. Startled – surprised, shocked, frightened
61. Wig – artificial hair, hairpiece
62. Confront – face
63. Attire – clothing, dress, garments
64. Rim – edge, border, margin
65. Exclaiming – crying out, shouting in surprise
66. Grinned – smiled broadly, beamed
67. Typical – usual, normal, expected
Now, discuss the points written in the organiser
68. Generous – kind, giving, liberal
with your classmates and teacher.
69. Frantic – very frightened
70. Whirr – low continuous sound, buzz, hum Ans :
71. Snoring – breathing loudly while asleep 1. Why should we care for the elderly?
72. Creases – lines We should care for them because they
73. Overcome – overwhelmed, deeply affected, spent their youth caring for and providing
conquered for us. They possess immense wisdom and
74. Affection – love, fondness, care life experience, and in their old age, they
75. Grunted – made a low sound, murmured, require physical, emotional, and psychological
groaned support.
76. Coolly – calmly, without emotion, indifferently 2. What are the problems faced by the elderly?
77. Impatiently – restlessly, eagerly, anxiously They often face declining health, restricted
78. Countered – replied, argued back, opposed mobility, loneliness, memory loss, a feeling of
79. Flushed – turned red, blushed, reddened being a burden on their families, and difficulty
80. Darted – looked at somebody quickly adapting to rapidly changing technology.
81. Stricken – shocked, deeply affected, upset 3. What could be the possible reasons for the
82. Unwrapped – opened, uncovered, revealed problems faced?

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PAGE 370 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

The transition to nuclear families often Ans :

leaves them isolated. Generation gaps lead to A special tradition passed down by my
communication barriers, and the busy, fast- grandmother is the annual making of raw mango
paced lives of younger family members often pickles during the summer holidays. To me, it is
leave little time for the elderly. much more than just a recipe; it is a symbol of
4. How can we take care of the elderly? our family’s heritage and love. It connects me to
We can take care of them by spending quality my growing-up years because every summer, the
time with them, assisting them with their entire family would gather on the terrace, cutting

NODIA
medical and personal needs, being patient mangoes, mixing spices, and listening to my
listeners, showing them respect, and making grandmother’s fascinating stories from her own
them feel valued and involved in family childhood. The distinct aroma of mustard oil and
decisions. fenugreek instantly transports me back to those
carefree days, reminding me of the warmth and
II. Fill in the table given below. You may check your unity of our family.
answers with the help of a dictionary.
Word Knowledge Table
Word Not heard Have heard I know this Write the
this word this word word. It has meaning
before but don’t something of this Check Your Understanding
know what to do word
it means with… I. Why did Grandpa dislike living in the city with
1. frail his daughter?
2. shuddered Ans :
3. poky Grandpa disliked living in the city because he
4. forbid hated the noise and the busy, crowded activity
5. pottering
(bustle) of city life. He found his daughter’s flat to
be uncomfortably small and cramped (“poky”).
6. winced
He missed his independent life in his small brick
Ans : house in town, which had a quiet garden and a
Word Not heard Have heard I know this Write the big mango tree.
this word this word word. It has meaning of this
before but don’t something word
know what to do with… II. Why did Vidya not want her father to go out
it means alone?
1. frail weakness / physically weak
old age or delicate
Ans :
2. shuddered fear / cold shook suddenly
Vidya did not want her father to go out alone
because of fear, because he was getting too old and forgetful. The
cold, or disgust
previous month, he had absent-mindedly taken
3. poky small / small,
cramped uncomfortable, a double dose of his medicines, resulting in a
or slow hospital admission. On another occasion, he went
4. forbid stopping to not allow for a walk and forgot his way back home, giving
someone or prevent
something the family anxious moments.
5. pottering small tasks doing small,
unimportant III. Was Ravi in favour of his mother treating
tasks in a
relaxed way Grandpa like a child? How can you say so?
6. winced pain made a slight Ans :
movement
showing pain or
No, Ravi was not in favour of his mother treating
discomfort Grandpa like a child. We can say this because
Ravi “winced” at the over-loud, patronising tone
III. Think of a tradition, story, or recipe passed down his mother used when speaking to Grandpa.
by grandparents or an elderly relative in your Furthermore, when Grandpa complained about
family. What does it mean to you? How does it being treated like a baby and a prisoner, Ravi felt
connect you to your growing-up years? Share guilty and quickly tried to reassure him that his
with your classmates and teacher. mother would never treat him that way.
 VITAMIN-M

IV. Would Ravi be able to keep up his promise to his IV. Do you think Ravi’s mother will get to know
mother? about what had happened?
Ans : Ans :
No, Ravi was not able to keep his promise It is highly unlikely that Ravi’s mother will
to his mother. Although he promised to look get to know the full truth of what happened.
after Grandpa, Grandpa cleverly tricked him. Ravi decided not to question Grandpa to avoid
Despite secretly following him across the city, revealing that he had been secretly trailing him.
Ravi ultimately lost Grandpa when the old man Furthermore, Grandpa played along perfectly,
swapped his signature yellow cap with a stranger coolly telling her that he had a quiet morning but
on the bus. that Ravi had strangely disappeared.

Check Your Understanding

Check Your Understanding I. Describe how Ravi’s emotional reaction upon

finding Grandpa safe at home reveals his feelings
I. Complete the flow chart by describing Grandpa’s towards his grandfather.
day out. Ans :
When Ravi finds Grandpa safely asleep, he feels
“great delight and relief,” kneels near his bed, and
gives him a heartfelt hug. This emotional reaction
reveals that beneath the frustration and panic of
having to ‘babysit’ and trail his grandfather, Ravi
genuinely loves him. His overwhelming affection
proves he views Grandpa not as a burden, but
as a cherished family member whose safety is
paramount to him.
Ans : II. What might be the significance of Grandpa’s
1. the children’s park habit of giving gifts to everyone on his birthday
2. a paper-cone of peanuts and watches the rather than receiving them?
children play. Ans :
3. the tea stall Grandpa’s habit of giving gifts on his own
4. the little boy’s mother and the vendors birthday is significant because it highlights his
5. a sugary cup of tea and eats two bananas and generous and loving nature. It also shows his
an ice cream desire to maintain his role as a loving patriarch
6. barber shop and provider for his family, whom he still fondly
7. bus stop and boards the first bus considers his “babies,” rather than transitioning
II. Was Grandpa lost as feared by Ravi’s mother? into a dependent individual who solely receives
care.
Ans :
No, Grandpa was not lost at all. Despite III. Why do you think Grandpa gave Ravi a detective
wandering all over the city and cleverly ditching story book as a gift? What might this suggest
Ravi, he safely navigated his way back home and about Grandpa’s awareness of Ravi’s actions
was found peacefully snoring in his bed. earlier in the day?
III. How would Ravi feel after seeing Grandpa? Ans :
Ans : Grandpa gave Ravi a detective story book,
Ravi felt a sense of great delight and intense relief specifically mentioning tips on how not to get
upon seeing Grandpa safely asleep in his bed. fooled while “trailing a suspect.” This humorous
Sick with worry after losing track of him, seeing gift, combined with his solemn tone and the
the old man safe caused Ravi to be suddenly mischievous twinkle in his eye, strongly suggests
overcome with deep affection, prompting him to that Grandpa was completely aware that Ravi
give Grandpa a loving hug. had been secretly following him all morning, and
outsmarting him was a playful lesson.

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PAGE 372 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Critical Reflection Disadvantage : He lived alone, meaning

there was no one to help him in case of an
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the emergency, such as when he slipped and fell
questions that follow. in the garden.
1. Grandpa hated the noise and bustle of city life
and when they were on their own, he often spoke 2. “I had a quiet morning, but I don’t know about
Ravi. He just disappeared instead of staying at

NODIA
longingly of his small brick house in town. “Such
a wonderful place…! With that big mango tree home to look after me like you told him to,”
in the garden! It is so quiet that at dusk you can answered Grandpa coolly, while Ravi just looked
even hear a leaf fall!” But then Grandpa had confused and embarrassed.
slipped and fallen in the garden late one evening Grandpa had another surprise for Ravi. A gift-
while he was pottering around and lain outside all wrapped parcel! “But, Papa, Ravi’s birthday was
night because there was no one at home to help three months ago. Have you forgotten?” exclaimed
him up. Ravi’s mother, impatiently.

i. Choose the emotion displayed by the Grandfather. i. Choose the option that displays the tone of the
Grandfather’s response.
A. regretful
A. apologetic
B. apologetic
B. hurtful
C. nostalgic
C. calm
D. wistful
D. puzzled
ii. Complete the following sentence with a reason.
Grandpa hated the busy and noisy city life ii. Why was Ravi confused and embarrassed?
because _____. iii. Complete the sentence with a suitable reason.
iii. Why did Grandpa come to the city despite his Ravi’s mother was impatient because _____.
dislike for city life? iv. State whether the following sentence is true or
iv. Choose an expression similar in meaning to, ‘you false.
can even hear a leaf fall’. Grandfather forgot that Ravi’s birthday was three
months ago.
A. end of one’s life
B. arrival of autumn v. Why did Grandpa say he didn’t know what kind
C. sign of good luck of morning Ravi might have had?
D. pin drop silence Ans :
i. C. calm
v. State one advantage and one disadvantage of the ii. Ravi was confused and embarrassed because
Grandfather living in the house in town. he had spent his entire morning frantically
Ans : chasing and hiding behind bushes to keep an
i. C. nostalgic eye on Grandpa. Yet, Grandpa effortlessly
ii. Grandpa hated the busy and noisy city life turned the tables, calmly claiming that it was
because he was used to the peace and quiet Ravi who had disappeared and failed to stay
of his small brick house in town, where you at home as instructed.
could even hear a leaf fall. iii. Ravi’s mother was impatient because ‘she
iii. Grandpa came to the city because he had thought Grandpa’s failing memory had
slipped and fallen in his garden late one caused him to forget that Ravi’s birthday had
evening and had to lie outside all night since passed three months ago.’
he lived alone. Because he was getting too old iv. False. (Grandfather remembered exactly what
to live safely on his own, his daughter brought day it was; it was his own birthday, and it was
him to live with her in the city. his tradition to give gifts to the children on
iv D. pin drop silence his birthday).
v. Advantage : The house in town was peaceful, v. Grandpa said this mischievously because he
quiet, and had a beautiful garden with a big secretly knew exactly the chaotic morning
mango tree, which Grandpa loved. Ravi had experienced. He knew Ravi had been
 VITAMIN-M

exhaustively trailing him all over town and Ans :

struggling to hide, so he used this statement In favour : Ravi successfully tracked Grandpa
to playfully tease him without exposing the across various bustling locations (the park, the
secret to Ravi’s mother. tea stall, the road, the barber shop) without
immediately losing him.
II. Answer the following questions. Against : He was highly conspicuous and
terrible at staying hidden, getting into awkward
1. Grandpa is portrayed as a person with failing
confrontations with strangers, and ultimately
memory in the beginning of the story. Give two
failed his mission by being easily fooled when
evidences to disprove the statement.
Grandpa swapped his cap with a stranger.
Ans :
1. He flawlessly remembers the historic chess 6. Was Grandfather aware that Ravi was following
moves made by grandmasters like Karpov him? How do you know?
and Bobby Fischer. Ans :
2. He perfectly remembers the date of his own Yes, Grandfather was completely aware. We know
birthday, as well as his longstanding family this because at the end of the story, he gifts Ravi a
tradition of giving gifts to everyone else on detective book, playfully remarks on how to avoid
that specific day. getting fooled while “trailing a suspect,” and has
a mischievous twinkle in his eye. This implies he
2. Give two characteristic traits of each of the
intentionally swapped his cap to trick Ravi.
following characters.
i. Grandfather 7. In your opinion, who needs Vitamin-M? And
ii. Ravi why?
iii. Ravi’s mother
Ans :
Ans : Ironically, it is Ravi’s mother who seems to need
i. Grandfather : Independent and witty “Vitamin-M” (a memory vitamin). While she
(mischievous). is constantly anxious about Grandpa’s failing
ii. Ravi : Responsible and loving (but slightly memory, she completely forgot that it was her
naive). own father’s birthday and failed to remember his
iii. Ravi’s mother : Caring but overprotective cherished tradition of giving gifts on that day.
and anxious.
8. Some people believe society shows bias based on
3. Why was Ravi worried about what Grandfather age (being young or old). Give an example where
had at the tea stall? you might have experienced or observed such
Ans : discrimination, when opinions were disregarded
Ravi was worried because Grandpa consumed because of age.
a sugary cup of tea and two bananas, both of Ans :
which were strictly “banned items” for him at Age-based discrimination can be seen in everyday
home, likely due to his old age and dietary/health situations. For example, in a classroom discussion,
restrictions. a younger student may share an idea or opinion,
4. Do you think it was easy for Ravi to follow his but the teacher or classmates may ignore it,
Grandfather? If yes, why? If no, why not? thinking the student is too young to understand
the topic properly. Later, when an older student
Ans :
gives a similar idea, it is taken more seriously.
No, it was not easy for Ravi. He had to go through
In this case, the younger student’s opinion is
a lot of humiliation and physical discomfort,
disregarded not because it is wrong, but simply
such as crouching behind bushes shaped like an
because of their age. This shows how people can
elephant, crawling on all fours to avoid a scolding
be judged unfairly based on how young or old
mother, ducking behind cars, facing the anger of
they are, rather than on the value of their ideas.
street vendors, and even getting evicted from a
Ladies’ Hairdressing Salon.

5. ‘Ravi is a good detective’. Give one argument in

favour of and against the given statement.

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PAGE 374 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Vocabulary and Structures in Context twirling grunted

I. Classify the words given in the box on the next creeping snoring
page into movement words in Column 1 and zigzagging
sound words in Column 2. One example has been
done for you. sprinting
trailing
pottering bustle ducked evicted,
jumping boomed crawl shrieks, crouch
briskly darted twirling creeping, 1. creeping
zigzagging sprinting trailing crouch, 2. bustle
thudded whirr grunted snoring 3. briskly
4. thudded
Column 1 Column 2 5. crouched
pottering boomed 6. duck
7. zigzagging
8. grunted
9. sprinted
10. snoring

II. Study the highlighted word in the given sentence

from the text and fill in the boxes with synonymous
words. You may refer to a dictionary.
Off he went, twirling his walking stick jauntily,
leaving Ravi in a dilemma.

Now, fill in the blanks with appropriate words Ans :

from Column 1 or Column 2. 1. QUANDARY
Detective Shankar, 1. _____ the mysterious 2. PREDICAMENT
suspect through the dimly lit side lanes, away
from the 2. _____ of the city, quickened his III. Fill in the table given below. Check your answers
pace 3. _____. The suspect’s heavy footsteps 4. with the help of a dictionary.
_____ across the street, unaware of the pursuit.
Word Meaning Part of Synonym Antonym
Shankar 5. _____ his magnifying glass had to Speech
6. _____ behind the market stalls, 7. _____
1. craftily
through the lanes to avoid being seen. Shankar 8.
_____ when he hit himself against a pole. This 2. dilemma
alarmed the suspect and he 9. _____ into the 3. furious
night leaving only the distant 10. _____ of the 4. boomed
sleeping city behind.
5. humiliation
Ans :
6. attire
Column 1 Column 2 Ans :
pottering boomed Word Meaning Part of Synonym Antonym
NODIA

Speech
ducked bustle
1. craftily in a clever or Adverb cleverly honestly
jumping shrieks cunning way

crawl evicted 2. dilemma a situation with Noun problem solution

difficult choices
briskly thudded 3. furious extremely angry Adjective enraged calm

darted whirr 4. boomed made a deep Verb thundered whispered

loud sound
 VITAMIN-M

5. humiliation feeling of Noun disgrace honor I strolled (v) _____ (beside, through, along)
shame or
embarrassment
a riverbank, exploring the forest and heading
(vi) _____ (into, towards, beyond) the
6. attire clothes or Noun clothing nakedness
garments unknown.
Ans :
IV. Match the emotions/expressions in Column 1 (i) through, (ii) over, (iii) near, (iv) in, (v) along,
with their meanings in Column 2. One meaning (vi) towards.
is extra.
VI. Read the following dialogues from the story.
Column 1 Column 2 1. “Shall we play chess or watch the cricket
1. embarrassed (i) affected severely by an match on TV, Grandpa?” asked Ravi.
unpleasant feeling 2. “Who are you?” said the little boy’s mother.
3. “What did you both do today?” asked Ravi’s
2. countered (ii) to be confused mother.
3. flushed (iii) expression of emotion 4. “Have you forgotten?” countered Grandpa.
4. stricken (iv) reply to an argument 5. A small child came up to him and asked, “Are
you playing hide and seek?”
5. gleam (v) felt uncomfortable Now, choose the correct answer.
(vi) became red in the face A. The words in the quotes are (i) _____
(exclamatory/interrogative) sentences.
Ans :
B. Sentences 1, 4, and 5 are (ii) _____ (Wh-/
Column 1 Column 2 Yes, No type) interrogative sentences.
C. Sentences 2 and 3 are (iii) _____ (Wh-/
1. embarrassed (v) felt uncomfortable Yes, No type) interrogative sentences.
2. countered (iv) reply to an argument So, there are (iv) _____ (two/three) types
3. flushed (vi) became red in the face of interrogative sentences.
Ans :
4. stricken (i) affected severely by an
unpleasant feeling A. The words in the quotes are (i) interrogative
sentences.
5. gleam (iii) expression of emotion
B. Sentences 1, 4, and 5 are (ii) Yes, No type
Note : Meaning (ii) ‘to be confused’ is the extra interrogative sentences.
meaning C. Sentences 2 and 3 are (iii) Wh- interrogative
sentences.
V. Read the highlighted words in the following So, there are (iv) two types of interrogative
phrases from the story. Now, revisit the story and sentences.
underline the prepositions.
1. I’ll just walk across to the corner shop… VII. Read the following conversation.
2. … he felt a shadow fall over him…
3. …the vendors sitting under the tree…
4. Ravi took position behind a big banyan…
Prepositions are words used to show the
relationship of a noun or pronoun to other words
in a sentence, often indicating direction, location,
time, or manner.
Now, fill in the blanks with appropriate
prepositions.
I walked (i) _____ (through, between, against)
ARVIND : Do you help in taking care of your
the village, crossed a bridge (ii) _____(over,
grandparents at home?
under, beside) a brook, and found a quiet garden
PRIYA : Yes, I do. We take turns making sure
(iii) _____ (among, near, across) a cottage.
they’re alright. Do you have grandparents living
Sitting on a bench (iv) _____(on, at, in) the
with you?
garden, I enjoyed the peaceful surroundings. Later,

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PAGE 376 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

ARVIND : No. My parents and I visit my feelings and improving self-awareness.

grandpa every weekend. How do you manage your 4. It is advised that we meditate every day so
grandparents’ medical needs? that it becomes a routine.
PRIYA : We have a schedule for giving medications 5. Meditating on a daily basis is beneficial in
and visits to the doctor. comfortably tackling exam-related pressure.
Now, complete the following sentences in reported
speech. Speaking Activity
Arvind asked Priya if she 1. _____ for which
Priya replied in the affirmative and said that I. Intonation refers to the pitch of the voice while
they 2. _____. Priya further asked Arvind speaking. In questions, intonation can indicate
3. _____. Arvind replied in the negative and the sentiment or the expected response.
said that 4. _____ every weekend. He further For example:
enquired 5. _____. Priya responded by saying
that they 6. _____. • What is your name?
Ans : (In Wh and How questions we use a falling
Arvind asked Priya if she 1. helped in taking care intonation towards the end.)
of her grandparents at home, for which Priya
replied in the affirmative and said that they • Are you feeling okay?
2. took turns making sure they were alright. Priya (In Yes or No questions we use a rising
further asked Arvind 3. if he had grandparents intonation towards the end.)
living with him. Arvind replied in the negative
and said that 4. his parents and he visited his • This is your notebook, isn’t it?
grandpa every weekend. He further enquired (When we have an affirmative main clause
5. how she managed her grandparents’ medical and negative question tag, we use a rising
needs. Priya responded by saying that they 6. had intonation to show we are fairly sure of the
a schedule for giving medications and visits to the answer.)
doctor.

Listen and Respond • You weren’t in the library yesterday, were

you?
I. You will listen to a podcast on meditation. As you (When we have a negative main clause and
listen, complete the sentences with not more than affirmative question tag, we use a falling
three exact words that you hear. (Transcript for intonation to show we are unsure of the
teacher on page 266) answer.)
1. Meditation is a form of yoga that usually
refreshes the mind and helps with _____. • Shall we read this storybook or borrow another
2. Meditation leads to a better health condition one?
both _____. (When we have a question with choices, we
3. Meditation also aids in lessening undesirable use rise-fall intonation.)
feelings and improving _____. Now, revisit the story and select different
4. It is advised that we meditate every day so questions. Work in pairs and practise speaking
that it becomes a _____. them aloud according to the examples shared.
5. Meditating on a daily basis is beneficial in
Ans :
comfortably tackling _____.
No written answer required. Students are meant
Ans : to practice aloud with a peer.
Here are the correct answers based on the given
transcript: II. Make a presentation about a brief personal
1. Meditation is a form of yoga that usually experience related to taking care of an older
refreshes the mind and helps with stress person. For example, mention a specific individual
management. you cared for or an occasion when you provided
2. Meditation leads to a better health condition assistance to that person. You may use the
both physically and emotionally. following prompts to structure your narration.
3. Meditation also aids in lessening undesirable

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 VITAMIN-M

1. Background of your experience experience was that helping others brings me

• The person I had the privilege of taking immense inner satisfaction.
care of was... 3. Discuss what you learned about the older
• I found myself in a caregiving role for... person you were caring for : I learned
• I took on the responsibility of caring for... that despite his physical limitations, my
2. Reflect on what you learned about yourself grandfather is fiercely independent in his
during this caregiving experience. mind. I gained insights into his need to feel
• Did you discover any new qualities or useful rather than just being a patient. My
strengths in yourself? understanding of aging evolved through this
• How did this experience contribute to experience as I saw first-hand how frustrating
your personal growth? it can be for a once-active person to rely on
3. Caring for someone taught me valuable others.
lessons about myself, including... Understanding the needs and preferences of
4. In this role, I learned that I possess the ability the older person, I learned that dignity and
to... respect are just as important to them as
5. One significant realisation about me during medicines. Their challenges offered insights
this experience was … into the difficulties of aging, such as a loss
• Discuss what you learned about the older of independence. Ultimately, caring for him
person you were caring for. deepened my understanding of the ageing
• What insights did you gain into their process, particularly the importance of
needs, preferences, or challenges? emotional support alongside physical care.
• How did your understanding of aging
evolve through this experience?
Writing Task
6. Understanding the needs and preferences of I. As you read in the story, we have a lot to learn
the older person, I learned that... from our elderly. Based on the lessons learned
7. Their challenges offered insights into the from them, write an article for your school
difficulties of aging, such as...
NODIA

magazine on the topic ‘Our Inspiring Elderly’.

8. Caring for them deepened my understanding Organise the article in the manner given below.
of the ageing process, particularly... Follow the steps given below to write an article
Ans : about your skills and passions.
1. Background of your experience : The person • Write the title at the top and your name and
I had the privilege of taking care of was my grade below it.
grandfather when he was recovering from • Paragraph 1 : Give a brief introduction to the
knee surgery last winter. I found myself in topic. Focus on the main idea, but do not give
a caregiving role because both my parents any details.
had to go to work, and he needed assistance • Paragraph 2 : Give details to support the
moving around the house. I took on the main idea—how the elderly inspire. Include
responsibility of caring for his medication examples, facts, and quotations.
schedule and ensuring his meals were brought • Paragraph 3 : Elaborate on how they overcame
to him on time. challenges and the inspiring impact on you.
2. Reflect on what you learned about yourself • Paragraph 4 : Conclude with a final comment
during this caregiving experience : During on the topic and leave the reader with the
this time, I discovered new qualities in myself; most important ideas to think about
I realised I have a high level of patience and Ans :
empathy that I didn’t know I possessed. Our Inspiring Elderly
This experience contributed to my personal By XYZ, Grade 9
growth by teaching me responsibility. Caring The elderly hold a special place in our society,
for someone taught me valuable lessons about often serving as the silent pillars that support our
myself, including that I can remain calm in families and communities. While modern society
stressful situations. In this role, I learned is fast-paced and increasingly youth-centric, we
that I possess the ability to bring comfort tend to overlook the profound wisdom and life
and a smile to someone who is in pain. One lessons that our grandparents and elderly citizens
significant realisation about me during this can offer. They are living history books, and
PAGE 378 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

engaging with them is one of the most enriching Ans :

experiences we can have. The correct image is the second one from the left.
Our elderly inspire us through their According to the text on Page 6, the walking stick
unparalleled resilience and vast reservoirs of is described as having a “brass handle carved in
experience. For instance, my own grandfather, the shape of an eagle’s head.” The second image
despite his failing physical health, never fails is the only one that features an eagle’s head made
to recall the most intricate details of his youth, of brass/gold material.
teaching us the value of observing the world While the text describes the wood as
closely. As the famous writer Gabriel García “shiny-black” and the illustration shows brown
Márquez implied, the wisdom of old age is the light mahogany, the eagle-shaped brass handle is the
that guides the youth. Whether it is a forgotten most distinct identifying feature that confirms
traditional recipe that holds a family together, this is the correct choice.
or tales of navigating a world without modern
technology, they teach us patience, gratitude, II. A picture is worth a thousand words!
and the importance of human connection over Explore and revisit memories.
materialistic pursuits. Collect a few memorable photographs of yourself
They have faced challenges that our and your family. Make a slide show. Mention the
generation can barely fathom—from surviving following:
historical economic hardships to adapting to • When and where was it clicked?
radical technological shifts. Watching them • Who are the people in the photograph?
overcome these immense life changes with grace • Why is it memorable for you?
and a smile has an incredibly inspiring impact Ans :
on me. It makes our modern-day academic and Note: This is a practical activity for students.
social challenges seem much more manageable. Below is a sample descriptive guide on how a
Their ability to find joy in the simple things, like student should present it.
a quiet morning walk or a family dinner, teaches 1. When and where was it clicked?
us how to remain grounded. This photograph was clicked three years ago
In conclusion, our elderly are not a burden during our family trip to the hill station of
to be managed, but a treasure to be cherished. Shimla, right after our first snowfall.
As we rush towards the future, it is vital to 2. Who are the people in the photograph?
pause and hold the hands of those who built The picture features my parents, my younger
the very foundation we stand upon. Respecting sister, myself, and my grandparents wrapped
and learning from our seniors ensures that their in thick woolen coats.
invaluable wisdom continues to light our way 3. Why is it memorable for you?
forward. It is memorable because it was the first time
my grandparents had seen snow in their
entire lives. Seeing the pure, childlike joy on
my grandfather’s face as he threw a snowball
Learning Beyond the Text made me realise that age is just a number.
It is a moment of pure family joy that I will
I. Revisit the story and choose the image that cherish forever.
correctly displays Grandpa’s walking stick.
III. You must have read stories about taking care of
the family members of all age groups in English
and also in your own language. Now, read the
story given below. Discuss with your classmates
and teacher.
Note : Read the story “The Lost Child” by Mulk
Raj Anand from NCERT textbook.
Ans :
The text provides the story “The Lost Child”
by Mulk Raj Anand for reading and classroom
discussion. There are no direct textual questions

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 VITAMIN-M

to answer for this section, but students should (d) He had broken the windows of his house.
reflect on the child’s sudden shift in priorities— Ans :
from desperately wanting toys and sweets to only (a) He had slipped and fallen in his garden.
wanting the safety and comfort of his parents
once he is lost—highlighting the intrinsic value of 7. Which incident showed Grandpa’s failing memory?
family over material desires. (a) Missing his daily walk
(b) Taking a double dose
(c) Losing his old glasses
7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
(d) Forgetting his grandson

Multiple Choice Type Questions Ans :

(b) Taking a double dose
1. Where did Grandpa recently move to?
8. What else did Grandpa accidentally forget?
(a) A bustling city (b) A quiet village
(a) His own true name
(c) A coastal town (d) A mountain peak
(b) His main phone code
Ans :
(c) His normal way home
(a) A bustling city
(d) His local bank card
2. Who does Grandpa live with in the city? Ans :
(a) His closest friends (c) His normal way home
(b) His elderly cousins
9. How did Ravi’s mother speak to Grandpa?
(c) Daughter and grandson
(a) In a soft and gentle voice
(d) Brother and his wife
(b) In a fast and hurried tone
Ans :
(c) In a rude and angry voice
(c) Daughter and grandson
(d) In a loud, patronising tone
NODIA

3. What is the name of Grandpa’s teenage grandson? Ans :

(a) Amit (b) Ravi (d) In a loud, patronising tone
(c) Yash (d) Sonu
10. How did Grandpa feel about his daughter’s
Ans : overprotective rules?
(b) Ravi
(a) Like a rich king (b) Like a prisoner
4. What specific structure did Grandpa miss from (c) Like a young boy (d) Like a strict boss
his hometown? Ans :
(a) Tall glass tower (b) Wide wooden barn (b) Like a prisoner
(c) Huge iron bridge (d) Small brick house
11. Why does Ravi feel guilty about how his mother
Ans : treats the old man?
(d) Small brick house
(a) He realizes his mother is extremely polite but
5. What kind of tree did Grandpa miss the most? Grandpa is being deeply rude.
(a) Big mango tree (b) Tall apple tree (b) He notices that Grandpa is stealing food and
(c) Old banyan tree (d) Wide guava tree his mother is entirely innocent.
(c) He thinks his mother is spending far too much
Ans :
money on Grandpa’s medical bills.
(a) Big mango tree
(d) He sees that Grandpa feels like a prisoner due
6. Why was living alone no longer considered safe to her loud, patronising tone.
for Grandpa? Ans :
(a) He had slipped and fallen in his garden. (d) He sees that Grandpa feels like a prisoner due
(b) He had lost all his money in the market. to her loud, patronising tone.
(c) He had fought with his kind neighbours.
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PAGE 380 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

12. Who gives Ravi the secret mission in the morning? 19. What did Grandpa happily watch at the park?
(a) His strict father (b) His worried mother (a) The flying pigeons
(c) His school teacher (d) His local friends (b) The running puppies
Ans : (c) The playing children
(b) His worried mother (d) The blooming flowers

13. What does Grandpa step out to buy? Ans :

(c) The playing children
(a) English magazine (b) Hindi storybook
(c) Telugu crossword (d) Tamil newspaper 20. Where did Grandpa stop after leaving the park?
Ans : (a) A local fruit stall
(d) Tamil newspaper (b) A nearby book shop
(c) A retail shoe store
14. Ravi followed Grandpa while pretending to be a
______. (d) A roadside tea stall
(a) local tourist (b) secret detective Ans :
(c) street vendor (d) news reporter (d) A roadside tea stall

Ans : 21. What kind of tea did Grandpa drink?

(b) secret detective (a) Bitter herbal tea (b) Plain green tea
15. Which of the following statements is correct (c) Cold lemon tea (d) Sweet sugary tea
regarding Grandpa’s morning walk? Ans :
(a) He walked very sadly and slowly. (d) Sweet sugary tea
(b) He remained inside his own room. 22. How many bananas did Grandpa eat at the stall?
(c) He got lost in the huge market. (a) One small banana
(d) He took a fun, independent stroll. (b) Two large bananas
Ans : (c) Three ripe bananas
(d) He took a fun, independent stroll. (d) Four green bananas
16. Where was Grandpa’s first stop during his stroll? Ans :
(a) A clothing shop (b) A grocery store (b) Two large bananas
(c) A huge hospital (d) A children’s park 23. What other banned item did Grandpa treat
Ans : himself to?
(d) A children’s park (a) A chocolate bar (b) A fruit pastry
17. What snack did Grandpa buy at the park? (c) A cold ice cream (d) A sugary donut
(a) Fresh cotton candy Ans :
(b) Some roasted peanuts (c) A cold ice cream
(c) Salty potato chips 24. Assertion (A): Ravi’s mother allowed Grandpa to
(d) Hot buttered popcorn eat whatever he wanted.
Ans : Reason (R): Grandpa ate sugary tea, bananas,
(b) Some roasted peanuts and an ice cream.
(a) Both A and R are fully correct.
18. What was the snack wrapped in? (b) Both A and R are fully incorrect.
(a) A paper-cone (b) A plastic box (c) Only A is true; R is totally false.
(c) A glass bowl (d) A cloth pouch (d) Only A is false; R is totally true.
Ans : Ans :
(a) A paper-cone (d) Only A is false; R is totally true.

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 VITAMIN-M

25. What shape were the bushes Ravi hid behind? 32. What signature item of Grandpa’s was Ravi
(a) Big lion-shaped (b) Tall bear-shaped keeping his eyes on?
(c) Elephant-shaped (d) Fat monkey-shaped (a) A brown stick (b) A black jacket
Ans : (c) A white shirt (d) A yellow cap
(c) Elephant-shaped Ans :
(d) A yellow cap
26. How did Ravi move to avoid being seen?
(a) Skipped on his toes 33. Who was actually wearing the cap on the bus?
(b) Ran very quickly (a) A familiar friend
(c) Jumped over walls (b) A complete stranger
(d) Crawled on all fours (c) A strict policeman
Ans : (d) A young schoolboy
(d) Crawled on all fours Ans :
(b) A complete stranger
27. Whose anger did Ravi face during his secret
mission? 34. How did Grandpa trick Ravi?
(a) The street vendors (b) The traffic police (a) He hid under a seat.
(c) The local drivers (d) The park guards (b) He jumped out fast.
Ans : (c) He swapped his cap.
(a) The street vendors (d) He ran away blindly.

28. Where did Ravi get kicked out from? Ans :

(c) He swapped his cap.
(a) A big local restaurant
(b) A very crowded market 35. Ravi was filled with ______ when he discovered
(c) A ladies’ hair salon the stranger wearing the cap.
(d) A large public library (a) absolute horror (b) immense relief
Ans : (c) complete peace (d) extreme pride
(c) A ladies’ hair salon Ans :
(a) absolute horror
29. How did Ravi feel while trying to stay hidden?
(a) He felt extremely relaxed. 36. How did Ravi feel when he returned home?
(b) He felt entirely exhausted. (a) Full of great energy
(c) He felt incredibly proud. (b) Sick with deep worry
(d) He felt absolutely bored. (c) Happy and very proud
Ans : (d) Angry at his mother
NODIA

(b) He felt entirely exhausted. Ans :

(b) Sick with deep worry
30. How did Grandpa walk toward the bus stop?
(a) Limped slowly (b) Walked lazily 37. Where did Ravi find Grandpa upon returning?
(c) Walked briskly (d) Stood quietly (a) Sitting in the hall
Ans : (b) Cooking in kitchen
(c) Walked briskly (c) Asleep in his bed
(d) Watering the plants
31. What did Grandpa do at the bus stop?
Ans :
(a) Boarded a bus (b) Called a taxi
(c) Asleep in his bed
(c) Sat on a bench (d) Read a big book
Ans : 38. What sound was Grandpa making in bed?
(a) Boarded a bus (a) Snoring peacefully
(b) Coughing very loudly
PAGE 382 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) Talking quite softly (a) He is incredibly generous and enjoys making
(d) Laughing out happily his family feel special.
Ans : (b) He is entirely forgetful and completely
(a) Snoring peacefully confuses all special dates.
(c) He is deeply unhappy and tries to buy love
39. What did Ravi do when he realized Grandpa was with expensive gifts.
safe? (d) He is very selfish and demands constant
(a) Gave him a warm hug attention from everyone.
(b) Yelled at him loudly Ans :
(c) Locked the main door (a) He is incredibly generous and enjoys making
(d) Called his own mother his family feel special.
Ans : 45. What was inside the parcel given to Ravi?
(a) Gave him a warm hug
(a) A funny comic book
40. Which of the following statements is correct (b) A detective storybook
regarding Grandpa’s cover story? (c) A science textbook
(a) He confessed that he ran away far. (d) A poetry collection
(b) He said Ravi disappeared quickly. Ans :
(c) He blamed Ravi for stealing food. (b) A detective storybook
(d) He admitted eating sugary snacks.
46. What facial expression did Grandpa give Ravi?
Ans :
(a) An angry deep frown
(b) He said Ravi disappeared quickly.
(b) A sad small teardrop
41. What did Grandpa bring out for Ravi? (c) A mischievous wink
(a) A small plastic toy box (d) A totally blank stare
(b) A new wooden cricket bat Ans :
(c) A gift-wrapped parcel (c) A mischievous wink
(d) A large box of chocolates
47. Grandpa advises Ravi to read tips on how to
Ans : ______ without being fooled.
(c) A gift-wrapped parcel
(a) cook healthy food
42. Why was Ravi’s mother impatient about the gift? (b) trail a suspect
(a) Ravi’s birthday was three months ago. (c) pass hard exams
(b) The gift was far too expensive today. (d) trick his mother
(c) Ravi did not deserve any rewards now. Ans :
(d) She wanted to open the gift herself. (b) trail a suspect
Ans : 48. What does the term “Vitamin-M” stand for?
(a) Ravi’s birthday was three months ago.
(a) Muscle vitamin (b) Magic vitamin
43. What was the actual occasion being celebrated? (c) Money vitamin (d) Memory vitamin
(a) Ravi’s school graduation Ans :
(b) The sad mother’s birthday (d) Memory vitamin
(c) A major family festival
49. Assertion (A): Ravi’s mother constantly worries
(d) Grandpa’s very own birthday about Grandpa’s fading memory.
Ans : Reason (R): She completely forgot her own
(d) Grandpa’s very own birthday father’s birthday.
(a) Both A and R are strictly correct.
44. What does Grandpa’s tradition of giving gifts on
(b) Both A and R are fully incorrect.
his own birthday reveal about his character?

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 VITAMIN-M

(c) Only A is true; R is totally false. overprotective and loud, patronising tone. Her
(d) Only A is false; R is totally true. strict rules and constant monitoring stripped
him of his independence, ultimately making the
Ans :
elderly man feel more like a confined prisoner
(a) Both A and R are strictly correct.
than a respected father.
50. What is the main irony at the end of the story?
5. Why did Ravi feel a sense of guilt regarding his
(a) Grandpa acts like a young child but proves to mother’s treatment of Grandpa?
be physically much stronger.
Ans :
(b) Ravi tries to be a smart detective but ends up Ravi felt extremely guilty because he could clearly
getting hopelessly lost today. see that his mother’s loud, patronising tone was
(c) The mother worries about Grandpa’s memory hurting Grandpa. He empathised with the old
but forgets his own birthday. man, realising that her overprotective nature was
(d) The vendors are extremely angry but give unjustly making Grandpa feel helpless.
Grandpa free tasty food anyway.
6. What secret mission did Ravi’s mother assign to
Ans : him, and why?
(c) The mother worries about Grandpa’s memory
Ans :
but forgets his own birthday.
Ravi’s mother assigned him the secret mission
of following Grandpa during his morning walk.
Short Answer Type Questions She was deeply worried about Grandpa getting
lost or hurting himself due to his failing memory,
1. Why did Grandpa have to move from his quiet wanting Ravi to keep a watchful eye.
village to a bustling city?
7. How did Grandpa spend his time at the children’s
Ans :
park?
Grandpa had to move to the city to live with his
daughter and grandson because it was no longer Ans :
safe for him to live alone. He had previously At the children’s park, Grandpa fully enjoyed
slipped and fallen in his garden, necessitating a moment of independence. He bought some
closer family care. roasted peanuts wrapped in a paper-cone and sat
peacefully, happily watching the young children
2. What specific things did Grandpa miss the most play around him in the open space.
NODIA

about his hometown after moving to the city?

8. What “banned” food items did Grandpa treat
Ans :
himself to during his stroll?
Despite living in a bustling city, Grandpa
Ans :
deeply missed the familiarity of his hometown.
Taking advantage of his momentary freedom,
Specifically, he longed for his traditional small
Grandpa indulged in foods strictly banned by
brick house and the comforting shade of the big
his daughter. At a roadside stall, he joyfully
mango tree that belonged to his old surroundings.
consumed a cup of sweet sugary tea, two large
3. What incidents prompted Ravi’s mother to worry bananas, and a cold ice cream.
about Grandpa’s failing memory?
9. Describe Ravi’s physical efforts to stay hidden
Ans : while tailing his Grandpa.
Ravi’s mother became highly concerned about
Ans :
Grandpa’s memory after a few alarming incidents.
Ravi went to great lengths to act like a secret
He had mistakenly taken a double dose of his
detective. He hid behind elephant-shaped
medication and had also completely forgotten his
bushes and crawled on all fours to remain
normal route back to their city home.
unseen, eventually feeling entirely exhausted by
4. How did Ravi’s mother treat Grandpa, and how the physically demanding task of trailing his
did it affect him? grandfather.
Ans : 10. What embarrassing situations did Ravi face while
Ravi’s mother treated Grandpa with an trying to secretly follow Grandpa?
PAGE 384 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 16. What gift did Grandpa give Ravi, and why did his
While desperately trying to stay hidden from mother object?
Grandpa, Ravi clumsily navigated the bustling Ans :
streets. He faced the loud anger of street vendors Grandpa gave Ravi a gift-wrapped parcel
and even suffered the public embarrassment of containing a detective storybook. Ravi’s mother
being kicked out of a ladies’ hair salon. immediately became impatient and objected,
pointing out that Ravi’s birthday had already
11. How did Grandpa manage to outsmart Ravi at
passed three months ago and there was no reason
the bus stop?
for a gift.
Ans :
Grandpa noticed Ravi following him and devised 17. What was the actual occasion being celebrated
a clever trick. He briskly boarded a bus and when Grandpa handed Ravi the parcel?
swapped his signature yellow cap with a complete Ans :
stranger, leaving Ravi hopelessly tracking the The actual occasion was Grandpa’s own birthday.
wrong person while he slipped away safely. He had a unique, generous tradition of making
his family members feel special by handing out
12. How did Ravi feel when he realised he was tracking
thoughtful gifts to them on the day of his own
the wrong person?
birth.
Ans :
When Ravi finally saw that the person wearing 18. Why was the choice of a detective storybook a
the yellow cap was a complete stranger, he was humorous gift for Ravi?
filled with absolute horror. He returned home Ans :
feeling sick with deep worry, fearing that his The detective storybook was highly humorous
Grandpa was completely lost. because Ravi had just failed miserably at acting
like a secret detective. Grandpa gave it with a
mischievous wink, playfully advising Ravi to read
up on how to properly trail suspects.
13. What did Ravi discover upon rushing back home
in a panic? 19. What does the term “Vitamin-M” refer to in the
Ans : context of the story?
After returning home sick with worry, Ravi Ans :
rushed in and found Grandpa completely safe. In the story, “Vitamin-M” stands for “Memory
The elderly man was comfortably asleep in his vitamin.” It highlights the mother’s constant,
bed, snoring peacefully as if nothing unusual had patronising concern over Grandpa’s fading
happened during his eventful morning walk. memory, as she feels he needs special dietary
14. How did Ravi react when he saw Grandpa sleeping supplements to remember basic daily things.
peacefully in his bed? 20. Explain the situational irony at the end of the
Ans : story regarding memory.
Overwhelmed with immense relief after fearing the Ans :
worst, Ravi immediately gave Grandpa a warm, The ultimate irony is that Ravi’s mother
loving hug. He was just incredibly thankful that constantly scolds Grandpa about his failing
the old man was safe and sound after outsmarting memory and insists he takes “Vitamin-M.” Yet,
him so brilliantly. she herself completely forgets that today is her
15. What cover story did Grandpa tell his daughter own father’s birthday, proving her own memory
to explain Ravi’s absence? is deeply flawed.
NODIA

Ans :
To protect Ravi and hide his own mischievous Long Answer Type Questions
adventure, Grandpa told his daughter that
Ravi had simply disappeared quickly during the 1. Based on the story, provide a detailed character
walk. This cleverly deflected any suspicion from sketch of Grandpa. How does he balance his
Grandpa’s trickery and his indulgence in sugary vulnerability with his sharp wit?
snacks.
 VITAMIN-M

Ans : symbolizes his desperate craving for simple

Grandpa is a resilient, witty, and deeply freedoms. By outsmarting Ravi at the bus stop,
independent elderly man who struggles with the Grandpa reclaims his agency, proving that older
loss of his autonomy. Having moved to a bustling adults still possess sharp wits and a desire for
city after a fall, he initially appears vulnerable, self-determination. The story suggests that while
plagued by a slightly failing memory. However, physical care is essential, emotional respect and
he fiercely refuses to be treated like a prisoner the freedom to enjoy life’s small pleasures are
by his patronising daughter. Beneath his frail equally crucial for the elderly.
exterior lies a remarkably sharp, mischievous
mind. He cleverly outsmarts his grandson, Ravi, 4. Imagine you are Ravi. Write a diary entry
by swapping his signature yellow cap with a expressing your feelings of guilt about how your
stranger on a bus, proving he is far from helpless. mother treats Grandpa and your subsequent
Furthermore, he is incredibly generous and warm- failure as a “secret detective.”
hearted, maintaining the beautiful tradition Ans :
of giving gifts to others on his own birthday. Dear Diary,
Ultimately, Grandpa asserts his dignity through Today has been a total rollercoaster of emotions. I
humor, intelligence, and a quiet rebellion against feel a deep knot of guilt in my stomach every time
overprotective rules. Mom speaks to Grandpa in that loud, patronising
tone. He is a grown man, yet she treats him like
2. Analyze the character of Ravi’s mother. Do her a prisoner in our own home! When she assigned
intentions justify her treatment of Grandpa? me the “secret mission” to tail him, I felt terrible,
Ans : but I went along with it anyway. I crawled behind
Ravi’s mother represents the classic dilemma elephant-shaped bushes and even got kicked out
of adult children caring for aging parents. Her of a hair salon, genuinely thinking I was a master
intentions are undoubtedly rooted in genuine love detective. Imagine my absolute horror when the
and concern; she naturally worries about his safety man in the yellow cap turned out to be a complete
after he slips in the garden and forgets his route stranger! Grandpa totally outsmarted me. Seeing
home. However, her execution is deeply flawed. him snoring peacefully at home later was the
She uses a loud, patronising tone and imposes biggest relief of my life.
strict dietary and mobility rules, effectively Ravi
stripping him of his dignity and making him feel
like a prisoner. Her obsession with his “fading 5. Describe the climax of the story at the bus stop.
memory” and “Vitamin-M” blinds her to his How does this event shift the power dynamic
emotional needs for independence and respect. between Grandpa and Ravi?
The ultimate irony of her character is exposed Ans :
when she completely forgets her own father’s The climax occurs when Grandpa briskly walks
birthday, highlighting that her clinical, rule-based to a bus stop, fully aware that Ravi is clumsily
care severely lacks emotional attentiveness. tailing him through the city. As Ravi keeps his
eyes glued to Grandpa’s signature yellow cap,
3. The story beautifully highlights the clash Grandpa masterfully executes a classic bait-
between elderly independence and overprotective and-switch by swapping his cap with a complete
caregiving. Discuss how this theme is developed stranger boarding the bus. This brilliant moment
throughout the narrative. decisively shifts the power dynamic. Until now,
Ans : Ravi and his mother held the illusion of control,
The narrative masterfully explores the delicate believing Grandpa was a helpless old man needing
balance between keeping an elderly parent safe surveillance. By orchestrating this clever escape,
and respecting their autonomy. When Grandpa Grandpa reclaims his authority and proves his
moves to the city, his daughter’s overprotective cognitive sharpness. It deeply humbles Ravi, who
rules stifle him. She bans his favorite snacks transitions from a confident “secret detective” to
and covertly sends Ravi to track him, treating a panic-stricken boy, restoring Grandpa’s position
him like an incapable child. However, Grandpa’s as the wise patriarch.
rebellious morning stroll—where he joyfully buys
roasted peanuts, sugary tea, and ice cream—

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PAGE 386 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

6. Write a short dialogue between Ravi and Grandpa of a few minor lapses, she treats him as cognitively
after Ravi opens the gift-wrapped parcel and impaired, enforcing strict regimens. The author
realizes he was tricked during the morning walk. brilliantly flips this narrative using situational
Ans : irony. While Grandpa playfully outsmarts a
Ravi: (Laughing as he looks at the book) A teenage boy—proving his mind is as sharp and
detective storybook? Very funny, Grandpa! You strategic as ever—it is the younger, supposedly
knew I was following you the whole time, didn’t capable mother who suffers a massive memory
you? failure. She completely forgets her own father’s
Grandpa: (With a mischievous wink) Of course, birthday, a highly significant emotional milestone.
Ravi! You crawling behind those elephant-shaped This irony highlights that aging does not equate
bushes wasn’t exactly invisible to me. to complete incompetence, and sometimes, the
Ravi: But how did you manage the yellow cap younger generation’s superficial, clinical care
trick? I was absolutely horrified when I saw a blinds them to what truly matters in a family.
stranger wearing it!
9. What role do the banned snacks (sugary tea,
Grandpa: A good detective never reveals his best
bananas, and ice cream) play in the narrative?
secrets! I just thought you needed some practical
What do they symbolize for Grandpa?
lessons on how to trail a suspect properly.
Ravi: I was sick with worry, Grandpa. But I’m Ans :
so glad you’re safe. Also, happy birthday! Mom In the narrative, the banned snacks—sugary
totally forgot, didn’t she? tea, large bananas, and cold ice cream—serve as
Grandpa: Thank you, my boy. Yes, she did. Maybe powerful symbols of Grandpa’s lost autonomy and
she’s the one who needs “Vitamin-M”! his enduring zest for life. Under his daughter’s
roof, his diet is strictly monitored for health
7. Imagine you are Grandpa. Write a letter to an old reasons, reducing his daily life to a series of
friend in your village describing your new life in restrictive, joyless rules. When Grandpa sneaks
the city and your secret morning adventure. away to the roadside tea stall to indulge in these
Ans : specific treats, he is not merely satisfying a
Dear Ashok, physical hunger; he is staging a quiet, triumphant
I hope this letter finds you well. Life in the city is rebellion. These snacks symbolize his reclaiming
quite different. I deeply miss my small brick house of independence, joy, and the simple human right
and the comforting shade of our old mango tree. to make his own choices. It demonstrates that his
My daughter means well, but she treats me like spirit remains youthful and vibrant, refusing to be
a fragile prisoner, constantly worrying about my entirely subdued by age or strict parenting.
memory and feeding me “Vitamin-M.”
10. How does Grandpa’s birthday tradition of
However, I haven’t lost my spark just yet!
gifting others reflect his values and impact his
Today, I went for a morning stroll and treated
relationship with his family?
myself to sugary tea, bananas, and even cold ice
cream. My grandson, Ravi, tried to play detective Ans :
and tail me. I taught him a practical lesson by Grandpa’s tradition of giving gifts on his own
NODIA

swapping my yellow cap with a stranger on a birthday is a profound reflection of his generous,
bus! I arrived home long before he did. It feels selfless nature. Instead of expecting to be
wonderful to know I can still outwit the young pampered or celebrated, he finds immense joy in
ones. making his family—especially Ravi—feel special.
Warmly, This tradition starkly contrasts with his daughter’s
Grandpa clinical, rule-based approach to his care. When
he gifts Ravi the detective storybook, it serves
8. Discuss the significance of “Vitamin-M” in the multiple beautiful purposes: it playfully mocks
story. How does the author use irony to convey a Ravi’s failed tracking mission, imparts a gentle
powerful message about memory and aging? life lesson, and reinforces a bond of friendship
Ans : rather than authority between grandfather and
“Vitamin-M” or the “memory vitamin” serves grandson. Ultimately, this gesture highlights
as a central symbol of the mother’s patronising Grandpa’s high emotional intelligence, showing
attitude toward Grandpa’s aging process. Because that despite feeling like a prisoner, he continues
 VITAMIN-M

to inject warmth, humor, and love into his family had been a natural part of his job as a lawyer,
dynamics. “that I’ve been looking after myself for the better
part of my seventy-five years. After your mother
Extract Based Questions died ten years ago, I took over her duties as well
and have been cooking, shopping and keeping
1. Read the extract given below and answer the house too. First you force me to come and live
questions that follows : with you in this poky little flat, in this horrible,
“It was only last month that Ravi’s Grandpa had crowded city and then you think you have the
come to live with them because he was getting right to forbid me to go out on my own!””
too old to live on his own. It had been a difficult i. What dominant character trait does Grandpa
month with Grandpa having to be admitted to exhibit in this dialogue?
the hospital because he absent-mindedly took a (a) Resigned helplessness
double dose of his medicines, and then gave them
(b) Fierce independence
several anxious moments when he got lost on one
occasion he went for a walk and forgot the way (c) Irrational paranoia
back home.” (d) Manipulative behavior
i. What underlying reason prompted Grandpa’s ii. Assertion (A): Grandpa deeply resents the
move to his daughter’s house? restrictions placed upon his mobility by his
(a) Inability to live independently daughter.
Reason (R): He believes his decade of self-
(b) Sudden financial instability
reliance proves he is fully capable of navigating
(c) Desire to meet his grandson life alone.
(d) Lack of medical facilities (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
ii. Statement I: Grandpa intentionally took correct explanation of A.
extra medicines to get attention.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
Statement II: The family experienced a highly
correct explanation of A.
stressful first month with him.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(a) Both I and II are true.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(b) Both I and II are false.
iii. What responsibilities did Grandpa take on
(c) I is true, II is false. after his wife passed away?
(d) I is false, II is true. iv. Which word in the extract is used to describe
iii. What two incidents made the family’s first the flat as uncomfortably small or cramped?
month with Grandpa difficult? v. Fill in the blank:
iv. Identify the word from the extract that means Grandpa subtly uses his former profession as
“without paying attention” or “forgetfully”. a ______ to justify his authoritative and
v. State whether True or False with a 1-sentence firm tone.
reason:
Ans :
Grandpa was highly familiar with the
i. (b) Fierce independence
neighborhood around his daughter’s house.
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Ans : explanation of A.
i. (a) Inability to live independently iii. Grandpa took over cooking, shopping and
ii. (d) I is false, II is true. keeping the house on his own.
iii. Grandpa accidentally took a double dose of iv. poky
medicines and got lost while going for a walk. v. lawyer
iv. absent-mindedly
v. False, because he got lost on one occasion 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
while taking a walk and forgot his way back questions that follows :
home. ““Shall we play chess or watch the cricket match
on TV, Grandpa?” Ravi asked after his mother
2. Read the extract given below and answer the left. Grandpa played a great game of chess, very
questions that follows : cool and cunning, and Ravi found that his own
““I’ll have you know, Vidya, my dear,” he had game had improved greatly ever since Grandpa
told his daughter with a trace of the firmness that had come to live with them. “That’s the opening

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PAGE 388 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

move Karpov made when he played against the without being given a loudspeaker, “There’s no
computer,” he would tell Ravi as he moved a room for any new vendors.”
piece, or, “You’re making the same mistake that “Shhh, Don’t talk so loudly. Do I look as
Bobby Fischer made in his historic match against though I’m selling anything?” Ravi asked her.”
Spassky.”” i. Why did the vendors give Ravi “quizzical

NODIA
i. What does Grandpa’s specific chess looks”?
commentary imply about him? (a) They thought he was trying to steal their
(a) He possesses a sharp, analytical memory. goods.
(b) He strongly dislikes modern computer (b) They were confused by his secretive
games. hiding behavior.
(c) He prefers watching cricket on television. (c) They recognized him as a local street
(d) He feels insecure about his intelligence. troublemaker.
ii. Which of the following best describes the (d) They wanted him to purchase their
paradox of Grandpa’s memory as it relates to plastic combs.
the wider narrative context introduced here? ii. Which of the following best describes the
(a) He remembers global historical events comb seller’s perspective towards Ravi?
but forgets to play chess. (a) She viewed him as a potential wealthy
(b) He recalls complex chess strategies but customer.
forgets recent, everyday things. (b) She saw him as a rival street vendor
(c) He knows the names of all chess champions trespassing.
but forgets his grandson’s name. (c) She considered him a dangerous corporate
(d) He remembers his days as a lawyer but spy.
forgets the rules of cricket. (d) She thought he was a lost and confused
iii. How did Grandpa’s presence benefit Ravi’s little boy.
chess game? iii. Why was Ravi hiding behind the banyan
iv. Identify the word from the extract that means tree?
“famous or important in history”. iv. Find the word in the extract that means
v. State whether True or False, with a 1-sentence “showing mild amusement and confusion”.
reason: v. Fill in the blank:
Ravi disliked playing chess with his Ravi was hiding behind the ______ to
grandfather because he always lost. secretly keep an eye on his grandfather
Ans : without being noticed.
i. (a) He possesses a sharp, analytical memory. Ans :
ii. (b) He recalls complex chess strategies but i. (b) They were confused by his secretive hiding
forgets recent, everyday things. behavior.
iii. Ravi’s chess skills improved greatly ever since ii. (b) She saw him as a rival street vendor
Grandpa came to live with them. trespassing.
iv. historic iii. Ravi was secretly keeping an eye on his
v. False, because Ravi actively enjoyed the grandfather without being noticed.
game and found that his own chess skills had iv. quizzical
improved greatly since Grandpa arrived. v. banyan tree

4. Read the extract given below and answer the 5. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows : questions that follows :
“Grandpa’s next stop was the tea stall, and this “To his great delight and relief, the first thing
time Ravi took position behind a big banyan tree he heard when he opened the front door was
to watch him, feeling most embarrassed when the the gentle whirr of Grandpa snoring in his
vendors sitting under the tree gave him quizzical bedroom. He knelt down near the bed and put
looks. his cheek against the old man’s face. Grandpa’s
“This area is booked by us,” said one lady who wrinkled skin had more creases than lines on a
was selling plastic combs, in the same tone she map. Grandpa smelt of eucalyptus ointment and
might use were she asked to address a gathering shaving cream. Ravi was suddenly overcome with
 VITAMIN-M

affection for his grandfather and gave him a hug, “Great stories, Ravi. You can pick up some really
but Grandpa only grunted in his sleep. He decided good tips on how to be a detective. How to avoid
not to question Grandpa because then he would getting fooled when one is trailing a suspect, for
have to reveal that he had been following him.” instance,” Grandpa said solemnly.”
i. What realization primarily causes Ravi to be i. Why did Ravi’s mother flush a “darker shade
“overcome with affection”? of red”?
(a) The realization of his grandfather’s (a) She was extremely angry at Grandpa’s
immense wealth. blatant sarcasm.
(b) The sudden guilt of leaving him in the (b) She was deeply embarrassed for forgetting
city market. his birthday.
(c) The profound relief of finding him safe (c) She was annoyed by the detective book
and sound. given to Ravi.
(d) The fear of being scolded by his angry (d) She felt physically feverish after returning
parents. from work.
ii. Assertion (A): Ravi chose not to ask his ii. Choose the option that best explains
grandfather about his day. Grandpa’s true intention behind gifting Ravi
Reason (R): Ravi did not want to confess the detective book.
that he had been secretly spying on him. (a) He wanted to improve Ravi’s reading
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the habits significantly.
correct explanation of A. (b) He wished to subtly mock Ravi’s failed
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the spying attempt.
correct explanation of A. (c) He planned to turn Ravi into a professional
(c) A is true but R is false. policeman.
(d) A is false but R is true. (d) He hoped Ravi would read the book
iii. What did the phrase “more creases than lines instead of playing chess.
on a map” tell us about Grandpa? iii. What does Grandpa’s gift of the detective
iv. Identify the word from the extract that means book reveal about him?
“a low, short, guttural sound”. iv. Identify the word from the extract that means
v. Fill in the blank: “secretly following someone”.
The comforting smell of ______ convinced v. State whether True or False with a 1-sentence
Ravi that his grandfather was resting reason:
normally. Grandpa was completely unaware that Ravi
Ans : had followed him around the city that day.
i. (c) The profound relief of finding him safe Ans :
and sound. i. (b) She was deeply embarrassed for forgetting
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct his birthday.
explanation of A. ii. (b) He wished to subtly mock Ravi’s failed
iii. The phrase “more creases than lines on a spying attempt.
map” tells us that Grandpa’s skin was deeply iii. Grandpa’s gift reveals that Grandpa was sharp
wrinkled, reflecting his old age. and witty, as he had noticed Ravi following
iv. grunted him and cleverly hinted at it through the gift.
v. eucalyptus ointment and shaving cream iv. trailing
v. False, because he gave Ravi a detective book
6. Read the extract given below and answer the with a pointed comment about “trailing
questions that follows : a suspect,” proving he knew he was being
“Grandpa turned to Ravi’s father who had just followed.
walked into the room, “My daughter needs some
Vitamin-M, I think—for her memory.” Ravi’s
mother flushed a darker shade of red and Ravi’s 
father looked confused.
Ravi unwrapped his gift to find a thick,
hardcover book, The Best Detective Stories.

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PAGE 390 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 5
THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

1. INTRODUCTION perfect tone for the chapter: with determination,

anyone can overcome daunting obstacles and aim
The chapter “The World of Limitless Possibilities” high.
explores the extraordinary world of Indian para-
sports by focusing on the real-life journeys of fiercely The Inspiring Journey of Dr. Deepa Malik
resilient athletes. It sets its engaging premise The core of the chapter is based on an interview
through the experiences of prominent figures like with Dr. Deepa Malik, a legendary Indian para-
para-archer Sheetal Devi and renowned champion athlete. At the age of 29, Dr. Malik was diagnosed
Dr. Deepa Malik. The narrative traces Dr. Malik’s with a spinal tumour. After her surgery, she was
profound life transition after a devastating spinal NODIA left paralysed from the waist down and was told
tumour left her completely paralyzed at the age she would be bound to a wheelchair for the rest
of twenty-nine. Highlighting her drastic shift into of her life.
the competitive sporting arena, the text outlines Faced with this massive tragedy, she had
the severe physical constraints she faced and her two choices: to spend her life crying over her
subsequent historic athletic milestones on global condition, or to transform her life into a “world of
platforms like the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games. limitless possibilities.” Because she always loved
sports and was a swimmer, she courageously
chose the latter and switched to para-athletics.
2. CHARACTERS Her transformation is compared to a caterpillar
turning into a beautiful butterfly, showing how
Dr. Deepa Malik she used her struggles to emerge stronger.
An inspirational Indian Paralympian who bravely
overcame a spinal tumor. She is a determined Breakthrough Achievements and Milestones
trailblazer who champions disability rights, Dr. Malik’s hard work led to spectacular success.
inclusivity, and the power of sports. Her ultimate “breakthrough moment” came
during the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games, where
Interviewer she won the silver medal in the shot-put event.
A curious and respectful person who asks Dr. She holds many historic “firsts” for the
Malik thoughtful questions. They help reveal country. She is the first-ever Indian female para-
her inspiring journey, struggles, and outstanding athlete to win an Asian Games medal in athletics,
achievements to the readers. and India’s first-ever female Paralympic medallist
across any sport. Because of her incredible success,
she was named one of the top 10 most effective
3. SUMMARY para-athletes by the International Paralympic
Introduction to a World of Courage Committee and was honoured with prestigious
The chapter “The World of Limitless Possibilities” Indian awards, including the Padma Shri, Arjuna
explores the inspiring world of para-sports and Award, and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna.
the extraordinary athletes who participate in Challenging Stereotypes and Changing
the Paralympic Games. It introduces students to Perceptions
the idea that physical limitations cannot restrict A major theme of the chapter is how sports can
human potential if one has strong willpower. change the way society looks at people with
The chapter opens with the powerful example of disabilities. Historically, society has often viewed
Sheetal Devi, an armless para-archer who won the disabled individuals as helpless. Dr. Malik’s
Arjuna Award in 2024. By shooting arrows with achievements completely shatter this stereotype.
incredible precision using her feet, she sets the By competing at global levels and winning
 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

medals, she proves that para-athletes possess 22. Innumerable – countless, numerous
immense strength, skill, and competitive spirit. 23. Aspiring – hopeful, ambitious
The Paralympics act as a global stage that 24. Privilege – special advantage, honor
shifts the world’s focus from “disability” to 25. Opportunity – chance, favorable time
“ability,” proving that women and differently- 26. Inspirational – motivating, encouraging
abled individuals are just as capable of achieving 27. Globally – worldwide, internationally
greatness as anyone else. 28. Brave – face courageously, endure
29. Awful – terrible, dreadful
Advocacy and Universal Life Lessons
30. Tragedy – disaster, misfortune
Beyond her personal victories, Dr. Malik is
31. Diagnosed – identified a disease, medically
a champion for others. She has worked with
detected
the government to create better sports policies
32. Tumour – abnormal tissue growth, lump
for persons with disabilities. She also actively
33. Underwent – experienced, went through
supports the emotional health of challenged
34. Misfortune – bad luck, hardship
individuals, empowers women through adventure
35. Declared – announced, stated formally
sports, and provides equipment to athletes from
36. Bound – tied, restricted, confined
poorer backgrounds.
37. Paralysed – unable to move, disabled
The chapter leaves students with a powerful
38. Squander – waste
universal message: “Every setback is an
39. Remorse – regret
opportunity to prove your strength.” Dr. Malik’s
40. Transform – change entirely, convert
life teaches us to focus on our abilities rather than
41. Limitless – without end, infinite
our disabilities. By involving the youth in these
42. Switch – change, shift
conversations, the chapter hopes to build a future
43. Breakthrough – major achievement, sudden
society that is inclusive, empathetic, and treats
progress
everyone with equality and dignity.
44. Secured – obtained, won, achieved
45. Hindsight – looking back, retrospect
4. WORD MEANINGS 46. Victory – success, triumph
47. Perceptions – views, ways of understanding
1. Wondered – pondered, thought about
48. Trailblazer – pioneer or leader
2. Incredible – unbelievable, amazing
49. Bestowed – presented as a gift, given
3. Defy – resist, challenge, confront
50. Coveted – strongly desired by many
4. Odds – difficulties, unfavorable conditions
51. Accomplishments – achievements, successes
5. Showcase – display, exhibit
52. Accolades – praise and honours
6. Exceptional – outstanding, extraordinary
53. Showered – given abundantly, poured
7. Global – worldwide, international
54. Testimony – proof, evidence
8. Thrilling – exciting, electrifying
55. Belief – strong opinion, faith
9. Resilience – ability to recover quickly from
56. Limitations – restrictions, shortcomings
difficult circumstances
57. Potential – capability, hidden ability
10. Talent – natural aptitude, skill
58. Proponent – a person who speaks in support
11. Locomotor – related to bones, joints, or
of a particular idea or action
muscles
59. Significant – important, major
12. Sensory – relating to sensation, physical
60. Societal – relating to society, cultural
senses
61. Underestimated – undervalued, thought too
13. Intellectual – mental, cognitive
little of
14. Disabilities – impairments, physical or mental
62. Overcoming – defeating, conquering
conditions
63. Required – needed, demanded
15. Quell – to overcome
64. Mental – relating to the mind, psychological
16. Stereotypes – fixed general images,
65. Embraced – accepted willingly, welcomed
preconceived ideas
66. Capabilities – abilities, potential
17. Redefine – change the meaning of, re-evaluate
67. Coupled – combined, linked
18. Debut – first appearance, introduction
68. Fortitude – strength to face adversity or
19. Clinched – secured, won, settled
difficulty
20. Honour – respect, pride, prestige
69. Obstacles – barriers, hurdles
21. Indelible – enduring or permanent

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PAGE 392 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

70. Testament – proof 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

71. Determination – firmness of purpose, resolve
72. Contribute – give, add to Reflect and Respond
73. Impact – strong effect, influence
74. Attitudes – ways of thinking, viewpoints I. This is a picture of Sheetal Devi, a para-archer
75. Witness – see, observe who was honoured with the Arjuna Award in
76. Competitive – ambitious, driven to win January 2024.
77. Preconceived notions – opinions about
something even before knowing the truth
78. Boundaries – limits, borders
79. Counterparts – equivalents, peers
80. Vocal – outspoken, expressive
81. Inclusivity – including everyone and their
thoughts and treating them equally
82. Accessibility – reachability, ease of access
83. Advocating – supporting or suggesting an
idea
84. Integral – essential, fundamental
85. Mission – goal, important assignment
86. Emotional – relating to feelings, psychological
87. Empowering – making stronger, giving power 1. Look at the picture carefully and share your
88. Strata – levels, classes of society observations with your classmates and teacher.
89. Equipment – gear, tools, apparatus Ans :
90. Awareness – knowledge, consciousness In the picture, I observe a young female para-
91. Dignity – self-respect, pride, honor archer holding a bow using her feet. She appears
92. Succeed – achieve success, prosper highly focused, determined, and confident. There
93. Setbacks – problems, delays, failures is an archery target in the background, and the
94. Aspire – hope to achieve, aim Paralympic logo is visible on the sides, indicating
95. Surround – enclose, encircle she is competing at a high-level, international
96. Inspire – motivate, encourage sporting event. She is wearing a specialized chest
97. Unique – one of a kind, distinct guard, and her technique is incredibly unique as
98. Unleashed – release of something powerful she uses her legs and upper body strength to draw
that cannot be controlled the bowstring.
99. Insights – deep understandings, realizations
[Link] – certainly, without a doubt 2. Does this personality inspire you? Explain how.
Ans :
Yes, this personality is deeply inspiring. Despite
5. MESSAGE lacking arms, she has not allowed her physical
The author gives an inspiring message that condition to become a limitation. Her ability to
physical challenges cannot defeat a strong mind. shoot an arrow with incredible precision using her
Through the real-life stories of brave athletes like feet demonstrates immense dedication, resilience,
Sheetal Devi and Dr. Deepa Malik, the author and countless hours of rigorous practice. She
shows that hard work and courage can change our exemplifies the fact that with a strong willpower
lives. Even after facing complete paralysis, Dr. and a positive mindset, one can overcome even the
Malik achieved great success at the global level. most daunting obstacles and achieve greatness.
The chapter teaches us to never give up, as strong
3. Give a caption for this picture.
willpower creates limitless possibilities.
Ans :
“Aiming High : The Triumph of Willpower”

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

II. Complete the table given below about 6. awards won (i)
Paralympics. Share your responses with your (ii)
classmates and teacher. (iii)
What I know What I want to know 7. two things supported (i)
by her (ii)
Ans :
Fact Table

Ans : 1. diagnosed with 29

NODIA
spinal tumour at
What I know What I want to know the age of
The Paralympics When and where 2. result of the Paralysed waist
is an international were the first official surgery down and bound to a
multi-sport event for Paralympic Games wheelchair for the rest
athletes with physical, held? of her life.
intellectual, or sensory 3. named as one International
disabilities. of the 10 most Paralympic Committee
They usually take How do athletes qualify effective para-
place shortly after the for the Paralympic athletes by
Olympic Games in the Games, and what are 4. first successful 2016 Rio Paralympic
same host city. the different disability Paralympic event Games (secured the
categories? silver medal in the
Indian para-athletes What specialized shot-put event)
have been performing equipment or rule 5. list of ‘firsts’ (i) First ever Indian
exceptionally well and modifications are made female para-athlete to
bringing home many in different sports win an Asian Games
medals in recent years. to accommodate the medal in athletics.
athletes? (ii) India’s first ever
female Paralympics
Check Your Understanding medallist across any
sport.
I. Fill in the fact table given below based on the
interview with Dr. Deepa Malik. Discuss your 6. awards won (i) Khel Ratna
answers with your classmates and teacher. (ii) Arjuna
(iii) Padma Shri
Fact Table
7. two things (i) Strengthening the
1. diagnosed with supported by her emotional health of
spinal tumour at the persons with challenges
age of and empowering
2. result of the surgery women through
outdoor sports and
3. named as one of the
adventure activities.
10 most effective
(ii) Persons from lower
para-athletes by
socio-economic strata
4. first successful (providing equipment
Paralympic event to para sportspersons).
5. list of ‘firsts’ (i)
(ii)
PAGE 394 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

II. Read the two sets of sentences given below. Critical Reflection
Choose whether the given statements display:
fact-opinion or cause-effect. I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
(1) questions that follow.
i. In the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games, I secured 1. I had two choices—squander my life in remorse or
the silver medal in the shot-put event. transform it to a world of limitless possibilities.
ii. I feel it was a moment of personal victory and I love sports and had been a swimmer too, so I
a step forward in changing perceptions. decided to switch to para-athletics. This is how
(2) my Paralympics journey began. My breakthrough
i. I was diagnosed with a tumour in my spine. moment came in the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games,
ii. I had a surgery and was told that I would be when I secured the silver medal in the shot-put
bound to a wheelchair for the rest of my life. event. In hindsight, I feel it was a moment of
Ans : personal victory and a step forward in changing
(1) perceptions.
i. is a verifiable fact, while sentence
i. Give a reason for the following statement.
ii. is the speaker’s personal feeling and opinion.
The speaker’s decision to transform her life can be
(2) likened to the concept of a caterpillar transforming
i. She said that she had been diagnosed with a into a butterfly.
tumour in her spine.
ii. She added that she had undergone surgery ii. Why could the speaker switch to para-athletics
and had been told that she would be bound quite comfortably?
to a wheelchair for the rest of her life.
iii. Complete the sentence with an appropriate
III. Work in pairs to identify which of these pairs of reason.
sentences show : The speaker calls 2016 Rio Paralympic Games as
1. cause-effect a ‘breakthrough moment’ because _____.
2. fact-opinion
iv. Select the correct option to complete the sentence.
Write 1 or 2 in the boxes given.
The phrase ‘in hindsight’ indicates the speaker is
i. Dr. Deepa Malik was a member of the Working
_____.
Group for the Formulation of Twelfth Five
Year Plan (2012–17). A. curious B. reflective
It is believed that she contributed greatly to C. determined D. courageous
create better sports policies for the persons
v. The speaker uses the phrase ‘changing perceptions’.
with disabilities.
List one likely perception the speaker might have
ii. Paralympics showcases incredible talent and
changed.
determination of para-athletes.
The global perception on disabilities shifts, Ans :
inspiring para-athletes to pursue their dreams. i. Just as a caterpillar undergoes a difficult,
restrictive phase in a cocoon to transform into
a beautiful, capable butterfly, the speaker went
Ans :
through a traumatic, life-altering struggle
i. 2 (Fact–Opinion)
with paralysis but used sports to transform
• First sentence
her life’s trajectory, emerging stronger and
Fact (her position is real and verifiable)
breaking boundaries to experience “limitless
• Second sentence
possibilities.”
Opinion (“it is believed…” shows opinion)
ii. The speaker could switch to para-athletics
ii. 1 (Cause–Effect)
quite comfortably because she already loved
• First sentence
sports and had been a swimmer prior to her
Cause (Paralympics showcases talent)
medical tragedy. Her pre-existing athletic
• Second sentence
foundation and competitive mindset made
Effect (changes perception and inspires
the transition to para-sports much smoother.
athletes)
iii. The speaker calls 2016 Rio Paralympic Games
as a ‘breakthrough moment’ because ‘it was

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

the event where she secured the silver medal v. The phrase is: “given me a new lease of life”.
in shot-put, marking a massive personal
victory and establishing her globally.’ II. Answer the following questions.
iv. B. reflective
1. Explain how Dr. Malik’s achievements challenge
v. She likely changed the societal perception
societal perceptions.
that people with severe physical disabilities or
those who are wheelchair-bound are helpless Ans :
or incapable of achieving athletic excellence Dr. Malik’s achievements dismantle the deep-
and competing on a global stage. rooted societal perception that physical disability
equates to inability. By winning coveted medals
2. Honestly, I feel sports, especially Paralympics, at the highest international levels, such as the
have the extraordinary ability to challenge Asian Games and the Paralympics, she proved
stereotypes and change attitudes towards that individuals with disabilities possess immense
disability. When people witness the strength, physical strength, skill, and a fierce competitive
skill, and competitive spirit of para-athletes, it spirit. Her success forces society to look at
breaks down preconceived notions. Paralympics “ability beyond disability” rather than focusing
has given me a new lease of life and helped me on limitations.
push boundaries.
2. What can be the long-term impact of involving
i. Choose the option that lists the words to describe youth in schools and colleges in advocacy with
the tone of the speaker. respect to disability?
A. appreciative
Ans :
B. moralistic
NODIA

Involving youth in disability advocacy helps create

C. sentimental
a more inclusive and empathetic generation. Since
D. optimistic
the youth are the “voice of tomorrow,” educating
E. defensive
them early breaks down preconceived notions
(a) A and D (b) B, D, and E before they become deeply ingrained. In the long
(c) B and C (d) A, C, and E term, this leads to a society that naturally builds
inclusive infrastructure, implements fair policies,
ii. Complete the analogy given below with a word and treats everyone with dignity and equality.
from the extract.
ability : potential :: preconceived notions: _____ 3. Rationalise the appropriateness of the title of this
text with reference to Dr. Deepa Malik’s attitude
iii. State whether the following sentence is true or and achievements.
false.
Ans :
Paralympics is a platform that not only showcases
The title “The World of Limitless Possibilities” is
the remarkable abilities of para-athletes but also
highly appropriate because it mirrors Dr. Deepa
questions stereotypes.
Malik’s life philosophy. Faced with a paralysing
iv. What does ‘helped me push boundaries’ tell us spine tumour at 29, she refused to squander
about the speaker? her life in remorse. Instead, she viewed her
setbacks as stepping stones. Her unprecedented
v. Which phrase from the extract suggests that the achievements—like being India’s first female
speaker was able to transform her life? Paralympic medallist—demonstrate that when
Ans : one shifts their focus from physical limitations to
i. (a) A and D inner potential, the possibilities for success are
ii. stereotypes truly limitless.
iii. True
iv. It tells us that the speaker is highly 4. “Every setback is an opportunity to prove your
determined and resilient. Instead of accepting strength”. How might this be a life lesson for
the physical and societal limits placed upon every individual, and not just sportspersons?
her by her disability, she actively challenged Ans :
them and achieved extraordinary things far This quote serves as a universal life lesson because
beyond what was conventionally expected. every person, regardless of their profession
or background, faces challenges, failures, and
PAGE 396 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

unexpected tragedies. Instead of viewing a community.

setback as the end of the road, one can treat it as
a test of resilience. Overcoming difficulties builds
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
mental fortitude and character. Viewing obstacles I. Work in pairs. Match the given phrases in
as opportunities helps all individuals turn failures Column 1 with their meanings in Column 2. Use
into stepping stones for future success. the phrases in sentences of your own.

5. Examine how Dr. Deepa Malik’s recognition as Column 1 Column 2

one of the 10 most inspirational para-athletes 1. defy the odds (i) a time of significant
globally contributes to the larger discourse on development or
gender equality in sports. discovery
Ans :
2. a new lease of (ii) overcome challenges
Dr. Deepa Malik’s global recognition strongly
life and achieve goals
champions both disability rights and gender
equality. Historically, sports have been male- 3. in hindsight (iii) succeed in doing
dominated, and para-sports even more so. By something when
excelling in this arena and earning a spot among most people think
the top 10 most inspirational para-athletes it would result in
globally, she serves as a trailblazer. Her success failure
highlights that women, even those facing severe 4. breakthrough (iv) ability to understand
physical challenges, possess the same competitive moment something after it
drive and potential as men, thereby advocating has happened
for equal opportunities and support for female
5. turn obstacles (v) an occasion when
athletes worldwide.
into stepping you become more
6. How might Dr. Deepa Malik’s thought, ‘ability stones energetic and active
beyond disability’, serve as a guideline for success than earlier
for all future para-athletes?
Ans :
Ans :
The thought “ability beyond disability” Column 1 Column 2
encourages future para-athletes to focus intensely 1. defy the odds (iii) succeed in doing
on what they can do rather than what they something when
cannot. It shifts the narrative from seeking most people think
sympathy to showcasing strength, skill, and it would result in
determination. By adopting this mindset, future failure
athletes can overcome societal stereotypes and 2. a new lease of (v) an occasion when
their own mental barriers, reminding them that life you become more
their potential is defined by hard work and talent, energetic and active
not by physical constraints. than earlier
7. What have you learnt from this interview, and 3. in hindsight (iv) ability to understand
how can you implement these learnings in your something after it
life? has happened
Ans : 4. breakthrough (i) a time of significant
From this interview, I have learnt the crucial moment development or
importance of resilience, a positive mindset, and discovery
the power of focusing on one’s abilities. I learnt
5. turn obstacles (ii) overcome challenges
that true strength lies in turning obstacles into
into stepping and achieve goals
stepping stones. I can implement these learnings
stones
by not giving up when I face academic or personal
setbacks. Instead of complaining, I will focus on Sentences :
finding solutions, working hard, and maintaining a 1. Despite being severely injured early in the
positive attitude to reach my goals. Furthermore, season, the team managed to defy the odds
I will actively advocate for inclusivity in my and win the championship.

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

III. Match the highlighted verbs in Column 1 with

2. Adopting a rescue dog gave my lonely their functions in Column 2. There are two extra
grandfather a new lease of life. functions that you do not need.
3. In hindsight, I realize I should have started
preparing for my final exams much earlier. Column 1 Column 2
4. The scientist’s breakthrough moment came 1. I could hear the (i) promise
when she finally found the correct chemical audience clapping.
formula after years of research.
2. It couldn’t be helped. (ii) possibility
5. With her hard work and positive attitude,
she managed to turn obstacles into stepping 3. I should give it my (iii) prediction
stones towards ultimate success. best shot.
4. I knew if I tried, I (iv) obligation
II. A common word used in athletics is ‘sprinting’
would win.
which relates to movement. Read the words
related to movement given in the box below. (v) past ability
Arrange them on the word cline in increasing (vi) impossibility
order of pace from the slowest to the fastest.
The verbs in bold are called modal auxiliaries.
Some examples have been done for you.
Each of these modal verbs can perform various
crawl amble walk jog functions based on the situation in which they
saunter dart sprint stroll are used.
NODIA
run plod creep Ans :

Column 1 Column 2
1. I could hear the (v) past ability
audience clapping.
2. It couldn’t be helped. (vi) impossibility
3. I should give it my (iv) obligation
best shot.
4. I knew if I tried, I (iii) prediction
would win.

Ans : IV. Read the table which shows other functions of the
Arranged in increasing order of pace from slowest modal auxiliaries.
to fastest:
Modal Verbs Functions
1. creep
2. crawl 1. could (i) possibility
3. plod (ii) unreal ability
4. amble
(iii) request
5. stroll
6. saunter (iv) inability
7. walk 2. couldn’t (i) probability
8. jog
(ii) advice
9. run
10. dart 3. should (i) request
11. sprint 4. would (ii) past habit
Now, make sentences with the modal verbs given
in the table above with each function of the modal
verbs. Mention the function in brackets.-
PAGE 398 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Dr. Malik : Dr. Malik said 1.

1. could I love sports that she loved 2.
It could rain later in the evening, so take an and had been sports and 3. I " she
umbrella. (possibility) a swimmer had been a 4.
I am so exhausted that I could sleep for a too, and so swimmer too, 5.
whole week. (unreal ability) I decided to and so she 6. decided "
Could you please pass me the textbook? (request) switch to had decided to had decided
We could go to the museum this weekend if para-athletics. switch to para-
you are free. (suggestion) athletics
2. couldn’t Interviewer : The 1.
He couldn’t lift the heavy box by himself no Your story interviewer 2.
matter how hard he tried. (inability) is indeed a said that 3.
3. should testament to her story 4.
They left an hour ago, so they should be the power of was indeed a
arriving any minute now. (probability) determination testament to
You should drink plenty of water to stay the power of
hydrated during the summer. (advice) determination.
4. would Dr. Malik : I Dr. Malik 1.
Would you mind opening the window for believe youth says that she 2.
some fresh air? (request) is the voice of believes youth
When we were children, we would play hide and tomorrow. is the voice of
seek every evening in the park. (past habit) tomorrow.

V. Read the following sentences.

Steps to Remember
• Interviewer : You’ve been listed as one of the
10 most inspirational women para-athletes Use reporting verbs said, told, or says
globally by the International Paralympic Remove quotation marks.
Committee.
• Malik : I love sports and had been a swimmer Add linking word ‘that’ after the reporting verb
too, so I decided to switch to para-athletics. Ans :
The sentences given above are in _____. (Direct 1. Dr. Malik : I love sports and had been a
Speech/Reported Speech) swimmer too…
The sentences given above are _____ sentences. Changes Noted :
(declarative/interrogative/exclamatory/imperative) 1. ‘said that’ added
Now, work in pairs. Observe the changes from 2. Remove quotation marks
Column 1 to Column 2. Note these changes in 3. I " she
Column 3. One example has been done for you. 4. love " loved
5. had been " had been (no change)
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
6. decided " had decided
Direct Speech Reported Changes Noted
Speech
2. Interviewer : Your story is indeed a
testament…
Interviewer The 1. ‘said’ added
Changes Noted :
: You’ve interviewer 2. that—linking
been listed said that she word added 1. ‘said that’ added
as one of hadbeen listed 3. have been" 2. your " her
the ten most as one of had been 3. is " was
inspirational the 10 most 4. you " she
4. Remove quotation marks
women inspirational
3. Dr. Malik : I believe youth is the voice of
para-athletes women para-
tomorrow.
globally athletes
Changes Noted :
by the globally by the
International International 1. I " she
Paralympic Paralympic 2. believe " believes (or believed, depending
Committee. Committee. on tense consistency)

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

VI. Read the conversation given below. Listen and Respond

Siya : I watched a documentary on the para
equestrian event on television last night. I. You will listen to an announcement for special
Tarun : I didn’t know paralympics has equestrian assembly in school. As you listen, fill in the

NODIA
events. blanks with one or two exact words. (Transcript
for teacher on page 268)
1. The venue for the special assembly is the
_____.
2. A presentation on inclusion will be made by
the _____.
3. The dance performance will focus on the
themes of _____ and _____.
4. A _____ will be conducted by experts who
support inclusion.
5. The celebration will end with a _____ to
encourage team work.
Ans :
1. The venue for the special assembly is the
school auditorium.
2. A presentation on inclusion will be made by
Siya : It does. It was so interesting to watch. the special guests.
Tarun : That’s wonderful. So, para equestrians 3. The dance performance will focus on the
must be training for months for this. themes of courage and determination.
Siya : They also have to find and develop their 4. A special workshop will be conducted by
own style of communication with their horse. experts who support inclusion.
Tarun : I will watch this documentary the next 5. The celebration will end with a group activity
weekend. to encourage team work.
Change the conversation given above to reported
speech. Siya said that she 1. __________.
Speaking Activity
Tarun replied that he hadn’t known that I. Interview the Sports Captain and the Sports
Paralympics had equestrian events. Siya added Coach of your school.
that 2. __________. Tarun remarked that Note that the interview of the Sports Captain is
it was wonderful and that para equestrians must informal, and that of the Sports Coach is formal.
be training for months for that. Siya replied
that 3. __________. Tarun said that
4. __________.
Ans :
Siya said that she 1. had watched a documentary
on the para equestrian event on television the
previous night. Tarun replied that he hadn’t
known that Paralympics had equestrian events.
Siya added that 2. it did, and that it had been
Work in pairs. One of you can be the interviewer
so interesting to watch. Tarun remarked that it
and the other the interviewee in the informal
was wonderful and that para equestrians must be
interview. Interchange your role for the formal
training for months for that. Siya replied that 3.
one.
they also had to find and develop their own style
of communication with their horse. Tarun said Informal Formal
that 4. he would watch that documentary the
Hello! I’m so glad that Good morning, it is
following weekend.
you agreed to meet me my privilege to get this
for this interview. opportunity to have
this interaction with
you.
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PAGE 400 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Tell me about yourself Could you tell me how to get this opportunity to have this interaction
and your love for your journey in sports with you.
sports. began? Sports Coach : Good morning. Thank you, it is a
pleasure to be here.
Did you face any Could you share Interviewer : Could you tell me how your journey
challenges? How did something about the in sports began?
you deal with them? challenges you faced Sports Coach : Certainly. I started as a track and
and how you overcame field athlete in college. Over time, my passion for
them? the technical aspects of the games and mentoring
What are some You’ve received many youth led me to pursue a career in coaching.
impressive accolades. What do Interviewer : Could you share something about
achievements you’ve these accomplishments the challenges you faced and how you overcame
had? How do you feel mean to you? them?
about them? Sports Coach : One major challenge was
transitioning from a player to a mentor. I overcame
What would you like What advice do you
it by observing senior coaches, attending training
to say to your peers have for aspiring
seminars, and learning to understand player
or juniors who are athletes?
psychology.
interested in sports?
Interviewer : You’ve received many accolades.
Ans : What do these accomplishments mean to you?
Sample Dialogue for Informal Interview (with Sports Coach : I am humbled by them. These
Sports Captain) : accolades are a testimony to the hard work of the
Interviewer : Hello! I’m so glad that you agreed to athletes I coach; their success is my true reward.
meet me for this interview. Interviewer : What advice do you have for
Sports Captain : Hi! No problem at all, I’m happy aspiring athletes?
to chat. Sports Coach : I would advise them to remain
Interviewer : Tell me about yourself and your love disciplined. Talent is important, but dedication,
for sports. hard work, and a willingness to learn from failures
Sports Captain : Well, I’ve been playing football are what build a lasting and successful career.
since I was five. I just love the energy on the
NODIA

field and the incredible bond I share with my Writing Task

teammates.
Interviewer : Did you face any challenges? How I. Read the details about a notice in the table given
did you deal with them? below.
Sports Captain : Yeah, I had a bad knee injury last
What is a notice? A notice is generally
year. It was tough, but I did a lot of physiotherapy
written to convey some
and stayed focused on my goal to return to the
information to students,
field.
or a specific group of
Interviewer : What are some impressive
people.
achievements you’ve had? How do you feel about
them? A notice tells us An event, a celebration,
Sports Captain : Winning the state-level about… a competition, important
championship last month was huge. I feel information, lost/found
incredibly proud because our team worked really article
hard for it. Format of a notice Name of Organisation
Interviewer : What would you like to say to your NOTICE
peers or juniors who are interested in sports? Date
Sports Captain : Just keep practicing and don’t Heading
give up when things get hard. Passion and Details.............................
consistency are the keys to success! Signature
Sample Dialogue for Formal Interview (with Name
Sports Coach) : Designation
Interviewer : Good morning, it is my privilege
 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

II. The Sports Club of your school is organising Ans :

an Inter-school Athletic Meet. As the Sports Paralympics :
Captain, draft a notice in not more than 50 words The Paralympics originated in 1948 when Sir
asking interested students to register themselves Ludwig Guttmann organised the Stoke Mandeville
for selection in different events. Add all necessary Games in England for war veterans with spinal
details. Do not forget to design your notice within injuries.
a box. The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome in
Ans : 1960. Since then, they have developed into major
international sporting events.
ST. JUDE’S HIGH SCHOOL The Paralympics include Summer and Winter
NOTICE Games, held alternately every two years, and
are organised in the same city as the Olympics
15 October 2024
shortly after them.
Inter-School Athletic Meet Selection
The Sports Club is organising an Inter-School II. Work in groups of four. Choose any one of the
Athletic Meet next month. Students of Classes topics given below and make a presentation.
VIII to X interested in track and field events • Two lesser-known Paralympic sports
must register for selection trials. Submit your (examples: para equestrian, para rowing, etc.)
names and preferred events to the undersigned • Two Paralympians from India
by 20 October 2024. Steps to be followed :
• Do research on the topic of your choice. Refer
(Signature) to magazines, newspapers, and the internet.
Rahul Sharma • Prepare the presentation based on the
Sports Captain following guidelines :
• One introductory slide (mentioning topic
Learning Beyond the Text chosen)
• Two slides on origin and brief history of
I. Did you know? Paralympics
The origin of Paralympics can be traced back • Four to five slides about lesser-known
to the year 1948, when Sir Ludwig Guttmann, Paralympic sports or Indian Paralympians
organised a sports competition for war veterans • One concluding slide
with spinal cord-related injuries in England. • Choose appropriate slide design, colour
The Stoke Mandeville Games was the Olympic- schemes, and images.
style games for differentlyabled athletes. It was • Ensure there is a good balance between text
organised for the first time in Rome in 1960 and and images.
since then the game has evolved. The Paralympics • Share your presentation in class.
are split into Winter Games and Summer Games, • Each member of the group to take turns to
which alternately occur every two years. Since present.
the late twentieth century, the Paralympics Ans :
have been held in the same city, which hosts the Slide 1 : Introduction
corresponding Olympic Games; the Paralympics Title : Indian Paralympians – Inspiring Champions
follow shortly after the Olympics. • This presentation is about two famous Indian
Paralympians.
• They have shown courage, determination,
and excellence in sports.
Slide 2 : Origin of Paralympics
• The Paralympics began in 1948 in England.
• It was started by Sir Ludwig Guttmann for
injured war veterans.
Slide 3 : Brief History of Paralympics
• First Paralympic Games held in Rome in
1960.
• Includes Summer and Winter Games.

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PAGE 402 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• Held after the Olympic Games in the same Ans :

host city. (c) 2024
Slide 4 : Deepa Malik
• First Indian woman Paralympic medallist. 5. Sheetal shoots arrows with incredible precision
• Won silver medal in shot put at Rio using her ______.
Paralympics 2016. (a) Hands (b) Mouth
• Also a motivational speaker and social worker. (c) Knees (d) Feet
Slide 5 : Devendra Jhajharia
Ans :
• First Indian Paralympian to win two gold
(d) Feet
medals.
• Won gold in javelin throw in 2004 and 2016. 6. Sheetal’s inspiring story sets the ______ of the
• Received Padma Shri and Khel Ratna awards. chapter.
Slide 6 : Their Achievements (a) Ending (b) Tone
• Both athletes have brought pride to India.
(c) Climax (d) Pace
• They have inspired many people with
disabilities. Ans :
Slide 7 : Conclusion (b) Tone
• Paralympians prove that determination leads
7.
NODIA Assertion (A): Sheetal Devi shoots arrows with
to success.
precision.
• They motivate us to overcome challenges and
Reason (R): She uses her highly trained hands.
achieve our goals.
(a) Both A and R are fully true.
(b) Both A and R are quite false.
7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Multiple Choice Type Questions Ans :
(c) A is true but R is false.
1. According to the text, what can overcome physical
limitations? 8. What is the primary message conveyed by Sheetal
(a) Good luck (b) Strong willpower Devi’s example?
(c) Outside support (d) Physical wealth (a) Archery is the best sport to learn.
Ans : (b) Awards are the only measure of success.
(b) Strong willpower (c) Only physical strength ensures victory.
(d) Determination helps overcome obstacles.
2. Who is Sheetal Devi introduced as in the chapter?
(a) Para-archer (b) Para-swimmer Ans :
(d) Determination helps overcome obstacles.
(c) Para-shooter (d) Para-runner
Ans : 9. The core of the chapter is based on an interview
(a) Para-archer with ______.
(a) Sheetal Devi (b) Deepa Malik
3. Which prestigious award did Sheetal Devi win?
(c) PT Usha (d) Mary Kom
(a) Padma Shri (b) Bharat Ratna
Ans :
(c) Khel Ratna (d) Arjuna Award
(b) Deepa Malik
Ans :
(d) Arjuna Award 10. Dr. Deepa Malik is described as a legendary
Indian ______.
4. Sheetal Devi won her prestigious award in the (a) Para-athlete (b) Para-archer
year ______.
(c) Para-cyclist (d) Para-shooter
(a) 2021 (b) 2022
Ans :
(c) 2024 (d) 2023
(a) Para-athlete
 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

11. At what age was Dr. Deepa Malik diagnosed with (c) Writing (d) Acting
a tumour? Ans :
(a) Twenty-five (b) Twenty-nine (a) Sports
(c) Twenty-seven (d) Thirty-one
18. Before her diagnosis, Dr. Malik was a ______.
Ans :
(a) Runner (b) Swimmer
(b) Twenty-nine
(c) Boxer (d) Gymnast
12. What specific type of tumour was Dr. Malik Ans :
diagnosed with? (b) Swimmer
(a) Brain tumour (b) Lung tumour
(c) Spinal tumour (d) Bone tumour 19. Which sporting field did she courageously switch
to?
Ans :
(a) Para-archery (b) Para-athletics
(c) Spinal tumour
(c) Para-shooting (d) Para-fencing
13. After surgery, she was paralyzed from the Ans :
______ down. (b) Para-athletics
(a) Neck (b) Chest
(c) Waist (d) Knees 20. Her amazing transformation is compared to a
______.
Ans :
(a) Bird flying (b) Flower blooming
(c) Waist
(c) River flowing (d) Butterfly emerging
14. Which of the following statements are correct Ans :
about Dr. Malik? (d) Butterfly emerging
I. She was diagnosed with a tumour at 29.
II. She was paralyzed from the neck down. 21. Assertion (A): Dr. Malik emerged much stronger.
(a) Neither statement is correct. Reason (R): She used her personal struggles to
(b) Only statement I is correct. transform.
(c) Both statements are correct. (a) Both assertion and reason are true.
(d) Only statement II is correct. (b) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Ans :
(b) Only statement I is correct. (d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Ans :
15. What was she told she would be bound to for life? (a) Both assertion and reason are true.
(a) A walker (b) A wheelchair
(c) Crutches (d) A bed 22. In which year did her ultimate breakthrough
moment happen?
Ans :
(a) 2012 (b) 2024
(b) A wheelchair
(c) 2016 (d) 2020
16. Faced with massive tragedy, what were Dr. Ans :
Malik’s two choices? (c) 2016
(a) Cry over it or create limitless possibilities.
(b) Seek medical help or completely give up. 23. At which Paralympic Games did this breakthrough
occur?
(c) Change her career or retire from sports.
(a) Tokyo (b) Beijing
(d) Write a book or give motivational speeches.
(c) London (d) Rio
Ans :
(a) Cry over it or create limitless possibilities. Ans :
(d) Rio
17. What did Dr. Malik always have a love for?
24. Which medal did she win at these Paralympic
(a) Sports (b) Music
Games?

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PAGE 404 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(a) Gold medal (b) Silver medal 31. Another prominent award Dr. Malik received is
(c) Bronze medal (d) Copper medal the ______.
Ans : (a) Khel Ratna Award
(b) Silver medal (b) Dronacharya Award
(c) Sahitya Akademi
25. In which event did she win this Paralympic medal?
(d) Ashoka Chakra
(a) Long jump (b) Shot-put
Ans :
(c) High jump (d) Javelin
(a) Khel Ratna Award
Ans :
(b) Shot-put 32. How has society historically viewed disabled
individuals?
26. Which of the following statements is correct (a) As extremely powerful people.
regarding Dr. Malik’s Asian Games record?
(b) As very successful individuals.
(a) She was the youngest female para-athlete.
(c) As highly competitive people.
(b) She was the last female para-athlete.
(d) As completely helpless people.
(c) She was the only female para-athlete.
Ans :
(d) She was the first female para-athlete.
(d) As completely helpless people.
Ans :
(d) She was the first female para-athlete.

27. She is India’s first female Paralympic medallist 33. What completely shatters the stereotype of
across ______. disabled people being helpless?
(a) One sport (b) Two sports (a) Dr. Malik’s speech
NODIA

(c) Any sport (d) All sports (b) Dr. Malik’s medals
Ans : (c) Dr. Malik’s writing
(c) Any sport (d) Dr. Malik’s doctors
28. She was named among the top 10 most ______ Ans :
para-athletes. (b) Dr. Malik’s medals
(a) Wealthy (b) Powerful
34. By competing at global levels, para-athletes prove
(c) Effective (d) Popular they possess immense ______.
Ans : (a) Financial wealth (b) Media attention
(c) Effective (c) Competitive spirit (d) Political power
29. Who named her among these top 10 para-athletes? Ans :
(a) National Olympic Committee (c) Competitive spirit
(b) Asian Paralympic Committee 35. The Paralympics acts as a global ______.
(c) Indian Sports Committee (a) Stage (b) Market
(d) International Paralympic Committee (c) Theatre (d) Office
Ans : Ans :
(d) International Paralympic Committee (a) Stage
30. Which of the following prestigious Indian awards 36. The Paralympics shifts the world’s focus from
did she receive? disability to ______.
(a) Padma Vibhushan (b) Padma Shri (a) Weakness (b) Ability
(c) Padma Bhushan (d) Bharat Ratna (c) Sympathy (d) Charity
Ans : Ans :
(b) Padma Shri (b) Ability
 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

37. Assertion (A): Women and differently-abled 43. A powerful message is: “Every setback is an
individuals are highly capable. opportunity to prove your ______.”
Reason (R): They have achieved greatness on (a) Weakness (b) Wealth
global stages. (c) Strength (d) Anger
(a) Both statements are factually correct.
Ans :
(b) Both statements are entirely incorrect. (c) Strength
(c) The first is correct, the second is wrong.
(d) The first is wrong, the second is correct. 44. What universal life lesson does Dr. Malik’s life
primarily teach us?
Ans :
(a) To constantly complain about life.
(a) Both statements are factually correct.
(b) To focus heavily on disabilities.
38. Beyond her personal victories, Dr. Malik is a (c) To focus entirely on our abilities.
______ for others. (d) To depend on others for survival.
(a) Critic (b) Threat
Ans :
(c) Burden (d) Champion (c) To focus entirely on our abilities.
Ans :
(d) Champion 45. Who does the chapter hope to heavily involve in
these important conversations?
39. Who does Dr. Malik work with to create better (a) The elderly (b) The doctors
sports policies? (c) The toddlers (d) The youth
(a) The government (b) The schools
Ans :
(c) The hospitals (d) The military (d) The youth
Ans :
(a) The government 46. What kind of future society does the chapter hope
to build?
40. Which statements are correct regarding her (a) One that is heavily divided and angry.
advocacy work? (b) One that ignores the disabled people.
I. She supports emotional health.
(c) One that only values the rich people.
II. She empowers women through sports.
(d) One that is inclusive and empathetic.
(a) Statement I is uniquely true.
(b) Statement II is uniquely true. Ans :
(d) One that is inclusive and empathetic.
(c) Statements I and II are true.
(d) Statements I and II are false. 47. The chapter aims to build a society that treats
Ans : everyone with equality and ______.
(c) Statements I and II are true. (a) Pity (b) Disdain
(c) Dignity (d) Sympathy
41. She is known to empower women through
______ sports. Ans :
(c) Dignity
(a) Through cooking (b) Through knitting
(c) Through painting (d) Through adventure 48. The central theme of this chapter’s summary is:
Ans : (a) Overcoming challenges
(d) Through adventure (b) Avoiding difficulties
(c) Medical treatments
42. She provides equipment to athletes from
______ backgrounds. (d) Financial success
(a) Poorer (b) Wealthy Ans :
(c) Foreign (d) Medical (a) Overcoming challenges

Ans :
(a) Poorer

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PAGE 406 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Short Answer Type Questions emerging much stronger and finding a beautiful
new identity in the world of para-athletics.
1. How does Sheetal Devi’s achievement set the tone
for the chapter “Limitless Possibilities”? 6. State the significance of the 2016 Rio Paralympic
Ans : Games in Dr. Deepa Malik’s athletic career.
Sheetal Devi, an incredible para-archer who shoots Ans :
precisely using her feet and won the 2024 Arjuna The 2016 Rio Paralympic Games marked the
Award, perfectly introduces the chapter’s theme. ultimate breakthrough moment in Dr. Deepa
Her story establishes that physical limitations can Malik’s life. Competing in the shot-put event,
be completely conquered, setting an inspiring, she secured a historic silver medal, instantly
resilient tone for the text. catapulting her to global fame and cementing her
status as a legendary athlete.
2. What role does willpower play in the lives of para-
athletes like Sheetal Devi? 7. Apart from her Paralympic glory, what other
Ans : historic “firsts” has Dr. Deepa Malik achieved for
Willpower acts as the ultimate driving force Indian women in para-sports?
for para-athletes. The chapter emphasizes that Ans :
strong determination and mental fortitude Beyond her Paralympic silver, Dr. Malik holds
empower individuals to look beyond their physical NODIA the distinguished honor of being India’s first
constraints, helping them achieve extraordinary female Paralympic medallist across any sport.
feats and conquer unimaginable obstacles on Additionally, she proudly stands as the very first
global sporting platforms. female para-athlete from India to win a medal at
the Asian Games.
3. Describe the sudden tragic turn in Deepa Malik’s
8. How did the International Paralympic Committee
life when she was twenty-nine.
acknowledge Dr. Deepa Malik’s global impact?
Ans :
Ans :
At the age of twenty-nine, Deepa Malik faced a
The International Paralympic Committee
devastating medical crisis when she was diagnosed
recognized her immense global influence and
with a spinal tumour. Following her surgery, she
continuous advocacy by naming her among the
was left completely paralyzed from the waist
top ten most effective para-athletes worldwide.
down, effectively confining her to a wheelchair for
This prestigious acknowledgment highlights her
life.
vital role as both a formidable competitor and a
4. Confronted with lifelong paralysis, what were the powerful inspirational figure.
two distinct paths available to Deepa Malik, and
9. Which prestigious national civilian and sports
which did she choose?
awards honor Dr. Deepa Malik’s monumental
Ans :
achievements?
Faced with irreversible paralysis, Deepa had
Ans :
two stark choices: either cry over her tragic
For her unparalleled dedication and historic
circumstances or proactively create limitless
sporting achievements, the Indian government has
possibilities. Demonstrating immense mental
honored Dr. Deepa Malik with the Padma Shri,
strength, she chose the latter, transforming her
a highly prestigious civilian award, alongside the
deep setback into a stepping stone for monumental
Khel Ratna Award, which is the absolute highest
athletic success.
sporting honor in the country.
5. Why is Deepa Malik’s transition into para-
10. In what way do the medals won by Dr. Deepa
athletics compared to a butterfly emerging from
Malik shatter the historical stereotypes associated
a chrysalis?
with disabled individuals?
Ans :
Ans :
The comparison to a butterfly perfectly captures
Historically, society often viewed disabled
her stunning metamorphosis. Just as a caterpillar
individuals as completely helpless or dependent. Dr.
transforms through struggle, Deepa used her
Malik’s impressive collection of international medals
painful personal tragedies and paralysis to evolve,
entirely shatters this outdated stereotype, proving
 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

undeniably that differently-abled people possess because coping with a severe disability requires
immense competitive spirit, fierce independence, immense mental fortitude. She understands that
and extraordinary physical capabilities. physical training alone is insufficient; maintaining
a positive, resilient psychological state is
11. How does the Paralympic stage fundamentally absolutely vital to overcome life’s darkest, most
shift global perspectives on differently-abled challenging moments.
individuals?
Ans : 16. Interpret the quote: “Every setback is an
The Paralympics acts as a massive global stage opportunity to prove your strength,” in the
that dramatically shifts the world’s focus away context of Deepa Malik’s life.
from a person’s disability. Instead, it powerfully Ans :
highlights their extraordinary athletic ability, This profound quote perfectly encapsulates
fierce determination, and resilience, forcing society Deepa’s journey. Instead of letting a tragic spinal
to recognize their true, unlimited potential. tumour destroy her life, she utilized that immense
setback as fuel. Her paralysis became the exact
12. How has Dr. Deepa Malik utilized her platform foundation upon which she built an extraordinary,
to assist the government in improving sports in world-record-breaking athletic legacy.
India?
Ans : 17. According to the chapter, why is it essential for
Utilizing her influential status as a legendary society to focus on a person’s abilities rather than
athlete, Dr. Deepa Malik works closely alongside their disabilities?
the government. She actively participates in Ans :
shaping and creating better, more inclusive sports The chapter asserts that focusing on disabilities
policies that significantly benefit and support breeds unnecessary pity and limits human
differently-abled athletes across the entire nation. potential. Conversely, focusing entirely on abilities
fosters empowerment, encourages independence,
13. Mention the specific ways in which Dr. Malik and allows society to witness the remarkable
works to uplift and empower women in society. achievements and limitless possibilities that
Ans : differently-abled individuals can truly offer.
Dr. Malik acts as a powerful champion for
women’s empowerment by actively encouraging 18. Why does the chapter specifically aim to involve
their participation in adventure sports. She the youth in conversations about inclusivity and
breaks traditional gender and disability barriers, para-sports?
inspiring women to embrace thrilling challenges, Ans :
build self-confidence, and reclaim their absolute The chapter specifically targets the youth to
independence in society. foster early awareness and open conversations.
By educating younger generations, the text hopes
14. How does Dr. Malik extend her support to to dismantle long-standing prejudices, ensuring
budding athletes coming from underprivileged tomorrow’s leaders naturally cultivate a mindset
backgrounds? of genuine acceptance, respect, and proactive
Ans : inclusion for everyone.
Recognizing the financial hurdles many disabled
athletes face, Dr. Malik actively supports 19. What are the key characteristics of the ideal
grassroot talents coming from much poorer future society envisioned at the conclusion of the
backgrounds. She generously provides them chapter?
with essential sporting equipment, ensuring that Ans :
financial constraints do not crush their dreams of The conclusion beautifully envisions a deeply
achieving athletic glory. inclusive and profoundly empathetic future
society. It dreams of a world completely devoid
15. Why does Dr. Deepa Malik place a strong of prejudice, where every single individual,
emphasis on advocating for emotional health regardless of their physical limitations, is treated
alongside physical sports? with absolute equality, unwavering dignity, and
Ans : profound respect.
Dr. Malik strongly advocates for emotional health

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PAGE 408 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

20. Justify the title “Limitless Possibilities” based on vital lesson: we must drastically shift our societal
the life trajectories of the para-athletes discussed lens from ‘disability’ to ‘ability.’
in the text. For too long, differently-abled individuals
Ans : have been viewed with unnecessary pity. It is
The title “Limitless Possibilities” perfectly our absolute responsibility, as the youth and
describes how athletes like Sheetal Devi and future leaders, to completely shatter these
Deepa Malik completely defied their physical outdated stereotypes. Let us actively build a
limitations. Their awe-inspiring journeys prove deeply inclusive, highly empathetic society where
that with unyielding willpower, the human spirit everyone is treated with unwavering dignity,
cannot be bound, turning seemingly impossible profound respect, and absolute equality.
dreams into brilliant, boundless reality. Thank you.

3. Write a letter to para-archer Sheetal Devi,

Long Answer Type Questions congratulating her on her 2024 Arjuna Award.
Express how her ability to shoot with her feet
1. Imagine you are Deepa Malik on the day you has inspired you to overcome your own personal,
were told you would be wheelchair-bound for life. everyday challenges.
Write a diary entry expressing your initial shock Ans :
and your ultimate resolve to choose ‘limitless Dear Sheetal Devi,
possibilities’ over despair. I am writing to extend my heartiest congratulations
Ans : to you for winning the prestigious Arjuna Award
Dear Diary, in 2024. Reading about your extraordinary
Today was the most defining day of my existence. journey in the chapter “Limitless Possibilities”
The doctors confirmed that the spinal tumour has left me completely spellbound. Learning that
paralyzed me from the waist down. The absolute you shoot arrows with such precision using your
finality of being bound to a wheelchair forever feet truly changed my understanding of human
initially crushed my spirit. I felt profound grief for strength and resilience.
the swimmer I used to be. Whenever I face small academic challenges,
However, as the tears flowed, a quiet strength I often become frustrated. However, your strong
began to rise within me. I refuse to let this willpower and your refusal to let physical
tragedy define my entire story. I have two stark limitations control your life act as a powerful lesson
choices: to continuously cry over this misfortune, for me. You have shown that true determination
or to boldly forge a path of limitless possibilities. can overcome any obstacle.
I choose the latter. I will rebuild my life. My legs You are truly a national inspiration. Your
may be paralyzed, but my fiercely competitive courage and spirit motivate me to face my own
spirit remains completely untouched and ready to challenges with confidence. I will always look
conquer the world. up to you as a role model and try to apply your
Deepa inspiring attitude in my daily life.
Yours sincerely,
2. You are asked to deliver a morning assembly Aakash
speech in your school inspired by Dr. Deepa
Malik’s journey. Draft a speech motivating your 4. Compose a dialogue between Dr. Deepa Malik and
peers to shift their focus from ‘disability’ to a young, underprivileged differently-abled athlete
‘ability’ and build an empathetic environment. whom she is providing equipment to. Highlight
Ans : the theme of mentorship and passing on the torch
Respected Principal, Teachers, and dear friends, of resilience.
Today, I stand before you to share the inspiring Ans :
philosophy of “Limitless Possibilities,” beautifully Dr. Malik: Here is your new professional sports
demonstrated by legendary para-athletes like Dr. equipment. I know the financial struggles are
Deepa Malik. When a spinal tumour confined her tough, but never let them dim your inner fire.
to a wheelchair, she did not surrender. Instead, Young Athlete: Thank you so much, Ma’am!
she won a historic silver medal at the Rio I often feel discouraged. Society looks at my
Paralympics. Her incredible journey teaches us a wheelchair and instantly assumes I am completely

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

helpless. fortitude by refusing to cry over her severe

Dr. Malik: I faced those exact same prejudices circumstances, courageously transitioning into
when a spinal tumour paralyzed me at twenty- para-athletics. Her historic silver medal at the 2016
nine. The world will constantly offer you pity, Rio Paralympics proves her phenomenal athletic
but you must demand their respect through your prowess. Beyond her personal achievements, Dr.
sheer hard work. Malik is a deeply compassionate philanthropist
Young Athlete: How did you find the strength to and a visionary leader. She actively advocates
transform so drastically? for better governmental sports policies, heavily
Dr. Malik: By deciding not to cry over my prioritizes emotional health, and passionately
tragedy. Remember, the sporting arena only cares empowers underprivileged women, making her a
about your immense competitive spirit, fierce true champion both on and off the field.
dedication, and limitless possibilities. Go make us
proud! 7. The text compares Deepa Malik’s transformation
to a “butterfly emerging.” Critically analyze this
5. “Every setback is an opportunity to prove your metaphor. How does the imagery of a butterfly
strength.” Analyze this core message from the accurately represent the various stages of her
chapter. How can students apply this profound physical tragedy and subsequent global triumphs?
philosophy to academic and personal failures in Ans :
their own lives? NODIA The text beautifully employs the metaphor
Ans : of a “butterfly emerging” to vividly illustrate
The powerful message, “Every setback is an Dr. Deepa Malik’s awe-inspiring journey from
opportunity to prove your strength,” forms tragedy to triumph. A caterpillar must endure
the core of Dr. Deepa Malik’s life. When faced the dark, restrictive, and painful confinement of
with irreversible paralysis, she did not give in to a chrysalis before it can transform. Similarly, Dr.
despair; instead, she turned her tragedy into a Malik was suddenly thrust into the dark reality
foundation for global athletic success. of a severe spinal tumour and permanent, waist-
For students, this mindset is highly relevant. down paralysis at twenty-nine. She was physically
Academic failures, personal disappointments, restricted to a wheelchair.
or sudden life changes may seem overwhelming. However, instead of surrendering to this dark
However, by adopting Dr. Malik’s resilient phase, she utilized it as a period of profound
perspective, students can see these challenges internal growth. Through sheer grit and relentless
not as dead-ends but as valuable learning hard work, she shattered her restrictive boundaries.
opportunities. She emerged as a globally celebrated para-athlete,
Just like a butterfly emerging from a metaphorically spreading her vibrant wings to
chrysalis, students can use their struggles to achieve historic Paralympic glory and perfectly
grow stronger. They can develop better study embodying limitless human possibilities.
habits, emotional strength, and determination,
ultimately transforming temporary setbacks into 8. How do global platforms like the Paralympic
lasting success. Games serve as a catalyst for societal change?
Discuss how international sporting events actively
6. Based on the text, provide a comprehensive dismantle stereotypes and force society to treat
character sketch of Dr. Deepa Malik. Focus on her differently-abled individuals with dignity.
transition from a swimmer to a para-athlete, her Ans :
mental fortitude, and her philanthropic advocacy. Global platforms like the Paralympic Games serve
Ans : as monumental catalysts for profound societal
Dr. Deepa Malik is portrayed as the absolute change by actively shifting the world’s focus from
embodiment of extraordinary resilience, a person’s disability to their extraordinary ability.
unwavering willpower, and boundless optimism. Historically, society has unjustly stereotyped
Before her tragic diagnosis with a spinal tumour differently-abled individuals as weak, helpless,
at the age of twenty-nine, she was a passionate or entirely dependent on charity. However, when
swimmer. Despite being paralyzed from the waist para-athletes like Dr. Deepa Malik proudly step
down, her fierce competitive spirit remained onto international stages and break world records,
unextinguished. She displayed immense mental they shatter these deeply ingrained prejudices.
PAGE 410 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

The intense competition loudly proves their para-sports helps develop early awareness and
immense physical prowess, fierce independence, genuine empathy.
and unyielding mental strength. Consequently, Young minds are highly adaptable; by learning
these global events force audiences worldwide to about inspiring figures like Sheetal Devi and Dr.
completely discard feelings of unnecessary pity. Deepa Malik, they begin to focus on abilities
Instead, society is compelled to view differently- rather than limitations. This shift in perspective
abled individuals with genuine awe, recognizing is essential for creating a more inclusive mindset.
their true competitive spirit and treating them When young people actively support
with the absolute dignity and profound respect inclusivity, they help shape schools, workplaces,
they deserve. and public spaces that are accessible and
welcoming for all. Ultimately, this informed and
9. Dr. Malik works with the government to create empathetic generation will build a progressive
better sports policies and empowers women society where every individual is treated with
through adventure sports. Elaborate on why equality, respect, and dignity.
systemic support and female empowerment are
crucial for the holistic development of para-sports
in India. Extract Based Questions
Ans :
1. Read the extract given below and answer the
Systemic governmental support and active female
questions that follows :
empowerment are absolutely crucial for the holistic
“Ever wondered what happens when incredible
development of para-sports in India. Dr. Deepa
athletes defy the odds and showcase their
Malik’s advocacy highlights that individual talent
exceptional skills on a global stage? Well, enter
alone cannot thrive without proper infrastructure.
the world of Paralympic Games, a thrilling
By collaborating directly with the government to
celebration of resilience, and extraordinary talent
draft inclusive sports policies, she ensures that
of athletes with locomotor, sensory, or intellectual
future para-athletes receive essential funding,
disabilities. Paralympics go beyond competition,
accessible training facilities, and professional
to quell stereotypes and redefine possibilities.
medical backing.
Bharat’s debut in the Paralympics dates back to
Furthermore, her specific focus on empowering
1968, and the first medal was clinched in swimming
women through adventure sports bravely tackles
in 1972. Since then, many Indian Paralympians
intersectional discrimination—where disabled
have brought incredible honour to our country.
women face dual societal prejudices. Providing
One such Paralympian, Dr. Deepa Malik, a Khel
underprivileged female athletes with top-tier
Ratna, Arjuna, and Padma Shri Awardee, has
equipment and robust emotional health support
left an indelible mark on innumerable aspiring
helps break traditional boundaries.
athletes.”
This comprehensive systemic approach
i. What implied meaning does the phrase “quell
guarantees that differently-abled women are
stereotypes” carry regarding society’s usual
actively encouraged to reclaim their independence,
view of disabilities?
build self-confidence, and proudly represent their
nation on prestigious global platforms. (a) Society often underestimates the true
potential of the disabled.
10. The chapter aims to involve the youth in building (b) Society usually overestimates the daily
an inclusive and empathetic society. Evaluate struggles of the disabled.
the role of the younger generation in eliminating (c) Society accurately perceives the hidden
societal pity toward disabled individuals and talents of the disabled.
fostering an environment of equality and true (d) Society entirely disregards the physical
respect. boundaries of the disabled.
Ans : ii. Which of the following statements best
The younger generation plays an indispensable describes the primary function of the
role in dismantling deeply rooted societal Paralympic Games as presented in the text?
prejudices and eliminating the culture of pity (a) It is strictly a highly competitive global
towards disabled individuals. As highlighted in sporting event for financial gain.
the chapter, engaging youth in discussions about

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

(b) It is a platform meant solely for providing sporting career.

mandatory medical rehabilitation. Statement II: The speaker leveraged her past
(c) It is an empowering celebration of athletic background to successfully pivot her
immense resilience and hidden potential. life’s path.
(d) It is primarily an avenue to secure (a) Statement I is true and Statement II is
national sporting sponsorships and funds. false.
iii. When did India debut in the Paralympics and (b) Statement I is false and Statement II is
when was its first medal won? true.
iv. Which exact word in the extract serves as an (c) Both Statement I and Statement II are
antonym for “erasable” or “temporary”? true.
v. State whether True or False with a brief (d) Both Statement I and Statement II are
reason: false.
The Paralympic Games cater exclusively to iii. What two choices did the speaker face after
individuals with locomotor disabilities. being declared permanently paralysed?
Ans : iv. Identify the exact word from the extract that
i. (a) Society often underestimates the true serves as a synonym for “catastrophe” or
potential of the disabled. “disaster”.
ii. (c) It is an empowering celebration of immense v. Fill in the blank:
resilience and hidden potential. The speaker was officially diagnosed with a
iii. India debuted in the Paralympics in 1968 and ______ tumor at the age of 29.
won its first medal in swimming in 1972. Ans :
iv. indelible i. (b) A deep fear of wasting her entire life
v. False, the text explicitly mentions that it feeling sorry for herself.
includes athletes with locomotor, sensory, or ii. (b) Statement I is false and Statement II is
intellectual disabilities. true.
iii. The speaker could either squander her life
2. Read the extract given below and answer the
in remorse or transform it into a world of
questions that follows :
limitless possibilities.
“I was 29, an awful tragedy struck me when I
iv. tragedy
was diagnosed with spine tumour. I underwent
v. spine
a surgery, but misfortune raised its ugly head
again. The doctors declared that I would be 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
bound to a wheelchair for the rest of my life, as questions that follows :
I was paralysed waist down. I had two choices— “Interviewer: You’re a trailblazer—the first ever
squander my life in remorse or transform it to a Indian female para-athlete to win an Asian Games
world of limitless possibilities. I love sports and medal in athletics. You’re also India’s first ever
had been a swimmer too, so I decided to switch female Paralympics medallist across any sport
NODIA

to para-athletics. This is how my Paralympics and the list of ‘firsts’ is never ending. You’ve been
journey began.” bestowed with several coveted awards too. What
i. What does the phrase “squander my life in do these accomplishments mean to you?
remorse” reveal about the speaker’s internal Dr. Malik: I truly appreciate these accolades that
fears at that critical juncture? have been showered on me. These achievements
(a) A deep fear of making terrible financial are a testimony to my belief that physical
and career choices. limitations don’t define one’s potential. Moreover,
(b) A deep fear of wasting her entire life I’m a proponent of the school of thought, ‘ability
feeling sorry for herself. beyond disability’.”
(c) A deep fear of slowly losing her remaining i. Why does the interviewer purposefully refer
physical strength. to the list of ‘firsts’ as ‘never ending’ ?
(d) A deep fear of never winning an (a) To highlight the speaker’s continuous and
international sporting medal. historically unprecedented achievements.
ii. Statement I: The speaker viewed her new (b) To indicate that the speaker is currently
physical condition as the absolute end of her tired of winning so many awards.
PAGE 412 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) To suggest that there are absolutely no stones”?

more records left for her to break. (a) She utilized large literal rocks to
(d) To emphasize that Asian Games medals physically build a completely new path.
are an easily achievable milestone. (b) She utilized her intense difficulties as
ii. Assertion (A): Dr. Malik considers her functional tools to achieve success.
numerous accolades strictly as a testament to (c) She deliberately ignored her personal
her core belief. challenges and moved away from them.
Reason (R): She firmly believes that a (d) She allowed her close family members to
person’s physical limitations strictly dictate exclusively deal with the obstacles.
their true potential. ii. Which of the following best captures the direct
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the relationship between societal perception and
correct explanation of A. the speaker’s internal growth?
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the (a) Societal underestimation completely
correct explanation of A. eliminated her need for intense mental
(c) A is true, but R is false. resilience.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (b) Societal underestimation was the
iii. What is the core philosophy that Dr. Malik single primary cause of her physical
strongly believes in? vulnerability.
iv. Find a word in the extract that means “a (c) Societal underestimation forced her to
person who pioneers or leads the way.” cultivate and demonstrate strong mental
v. State whether True or False with a brief resilience.
reason: (d) Societal underestimation made her
Dr. Malik believes that her physical entirely and permanently dependent on
limitations are the ultimate measure of her family support.
overall potential. iii. What was the biggest societal challenge Dr.
Ans : Malik faced in her journey?
i. (a) To highlight the speaker’s continuous and iv. Which word in the text serves as a direct
historically unprecedented achievements. synonym for “courage in pain or adversity”?
ii. (c) A is true, but R is false. v. Based on the extract, name one specific
iii. Dr. Malik believes in ‘ability beyond external factor—apart from her own
disability’ — that physical limitations do not fortitude—that helped the speaker overcome
define one’s potential. her challenges.
iv. trailblazer Ans :
v. False, she explicitly states that physical i. (b) She utilized her intense difficulties as
limitations don’t define one’s potential. functional tools to achieve success.
4. Read the extract given below and answer the ii. (c) Societal underestimation forced her to
questions that follows : cultivate and demonstrate strong mental
“One of the significant challenges for me was resilience.
societal perceptions. People often underestimated iii. People often underestimated her abilities due
my abilities. Overcoming this required not only to her disability.
physical strength but also mental resilience. I iv. fortitude
embraced challenges as opportunities to prove my v. The support of her family.
capabilities. The support of my family, coupled 5. Read the extract given below and answer the
with my fortitude, allowed me to turn obstacles questions that follows :
into stepping stones. “Honestly, I feel sports, especially Paralympics,
Interviewer: Your story is indeed a testament have the extraordinary ability to challenge
to the power of determination. How do you stereotypes and change attitudes towards
believe sports and Paralympics can contribute to disability. When people witness the strength,
challenging societal stereotypes? What has been skill, and competitive spirit of para-athletes, it
the impact of Paralympics in your life?” breaks down preconceived notions. Paralympics
i. What does the speaker ultimately imply by has given me a new lease of life and helped me
saying she “turned obstacles into stepping

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 THE WORLD OF LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES

push boundaries. It has made me what I am believe in working for the cause of strengthening
today. It has made me realise that individuals the emotional health of persons with challenges
with disabilities can be as capable, if not more and empowering women through outdoor sports
than their able-bodied counterparts.” and adventure activities. I also support persons
i. What does the phrase “breaks down from lower socio–economic strata and provide
preconceived notions” suggest about the equipment to para sportspersons. I believe youth
general public’s mindset? is the voice of tomorrow. So, we organise disability
(a) The public already holds immensely high sports awareness and advocacy sessions at various

NODIA
expectations of all para-athletes. schools and colleges. My goal is to contribute to
(b) The public holds biased or severely create a society where everyone, regardless of
limiting beliefs before witnessing the ability, is treated with dignity and given a fair
events. chance to succeed.”
(c) The public has a remarkably deep i. Why does the speaker consciously focus on
understanding of para-sports rules and the youth when organizing massive awareness
norms. sessions?
(d) The public generally dislikes watching (a) Because they are the only age group
any highly competitive sporting events. physically capable of participating in
ii. Assertion (A): The Paralympics effectively sports.
gave the speaker a “new lease of life”. (b) Because they have the most available free
Reason (R): It allowed her to redefine time to regularly attend such sessions.
her personal limits and recognize her (c) Because they effectively represent the
true capabilities compared to able-bodied future and can actively shape a better
individuals. society.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the (d) Because they require physical sporting
correct explanation of A. equipment significantly more than adults
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the do.
correct explanation of A. ii. Which option correctly pairs the speaker’s
(c) A is true, but R is false. specific action with its ultimate intended
goal?
(d) A is false, but R is true.
iii. How did Paralympics change Dr. Malik’s (a) Action: Empowering women.
personal outlook towards her own disability? Goal: Making them exclusively financially
iv. Identify the five-word phrase from the extract independent.
that idiomatically means “a fresh opportunity (b) Action: Organizing school sessions.
to live, work, or be successful”. Goal: Creating a society with equal
v. Fill in the blank: dignity and opportunity.
The speaker strongly believes that individuals (c) Action: Supporting socio-economic
with disabilities can be as ______, if not strata.
more than their able-bodied counterparts. Goal: Recruiting them strictly for
Ans : international championships.
i. (b) The public holds biased or severely (d) Action: Providing sports equipment.
limiting beliefs before witnessing the events. Goal: Earning a large profit from sports
ii. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the manufacturing companies.
correct explanation of A. iii. What is Dr. Malik’s ultimate goal for society
iii. Paralympics made her realise that individuals as described in this extract?
with disabilities can be as capable, if not more iv. Find a specific word in the extract that means
than their able-bodied counterparts. “essential or fundamentally necessary”.
iv. a new lease of life v. State whether True or False with a brief
v. capable reason:
The speaker restricts her support and
6. Read the extract given below and answer the
advocacy strictly to persons facing physical
questions that follows :
disabilities.
“Advocacy is integral to my mission. I strongly
PAGE 414 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans :
i. (c) Because they effectively represent the
future and can actively shape a better society.
ii. (b) Action: Organizing school sessions. Goal:
Creating a society with equal dignity and
opportunity.
iii. Dr. Malik wants to create a society where
everyone, regardless of ability, is treated with
dignity and given a fair chance to succeed.
iv. integral
v. False, she also supports empowering women
through outdoor sports and assists persons
from lower socio-economic strata.



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 TWIN MELODIES

CHAPTER 6
TWIN MELODIES

1. INTRODUCTION Peter
The friendly keyboard player in Shruti’s Indo-
The play “Twin Melodies” presents a captivating Western fusion group. He is highly encouraging,
narrative centered around a talented young cheering on Shruti’s musical talent and supporting
violinist named Shruti. Set against the backdrop

NODIA
her during their band rehearsals.
of a traditional Indian household, the story
explores the dynamic clash between classical
heritage and modern artistic expression. Shruti 3. SUMMARY
is a secret member of an Indo-Western fusion
band, a passion she hides from her father, Nabin, The Musical Friends and Shruti’s Dilemma
who is a strict traditionalist devoted solely to The play “Twin Melodies” revolves around
Classical Hindustani music. The plot unfolds as a young, talented girl named Shruti and her
Shruti struggles to balance her profound respect friends—Iqbal (flute), Avinash (tabla), and Peter
for her family’s rigid musical values with her (keyboard). Together, they have formed an Indo-
intense desire for creative freedom, leading to an Western fusion band. Shruti plays the violin
emotional confrontation at home. and has recently been praised in the newspaper
as a musical sensation. However, instead of
being happy, Shruti is in a deep dilemma. She
2. CHARACTERS
is terrified to tell her father, Nabin Sharma,
Shruti Sharma about her fusion band. Her father is a very strict
A young, talented violinist who is torn between follower of traditional Classical Hindustani music
playing in an Indo-Western fusion band and and believes that playing Western tunes on the
pleasing her traditional father. She is respectful, violin is a disrespect, or “desecration,” of the
anxious, and ultimately courageous. instrument. While her friends casually encourage
her to “bite the bullet” and tell him the truth,
Guru Nabin Sharma Shruti struggles because she deeply respects her
Shruti’s father is a strict, traditional master father and does not want to hurt his feelings.
violinist. Initially against fusion music, he is deeply
devoted to classical traditions but ultimately The Confrontation: A Clash of Tradition and
understands and supports his daughter’s talent. Modernity
Gathering her courage, Shruti finally decides to
Leela Devi break the news to her parents during dinner.
Shruti’s mother is practical, observant, and caring. She politely informs them about her upcoming
She understands her husband’s past struggles Indo-Western fusion concert and begs her father
and gently helps bridge the gap between Shruti’s to at least attend one rehearsal before judging
modern choices and Nabin’s traditional views. her. As expected, her father reacts with strong
Iqbal disapproval. He is firmly against modern fusion
The enthusiastic flute player in the fusion band. He music, feeling that his daughter has lost her sense
is a supportive, confident friend who encourages of true musicality, and he harshly dismisses her
Shruti to bravely tell her father the truth about plea. To add to the tension, her mother, Leela,
their concert. scolds her for hiding the truth for so long. Despite
this major setback and feeling torn between her
Avinash
passion for the band and her duty towards her
The band’s lively and vocal tabla player. He is a
family, Shruti promises never to hide things from
realistic friend who urges Shruti to stop hiding
them again.
her concert practices from her strict father.
PAGE 416 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

The Turning Point: A Secret Audience 9. Rehearsal – practice session, preparation

Feeling defeated by her father’s strictness, Shruti 10. Master – expert, highly skilled person
decides that family duty is more important. 11. Sensation – widespread success, phenomenon
She plans to practice her fusion piece one last 12. Least – minimum, smallest amount
time before telling her friends that she has 13. Unaffected – unmoved, unchanged, indifferent
to quit the band. However, unknown to her, 14. Distract – divert attention, disturb
her parents secretly enter the room during her 15. Startled – surprised, frightened, alarmed
final rehearsal. As Nabin watches his daughter 16. Silence – quietness, absence of sound
play, he is left completely amazed. He sees that 17. Concert – musical performance, show
Shruti is performing excellently and has not lost 18. Strict – firm, demanding, inflexible
her classical roots; rather, she is blending them 19. Desecration – disrespect towards something
beautifully with the new music. sacred
The Resolution: Understanding and Acceptance 20. Firmly – strongly, resolutely, steadfastly
The climax of the play brings a heartwarming 21. Ragas and aalaaps – elements of Hindustani
realization. Shruti’s mother, Leela, plays a crucial classical music
role in opening Nabin’s eyes. She reminds him 22. Worth – value, merit, importance
of his own youth, when he rebelled against his 23. Opinions – beliefs, views, judgments
family’s traditional vocal music heritage to play a 24. Eventually – finally, in the end, ultimately
Western instrument—the violin. Realizing that he 25. Come round – change one’s mind, agree
had once been in Shruti’s exact position, Nabin’s 26. Basically – fundamentally, essentially
anger melts away. He accepts that his fears were 27. Guess – suppose, believe, estimate
baseless and that classical music is powerful 28. To bite the bullet – to deal with an unpleasant
enough to hold its own in a modern fusion setting. or difficult situation in a courageous and
He joyfully tells Shruti that he trusts her, supports determined way
her artistic freedom, and will cheer for her at the 29. Encouraging – supportive, motivating,
concert. The family shares a warm hug, perfectly inspiring
resolving the conflict. 30. Seemingly – apparently, outwardly
31. Stuck – halted, trapped, unable to move
Harmony Between Tradition and Modernity 32. Disappear – vanish, go out of sight
The title “Twin Melodies” beautifully captures the 33. Afraid – scared, fearful, worried
central theme of the play: the harmonious blending 34. Abandon – give up, leave behind, quit
of traditional values and modern expressions. The 35. Mission – task, assignment, objective
play teaches us that a generational gap does not 36. Strength – courage, power, toughness
have to result in permanent conflict. Through 37. Actually – in fact, really, truthfully
NODIA

open communication, mutual respect, and a 38. Suddenly – abruptly, unexpectedly

willingness to understand one another, families 39. Opposite – facing, in front of
can balance personal passions with traditional 40. Upright – straight, vertical, erect
duties. Just like a beautiful fusion of Eastern and 41. Formal – official, serious, proper
Western music, the old and the new can peacefully 42. Calmly – peacefully, quietly, smoothly
coexist side by side. 43. Contempt – a strong feeling of dislike and
disrespect
44. Familiarity – closeness, intimacy, frequent
4. WORD MEANINGS contact
1. Crescendo – a piece of music that gets louder 45. Breeds – produces, causes, creates
and louder 46. Judged – decided, concluded, assessed
2. Scene – setting, location of action 47. Drown – submerge, overwhelm, overpower
3. Fusion – blend, mixture, combination 48. Individual – personal, unique, distinct
4. Rack – shelf, stand, framework 49. Hubbub – a loud noise
5. Stacked – piled up, loaded, filled 50. Orchestra – musical ensemble, band
6. Wind up – conclude, finish, bring to a close 51. Hardly – barely, scarcely, unlikely
7. Packing up – putting things away, gathering 52. Scheduled – planned, arranged, timetabled
belongings 53. Timidly – shyly, nervously, hesitantly
8. Distress – sorrow, pain, anxiety 54. Let alone – not to mention, much less
 TWIN MELODIES

55. Musicality – musical talent, artistic sensitivity 5. MESSAGE

56. Extent – degree, scale, limit
Through this play, the playwright gives a strong
57. Iterated – repeated
message about balancing our traditions with new
58. Occasions – instances, events, times
ideas. Shruti’s story shows that we do not have to
59. Request – ask politely, appeal, beg
give up our culture to follow our modern dreams.
60. Consider – think about, reflect on, evaluate
We should respect our parents’ heritage, like
61. Mocking – teasing, making fun of, sarcastic
Nabin’s love for classical music, while also freely
62. Participate – take part, join in, engage
expressing our own creativity. True harmony
63. Down the drain – wasted, lost, ruined
comes from mixing the old with the new, teaching
64. Entering – coming in, stepping inside
us to chase our unique passions while deeply
65. Perhaps – maybe, possibly
respecting our roots.
66. Engrossed – deeply involved, absorbed,
fascinated
67. Evidently – clearly, obviously, apparently 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
68. Furiously – fiercely, energetically, intensely
69. Expression – look, appearance, display of Reflect and Respond
emotion
70. Pride – satisfaction, dignity, self-respect I. Given below are some stringed musical
71. Soulful – emotional, expressive, deeply felt instruments. Work in pairs and identify them by
72. Sight – view, vision, awareness first letter of the spellings of their names.
73. Excellence – greatness, high quality, perfection
74. Amazing – wonderful, incredible, surprising
75. Result – outcome, consequence, effect
76. Giggle – laugh lightly, chuckle
77. Equipment – tools, gear, instruments
78. Regularly – frequently, routinely, consistently
79. Mime – acting without words, gestures
80. Seriously – earnestly, thoughtfully, gravely
81. Decision – choice, resolution, conclusion
82. Warmly – affectionately, kindly, lovingly
83. Admit – confess, acknowledge, accept
84. Vocalists – singers, performing artists
85. Traditional – customary, classic, conventional
86. Painstakingly – done with great care and Ans :
effort Santoor, Sarangi, Sitar, Sarod
87. Nurtured – cared for, protected, developed Mandolin, Violin, Guitar, Banjo
88. Flame – passion, enthusiasm, spark
89. Heritage – tradition, inheritance, legacy II. Do you play a musical instrument? If given a
90. Thick and thin – good and bad times, difficult choice, which one would you choose and why?
situations Ans :
91. Desire – wish, want, longing Yes, I play the keyboard. If given a choice to learn
92. Cultivating – developing, improving, refining another instrument, I would choose the acoustic
93. Painful – hurtful, distressing, difficult guitar because it is portable, highly versatile, and
94. Incorporated – included, integrated, blended allows me to play a wide variety of music genres
95. Betrayal – disloyalty, treachery, letdown ranging from classical melodies to contemporary
96. Values – principles, morals, ethics rock.
97. Worked his fingers to the bone – work very
hard III. Is there any difference in the choice of music
98. Underestimated – misjudged, undervalued, between children and elders? If yes, why? If no,
rated too low why not?
99. Baseless – unfounded, unjustified, without Ans :
reason Yes, there is often a distinct difference in the
[Link] – show support choice of music between children and elders.

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PAGE 418 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Elders generally prefer classical, traditional, or Speaker Words of the Speaker Reason
older melodies that they grew up listening to,

NODIA
as these evoke nostalgia and have a soothing, _____ Oh ho! Wow Shruti! _____
familiar rhythm. Children and teenagers tend You are a sensation
to prefer contemporary, upbeat, pop, or fusion now! The least you can
music, which reflects current trends and energetic do is throw a party!
vibes. This difference is primarily due to the _____ There is need to worry _____
generational gap and varying cultural exposures Iqbal! You don’t know
during their formative years. papa.

IV. Work in pairs to complete the paragraph given _____ That’s the spirit! _____
on the next page by choosing the correct phrases Ans :
given in the box. Discuss with your teacher
whether the following phrases have a literal Setting Where : Iqbal’s room
meaning or a figurative one. Description of the room :
a small rack, a small rack,
wearing a look of distress, bite the bullet musical instruments, neat
found words lost in his thoughts and simple room
bring it up throw a party On the wall: pictures/
winding up sweating on come around posters of great musicians
The theatre club was 1. _____their practice. Children and the 1. Iqbal : flute
Anil saw Sunny was 2. _____ and not instruments they 2. Shruti : sitar
speaking to anyone. They had a disagreement play 3. Anu : tabla
in the morning and since then, Sunny was 3. 4. Sameer : harmonium
_____. Anil did not want to 4. _____ and
disturb Sunny further but he finally decided to Speaker Words of the Reason
5. _____and speak to Sunny. He was sure if Speaker
he apologised first, his friend would 6. _____.
With a lot of anxiety, he 7. _____to apologise. Sameer Oh ho! Wow He is praising
And finally, Sunny smiled! Everyone clapped and Shruti! You are Shruti for
asked them to 8. _____ to celebrate. a sensation now! her excellent
The least you performance and
Ans :
can do is throw a success.
1. winding up
party!
2. lost in his thoughts
3. wearing a look of distress Anu There is need to She is warning
4. bring it up worry Iqbal! You Iqbal about his
5. bite the bullet don’t know papa. father’s strict
6. come around nature.
7. found words Iqbal That’s the spirit! He is encouraging
8. throw a party his friends.

Check Your Understanding II. Do you think Shruti will gather the courage to
I. Complete the table given below based on Act I speak to her father? Give a reason.
of the play. Check your answers with the teacher. Ans :
Setting • Where : Iqbal’s room Yes, I think Shruti will gather the courage to
• Description of the room : speak to her father because she eventually says, “I
a small rack, _____ guess it is time to bite the bullet,” and promises
• On the wall: _____ her friends that she will bring the topic up at
dinner tonight. The encouragement and support
Children and the 1. Iqbal : flute from her friends give her the necessary push.
instruments they 2. _____
play 3. _____
4. _____
 TWIN MELODIES

III. What might be Shruti’s father’s reaction? Why? away from the table in mockery. However, out
Ans : of deep parental concern or curiosity, he might
Shruti’s father might react with disappointment eventually decide to check on what his daughter
or anger. Shruti herself mentions that he is very is actually doing.
strict and firmly believes that Classical Hindustani
III. Do you think Shruti and her parents would
music, with its ragas and aalaaps, is the only
understand one another? If yes, why? If no, why
kind of music an artist of worth should play. He
not?
would likely consider playing fusion music to be a
“desecration” of the violin. Ans :
Yes, they are likely to understand one another
Check Your Understanding eventually because, beneath the strictness, there
is a strong foundation of family love and respect.
I. Complete the summary of Act II by choosing the
Shruti deeply cares about her father’s opinions
correct words from the box given below. There
and doesn’t want to hurt him, and her parents
are two extra words that you do not need. Check
naturally want the best for her. Once her parents
your answers with the teacher.
witness her talent and dedication firsthand, they
disapproval plea absent-minded, might realize that her modern musical interests
setback surprised scolded, do not destroy her classical roots.
courage firm clash relief
Check Your Understanding
Shruti seemed 1. _____ during dinner. She
finally gathered the 2. _____ to inform her I. Work in pairs. Identify the true statements.
father, Nabin, about her wish to participate Check the answers with your teacher.
in an upcoming Indo-Western fusion concert.
Nabin reacted negatively, expressing 3. _____ 1. During the rehearsal, Shruti’s _____
of fusion music and dismissed the idea. Despite parents enter the room and are
Shruti’s 4. _____ to him to attend a practice overjoyed at her performance.
before deciding, Nabin was 5. _____ in his 2. Shruti initially considers telling _____
decision. Shruti’s mother, Leela, 6. _____ her her friends that she can’t join
for not seeking permission earlier. The tension them for the performance, after
highlights the 7. _____ between traditional practising one last time.
and contemporary musical preferences within the
3. Shruti’s father expressed that she _____
family. Despite the 8. _____, Shruti promises
had sung a few notes incorrectly
not to hide again and is urged to go to bed by her
during her performance.
mother.
Ans : 4. Shruti’s father had followed the _____
1. absent-minded family’s tradition of being a
2. courage violinist and worked very hard
3. disapproval to achieve all that he did.
4. plea 5. Shruti’s mother helped her _____
5. firm husband realise why he should
6. scolded support their daughter.
7. clash 6. Shruti’s father accepts that _____
8. setback he underrated the potential of
The extra words are ‘surprised’ and ‘relief’ classical music.
II. Will Shruti’s father go for the rehearsal? Support Ans :
your answer with a reason. 1. True (He taps his feet, is evidently enjoying,
Ans : and has an expression of pride).
Based on his reaction in Act II, it initially seems 2. True (She says this to herself in an aside
highly unlikely that Shruti’s father will go to the before the practice begins).
rehearsal. He firmly rejected her plea, stating he 3. False (He praised her, saying she did not lose
never thought a student of his would “lose their sight of the notes even once and performed to
sense of musicality to such an extent,” and walked excellence).

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PAGE 420 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. False (His family’s tradition was being disregards his deeply held traditional beliefs.
vocalists; he went against their wishes to iii. We can say that the extract reflects the
become a violinist). generational gap in understanding art
5. True (Nabin admits, “I must admit it was and tradition because ‘Nabin (the older
Leela who opened my eyes.”) generation) firmly believes that pure Classical
6. True (He says, “I underestimated the power Hindustani music is the only worthy art form,
of our own music,” realizing classical music while Shruti (the younger generation) is
was powerful enough to hold its own within a open-minded, eager to experiment, and wants
fusion setting rather than being ruined by it). to blend different styles like Indo-Western
fusion.’
Critical Reflection iv. Iqbal reassures Shruti by emphasizing the
inherent bond between a parent and child.
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the He implies that because Nabin is her father,
questions that follow. his love for her will ultimately outshine his
1. Shruti : There is need to worry Iqbal! You don’t strictness, and she shouldn’t overthink her
know papa. He is very strict about these things. approach because a father will naturally try
He will think it a desecration of the violin to be to understand his daughter.
played to Western tunes. Papa firmly believes that v. The critics argued that only films which
Classical Hindustani music, with its ragas and provoke thoughtful discussion are ‘of any
aalaaps, is the only kind of music that an artist of worth’.
any worth should play. I don’t want papa to feel 2. Nabin : I underestimated the power of our own
NODIA

that I don’t care about his opinions, because I do. music. I was afraid you would be lost to us. I
It’s just that I want to give this a try too. I just realise that my fears were baseless. After all each
don’t know how to tell him in the right way! bay, its own wind. I trust you Shruti and I will
Iqbal : All ways are right ways, Shruti. He is your root for your group at the concert!
father, he will understand. (Shruti hugs both of her parents)
i. Select the option that correctly identifies Shruti’s i. Select the suitable option to complete the
situation. sentence.
A. confident B. indifferent Nabin’s breakthrough in his understanding of
C. content D. in a dilemma artistic freedom, highlights a bridge between
_____.
ii. What does Shruti mean by ‘the right way’, in the A. personal ambition and professional success
sentence, “I just don’t know how to tell him in the B. traditional values and modern expressions
right way!”?
C. strict discipline and casual learning
iii. Complete the following with a suitable reason. D. historical techniques and futuristic innovations
We can say that the extract reflects the generational
gap in understanding art and tradition because ii. Fill in the blank with a suitable phrase.
_____. The extract uses the word ‘lost’ both in the sense
of losing _____ and physical separation.
iv. Explain how Iqbal’s words were meant as an
assurance to Shruti. iii. In the line, ‘Shruti hugs her parents’, which word
from those given below, does not show what it
v. Fill in the blank with a phrase from the extract. conveys?
The critics argued that only films which provoke reconciliation, harmony, duty, acceptance,
thoughtful discussion are _____. understanding
Ans :
i. D. in a dilemma iv. What can be inferred about Shruti’s future in
ii. ‘The right way’, Shruti means she is searching music following her father’s expression of trust
for a respectful and sensitive manner to inform and support?
her strict father about her participation in
a fusion concert. She wants to ensure she v. Identify the phrase that refers to the uniqueness
doesn’t anger him or make him feel that she of each artist’s journey and style.
 TWIN MELODIES

Ans : 3. Analyse the character of Nabin Sharma. How does

i. B. traditional values and modern expressions his attitude towards music evolve throughout the
ii. The extract uses the word ‘lost’ both in the play?
sense of losing connection to traditional roots Ans :
and physical separation. Nabin Sharma is initially portrayed as an
iii. duty orthodox, authoritarian purist who believes
iv. It can be inferred that Shruti will confidently classical music is the only acceptable art form and
pursue and excel in both classical and fusion views modern fusion as a “desecration.” However,
music without the burden of guilt. With her his character shows immense growth. When he
father’s backing, she will flourish as an artist secretly watches Shruti perform, he genuinely
who respects her roots while successfully appreciates the beauty of the fusion and sees
exploring creative new musical avenues. that her classical foundation remains flawlessly
v. “each bay, its own wind” intact. Reminded by his wife of his own youthful
rebellion—choosing the violin over his family’s
II. Answer the following questions.
vocal tradition—he becomes open-minded and
1. Justify the title ‘Twin Melodies’. How does the supportive, realizing that art must evolve and
play explore the theme of tradition and modernity? that his fears were baseless.
Ans : 4. How does the play use Shruti’s internal conflict to
The title ‘Twin Melodies’ perfectly symbolizes explore the theme of duty towards family versus
the harmonious blending of two distinct musical personal passion?
styles: traditional Classical Hindustani music
Ans :
and modern Western music. The play explores
Shruti’s deep internal conflict drives the play’s
tradition through Nabin Sharma’s strict
narrative. She is intensely passionate about
adherence to classical roots, and modernity
playing the violin in the fusion band (personal
through Shruti’s desire to experiment with a
passion), but she equally respects her strict father
fusion band. Ultimately, the play resolves this
and his traditional views (family duty). Her
conflict by showing that tradition and modernity
hesitation to tell the truth and her willingness to
do not have to cancel each other out; they can
quit the band just to keep peace show the heavy
coexist harmoniously, much like twin melodies
emotional burden placed on children when their
creating a beautiful fusion.
ambitions diverge from parental expectations.
The play uses this dilemma to illustrate that
honest communication and mutual respect can
eventually reconcile personal desires with family
2. What are the different perspectives of Peter,
loyalty.
Iqbal, and Avinash regarding confronting figures
of authority? How do their attitudes towards 5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the play’s conclusion.
Shruti’s dilemma with her father provide insight Does it realistically address the conflicts
into their own characters and values? presented?
Ans : Ans :
Peter is practical and suggests a casual approach The play’s conclusion is both highly effective
(“Just tell them you come for the practice”), and heartwarming. Nabin’s realization is realistic
showing he treats authority figures with ease. because it is not sudden; it is triggered by two
Avinash is direct and realistic, warning Shruti powerful factors. First, he witnesses Shruti’s
that hiding the truth makes things worse, which impeccable classical technique thriving within
shows he values honesty and facing consequences the fusion piece. Second, Leela reminds him of
head-on. Iqbal is highly optimistic and uses humor, his own past, mirroring Shruti’s rebellion when
suggesting that parental scolding is a harmless, he chose a Western instrument (the violin) over
everyday occurrence. Their varying attitudes his family’s vocal lineage. This logical reasoning
reveal that they are supportive, independent makes his change of heart believable and resolves
friends who handle authority much more casually the generational conflict constructively.
than Shruti, contrasting sharply with her deep-
seated reverence and fear of her traditional father.

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PAGE 422 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

6. Assess how well the role of cultural diversity Ans :

contributes to the storyline of the play. 1. arrgh (Image of stressed face pulling cheeks)
Ans : 2. ahem-ahem (Image of face coughing/clearing
Cultural diversity is the backbone of the storyline, throat)
physically represented by the Indo-Western fusion 3. whew (Image of smiling face wiping a sweat
band. The band comprises diverse members drop)
playing different instruments—tabla, flute, 4. hmmm (Image of face thinking with hand on
keyboard, and violin—symbolizing a melting pot chin)
of cultures. The entire plot revolves around the (The extra word is ‘err’)
friction and eventual harmony between traditional
III. Read the following words from the text and their
Indian classical heritage and Western musical
meanings.
influences. It highlights that blending diverse
• notes—a single sound at a certain pitch,
cultural elements does not destroy the original
usually shown as a symbol on music sheet.
forms but rather creates something innovative
• crescendo [kri-SHEN-doe]—a gradual increase
and uniquely beautiful.
in the volume or intensity of sound
Vocabulary and Structures in Context Now, on the next page, match the meanings of
other music-related words in Column 1 with their
I. Read the highlighted word given in the brackets. meanings in Column 2.
SHRUTI (Aside) : Oh, how much I enjoy
performing this piece. Perhaps I can practise one Column 1 Column 2
last time and soon after that I will tell them that 1. rhythm i. the lowest tone or part
I can’t join them for the performance. in music
1. What is ‘aside’ used for? 2. tempo ii. a mixture of loud
NODIA

(i) enables characters to talk about the story unpleasant sounds

(ii) shows what a character thinks or feels
(iii) makes a direct link between the audience and 3. bass [[Link]] iii. the pattern of beats or
the character time intervals in music
(iv) (i), (ii), and (iii) 4. baritone iv. the speed or pace at
Ans : which a piece of music
(iv) (i), (ii), and (iii) is played
5. cacophony v. a male voice that falls
II. Read the following words from the text.
between the higher and
Ahem ahem, I … er…
lower ranges
Now, select the correct answer for the question
given below. 6. pitch vi. a series of musical notes
Why are they used? moving upwards or
1. to fill gaps while speaking downwards
2. to increase clarity 7. scale vii. the perceived frequency
3. to provide confidence of a sound, how high or
Ans : low a sound is
1. to fill gaps while speaking
Ans :
Now, choose suitable non-lexical fillers given in
the box to describe the emoticons 1 to 4. There is Column 1 Column 2
an extra word you do not need. 1. rhythm (iii) the pattern of beats or
time intervals in music
whew err arrgh hmmm ahem-ahem
2. tempo (iv) the speed or pace at
which a piece of music
is played
3. bass [[Link]] (i) the lowest tone or part
in music
 TWIN MELODIES

4. baritone (v) a male voice that falls V. Read the dialogues given below.
between the higher 1. Oh, how much I enjoy performing this piece!
and lower ranges 2. Wah, how soulful! You all have done a
wonderful job!
5. cacophony (ii) a mixture of loud Sentences 1. and 2. are _____ sentences.
unpleasant sounds (declarative/interrogative/exclamatory/
6. pitch (vii) the perceived imperative)
frequency of a sound, Now, convert the exclamatory sentences given
how high or low a above to declarative sentences.
sound is
Use ‘exclaimed’ or ‘exclaimed with (feeling)’
7. scale (vi) a series of musical instead of reporting verb ‘said’
notes moving upwards
or downwards Remove interjections, exclamatory mark, and
quotations.
IV. Write the meanings of the underlined phrases Ans :
based on your understanding of the usage in Sentences 1. and 2. are exclamatory sentences.
sentences. 1. I enjoy performing this piece very much.
2. You all have done a wonderfully soulful job.
Phrases Meanings
1. My mother told me, “When you
follow trends without thinking,
you drown your individual VI. Write the sentences given below in reported
style.” speech. One example has been done for you.
1. “Wow Shruti! You’re a sensation!” suggested
2. The pianist was appreciated for |
Avinash.
his sense of musicality.
Avinash exclaimed with wonder that Shruti
3. When one of the performers in was a great sensation.
the group was injured, they felt 2. “What an incredible achievement! I can’t
their practise would go down believe we pulled it off!” said Iqbal.
the drain. Iqbal exclaimed that it ____________.
Ans : 3. “Bravo! Each note was executed perfectly,
and the performance was flawless!” said
Phrases Meanings Shruti’s mother.
1. My mother told me, To lose, hide, or Shruti’s mother applauded that _______
“When you follow suppress your _________________________.
trends without unique personal 4. Iqbal : I basically have a little bit of scolding
thinking, you drown characteristics or for breakfast every day!
your individual creativity by trying 5. Shruti : Sorry mummy, won’t hide from you
style.” to conform to others. again. I promise!
6. Avinash : You are a sensation now! The least
2. The pianist was The natural talent, you can do is throw a party!
appreciated for his sensitivity, or ability
Ans :
sense of musicality. to understand, feel,
1. Avinash exclaimed with wonder that Shruti
and express music
was a sensation.
beautifully.
2. Iqbal exclaimed that it was an incredible
3. When one of the To be completely achievement and that he couldn’t believe
performers in the wasted, ruined, they had pulled it off.
group was injured, or lost without 3. Shruti’s mother applauded that each note had
they felt their achieving the been executed perfectly and the performance
practise would go intended result. had been flawless.
down the drain. 4. Iqbal stated humorously that he basically had
a little bit of scolding for breakfast every day.

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PAGE 424 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

5. Shruti apologized to her mummy and II. Now, listen to a musician describing the yazh and
promised that she would not hide anything check if your choice was correct. (Transcript for
from her again. teacher on page 270)
6. Avinash exclaimed that she was a sensation Ans :
then and suggested that the least she could Note : This is a classroom listening activity. Please
do was throw a party. listen to the audio provided by your teacher to
verify your choice.
VII. Report the following dialogue in the indirect
form of speech. III. Listen to the musician’s description of the yazh
ASMA : Wow! What a unique experience I had at once again. As you listen, complete the notes
the art studio today! below with not more than three words.
DEEPA : Tell me! I’m eager to hear!
ASMA : I accidentally spilled paint all over my The Yazh
canvas. 1. Type of instrument – The Indian _____
DEEPA : Oh, my goodness! What a pity! (i) Was used in: _____
ASMA : No worries! The painting now looks (ii) Earlier version of: _____
better than my original plan! 2. Design
DEEPA : That’s incredible! (i) stem tip – shaped like _____ of
Asma exclaimed excitedly that she 1._____. mythological animal
Deepa urged her to tell her as she was eager to (ii) resonator
hear. Asma said that 2. _____. Deepa pitied
A. shape of a _____
Asma. However, Asma replied to her not to worry
as 3. _____. Deepa exclaimed that 4. _____. B. material – _____
3. Design variety
Ans :
Asma exclaimed excitedly that she 1. had a very (i) peacock, _____, _____, and bow
unique experience at the art studio that day. string
Deepa urged her to tell her as she was eager Ans :
to hear. Asma said that 2. she had accidentally 1. Type of instrument – The Indian harp
spilled paint all over her canvas. Deepa pitied (i) Was used in: ancient Tamil music
Asma. However, Asma replied to her not to worry (ii) Earlier version of: the Veena
as 3. the painting then looked better than her 2. Design
original plan. Deepa exclaimed that 4. it was
(i) stem tip – shaped like head of mythological
incredible.
animal
Listen and Respond (ii) resonator
A. shape of a boat (or bowl)
I. Look at the given stringed musical instruments B. material – wood
and decide which one could be the yazh [yāḻ]. 3. Design variety
(i) peacock, fish (makara), crocodile, and
bow string

Speaking Activity
Ans : I. Stress and intonation exercises can be a great
Based on historical characteristics of the ancient way to understand the emotional and rhythmic
Tamil ‘yazh’—which is traditionally a bow- feelings associated with dialogues in a play.
shaped or boat-shaped harp—instruments 2 and
3 resemble it the most. 1. Let us pick a few lines from the play and speak
them aloud. Focus on how stress and intonation
can change their meaning or emotional impact.

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 TWIN MELODIES

Sentences Stress Intonation Writing Task

I don’t • ‘don’t’ in • start with 1. Read the beginning of a story given below.
want papa the first part a slightly Anuradha, a teenager, has been learning tabla
to feel that and‘do’ in the lower tone, at school since her primary years and is an
I don’t care second part conveying extraordinary tabla player. Her father, a vocalist,
about his • highlights concern is a music teacher in a school. He has never been
opinions, contrast • rise towards supportive of her learning the tabla and rather
because I in Shruti’s the end, feels she should focus on becoming a vocalist.
do. internal emphasising
She has been invited to perform at a prestigious
conflict and her sincerity
event, and decides to participate in it, despite
her deep
her father’s disapproval. However, Anuradha’s
concern for
her father’s
mother and brother have always rooted for her.
feelings Anuradha sat wondering.
In groups of four, create a play script based only
on the beginning of the story given above. To
Tonight, at • ‘promise’ and • start with a
write the script, you may refer to the play you
dinner, I ‘bring this up’ decisive tone
have just read.
promise to • shows Shruti’s on ‘promise’
Tips for writing the script for the play.
bring this determination • slightly
• Write a rough draft of the script first
up and the increase in
importance of pitch and • Mention the setting and characters
the action she volume • Use colon (:) after the speaker to introduce
plans to take on ‘bring words of the speaker.
NODIA

this up’, • Use brackets to convey to the actor the way

to indicate to deliver the words. Refer to vocabulary and
resolve structures in context (I).
• Include ‘aside’ where needed. Refer to
Why are • ‘lost’ and • tone should
you lost in ‘thought’ be gentle vocabulary and structures in context (I).
thought my • draws • raise the tone • You may use non-lexical fillers such as
dear child? attention to on ‘lost’ AhemAhem!, Arrghh! to fill pauses.
the concern • indicates • Use ellipsis where necessary. Ellipsis (…) is
in Leela’s curiosity used to depict a short pause or silence in the
question script for a dramatic effect.
Example: Yes, actually I … er … was finding
Each bay, • ‘each’ and • thoughtful
its own ‘own’ and slightly
the right words to say something to you … to
wind • highlights the philosophical you papa.
uniqueness of tone Ans :
each path • a steady pitch Title : The Rhythm of Defiance
• one-size-fits that gently Setting :
all does not rises on its Where : Anuradha’s bedroom.
work in every ‘own’ Description of the room : A simple room with
situation or a study desk, a bed, and a pair of shiny tablas
for every placed reverently on a mat in the corner.
person Characters :
ANURADHA : A teenager, highly passionate
2. Practice speaking aloud a few other sentences about playing the tabla.
from the play on your own. Understanding what MR. SHARMA : Anuradha’s father, a traditional
is being said and why, will help you stress the vocalist and strict music teacher.
suitable portions and use the appropriate tone. MRS. SHARMA : Anuradha’s mother, supportive
Ans : and understanding.
This is a practical classroom speaking activity. ROHAN : Anuradha’s younger brother, cheerful
Read the dialogues aloud following your teacher’s and encouraging.
instructions on stress and tone. The scene opens in Anuradha’s room. She is
PAGE 426 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

sitting on the floor, staring blankly at her tablas, (Mr. Sharma stares at her for a moment, then
wearing a look of distress. The invitation letter turns and leaves the room in silence. Anuradha
for the prestigious event is crumpled in her hand. looks at her mother, holding back tears.)
Rohan enters the room enthusiastically. MRS. SHARMA : (comforting her) Don’t worry.
ROHAN : Anu! Did you reply to the event Give it time. Just focus on your practice.
organizers yet? You have to say yes! (Anuradha nods slowly, wiping a tear, and places
ANURADHA : (sighs, lost in her thoughts) her hands on the tabla. Curtain down.)
I don’t know, Rohan. You know how Papa
feels about this. He thinks the tabla is just an Learning Beyond the Text
accompaniment, not a primary art for our family.
ROHAN : (rolling his eyes) Arrgh! He just wants I. Study the words given in brackets in the following
everyone to sing. But you are a maestro on the dialogues taken from the text. What do you
tabla! notice?
(Mrs. Sharma enters carrying a tray of snacks. • Iqbal : (a little loudly) Shruti!
She notices Anuradha’s worried face.) • Avinash : (very loudly) SHRUTI!
MRS. SHARMA : (gently) What is troubling • Nabin : (calmly but firmly) No is the answer.
you, my dear? Still thinking about the concert? • Iqbal : (picking up a newspaper from his
ANURADHA : Yes, Ma. If I perform, Papa will be desk)...
furious. He reiterated just yesterday that I should • Nabin : (getting up)...
start vocal training seriously. But my heart is in 1. Why do we not use inverted commas to convey
these beats... (points to the tabla). the dialogues?
MRS. SHARMA : (smiles warmly and places a
Ans :
hand on her shoulder) Anuradha, your father is
In a play script, dialogues are not enclosed in
rigid, but he respects true talent. You must follow
inverted commas (quotation marks) because the
your passion. We are rooting for you.
structural format dictates that everything written
ANURADHA : (Aside) Oh, how I wish he could
after the character’s name and the colon is spoken
see what I feel when I play. Maybe if I just prove
text. This eliminates the need for quotation marks
myself on that stage... I have to bite the bullet.
to distinguish speech from narrative text.
(Suddenly, Mr. Sharma’s voice booms from the
hallway.) 2. Where do we use colons?
MR. SHARMA : (loudly) Anuradha! Have you
Ans :
practiced your vocal ragas today?
We use colons immediately after the character’s
(Mr. Sharma enters the room. He stops and looks
name to indicate that the text following it is the
at the tabla, his expression hardening.)
exact dialogue the character is speaking.
MR. SHARMA : (sternly) I see you are still
wasting time on this... noise-making. Have you 3. What is written within the brackets? What do
considered what I told you about focusing on these convey?
vocals? Ans :
ANURADHA : (timidly, but gathering courage) The text written within the brackets represents
Papa, actually I... er... I have been invited to play stage directions. They convey the manner,
a solo tabla piece at the city’s Cultural Fest next tone, emotional state, or physical actions of the
week. And... I have decided to participate. character while delivering the dialogue (e.g.,
MR. SHARMA : (his face turning red) What? “very loudly”, “getting up”).
Without consulting me? You are choosing this
over our family’s vocal tradition? 4. How does it help the actors?
ROHAN : (quickly) But Papa, she is amazing at Ans :
it! It acts as an essential guide for the actors, helping
MR. SHARMA : (calmly but firmly) Quiet, them understand exactly how the playwright
Rohan. Anuradha, I am deeply disappointed. You intends the line to be delivered. It dictates their
are throwing away your musicality. facial expressions, volume, physical movement,
ANURADHA : (voice trembling but firm) No, and emotional portrayal, ensuring the performance
Papa. I am finding my own rhythm. Please, just aligns perfectly with the story’s intended mood.
come and watch me. Just once.

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 TWIN MELODIES

II. Did you know that there is an orchestra that IV. In groups of five, select objects around yourself to
made musical instruments from recycling junk or create a rhythm.
discarded waste items? Present it in the class. Enjoy!
There is one such orchestra, called the Recycled Ans :
Orchestra of Cateura, Paraguay, that was formed A water bottle (tap it for beats)
in 2012, and children are a part of it. They play A table or desk (use hands for bass sounds)
musical instruments made from scrap materials Pencils or pens (tap together for sharp sounds)
collected from landfills. A metal spoon and glass (for ringing tones)
A box or container (for drum-like beats)
Combine these sounds to make a pattern (e.g.,

NODIA
tap–tap–clap–tap) and practice it together as a
group. Then present your rhythm creatively in
class.

V. Read the book Rigmarole and Other Plays by Sai

Paranjpye and enjoy the humour and wit.
Rigmarole and Other Plays, a collection by Sai
Paranjpye, includes the play ‘Rigmarole,’ which
follows a silly King, his Council of nine Ministers,
and a bed bug, leading to humorous events. Other
plays in the collection, like ‘The Boy Who Wrote
a Constitution,’ seek to educate children while
entertaining them.
Ans :
Yes, there is an orchestra called the Recycled
Orchestra of Cateura in Paraguay. It was formed
in 2012, and the children in the orchestra play
musical instruments made from recycled scrap
materials collected from landfills.

III. Indigenous musical instruments are crafted from

natural materials like bamboo, gourds, animal
hides, and shells, reflecting a deep connection
to the environment and cultural heritage. These
instruments are diverse, ranging from percussion
instruments like drums and rattles to wind
instruments like flutes, etc. Find out more about
such indigenous instruments that are used in
your region.
Ans :
In India, there are many indigenous instruments
crafted from natural materials. For example:
Ektara : A one-stringed instrument made from Ans :
a dried gourd or a wooden bowl covered with Rigmarole and Other Plays by Sai Paranjpye is
animal skin, commonly used in folk music. a collection of humorous and entertaining plays.
Bansuri : A classical Indian flute made entirely The play Rigmarole is about a silly king, his
from a single hollow shaft of bamboo. council of nine ministers, and a bed bug, leading
Kanjira : A South Indian frame drum traditionally to funny situations. Other plays in the book, such
made from the wood of the jackfruit tree and as The Boy Who Wrote a Constitution, aim to
monitor lizard skin. both educate and entertain children with wit and
creativity.
PAGE 428 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 8. Shruti’s father is a strict follower of ______.

(a) Classical Hindustani music
Multiple Choice Type Questions (b) Western Classical music
(c) Modern Fusion pop
1. What is the name of the protagonist?
(d) Contemporary Jazz
(a) Shikha (b) Shruti
(c) Smriti (d) Sunita Ans :
(a) Classical Hindustani music
Ans :
(b) Shruti 9. Why is Shruti terrified to tell her father about
the band?
2. Which instrument does Iqbal play?
(a) He hates when she spends too much time
(a) The tabla (b) The piano with her friends instead of studying.
(c) The flute (d) The sitar (b) He feels playing Western tunes on the violin
Ans : is a desecration of the instrument.
(c) The flute (c) He believes that she should only focus on her
academics and stop playing music.
3. What does Avinash play in the band?
(d) He thinks that she is not talented enough to
(a) Keyboard (b) Flute perform on a big public concert stage.
(c) Violin (d) Tabla
Ans :
Ans : (b) He feels playing Western tunes on the violin is
(d) Tabla a desecration of the instrument.
4. What instrument does Peter play? 10. What term does Nabin use for playing Western
(a) Keyboard (b) Drumset tunes on the violin?
(c) Guitars (d) Trumpet (a) Innovation(b) Masterpiece
Ans : (c) Desecratio (d) Improvement
(a) Keyboard Ans :
(c) Desecration
5. What kind of band did the friends form?
(a) Purely Classical 11. What idiom do Shruti’s friends use to encourage
(b) Indo-Western fusion her?
(c) Western Rock only (a) Break a leg (b) Face the music
(d) Traditional Jazz (c) Spill the beans (d) Bite the bullet
Ans : Ans :
(b) Indo-Western fusion (d) Bite the bullet

6. Which instrument does Shruti play? 12. Shruti does not want to hurt her father because
(a) The flute (b) The cello she deeply ______ him.
(c) The violin (d) The tabla (a) respects (b) dislikes
(c) resents (d) ignores
Ans :
(c) The violin Ans :
(a) respects
7. Where was Shruti praised as a musical sensation?
(a) On television 13. When does Shruti decide to break the news to
her parents?
(b) On the radio
(a) During breakfast (b) During dinner
(c) In a magazine
(c) During teatime (d) During bedtime
(d) In the newspaper
Ans :
Ans :
(b) During dinner
(d) In the newspaper

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 TWIN MELODIES

14. Assertion (A): Shruti politely informs her parents (d) Leela scolds Shruti for hiding the truth from
about her concert. them for so long.
Reason (R): She wants to quit the band
immediately. 20. After the scolding, what does Shruti promise her
parents?
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation. (a) To never hide things
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the (b) To stop playing music
correct explanation. (c) To leave her friends
(c) A is true, but R is false. (d) To play classical only
(d) A is false, but R is true. Ans :
Ans : (a) To never hide things
(c) A is true, but R is false.
21. Shruti feels torn between her passion and her
15. What does Shruti beg her father to attend? ______.
(a) The main show (b) The prize setup (a) school studies (b) family duty
(c) The band party (d) One rehearsal (c) friend circle (d) future career

Ans : Ans :
(d) One rehearsal (b) family duty

16. How does Nabin react to the news of the fusion 22. After the confrontation, what does Shruti decide
concert? is more important?
(a) Strong disapproval (b) Great excitement (a) Her fusion band (b) Her public image
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(c) Mild curiosity (d) Total indifference (c) Her family duty (d) Her musical art

Ans : Ans :
(a) Strong disapproval (c) Her family duty

17. Nabin feels Shruti has lost her sense of true 23. What does Shruti plan to tell her friends?
______. (a) That they must practice more
(a) responsibility (b) musicality (b) That her parents will attend
(c) dedication (d) creativity (c) That she needs a long break
Ans : (d) That she has to quit the band
(b) musicality Ans :
(d) That she has to quit the band
18. What is the name of Shruti’s mother?
(a) Meera (b) Sudha 24. Why does Shruti decide to practice her fusion
(c) Leela (d) Radha piece one last time?
(a) She wants to experience playing her beloved
Ans :
music before quitting the band entirely.
(c) Leela
(b) She is secretly hoping that her father will
19. Which of the following statements is correct about overhear her and change his strict mind.
the dinner confrontation? (c) She needs to record the song so her friends
(a) Nabin happily agrees to attend the main can use it at the upcoming music concert.
concert with Leela. (d) She is trying to prove to her mother that she
(b) Leela praises Shruti for successfully hiding is the best violinist in the entire town.
the fusion band. Ans :
(c) Shruti firmly decides to run away from her (a) She wants to experience playing her beloved
traditional home. music before quitting the band entirely.
(d) Leela scolds Shruti for hiding the truth from
them for so long. 25. Who secretly enters the room during Shruti’s
final rehearsal?
Ans :
PAGE 430 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(a) Her band members (b) Her parents 31. What does Leela remind Nabin of?
(c) Her siblings (d) Her neighbors (a) His old friends (b) His school days
Ans : (c) His first concert (d) His own youth
(b) Her parents Ans :
(d) His own youth
26. How does Nabin feel as he watches his daughter
play? 32. What was Nabin’s family’s traditional music
(a) Deeply annoyed heritage?
(b) Very disappointed (a) Vocal music (b) Flute music
(c) Completely amazed (c) Sitar music (d) Tabla music
(d) Highly frustrated Ans :
Ans : (a) Vocal music
(c) Completely amazed
33. Against what did Nabin rebel in his youth?
27. Nabin realizes that Shruti has not lost her (a) His strict school
___________. (b) His family’s heritage
(a) moral values (b) focus on school (c) His vocal coach
(c) sense of rhythm (d) classical roots (d) His music teacher
Ans : Ans :
(d) classical roots (b) His family’s heritage
28. How is Shruti blending the classical roots with 34. Which of the following statements is correct
new music? regarding Nabin’s past?
(a) Beautifully (b) Awkwardly (a) He wanted to play the keyboard instead of
(c) Carelessly (d) Forcefully singing classical music.
Ans : (b) He always followed his family’s strict
(a) Beautifully traditional vocal heritage.
(c) He rebelled against his family’s heritage to
29. Assertion (A): Nabin’s anger ultimately melts play a Western instrument.
away.
(d) He quit playing the violin because he realized
Reason (R): He realizes he had once been in
it was a desecration.
Shruti’s exact position.
(a) Both A and R are true, but R is not the Ans :
correct explanation. (c) He rebelled against his family’s heritage to
play a Western instrument.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation. 35. What Western instrument did Nabin choose to
(c) A is true, but R is false. play?
(d) A is false, but R is true. (a) The keyboard (b) The guitar
Ans : (c) The cello (d) The violin
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Ans :
explanation. (d) The violin
30. Who plays a crucial role in opening Nabin’s eyes? 36. After remembering his past, Nabin accepts that
(a) Iqbal (b) Peter his fears were ______.
(c) Leela (d) Avinash (a) baseless (b) justified
Ans : (c) accurate (d) essential
(c) Leela Ans :
(a) baseless

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 TWIN MELODIES

37. Nabin realizes classical music is powerful enough 42. The play teaches that a generational gap does not
to hold its own in a modern ______ setting. have to result in permanent ______.
(a) acoustic (b) fusion (a) separation (b) confusion
(c) orchestra (d) vocal (c) conflict (d) distance
Ans : Ans :
(b) fusion (c) conflict

38. What does Nabin joyfully tell Shruti at the end? 43. What is essential to balance personal passions
(a) He will join the band with traditional duties?
(b) He will play with her (a) Complete secrecy
(c) He trusts her fully (b) Financial support

NODIA
(d) He bought new tickets (c) Strict discipline
Ans : (d) Open communication
(c) He trusts her fully Ans :
(d) Open communication
39. Which of the following correctly describes the
resolution of the play? 44. Assertion (A): The old and the new can peacefully
(a) Shruti decides to completely abandon her coexist side by side.
fusion band forever. Reason (R): The play demonstrates this through
(b) Nabin forbids Shruti from playing the violin the fusion of Eastern and Western music.
in public again. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) Leela tells Shruti to secretly practice without explanation.
telling Nabin. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(d) Nabin supports Shruti’s artistic freedom and correct explanation.
promises to cheer. (c) A is true, but R is false.
Ans : (d) A is false, but R is true.
(d) Nabin supports Shruti’s artistic freedom and Ans :
promises to cheer. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation.
40. What physical action perfectly resolves the family
conflict? 45. What metaphor does the title “Twin Melodies”
(a) A warm hug (b) A firm handshake represent?
(c) A respectful bow (d) A high five (a) Two different bands
Ans : (b) Two rival musicians
(a) A warm hug (c) Eastern and Western music
(d) Mother and daughter
41. How does the play define the central theme of
“Twin Melodies”? Ans :
(c) Eastern and Western music
(a) The total replacement of traditional Indian
values with modern Western ideals. 46. What ultimately convinces Nabin to change his
(b) The harmonious blending of traditional values mind about Shruti’s music?
and modern artistic expressions. (a) He reads the positive newspaper review about
(c) The strict separation of classical Indian music her being a musical sensation.
from contemporary global music. (b) Her friends Avinash and Iqbal come over and
(d) The inevitable conflict and misunderstanding explain the music to him.
between parents and their children. (c) He realizes that the fusion concert will bring
Ans : the family great financial wealth.
(b) The harmonious blending of traditional values (d) He witnesses her skill firsthand and remembers
and modern artistic expressions. his own youthful rebellion.
PAGE 432 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Classical Hindustani music. He holds rigid views

(d) He witnesses her skill firsthand and remembers on musical purity, firmly believing that playing
his own youthful rebellion. modern or Western tunes on a classical instrument
like the violin is an absolute desecration of the
47. Which value is highly emphasized at the art.
conclusion of the play?
(a) Understanding (b) Competition 4. Why is Shruti terrified to reveal her involvement
(c) Perfection (d) Obedience in the fusion band to her father?
Ans :
Ans :
Shruti is terrified because she knows her father
(a) Understanding
strictly follows Classical Hindustani music. He
48. What is the primary message the author wants to believes playing Western music is a desecration.

NODIA
convey to the audience? She deeply respects him and fears that her
involvement in an Indo-Western fusion band will
(a) Parents must always enforce their strict
completely break his heart.
beliefs to guide their children properly.
(b) Embracing the new does not mean one has to 5. What advice do Shruti’s friends give her regarding
abandon respect for the old traditions. her secret?
(c) Young artists must completely break away Ans :
from their families to achieve real success. Shruti’s friends urge her to “bite the bullet,”
(d) Classical Hindustani music cannot survive if meaning she needs to face the difficult situation
it is mixed with Western instruments. bravely. They encourage her to stop hiding her
Ans : true passion and openly communicate with her
(b) Embracing the new does not mean one has to parents about the fusion band, despite her father’s
abandon respect for the old traditions. strict views.

6. Why does Shruti hesitate to hurt her father

despite her passion for the fusion band?
Short Answer Type Questions
Ans :
1. Who are the members of the Indo-Western fusion Shruti is heavily torn because she possesses a deep,
band and what instruments do they play? profound respect for her father and his traditional
Ans : values. Despite her intense love for fusion music,
The Indo-Western fusion band consists of four she cannot bear the thought of hurting him or
talented friends. Shruti plays the violin, Iqbal causing a rift in their relationship.
plays the flute, Avinash handles the tabla, and
7. When and how does Shruti decide to break the
Peter plays the keyboard. Together, they create
news about her band to her parents?
a unique musical blend combining both classical
and modern western elements. Ans :
After gathering her courage, Shruti decides to
2. How does the public initially react to Shruti’s finally break the news about her musical endeavors
musical talent? to her parents during dinner. She politely informs
Ans : them about her upcoming concert and earnestly
Shruti’s musical talent receives immense public begs her father to attend just one single rehearsal.
appreciation. She is widely recognized and praised
8. Why does Leela, Shruti’s mother, scold her during
as a musical sensation in a local newspaper. This
the dinner confrontation?
positive media coverage highlights her exceptional
skills on the violin and the growing popularity of Ans :
her fusion band. During the dinner confrontation, Leela scolds
Shruti not necessarily for playing fusion music,
3. Why is Nabin considered a strict traditionalist in but for hiding the truth from them for so long.
the context of music? She emphasizes the vital importance of honesty,
Ans : trust, and open communication within their
Nabin is a strict traditionalist who deeply reveres family’s daily dynamics.
 TWIN MELODIES

9. What is Nabin’s immediate reaction upon hearing her parents, Nabin and Leela, secretly enter her
about the fusion concert? room. They stand silently and watch her perform,
Ans : allowing Nabin to directly experience the true
Nabin reacts with strong disapproval and deep depth, beauty, and sincerity of his daughter’s
disappointment. He stubbornly feels that Shruti unique expression.
has completely lost her sense of true musicality
15. How does Nabin’s perspective change as he
by blending classical roots with western styles,
secretly watches Shruti play her violin?
viewing her artistic choices as a betrayal of their
cherished traditions. Ans :
Watching her play, Nabin is completely amazed.
10. What promise does Shruti make to her parents His anger melts away as he realizes Shruti has
after being scolded? not lost her classical roots at all. Instead, he sees
Ans : that she is beautifully and seamlessly blending
Feeling intensely guilty about the tension she traditional melodies with modern contemporary
caused, Shruti promises her parents that she will musical elements.
never hide things from them again. She realizes
16. What crucial role does Leela play in changing
the emotional toll her secrecy took and commits
Nabin’s strict mindset?
to maintaining honest communication with her
family moving forward. Ans :
Leela plays a pivotal role by gently reminding
11. Between family duty and her musical passion, what Nabin of his own youth. She helps him realize
does Shruti prioritize after the confrontation? that he, too, had once rebelled against his family’s
Ans : strict vocal music heritage to play a Western
After the tense confrontation, Shruti prioritizes instrument, thereby completely opening his eyes.
her family duty over her musical passion. She
17. How does Nabin’s own youth mirror Shruti’s
deeply respects her parents and decides that
current situation?
maintaining family harmony is far more important
than pursuing her art, even if it means sacrificing Ans :
her own happiness. Nabin’s family possessed a strict traditional
vocal music heritage, but in his youth, he
12. What does Shruti plan to tell her bandmates rebelled against it to play the violin, a Western
following the dinner incident? instrument. Shruti’s current experimentation
Ans : with fusion music perfectly mirrors his own past
Heartbroken but resolute, Shruti plans to intense desire for artistic freedom.
tell her friends that she has to quit the fusion
18. How does Nabin express his final decision
band permanently. She intends to explain that
regarding Shruti’s musical career?
her family obligations and her father’s strict
disapproval leave her no choice but to step away Ans :
entirely. Nabin joyfully tells Shruti that he trusts her fully.
He completely supports her artistic freedom,
13. Why does Shruti decide to play her fusion piece accepting that classical music thrives in a fusion
one last time in her room? setting. He eagerly encourages her to continue
Ans : with the band and enthusiastically promises to
Before quitting the band completely, Shruti cheer for her.
decides to practice her fusion piece one last time.
19. What does the physical gesture of a “warm hug”
She desperately wants to experience the joy of
symbolize at the end of the play?
playing her beloved music once more, treating it
as a final, private farewell to her artistic passion. Ans :
The warm hug symbolizes reconciliation, mutual
14. What happens when Shruti is practicing her respect, and the bridging of the generational gap.
fusion piece for the last time? It physically represents the immediate restoration
Ans : of family harmony and the peaceful coexistence
As Shruti emotionally plays her final fusion piece, of traditional classical values alongside beautiful,
modern artistic expressions.

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PAGE 434 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

20. What is the significance of the title “Twin leave the band.
Melodies” in relation to the play’s theme? Her true success lies in maintaining a balance
Ans : between tradition and modernity. She stays true
The title “Twin Melodies” serves as a powerful to her artistic identity while respecting her family
metaphor for the harmonious coexistence of values. In the end, Shruti represents how one
Eastern and Western music. It underscores the can honor tradition without giving up personal
play’s central theme that embracing new ideas passion.
does not require abandoning one’s profound
3. Imagine the conversation between Shruti and her
respect for deep-rooted cultural traditions.
friends (Avinash, Iqbal, Peter) when she initially
expressed her fear of telling her father. Write a
Long Answer Type Questions short dialogue.
Ans :
1. Discuss the central theme of the generation gap Avinash: Shruti, the concert is next week. You
as portrayed in “Twin Melodies” and how open have to tell your parents. We need you!
communication helps resolve it. Shruti: I can’t, Avinash. You know my father. He
Ans : worships Classical Hindustani music. If he finds
“Twin Melodies” highlights the generational gap out I’m playing Western tunes on the violin, he’ll
through the conflict between Nabin’s traditional consider it a desecration.
ideals and Shruti’s modern aspirations. Nabin Peter: But you are a sensation! The newspaper
views classical music as sacred and strictly review proved it. Why hide your incredible talent?
opposes any fusion, while Shruti represents the Shruti: Because I respect him deeply. I can’t bear
dynamic youth who wish to blend the old with the the thought of breaking his heart or causing a
new. Initially, this gap breeds fear, causing Shruti permanent rift at home.
to hide her band. However, the play emphasizes Iqbal: Shruti, you have to bite the bullet. You
that such gaps need not cause permanent can’t live a double life forever.
conflict. The resolution is achieved through open Shruti: I know, Iqbal. It is terrifying, but I will try
communication and observation. When Nabin to break the news at dinner tonight. Just pray he
actually listens to Shruti play and Leela reminds understands.
him of his own rebellious past, mutual respect
is established. The story demonstrates that 4. Analyze the irony in Nabin’s initial reaction to
generational differences can be easily bridged Shruti’s music in light of his own past. How does
NODIA

with empathy, honest dialogue, and a willingness this realization bring about a transformation in
to understand each other’s unique perspectives. him?
Ans :
2. Attempt a character sketch of Shruti, highlighting Nabin’s initial reaction to Shruti’s fusion music
her internal conflict between her passion for music is highly ironic because he vehemently condemns
and her devotion to her family. the very act of musical rebellion that he himself
Ans : committed in his youth. Coming from a strict
Shruti is a dedicated, talented, and deeply family with a traditional vocal music heritage,
respectful young girl. As the protagonist, she young Nabin rebelled by choosing to play the violin,
shows exceptional skill in playing the violin and which was considered a Western instrument. Yet,
earns recognition as a musical sensation. Her as a father, he rigidly gatekeeps classical music and
personality reflects discipline, sincerity, and a labels Shruti’s fusion efforts as a “desecration.” It
strong sense of responsibility. is Leela who points out this hypocrisy, opening
However, her character is shaped by an intense his eyes. Recognizing his own youthful desire for
internal conflict. On one hand, she is passionate artistic freedom in his daughter, his anger melts
about her Indo-Western fusion band, while on the into complete amazement. The irony serves as
other, she holds great respect for her traditional a catalyst for his transformation, allowing him
father. She is not rebellious; rather, her fear of to accept and proudly support Shruti’s unique
disappointing him makes her hide her talent. musical journey.
When the truth comes out, she chooses family
harmony over personal ambition and decides to
 TWIN MELODIES

5. Imagine you are Shruti after the disastrous dinner feels like a beautiful dream. Our music—this Indo-
confrontation. Write a diary entry expressing your Western fusion—is not just a mix of instruments,
grief over deciding to quit the band to honor your but a meaningful dialogue between generations.
father’s wishes. For a long time, I believed that embracing
Ans : modern music meant leaving behind my classical
Dear Diary, roots. However, I have realized that tradition and
My heart is completely shattered tonight. The modernity can exist together in harmony. Just as
dinner confrontation went worse than I had ever my violin respects classical music while adapting
imagined. Mother scolded me for hiding the truth, to contemporary styles, we too can balance our
and Father’s strong disapproval felt like a physical heritage with new ideas.
blow. He believes I have lost my true musicality This performance is a reflection of that
and disrespected the art form he loves deeply. understanding and growth. I dedicate it
I promised never to hide anything again, but wholeheartedly to my wonderful parents, whose
the price is my own happiness. I have decided values and support have shaped who I am today.
to quit the fusion band. My sense of duty and
8. Music acts as both a source of conflict and a
respect for my parents must come before my
medium of reconciliation in the play. Elaborate
personal passion.
on this statement with reference to the text.
It breaks my heart to leave Iqbal, Avinash,
and Peter behind, but I cannot bear to hurt my Ans :
father. Tomorrow, I will play my fusion piece one In “Twin Melodies,” music is the central motif
last time in secret, just to say goodbye. driving both the narrative’s conflict and its ultimate
Shruti resolution. Initially, music creates a deep divide.
Nabin’s rigid devotion to Classical Hindustani
6. Evaluate the character of Leela. How does she music and his belief that playing Western tunes
act as a bridge between the rigid traditions of on a violin is a desecration causes Shruti to
her husband and the modern aspirations of her fearfully hide her fusion band. This contrasting
daughter? view of music breeds secrecy, culminating in the
Ans : tense dinner confrontation. However, music also
Leela serves as the emotional anchor and the becomes the ultimate medium for healing. When
ultimate peacemaker in “Twin Melodies.” Unlike Nabin secretly listens to Shruti’s final practice,
Nabin, who is blinded by strict traditionalism, the sheer artistic beauty of her playing completely
Leela maintains a balanced and highly practical transcends his prejudices. He realizes she hasn’t
perspective. During the dinner confrontation, lost her classical roots but expanded them. Thus,
she scolds Shruti not for the fusion music itself, the shared universal language of music bridges the
but for the secrecy, highlighting her core values generational gap, melting his anger completely.
of honesty and open family communication.
9. Imagine Nabin writes a letter to his own late
Most importantly, Leela acts as a crucial bridge
father after accepting Shruti’s fusion music,
between her husband and daughter. When Nabin
reflecting on his own rebellion and his daughter’s
watches Shruti play her final rehearsal, it is Leela
journey. Draft this letter.
who astutely reminds him of his own youthful
rebellion against his family’s vocal heritage. By Ans :
invoking his past, she skillfully dismantles his Dear Father,
baseless fears, fostering mutual understanding I write to you today with a humbled and open
and successfully guiding the family towards a heart. For years, I held firmly to the purity of
harmonious, loving reconciliation. our classical traditions, forgetting my own
past. Today, I discovered my daughter, Shruti,
7. Imagine Shruti is asked to give a short speech performing in an Indo-Western fusion band, and
at her fusion concert about the importance of my initial reaction was one of anger, as I saw it as
blending old and new traditions. Draft the speech. disrespect to the violin.
Ans : However, as I quietly watched her perform,
Good evening, everyone! a realization struck me. Leela reminded me of
Thank you for being here tonight. Standing on my own youth—how I once went against our
this stage, surrounded by my incredible friends, strict vocal tradition to choose the violin. I

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PAGE 436 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

understood that I was repeating the same cycle of (d) She is deeply respectful
misunderstanding with my daughter. ii. Statement I: Shruti wants to disrespect her
Shruti plays with remarkable grace, blending father’s core musical beliefs.
classical depth with modern rhythm. I have now Statement II: Shruti wishes to explore fusion
realized that accepting new forms of expression without hurting her father.
does not diminish tradition; instead, it allows it (a) Statement I is true, II is false.
to grow and evolve. (b) Statement I is false, II is true.
Your loving son, (c) Both statements are fully true.
Nabin
(d) Both statements are false here.
10. “Embracing the new does not mean one has to iii. What kind of music does Shruti’s father
abandon respect for the old traditions.” Justify believe a true artist should play?
this statement based on the resolution of “Twin iv. Identify a word from the extract that means
Melodies.” “the act of showing disrespect to something
considered sacred”.
Ans :
v. Complete the sentence based on the extract’s
The play “Twin Melodies” perfectly encapsulates
logic:
the idea that progress and tradition are not
Shruti is conflicted because she wants to try
mutually exclusive. Shruti beautifully exemplifies
playing Western tunes but does not want her
this by mastering classical roots while creatively NODIA father to feel that she does not care about his
integrating them into an Indo-Western fusion
______.
band. Her father, Nabin, initially believes that
adopting Western styles naturally equates to a loss Ans :
of true musicality and respect for their heritage. i. (d) She is deeply respectful
However, the resolution proves otherwise. When ii. (b) Statement I is false, II is true.
Nabin actually hears Shruti play, he recognizes iii. Shruti’s father believes that Classical
that her classical foundation is still robust and Hindustani music with its ragas and aalaaps
gracefully elevated by modern contemporary is the only music a worthy artist should play.
elements. He realizes that her artistic evolution iv. Desecration
is a continuation of their legacy, not a rejection v. opinions
of it. The play teaches that with mutual respect,
2. Read the extract given below and answer the
traditional values can harmoniously coexist with,
questions that follows :
and even enrich, modern global expressions.
“Leela: Shruti, why are you lost in thought, my
dear child? If you are trying to find the right words
Extract Based Questions to tell your dad that I make much better dosa
than him, I suggest you abandon the mission. He
1. Read the extract given below and answer the doesn’t have the strength to face the truth.
questions that follows : Shruti: Yes, actually I … er … was finding the right
“Shruti: There is need to worry Iqbal! You don’t words to say something to you … to you papa.
know papa. He is very strict about these things. But please promise to not get too angry with me.
He will think it a desecration of the violin to be Nabin: (suddenly serious. Sits down opposite to
played to Western tunes. Papa firmly believes Shruti in an upright formal manner) No promises,
that Classical Hindustani music, with its ragas child. But speak up.”
and aalaaps, is the only kind of music that an i. Why does Leela talk about making “much
artist of any worth should play. I don’t want better dosa” than Nabin?
papa to feel that I don’t care about his opinions,
(a) To mock Nabin’s cooking skills
because I do. It’s just that I want to give this a
(b) To lighten the tense atmosphere
try too. I just don’t know how to tell him in the
right way!” (c) To prove her culinary superiority
i. What does Shruti’s hesitation to tell her (d) To distract Shruti from eating
father reveal about her character? ii. Which of the following best describes Nabin’s
(a) She is deeply rebellious perspective as he says “No promises, child.
But speak up”?
(b) She is highly indifferent
(a) Playfully and entirely dismissive
(c) She is fiercely ambitious
 TWIN MELODIES

(b) Strict yet surprisingly receptive 2. He has not been informed about this
(c) Openly and warmly supportive concert beforehand.
(d) Angrily and highly impatient (a) Both 1 and 2 are true
iii. What does Shruti’s use of “er” and her (b) Only 1 is true here
stammering reveal about her state of mind? (c) Only 2 is true here
iv. Which word in Leela’s dialogue is used as a (d) Neither 1 nor 2 is true
synonym for “give up” or “leave behind”? iii. Why does Nabin object to Shruti performing
v. State whether the following statement is True in an orchestra?
or False: iv. State the exact word from Nabin’s dialogue
Shruti is perfectly confident and articulate that means “to submerge” or “to lose” one’s
when addressing her father. distinct musical voice.
Ans : v. According to the extract, Nabin strictly
i. (b) To lighten the tense atmosphere follows a rule of allowing only one performance
ii. (b) Strict yet surprisingly receptive every ______.
iii. Shruti’s use of “er” and her stammering Ans :
reveals that she is nervous and hesitant about i. (a) Overexposure reduces the core artistic
telling her father something she fears he may value
disapprove of. ii. (a) Both 1 and 2 are true
iv. Abandon iii. Nabin believes that playing in an orchestra
v. False, because she stammers and uses would drown her individual style in the
conversational fillers like “er”, showing her hubbub of a group performance.
hesitation and nervousness. iv. Drown
v. six months
3. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows : 4. Read the extract given below and answer the
“Nabin: (calmly but firmly) No is the answer. questions that follows :
You know my rule—one performance in every “Peter: Tell us later. Let’s start practice first.
six months. More than that, familiarity breeds Avinash: Yes, we’d better start right away. I have
contempt. Work on your art and everything will to leave early today.
follow. And which concert is this anyway, of which Shruti: (Aside) Oh, how much I enjoy performing
I haven’t heard? this piece. Perhaps I can practise one last time
Shruti: It is a group performance papa, next week. and soon after that I will tell them that I can’t
Nabin: And this is what you have judged best for join them for the performance.
yourself? To drown your individual style in the (They begin practice. In the middle of the
hubbub of an orchestra is hardly a wise choice, performance, Shruti’s parents enter the room and
Shruti. Besides, what exactly is this concert? I stand in a corner. Slowly, her parents become
don’t know of any scheduled next week.” engrossed and Shruti’s father taps his feet and is
i. What does Nabin imply by the phrase seen evidently enjoying.”
“familiarity breeds contempt” in the context i. Why does Shruti speak an “(Aside)” in this
of musical performances? scene?
(a) Overexposure reduces the core artistic (a) To reveal a secret intent to the audience
value (b) To communicate silently with her friends
(b) Performing too often makes artists (c) To hide her musical mistakes from Peter
famous
(d) To loudly announce her final decision
(c) Knowing the audience directly causes ii. Assertion (A): Shruti intends to quit the
mistakes fusion group after this practice session.
(d) Practice always makes the performance Reason (R): She does not enjoy playing the
perfect Indo-western fusion piece at all.
ii. Which two beliefs drive Nabin’s rejection of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
Shruti’s concert? correct explanation.
1. Orchestras suppress an artist’s individual (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
musical style. correct explanation.

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PAGE 438 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) A is true, but R is false. means “done with great care, effort, and
(d) A is false, but R is true. thoroughness”.
iii. How does Nabin’s reaction during the v. Fill in the blank:
practice session hint at a possible change in Nabin’s ancestors originally belonged to a
his opinion? highly traditional school of ______.
iv. Identify the word from the bracketed stage Ans :
directions that means “having their attention i. (c) He forgot his own youthful rebellion
completely absorbed”. ii. (c) An emotional mediator
v. State whether the following statement is True iii. The phrase “kept it alive through thick and
or False: thin” tells us that Shruti’s ancestors preserved
Avinash leaves the practice late because he their musical heritage with great dedication
wanted to hear Shruti’s solo. despite all difficulties.
Ans : iv. Painstakingly
i. (a) To reveal a secret intent to the audience v. vocalists
ii. (c) A is true, but R is false.

NODIA
iii. Nabin taps his feet and is seen evidently 6. Read the extract given below and answer the
enjoying the music, suggesting he is being questions that follows :
won over by the fusion performance. “Nabin’s desire to take up a Western instrument
iv. Engrossed rather than cultivating his voice was painful to
v. False, because Avinash explicitly states that his father. You see, at that time the violin had
he has to leave early today, which is why he not yet been incorporated into classical Indian
urges the group to start right away. music. Your grandfather saw this choice as a kind
of betrayal of family values and tradition. But
5. Read the extract given below and answer the your father worked his fingers to the bone and see
questions that follows : where the violin got him.
“Nabin: (warmly placing his hand on her shoulder) Nabin: I underestimated the power of our own
There is no need to thank me child. I must admit music. I was afraid you would be lost to us. I
it was Leela who opened my eyes. I had forgotten realise that my fears were baseless. After all each
my own past. It is your mother you should thank. bay, its own wind. I trust you Shruti and I will
Leela: Your own father, Shruti, had to go against root for your group at the concert!”
his family’s wishes to play the violin. His was a i. Why did Nabin’s father (Shruti’s grandfather)
family of vocalists. Your grandfather, his father, initially view the violin as a “betrayal”?
and your uncles were all vocalists belonging to (a) It was solely a Western instrument then
a highly traditional school. They painstakingly (b) It was far too expensive to easily afford
nurtured the flame of musical heritage and kept it (c) It produced a highly unpleasant sound
alive through thick and thin.” (d) It was impossible to play music on it
i. What does Nabin mean when he says, “I had ii. Statement I: Nabin realizes his fears about
forgotten my own past”? Shruti playing fusion music were baseless.
(a) He forgot his childhood instrument Statement II: Nabin worked very hard to
(b) He forgot his grandfather’s teachings master the violin in his youth.
(c) He forgot his own youthful rebellion (a) I is the cause and II is the effect.
(d) He forgot his family’s exact origins (b) II is true but I is completely false.
ii. Which of the following best describes Leela’s (c) Both statements are true and independent.
role in this familial interaction? (d) Both statements are false and unrelated.
(a) A strict disciplinarian iii. What did Nabin fear when Shruti showed
(b) A passive observer interest in fusion music?
(c) An emotional mediator iv. Which exact idiom/phrase in the text means
(d) A musical instructor “worked extremely hard”?
iii. What does the phrase “kept it alive through v. Based on the end of the extract, Nabin
thick and thin” tell us about Shruti’s ultimately decides to ______ for Shruti’s
ancestors? group at the upcoming concert, showing his
iv. Find a word in Leela’s dialogue that full support.
 TWIN MELODIES

Ans :
i. (a) It was solely a Western instrument then
ii. (c) Both statements are true and independent.
iii. Nabin feared that Shruti would be lost to
them, meaning she would drift away from
classical Indian music.
iv. worked his fingers to the bone
v. root



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PAGE 440 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 7
CARRIER OF WORDS

1. INTRODUCTION arid Thar Desert.

Every day, Khetaram faces immense physical
Set in the unforgiving landscape of the Thar challenges. He travels entirely on foot across
Desert in Rajasthan, the story revolves around treacherous sand dunes and through scorching
Khetaram, an elderly and dedicated rural postal summer winds. In a region where temperatures can
worker. Enduring scorching temperatures of fifty soar up to 50 degrees Celsius, his khaki uniform
degrees Celsius and blinding sandstorms, he acts and turban are his only protection against the
as the vital lifeline for isolated hamlets. The swirling sandstorms that often turn him into a
narrative captures his grueling daily journey on “walking sandman.”
foot to deliver crucial letters and money orders
to a largely illiterate community. Beyond mere A Vital Lifeline for the Villagers
delivery, the chapter explores the unique cultural For the isolated hamlets and Border Security Force
traditions of the desert dwellers and their deep (BSF) outposts in the desert, Khetaram is much
reliance on Khetaram, who serves as their only more than just a postman; he is their primary
physical and emotional bridge to the outside connection to the outside world. His daily duties
world. involve delivering regular mail, carrying official
documents, and distributing crucial money orders
that many rural families depend on for their
2. CHARACTERS survival.
Beyond just handing over envelopes,
Khetaram Khetaram serves as a trusted friend and helper
A dedicated Gramin Dak Sewak (village to the community. Because many villagers cannot
postman) in the Thar desert. He is a resilient read or write, they welcome him onto their
and hardworking postman who braves extreme thresholds. He patiently reads their personal
weather to deliver letters to remote villages. letters aloud and drafts replies on their behalf.
Budh Singh The villagers deeply respect him, and when he
A wise village elder who deeply trusts the local brings auspicious messages—like news of a birth
postmen. He firmly believed that regular village or a wedding—they celebrate by offering him a
record keepers could not replace the dedicated piece of jaggery as a gesture of joy and gratitude.
Gramin Dak Sewaks. Handling Sorrow with Deep Empathy
Panna Devi While Khetaram enjoys bringing happiness to the
A local village resident who receives letters from villagers, his job also requires him to deliver tragic
Khetaram, representing the common people who news. He handles these difficult moments with
depend on him for communication. immense sensitivity. In his culture, an envelope
with a torn right corner is a symbol of “Ashubh
Samachar” (bad news), usually indicating a death
3. SUMMARY in the family.
When Khetaram has to deliver one of these
Khetaram and His Harsh World dreaded letters, his deep empathy shines through.
The chapter revolves around the life of Khetaram, He strictly refuses to carry the inauspicious letter
a dedicated Gramin Dak Sewak (rural postal inside the recipient’s house. Instead, he stands
worker) working for India Post. He is posted at outside, reads the letter twice to ensure he has
the Somarad Branch Post Office in Rajasthan, the heartbreaking details correct, and then tears
a highly remote and desolate area located in the the paper into bits. He philosophically believes

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

that “bad news must be destroyed” so that the 26. Exceed – go beyond what is allowed, surpass
physical symbol of sorrow does not enter the 27. Sizzle – make a hissing sound, burn with heat
home. 28. Mojri – traditional footwear of Rajasthan
29. Tiring – causing one to feel exhausted
The Driving Force Behind His Dedication
30. Blazing – burning fiercely, very hot
Despite the severe physical exhaustion and his
31. Signals – indications, signs
advancing age (working even past the age of 60),
32. Severe – very great, intense, harsh
Khetaram continues to do this demanding job out
33. Postpone – delay, put off to a later time
of necessity and a strong sense of duty. His region
34. Sundown – sunset, the time when the sun
is highly prone to famines, and the single crop of
goes down
‘bajra’ they can grow in a good year is not enough
35. Khaki – a brownish-yellow fabric or color
to feed his family of five. The steady income from
36. Turban – a head covering made of a long cloth
his postal job is the only thing keeping his family
37. Protection – defense, safety from harm

NODIA
from starvation.
38. Furies – wild and dangerous forces, rage
Ultimately, the chapter serves as a powerful
39. Scorching – very hot, burning
tribute to the invaluable and selfless service of
40. Swirling – moving in a twisting or spiraling
unsung heroes like Khetaram. Through his story,
pattern
we see how rural postal workers brave brutal
41. Sandstorms – strong winds carrying clouds of
weather and difficult terrains to ensure that no
sand
matter how remote a place is, human connection
42. Precious – of great value, highly esteemed
and communication are never lost.
43. Operating – working
44. Devoid – entirely lacking, free from
4. WORD MEANINGS 45. Primary – of chief importance, basic
46. Constitute – be a part of a whole, make up
1. Postal – relating to the post office or mail
47. Workforce – the people engaged in or available
2. Railhead – the end of a railway line
for work
3. Crumbles – breaks or falls apart into
48. Frozen – turned into ice, very cold
fragments, disintegrates
49. Isles – islands
4. Sole – only
50. Riverine – situated on river bank
5. Oases – fertile spots in a desert, places of
51. Territories – areas of land under a particular
relief
jurisdiction
6. Extremes – the furthest limits, highest degrees
52. Invaluable – extremely useful, indispensable
7. Faraway – distant in space or time
53. Interior – situated within or inside, inland
8. Slumped – sat or fell heavily, hunched
54. Inaccessible – unreachable
9. Trusted – relied upon, considered honest
55. Relay – receive and pass on information or
10. Defying – openly resisting, refusing to obey
goods
11. Elements – weather conditions, forces of
56. Administrative – relating to the running of an
nature
organization
12. Harshest – most severe, cruel, difficult
57. Independence – freedom from the control of
13. Lone – having no companions, solitary
others
14. Far-flung – distant, widely scattered
58. Mandate – an official order or commission to
15. Hamlets – settlements
do something
16. Remote – situated far from main centers,
59. Entire – with no part left out, whole
distant
60. Ambit – range
17. Directionlessly – without a clear path or aim
61. Compared – examined to note similarities or
18. Ply – move
differences
19. Bodily – relating to the human body, physical
62. Depositors – people who keep money in a
20. Transferred – moved from one place to
bank account
another
63. Entrust – assign the responsibility for doing
21. Hefted – lifted
something, hand over
22. Dispatch – sending off to a destination
64. Operational – in or ready for use
23. Impression – a mark made by pressing, a dent
65. Reflects – embodies or represents in a faithful
24. Reveals – makes known, shows
way, shows
25. Stipulate – specify
PAGE 442 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

66. Essential – absolutely necessary, extremely 5. MESSAGE

important
The author conveys a powerful message about
67. Criterion – a principle or standard by which
dedication, hard work, and the importance
something is judged
of helping others. Through Khetaram’s daily
68. Access – opportunity
struggles in the harsh desert, we learn that true
69. Livelihood – a means of securing the
heroes do their duty quietly. Despite facing
necessities of life, income
extreme heat, he never gives up because the
70. Assured – protected against discontinuance,
villagers rely on him. The story teaches us to
guaranteed
deeply respect and value ordinary workers. They
71. Revised – reconsidered and altered, updated
act as essential lifelines, bringing hope, joy, and
72. Retain – continue to have something, keep
connection to those in need.
possession of
73. Outposts – a remote part of a country or
empire
74. Appointment – a job or position
6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
75. Decade – a period of ten years
76. Lease – a new chance at life, contract Reflect and Respond
77. Famine – extreme scarcity of food
I. Look at the pictures given below of persons
78. Starve – suffer or die from hunger
engaged in the same profession.
79. Resides – have one’s permanent home in a
particular place, lives
80. Arid – having little or no rain, too dry or
barren
81. Survival – the state of continuing to live or
exist
82. Remitted – sent as gift
83. Significance – the quality of being worthy of Discuss in pairs and share your answers with your
attention, importance classmates and teacher.
84. Transmission – the process of transmitting
1. Which profession do they belong to?
something, transferring
85. Absolute – not qualified or diminished in any Ans :
way, total They belong to the postal profession. They are
86. Confidence – the feeling that one can rely on postal workers or postmen.
someone, trust 2. Do they face any difficulties while doing their
87. Scheme – a large-scale systematic plan or duty?
arrangement
Ans :
88. Scrap – remove
Yes, they face numerous difficulties such as
89. Proposed – put forward for consideration
extreme weather conditions, traveling long
90. Summarily – without customary formalities,
distances on foot or bicycle, navigating difficult
immediately
terrains to reach remote areas, and physically
91. Rejected – dismissed as inadequate or
carrying heavy loads of mail over long distances.
inappropriate
92. Dwell – to stay on for sometime 3. How does their profession affect the people they
93. Threshold – entrance to a home meet?
94. BSF – Border Security Force
Ans :
95. Dreads – fears
Their profession deeply affects the people they
96. Missive – letter
meet. As the sole physical link connecting isolated
97. Desolate – deserted of people, bleak, empty
people to the outside world, they bring vital news,
98. Geography – the nature and relative
money orders, and messages from faraway loved
arrangement of places
ones. Their deliveries can bring immense joy,
99. Entail – involve
relief, or sometimes sorrow to the families.
[Link] – walking with long steps

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

II. Discuss in groups. Check Your Understanding

1. How can ‘words’ be ‘carried’ ? I. Khetaram needs to submit information about
Ans : himself for getting an identity card. While
‘Words’ can be carried physically through written reading the text, fill up the following information
letters, postcards, parcels, and telegrams delivered sheet for Khetaram.
by postal workers. In modern times, words can
also be carried digitally through emails, text Name Khetaram

NODIA
messages, phone calls, and the internet. Position
2. Who could be a carrier of words? Employer
Ans : Official address
A carrier of words could be a postman, a courier Mode of transport used
delivery agent, a messenger, or even digital
mediums and telecommunication devices. Key responsibilities • __________
• __________
3. What are the means for people to stay connected? • __________
Ans : • __________
People can stay connected through various means Ans :
such as traditional mail (letters and postcards),
telephones, mobile phones, emails, social media Name Khetaram
platforms, and video calls. Position Gramin Dak Sewak
III. Read the words given in the box below and place Employer India Post
them in their appropriate context in the following Official address Somarad Branch Post
passage. Office, Rajasthan
slumped dunes defying Mode of transport used Foot (walking)
hamlets signals devoid Key responsibilities • Delivering mail
We stepped out of the vehicle at the end of the across remote hamlets.
road. Immediately, our body sent 1. _____ • Distributing money
that our decision to visit the sand 2. _____ in orders to families.
the afternoon was insane. We had passed a few 3. • Reading out letters
_____ on our way to the desert. We could not and drafting replies
find even a single soul outdoors, 4. _____ the for villagers.
blazing sun. Even the camels were 5. _____ • Delivering ‘dak’
in the little shade offered by the khejri trees. In to border security
this remote place people relied on Bharat Sanchar outposts.
Nigam Limited (BSNL) to connect to the world
as the area was 6. _____ of any other network II. Discuss with your teacher.
service.
1. Why do you think Khetaram has taken up this
Ans :
challenging job?
We stepped out of the vehicle at the end of the
road. Immediately, our body sent 1. signals that Ans :
our decision to visit the sand 2. dunes in the Khetaram has taken up this challenging job to
afternoon was insane. We had passed a few 3. earn a secure livelihood and feed his family of
hamlets on our way to the desert. We could not five. Since his arid region is prone to famine and
find even a single soul outdoors, 4. defying the relies on scarce rain for agriculture, the assured
blazing sun. Even the camels were 5. slumped income from being a Gramin Dak Sewak prevents
in the little shade offered by the khejri trees. In his family from starving.
this remote place people relied on Bharat Sanchar
2. How do you think Khetaram would feel about
Nigam Limited (BSNL) to connect to the world
taking up this challenging task every day?
as the area was 6. devoid of any other network
service.
PAGE 444 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : III. How would phone lines help Khetaram in his job?
Despite the severe physical exhaustion and the Ans :
harsh desert climate, Khetaram likely feels a Phone lines would help Khetaram transition
strong sense of duty, pride, and satisfaction. into a ‘Gramin Sanchar Sewak’, where his duties
Because he is warmly received and heavily trusted would entail carrying a cell phone to provide
by the villagers, the immense respect he garners communication services. This would make his job
makes him feel valued and deeply connected to faster and reduce the physical burden of relying
his community. solely on carrying physical letters.

Check Your Understanding Critical Reflection

I. Complete the table given below with the situations
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
given in Column 1 and the reasons in Column 2.
questions.
Column 1 Column 2
1. “Akaal or famine is a way of life here. In a good
| When the temperature year, I get one crop of bajra. That cannot feed
is recorded as 50 my family of five. We would starve without this
degrees celsius and job,” he says.
above, a state holiday i. Complete the sentence given below with an
has to be declared. appropriate reason.
Khetaram can dwell on One crop of bajra makes a little difference for
any threshold. people like Khetaram because ______.
ii. Why did Khetaram term famine as ‘a way of
BSF always gave
life’ ?
Khetaram a lift.
iii. Give one reason why Khetaram had to take
Ans : up a job to help his family to survive.
iv. Complete the analogy given below with a
Column 1 Column 2 word from the extract.
The temperature is When the temperature Other families : Money orders : : Khetaram :
officially recorded as is recorded as 50 _____.
49.9 degrees celsius. degrees celsius and v. What would ‘a good year’ signify?
above, a state holiday Ans :
has to be declared. i. it cannot feed his family of five for the entire
Khetaram can dwell on The people have year, and they would starve without the
any threshold. absolute trust and supplementary income from his job.
confidence in him as he ii. Khetaram termed famine as ‘a way of life’
reads out their letters because the region is an arid desert with very
and writes replies for scarce rainfall, making agriculture highly
them. unreliable and recurring food scarcity a
constant reality.
BSF always gave He distributes their
iii. Khetaram had to take up a job because
Khetaram a lift. ‘dak’ (mail) and
farming yielded only one crop of bajra in a
they are kind and
good year, which was insufficient to feed his
appreciative of his
family.
efforts.
iv. job
v. ‘A good year’ would signify a year with
II. Why was a piece of jaggery offered in the village
sufficient rainfall to allow the successful
when he brought news of a birth or weddings?
cultivation and harvesting of at least one crop
Ans : of bajra.
A piece of jaggery is offered as a traditional
gesture of celebrating good news and sharing
sweetness. It symbolizes joy and gratitude toward
Khetaram for bringing auspicious messages like
births or weddings.

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

2. There is one letter delivery he dreads. The envelope Ans :

with the right corner torn off, which signifies The role of Gramin Dak Sewaks (GDS) is
that the missive bears news of death. “Ashubh invaluable because they serve as the crucial, and
Samachar cannot be carried into the house,” says often sole, link to the outside world for people
Khetaram. So, he stands outside, reads out the residing in India’s most extreme and isolated
letter twice, then tears it to bits. “Bad news must regions. They deliver mail to interior areas like
be destroyed,” he mutters philosophically. the Thar desert, the frozen desert of Ladakh, and
i. Choose the correct option for the following the riverine communities of the northeast, which
question. are completely inaccessible by any means other
Who could have torn the right corner of the than on foot.
envelope? 2. How was the purpose of India Post different from
A. Khetaram that of the British postal system?
B. Sender of the letter Ans :
C. Receiver of the letter The British postal system was set up primarily
D. The postmaster to relay company ‘dak’ between administrative
centres. In contrast, after independence, the
ii. Complete the sentence with an appropriate mandate of India Post shifted to bring the
reason. entire population—including remote and
The most likely reason for Khetaram reading the rural communities—within the mailing ambit,
letter twice is because _____. expanding its reach massively.
iii. What was Khetaram’s philosophy regarding bad 3. People trusted Gramin Dak Sewaks. Support this
news, and how did he act upon it? statement with any two instances from the text.
iv. State whether the following sentence is true or Ans :
false. First, people in rural areas entrust their monthly
Khetaram’s action of tearing the letter differed savings to the post office through the GDS,
from his beliefs. reflecting absolute financial confidence in them.
Second, villagers comfortably invite Khetaram
v. Mention any one aspect of Khetaram’s onto their thresholds and rely on him to read their
temperament which is revealed through this personal letters and draft replies on their behalf.
extract.
4. Infer the most likely reason that Khetaram was
Ans :
grateful to continue as GDS, even after the age
i. B. Sender of the letter
NODIA

of 60.
ii. he wants to be absolutely sure of the tragic
contents before breaking the heartbreaking Ans :
news to the family. Khetaram was grateful to continue as GDS
iii. Khetaram’s philosophy was that “Bad news because the job provided him with a guaranteed
must be destroyed.” He acted upon it by livelihood that prevented his family from starving
refusing to carry the inauspicious letter into in a famine-prone area. Moreover, it gave him a
the house; instead, he stood outside, read the profound sense of purpose, dignity, and a strong
letter aloud, and then tore it into bits. connection with the people he served.
iv. False 5. Explain why the author pays tribute to people
v. Khetaram is deeply empathetic and culturally like Khetaram.
sensitive. He respects the emotional toll of
Ans :
bad news and goes out of his way to handle
The author pays tribute to people like Khetaram
tragic situations with care and philosophical
because of their unwavering dedication, immense
grace.
physical resilience, and the indispensable role they
II. Answer the following questions. play in the social fabric. Despite battling brutal
climates and challenging terrains, they faithfully
1. Justify the statement made by Postmaster- serve as the lifeline of communication for remote
General, Rajasthan Western Region stating that communities.
the role of GDS is ‘invaluable’.
PAGE 446 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Vocabulary and Structures in Context scorching summer winds and swirling sandstorms
which turn him into a walking sandman.
I. Study the phrases given in Column 1 and match
Ans :
them with their meanings in Column 2.
Alliteration : “scorching summer” and “swirling
Column 1 Column 2 sandstorms” (Repetition of the ‘s’ sound).
Metaphor : “desert’s furies” (Comparing extreme
1. crumbles into sand i. get a chance to
weather to an angry entity) and “walking
continue living
sandman” (Comparing Khetaram, covered in
2. give a new lease of ii. carrying letters dust, to a creature made entirely of sand).
life to less populated
areas
3. turn into a trickle iii. disappears in the
before drying out desert III. Match the words in Column 1 to what they
suggest in Column 2 in the context of the chapter.
4. bearing words iv. lessen gradually
across this desolate and then finally Column 1 Column 2
geography stop 1. arid i. interest rate for the
Now, use the phrases from Column 1 in sentences farmers
of your own. 2. concessional ii. corner of the world
Ans :
3. gaunt iii. farmland without much
Column 1 Column 2 yield
1. crumbles into sand iii. disappears in the 4. remote iv. desert stretching far
desert and wide
2. give a new lease of i. get a chance to 5. desolate v. farmer waiting for the
life continue living rains
3. turn into a trickle iv. lessen gradually Now, use the words from Column 1 in sentences
before drying out and then finally of your own.
stop Ans :
4. bearing words ii. carrying letters Column 1 Column 2
across this desolate to less populated
geography areas 1. arid iii. farmland without much
yield
1. crumbles into sand: Without proper
maintenance, the ancient mud fortress 2. concessional i. interest rate for the
eventually crumbles into sand. farmers
2. give a new lease of life: The generous 3. gaunt v. farmer waiting for the
community donation will give a new lease of rains
life to the struggling local orphanage. 4. remote ii. corner of the world
3. turn into a trickle before drying out: During
the peak of summer, the once mighty stream 5. desolate iv. desert stretching far and
will turn into a trickle before drying out wide
completely. 1. arid : The cactus thrives easily in the arid
4. bearing words across this desolate geography: climate of the desert.
The weary messenger traveled for weeks, 2. concessional : The government offered seeds
bearing words across this desolate geography at a concessional rate to help poor farmers.
to deliver the treaty. 3. gaunt : Following the prolonged drought, the
animals looked incredibly weak and gaunt.
II. Identify examples of alliteration and metaphor in 4. remote : The medical team set up a camp in
the extract given below. a remote village that lacked basic healthcare.
Khetaram’s khaki turban and uniform are his 5. desolate : After the wildfire, the once lush
only protection against the desert’s furies, the valley was reduced to a desolate wasteland.

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

IV. Read the underlined verbs in the sentences given This sentence is in passive voice because the
in Column 1 and their functions in Column 2. subject is receiving the action.
3. Khetaram’s nephew wants to join the GDS.
Column 1 Column 2 He asks Khetaram how to prepare for it.
1. She has found her i. finished actions Khetaram gives him the following advice:
book. (past event — i. You will need a lot of stamina for this job.
present result) ii. Practise reading clearly as some of the
2. I have just eaten a ii. recently villagers will expect you to read out the
mango. completed action letters.
3. Have you ever seen iii. life experiences iii. Write words neatly as some villagers will
a play before? ask you to draft replies.
iv. Wear full-sleeved shirts and trousers to
4. I have finished my iv. accomplishment
protect yourself from the heat.
project.
Now, complete the following paragraph about the
5. Ajay has become a v. changes over advice given by Khetaram. One example has been
good bowler in five time done for you.
years. To begin with, a lot of stamina will be needed
6. I have seen this vi. multiple actions for this job. Next, reading clearly A. _____, as
book in the library at different times you B. _____ to read out the letters by some of
many times. the villagers. Words C. _____ neatly as you D.
_____ to draft replies by some villagers. Full
7. I have studied in vii. action completed
sleeved-shirts and trousers E. _____ to protect
this school for six in the past but
yourself from the heat.
years. has its impact in
present Ans :
To begin with, a lot of stamina will be needed
Now, fill in the blanks by using the present for this job. Next, reading clearly A. should be
perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets to practised, as you B. will be expected to read out
complete the following paragraph. the letters by some of the villagers. Words C.
1. I _____ (has/have) just _____ (get) a should be written neatly as you D. will be asked
collection of postage stamps from my grandfather. to draft replies by some villagers. Full sleeved-
He 2. _____ (collect) these stamps over a
NODIA

shirts and trousers E. should be worn to protect

period of 20 years. I 3. _____ (study) most yourself from the heat.
of the stamps in his collection and loved all of
them. I 4. _____ (begin) my own collection of Listen and Respond
postage stamps. Grandfather 5. _____ truly
_____ (inspire) me. I. You will listen to a girl talking about an event.
As you listen, fill in the blank with the suitable
Ans :
word from the brackets. (Transcript for teacher
1. I have just gotten (or got) a collection of
on page 272)
postage stamps from my grandfather. He 2.
The speaker concluded her talk with a _____.
has collected these stamps over a period of 20
(suggestion/request/advice)
years. I 3. have studied most of the stamps in his
collection and loved all of them. I 4. have begun Ans :
my own collection of postage stamps. Grandfather suggestion
5. has truly inspired me. II. You will listen to the girl talking about the event
V. Study the sentences given below. again. As you listen, choose the correct option for
1. GDS delivers the mail at the border. the following questions.
When the subject does the action, the 1. What was the occasion that the speaker was
sentence is in active voice. talking about?
2. The mail is delivered by the GDS at the
(i) Letter writing carnival
border.
This implies that the ‘mail’ receives the (ii) Philately day
action ‘deliver’. (iii) Indian Postal Day
PAGE 448 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. India Post is famous for having the most extensive Column 1 (Points for Column 2 (Verbal cues
network _________. discussion) to present opinion)
(i) in India
• utility It seems to me that...
(ii) in the world • cost effective Some people say that...
(iii) among design institutes • privacy I would like to point out
• space to write that…
3. Letter writing is being revived as this art form
• possibility of I totally agree that…
has been _____.
enclosures That’s one way to look
(i) celebrated at it but…
(ii) appreciated
Ans :
(iii) forgotten
Student 1 (Postcard) : “It seems to me that the
4. Which of the following will be a part of the letter postcard is the most important. Some people say
writing carnival? that we need privacy, but I would like to point
out that postcards are extremely cost-effective
(i) calligraphy and graphology
and have great utility for sending quick messages
(ii) origami and designing to our loved ones.”
(iii) letter posting and philately Student 2 (Inland Letter) : “I totally agree that
NODIA cost is important, but that’s one way to look at
5. What will the postal department add to the
it. Some people say that privacy matters most.
event?
It seems to me that the inland letter is the best
(i) interactive demonstrations because it is cost-effective yet offers the much-
(ii) theatre and dance needed privacy that a postcard lacks, along with
(iii) workshop for letter writing more space to write.”
Ans : Student 3 (Envelope) : “I would like to point out
1. (i) Letter writing carnival that while inland letters are good, they have their
2. (ii) in the world limitations. It seems to me that the envelope is
3. (iii) forgotten the most vital. It offers complete privacy, ample
4. (i) calligraphy and graphology space to write by adding multiple sheets, and the
5. (i) interactive demonstrations unique possibility of enclosures like photographs.”
Student 4 (Money Order) : “I totally agree that
letters are great for communication. That’s one
way to look at it, but survival often depends on
finances. It seems to me that the money order
is the most important form because its utility
in securely remitting money to remote villages
Speaking Activity literally saves families from starving.”
I. The postcard, inland letter, envelope, and money
Writing Task
order form were engaged in a discussion on who
A condolence message communicates your feelings
the most important one was.
to someone whose relative or a person close to
them has just passed away. It mentions how sorry
you feel for the loss and your prayers for strength
to the family members.

I. Khetaram saw a letter with a torn corner. It had

news about Bhawar Singh’s uncle passing away.
Read the condolence message that Sawant Singh
In groups of four, select one each and reason with
each other logically. You may use the points for
discussion given in Column 1 and the cues given
in Column 2 to express your opinion.
 CARRIER OF WORDS

sent to his cousin as a reply to the letter.

Now, on behalf of your parents draft an imaginary

condolence message for your aunt on the recent
passing away of her father.
Ans : Ans :
20 August 20XX The ‘Daakroom’ carnival is a unique initiative
Dear Aunt, by the Ministry of Culture to revive the art of
We are deeply saddened to hear about the tragic letter writing among children and the public.
loss of your father. Please accept our heartfelt It encourages people to engage in creative and
condolences during this difficult time. We extend meaningful writing through competitions and
our deepest sympathy to you and the entire workshops. Supported by India Post, Gandhi
family in this hour of grief. He was a wonderful Smriti and Darshan Samiti, this event aims to
person and will be greatly missed by all of us. provide a digital detox and promote traditional
May God grant eternal peace to the departed soul communication by reintroducing the joy of writing
and give the family the courage and strength to letters.
bear this immense loss. You are in our thoughts
and prayers. II. Did you know? The study of postage stamps and
postal history is called philately. It is possible
Yours sincerely, to be a philatelist without owning any stamps.
Your Parents’ Names The stamps that you study may be rare ones and
found only in museums.
Your Aunt’s Name 1. Study the postage stamps given below and discuss
Village/City Name who or what they depict.
State
PIN Code

Ans :
Stamp 1 : Depicts Kasturba Gandhi, honoring
Learning Beyond the Text her life and immense contributions to the Indian
freedom struggle.
I. The unique ‘Daakroom’ carnival was
Stamp 2 : Depicts Kishore Kumar, commemorating
conceptualised by the Ministry of Culture to re-
the legendary Indian playback singer and actor.
introduce children and larger audiences to letter
Stamp 3 : Depicts the festival of Teej, celebrating
writing in innovative, creative, and engaging
vibrant Indian culture and traditional festivities.
ways. It also hosted competitions and workshops
Stamp 4 : Depicts a Painted Stork, highlighting
around writing and post. The one-ofa-kind letter
the diverse avian wildlife and natural beauty of
writing event, supported by India Post, Ministry
India.
of Culture, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti
Stamp 5 : Depicts the Sun Temple at Konark
is aimed to give a digital detox with the aim of
(a UNESCO World Heritage site), celebrating
reviving the art of letter writing in India
India’s rich architectural heritage.

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PAGE 450 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. Work in groups of five. Find information about Ans :

stamps on the following categories and note Sample Telegram Message :
details as directed. FATHER PASSED AWAY TODAY STOP
• personalities: name and the field they belong DEEP CONDOLENCES TO YOU AND FAMILY
to STOP
• celebrations: festivals/national events—name MAY HIS SOUL REST IN PEACE STOP
and significance
• centenaries: name of person/occasion and

NODIA
significance 7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• nature: name and significance
• our heritage: monuments/music/dance—
Multiple Choice Type Questions
name and significance
Now, prepare a class board on ‘Philately– 1. What is Khetaram’s primary profession?
Upholding Our Heritage’ with your findings. (a) Postal worker (b) Local farmer
Ans : (c) Village chief (d) School teacher
Philately – Upholding Our Heritage
Personalities : C.V. Raman (Field: Science/ Ans :
Physics) – Honoring his groundbreaking Nobel (a) Postal worker
Prize-winning work in light scattering. 2. Which organization does Khetaram work for?
Celebrations : Diwali (Significance: Festival of
(a) State Police (b) India Post
Lights) – Symbolizes the spiritual victory of light
over darkness and good over evil in Indian culture. (c) Local Bank (d) Indian Army
Centenaries : Mahatma Gandhi’s Return from Ans :
South Africa (Significance: Marks the centenary (b) India Post
of his return in 1915, an event that fueled the
Indian freedom struggle). 3. Where is the Somarad Branch Post Office located?
Nature : The Bengal Tiger (Significance: India’s (a) Gujarat (b) Haryana
national animal, highlighting wildlife conservation (c) Rajasthan (d) Punjab
and rich biodiversity).
Ans :
Our Heritage : The Taj Mahal (Significance: A
(c) Rajasthan
globally recognized monument of love and an
exquisite example of Mughal architecture). 4. In which geographical region is Khetaram posted?
3. In the past, telegram was a mode of fast (a) The Himalayas (b) The Deccan
communication, commonly used to quickly send (c) The Coastal (d) The Thar
short and specific messages, such as greetings Ans :
and condolences. Its pricing structure was based (d) The Thar
on the number of words to be transmitted, and
therefore, needed to be precise. The following 5. How does Khetaram travel to deliver the mail
form was used for sending such telegrams. daily?
(a) On foot (b) By cycle
(c) On camel (d) By jeep
Ans :
(a) On foot

6. What kind of terrain does Khetaram cross daily?

(a) Rocky hills (b) Sand dunes
(c) Deep rivers (d) Dense woods
Ans :
(b) Sand dunes
 CARRIER OF WORDS

7. What is the maximum temperature Khetaram 13. What crucial financial item does Khetaram
endures? distribute?
(a) 30 degrees (b) 40 degrees (a) Money orders (b) Bank cheques
(c) 50 degrees (d) 60 degrees (c) Cash vouchers (d) Silver coins
Ans : Ans :
(c) 50 degrees (a) Money orders

8. What is the colour of Khetaram’s postal uniform? 14. Assertion (A): Khetaram travels entirely on foot
(a) White (b) Black across the harsh desert.
(c) Green (d) Khaki Reason (R): The rural villagers are unable to read
or write their personal letters.
Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Khaki
explanation of A.
9. What does Khetaram wear on his head for (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
protection? correct explanation of A.
(a) A turban (b) A helmet (c) Assertion A is true, but Reason R is
(c) A cotton cap (d) A wool hat completely false in this context.
(d) Assertion A is false, but Reason R is
Ans :
completely true in this context.
(a) A turban
Ans :
10. What do the sandstorms often turn Khetaram (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
into? correct explanation of A.
(a) A weary traveler
15. Why do many villagers need Khetaram’s help
(b) A walking sandman
with their mail?
(c) A lost wanderer
(a) They are blind (b) They are busy
(d) A tired postman
(c) They are illiterate (d) They are elderly
Ans :
Ans :
(b) A walking sandman
(c) They are illiterate
11. Which of the following statements is correct about
16. Where do the villagers welcome Khetaram when
the recipients of Khetaram’s mail?
he arrives?
(a) He only delivers letters to the village chiefs
(a) Their roofs (b) Their farms
and elders.
(c) Their barns (d) Their thresholds
(b) He only delivers mail to the local schools and
hospitals. Ans :
(c) He delivers to isolated hamlets and border (d) Their thresholds
security outposts.
17. What does Khetaram do besides reading letters
(d) He delivers mostly to tourists visiting the for the villagers?
desert regions.
(a) Drafts replies (b) Cooks food
Ans : (c) Plants seeds (d) Sells stamps
(c) He delivers to isolated hamlets and border
security outposts. Ans :
(a) Drafts replies
12. Khetaram is the villagers’ primary connection to
the ______. 18. Which event is considered an “auspicious message”
in the chapter?
(a) Local markets (b) State capital
(a) A bad storm (b) A local wedding
(c) Gram panchayat (d) Outside world
(c) A crop failure (d) A sudden illness
Ans :
(d) Outside world Ans :
(b) A local wedding

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PAGE 452 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

19. What is offered to Khetaram for bringing good (c) He is in a hurry to deliver other mail and does
news? not want to waste time indoors.
(a) Sweets (b) Fruits (d) He thinks the villagers will get angry and
(c) Jaggery (d) Biscuits blame him directly for the tragic news.
Ans : Ans :
(c) Jaggery (a) He believes bringing the physical symbol of
sorrow inside will curse the household.
20. Offering jaggery to Khetaram is a gesture of
______. 26. Where does Khetaram stand when delivering an
(a) Deep sorrow (b) High respect inauspicious letter?
(c) Boundless wealth (d) Great joy (a) Near the gate (b) Outside the house
(c) Inside the room (d) Behind the wall
Ans :
(d) Great joy Ans :
(b) Outside the house
21. What kind of tragic news does Khetaram
sometimes deliver? 27. How many times does Khetaram read the
(a) Family death (b) Lost property heartbreaking letter?
(c) Job termination (d) Stolen money (a) One time (b) Three times
(c) Two times (d) Four times
Ans :
(a) Family death Ans :
(c) Two times
22. How does Khetaram handle moments of deep
sorrow? 28. Which of the following statements is correct
(a) With extreme anger regarding Khetaram reading the bad news twice?
NODIA

(b) With immense sensitivity (a) He reads it twice because the villagers usually
demand to hear the letter repeatedly.
(c) With deep confusion
(b) He reads it twice because he has poor eyesight
(d) With complete indifference
and struggles with small handwriting.
Ans : (c) He reads it twice to memorize the names of
(b) With immense sensitivity the deceased for official postal records.
23. What term is used for “bad news” in Khetaram’s (d) He reads it twice to ensure he has the
culture? heartbreaking details absolutely correct.
(a) Bura Samachar (b) Dukh Samachar Ans :
(c) Ashubh Samachar (d) Shok Samachar (d) He reads it twice to ensure he has the
heartbreaking details absolutely correct.
Ans :
(c) Ashubh Samachar 29. What does Khetaram do to the letter after
reading it?
24. What visual clue on the envelope indicates bad
(a) Tears it (b) Burns it
news?
(c) Folds it (d) Buries it
(a) A red stamp (b) A black seal
(c) A folded edge (d) A torn corner Ans :
(a) Tears it
Ans :
(d) A torn corner 30. What is Khetaram’s philosophical belief regarding
tragic letters?
25. Why does Khetaram refuse to take the torn
(a) He believes that bad news should be shared
envelope inside the recipient’s house?
loudly so everyone can mourn properly.
(a) He believes bringing the physical symbol of
(b) He believes that bad news must be destroyed
sorrow inside will curse the household.
so sorrow does not enter the home.
(b) He feels the house is too dark and crowded to
read the letter clearly to everyone.
 CARRIER OF WORDS

(c) He believes that tragic letters should be 36. The steady income from Khetaram’s job keeps his
returned to the sender as a mark of respect. family from ______.
(d) He believes that hiding bad news is better (a) Homelessness (b) Illness
than letting a family suffer from the pain. (c) Debt (d) Starvation
Ans : Ans :
(b) He believes that bad news must be destroyed (d) Starvation
so sorrow does not enter the home.
37. Why does the author mention that bajra grows
31. What milestone age has Khetaram crossed? only “in a good year”?
(a) Forty (b) Fifty (a) To highlight the extreme harshness and
(c) Sixty (d) Seventy unreliability of agriculture in the arid desert.
Ans : (b) To show that the villagers are very lazy and
(c) Sixty refuse to farm properly during the year.
(c) To emphasize that the sandy soil is highly
32. Assertion (A): Khetaram forces the villagers to fertile and suitable for various cash crops.
read their own tragic letters.
(d) To indicate that Khetaram spends most of his
Reason (R): He philosophically believes that “bad
postal salary buying expensive tools.
news must be destroyed.”
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Ans :
explanation of A. (a) To highlight the extreme harshness and
unreliability of agriculture in the arid desert.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation of A. 38. The chapter is described as a powerful tribute to
(c) Assertion A is true, but Reason R is ______.
completely false in this context. (a) Famous politicians (b) Unsung heroes
(d) Assertion A is false, but Reason R is (c) Wealthy farmers (d) Brave soldiers
completely true in this context.
Ans :
Ans : (b) Unsung heroes
(d) Assertion A is false, but Reason R is completely
true in this context. 39. What do rural postal workers like Khetaram
brave daily?
33. What natural disaster is the region highly prone (a) Urban traffic (b) Wild animals
to?
(c) Brutal weather (d) Local bandits
(a) Famines (b) Floods
Ans :
(c) Earthquakes (d) Tsunamis
(c) Brutal weather
Ans :
(a) Famines 40. Khetaram ensures that human communication is
never ______.
34. What single crop is grown in Khetaram’s region? (a) Delayed (b) Ignored
(a) Wheat (b) Bajra (c) Broken (d) Lost
(c) Maize (d) Cotton
Ans :
Ans : (d) Lost
(b) Bajra
41. Which of the following statements is correct
35. How many members are there in Khetaram’s regarding Khetaram’s motivation to work?
family? (a) He continues working due to financial
(a) Three (b) Four necessity and a strong sense of duty.
(c) Five (d) Six (b) He works purely for the joy of walking across
Ans : the beautiful desert sand dunes.
(c) Five (c) He works because the villagers pay him extra
money to read personal letters.

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PAGE 454 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(d) He continues his job because he is young and 47. What does the term “walking sandman” suggest
energetic with no exhaustion. about Khetaram’s daily reality?
Ans : (a) He enjoys playing in the sand and building
(a) He continues working due to financial necessity sculptures while delivering mail.
and a strong sense of duty. (b) He is a mythical creature who brings sleep to
the children of the remote village.
42. What primarily protects Khetaram from the
(c) He is completely covered in dust and physically
swirling sandstorms?
battered by the harsh environment.
(a) A thick coat (b) Uniform and turban
(d) He has a special superpower that allows him
(c) A plastic shield (d) Goggles and mask to glide over the desert effortlessly.
Ans : Ans :
(b) Uniform and turban (c) He is completely covered in dust and physically
battered by the harsh environment.
43. Which season’s winds make Khetaram’s journey

NODIA
highly treacherous? 48. Whose replies does Khetaram patiently draft?
(a) Spring winds (b) Autumn winds (a) The soldiers (b) The merchants
(c) Summer winds (d) Winter winds (c) The officials (d) The villagers
Ans : Ans :
(c) Summer winds (d) The villagers
44. What official paperwork does Khetaram carry 49. Khetaram’s service to the isolated desert
along with regular mail? communities is described as ______.
(a) Voting ballots (b) School exams (a) Selfless (b) Profitable
(c) Court orders (d) Official documents (c) Effortless (d) Temporary
Ans : Ans :
(d) Official documents (a) Selfless
45. Khetaram is described as much more than just a 50. What is the core message of Khetaram’s story in
______. this chapter?
(a) Postman (b) Teacher (a) Only wealthy people living in cities truly
(c) Farmer (d) Soldier appreciate the value of written communication.
Ans : (b) Unsung heroes overcome immense hardships
(a) Postman to maintain vital human connections in
remote areas.
46. Assertion (A): Khetaram’s steady postal income (c) The postal service should replace all human
is vital for his family’s survival. workers with modern technology in desert
Reason (R): Khetaram tears up inauspicious regions.
letters outside the recipients’ homes.
(d) Farming bajra in the Thar Desert is a much
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct more profitable career than delivering the
explanation of A. mail.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
Ans :
correct explanation of A.
(b) Unsung heroes overcome immense hardships
(c) Assertion A is true, but Reason R is to maintain vital human connections in remote
completely false in this context. areas.
(d) Assertion A is false, but Reason R is
completely true in this context.
Ans :
Short Answer Type Questions
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the 1. Who is Khetaram and where does he currently
correct explanation of A. work?
 CARRIER OF WORDS

Ans : connection, bringing crucial news, official

Khetaram is a dedicated rural postal worker paperwork, and financial aid, thereby effectively
employed by India Post. He is currently posted bridging the gap between them and civilization.
at the Somarad Branch Post Office, which is
geographically located in the extremely harsh and 7. Explain the significance of the money orders
arid sandy region of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan. Khetaram delivers to the isolated hamlets.
Ans :
2. Describe the geographical challenges Khetaram In a famine-prone region where local agriculture
faces daily during his duty. is highly unreliable, money orders represent
Ans : essential financial lifelines. By carefully delivering
Khetaram navigates treacherous, shifting sand these, Khetaram ensures that struggling families
dunes entirely on foot. Daily, he bravely endures receive the much-needed survival funds sent by
extreme summer winds and brutal, scorching their earning relatives stationed far away.
temperatures soaring up to 50 degrees Celsius,
making his journey to deliver mail an incredibly 8. Why do the villagers eagerly wait for Khetaram
arduous and physically draining task. at their thresholds?
Ans :
3. How does the harsh climate of the Thar Desert The villagers eagerly welcome Khetaram at their
physically affect Khetaram? thresholds because they are mostly illiterate and
Ans : anxiously anticipate news from distant loved
The fierce desert sandstorms batter Khetaram ones. His daily arrival signifies a crucial moment
daily, completely covering his body in thick dust of connection, as they rely completely on him to
and transforming him into a “walking sandman.” decipher their mail.
Despite experiencing immense physical exhaustion
and brutal weather conditions, he continues his 9. How does Khetaram assist the illiterate villagers
demanding trek without hesitation. beyond merely delivering their letters?
Ans :
4. What role does Khetaram’s uniform and turban Khetaram’s sense of duty extends far beyond
play in his daily routine? delivery. Recognizing the villagers’ illiteracy, he
Ans : patiently sits with them to read their personal
Khetaram wears a standard khaki uniform and letters aloud and compassionately drafts their
a traditional turban. In the unforgiving desert handwritten replies, acting as a vital, trusted
environment, the turban is not merely a cultural intermediary for their communication.
symbol but a vital piece of protective gear that
shields his head from scorching sunrays and 10. What is considered an ‘auspicious message’ in the
swirling sandstorms. village, and how is Khetaram rewarded?
Ans :
5. Who are the primary recipients of Khetaram’s Messages bringing highly positive news, such
daily mail deliveries? as a local wedding invitation, are considered
Ans : auspicious. When Khetaram delivers such joyous
He primarily delivers letters, money orders, information, the grateful villagers respectfully
and crucial official documents to people living offer him pieces of jaggery as a traditional gesture
in isolated hamlets and remote border security of immense joy and celebration.
outposts. These marginalized individuals rely
entirely on his steadfast dedication for their vital 11. What is the cultural significance of offering jaggery
communications and financial support. to the postman in these desert communities?
Ans :
6. Why is Khetaram considered the villagers’ only In rural desert culture, offering jaggery is a
reliable link to the outside world? profound gesture expressing great joy, deep
Ans : respect, and immense gratitude. It symbolically
Living in a remote, isolated desert region, the represents the sweetness of the good news
villagers completely lack modern communication Khetaram has brought, reinforcing his cherished,
infrastructure. Khetaram acts as their sole respected position within the local community.

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PAGE 456 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

12. How does a torn corner on an envelope act as a Ans :

visual clue for Khetaram? The arid Thar Desert region is highly prone to
Ans : severe, life-threatening famines. The sandy soil
A torn corner on an envelope serves as a stark, allows only for the cultivation of a single crop,
visual warning in the local culture, clearly bajra, and even that grows successfully only
indicating an “Ashubh Samachar” or tragic news, during a remarkably good and rare monsoon year.
such as a family death. It immediately prepares
18. How does Khetaram’s job at India Post affect his
Khetaram for the sorrowful emotional duty ahead.
own family’s survival?
13. Why does Khetaram refuse to step inside a house Ans :
when delivering an ‘Ashubh Samachar’ ? With local agriculture being highly unreliable,
Ans : Khetaram’s steady financial income from his
Khetaram holds a strong cultural and philosophical postal job serves as a critical economic anchor.
belief that carrying a torn envelope indoors brings It actively prevents his family of five from facing
the physical symbol of sorrow directly into the severe starvation and deep debt during the
home. To prevent cursing the household with bad frequent, devastating famine years.
luck, he respectfully stands strictly outside the
19. What motivates Khetaram to continue his
gate.
arduous desert journey at the age of sixty?
14. For what reason does Khetaram read a tragic Ans :
letter twice before the recipients? Despite having crossed the milestone age of
Ans : sixty and enduring extreme physical fatigue,
Delivering bad news is a highly delicate Khetaram is powerfully driven by profound
responsibility. Khetaram carefully reads the financial necessity for his family’s survival and an
heartbreaking letter twice to ensure he has unwavering, selfless sense of duty toward serving
grasped the tragic details absolutely correctly, the isolated desert communities.
actively avoiding any painful misunderstandings
20. Why is Khetaram rightfully referred to as an
that could needlessly worsen the grieving family’s
“unsung hero” in the text?
trauma.
Ans :
15. What philosophical belief drives Khetaram to Khetaram is an unsung hero because he quietly
tear up a letter containing tragic news? braves life-threatening weather and extreme
Ans : physical hardships without seeking any public
Khetaram firmly holds the philosophical belief recognition. His selfless, daily dedication ensures
that “bad news must be destroyed.” After that vital human connections remain unbroken
compassionately sharing the tragic details, he for the most isolated, vulnerable populations in
intentionally tears the letter apart, symbolizing the desert.
the destruction of sorrow so that lingering pain
does not permanently reside within the home.
Long Answer Type Questions
16. How does Khetaram display immense sensitivity
1. Write a detailed character sketch of Khetaram,
while dealing with grieving families?
highlighting his physical endurance and emotional
Ans : empathy.
Khetaram handles deep sorrow with profound
Ans :
empathy. He respectfully stays outside to protect
Khetaram is the absolute epitome of resilience,
the home’s sanctity, double-checks the tragic
duty, and compassion. Physically, he displays
news by reading it twice, and destroys the
immense endurance, walking across treacherous
letter afterward, showcasing his extraordinary
sand dunes in brutal 50-degree heat, boldly defying
psychological compassion for the grieving desert
his advanced age of over sixty. Despite being
villagers.
battered by summer sandstorms and transformed
17. Describe the agricultural conditions of Khetaram’s into a “walking sandman,” his commitment
region and its impact on the locals. to delivering mail never wavers. Emotionally,
Khetaram is extraordinarily empathetic. He is not

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

merely a postman but a trusted confidant for the that letter broke my heart, but I had to destroy
illiterate villagers. His sensitivity is most profound the physical symbol of her sorrow. Tomorrow, I
when delivering tragic news; he respectfully reads must walk again.
“Ashubh Samachar” strictly outside the home Khetaram
and tears the letter to symbolically destroy the
sorrow. Balancing his family’s financial struggles 4. As a village elder whose son is stationed at a

NODIA
in a famine-prone region with his grueling duties, border outpost, write a letter to the Postmaster
Khetaram emerges as a selfless, unsung hero General praising Khetaram’s selfless service and
dedicated entirely to humanity. requesting better facilities for him.
Ans :
2. The story of Khetaram highlights the theme of To
“human connection over geographical barriers.” The Postmaster General,
Elaborate on this statement based on the text. India Post, Rajasthan.
Ans : Subject: Commendation for Postman Khetaram
The narrative beautifully establishes that and a humble request for facilities.
the innate human need for connection can Respected Sir,
conquer the most hostile geographical barriers. I write to you on behalf of the remote
The Thar Desert, characterized by brutal residents of Somarad. For years, Khetaram has
50-degree temperatures, swirling sandstorms, been our only vital lifeline to the outside world.
and treacherous dunes, physically isolates its Despite crossing sixty years of age, he bravely
inhabitants. Yet, Khetaram acts as a resilient, walks through brutal sandstorms and 50-degree
living bridge, ensuring these remote hamlets heat to deliver our mail, money orders, and official
and border outposts are never cut off from the documents. Since most of us are completely
outside world. He delivers vital money orders illiterate, he patiently reads our personal letters
that sustain lives and reads letters that nurture and drafts replies with immense empathy.
emotional bonds. His grueling daily journey on He is a true unsung hero who maintains our
foot proves that empathy and duty can overcome human connections. We humbly request you to
nature’s harshest obstacles. By drafting replies provide him with protective gear, a hardship
for the illiterate and sharing their deepest joys allowance, or better transport to ease his physical
and sorrows, Khetaram proves that the warmth burden.
of human connection remains unbreakable, even Yours sincerely,
in the most desolate landscapes. A Village Elder

3. Imagine you are Khetaram. Write a diary entry 5. Analyze the significance of cultural symbols in
at the end of a grueling summer day when you the text, specifically the offering of jaggery and
had to deliver both an auspicious message and a the tearing of the envelope’s corner.
tragic letter. Ans :
Ans : Cultural symbols in the narrative profoundly
Tuesday, 14th April, 2026 dictate the emotional landscape of the isolated
Dear Diary, desert community. The offering of jaggery is a
My weary legs severely ache after trekking through potent symbol of shared joy, deep respect, and
the relentless 50-degree sandstorms today. The immense gratitude. When Khetaram brings
desert was merciless, but my profound sense of auspicious news, this simple sweetness contrasts
duty pushed me forward. The day brought a sharply with the bitter harshness of their daily
heavy mix of emotions. In the morning, I delivered desert lives. Conversely, the torn corner of an
auspicious news of a wedding at Ramu’s hamlet. envelope acts as a chilling, universally understood
The sweet taste of the jaggery they offered still omen of “Ashubh Samachar” (tragic news).
lingers, a beautiful reminder of their innocent joy. It dictates a highly specific cultural protocol:
However, the afternoon deeply tested my heart. Khetaram must remain outside the threshold
I noticed a torn corner on an envelope meant to prevent bad luck from cursing the home. By
for old Shanti. Standing respectfully outside her tearing the letter after reading it, he performs a
threshold, I read the tragic news of her son’s symbolic ritual of actively destroying the sorrow.
passing twice to be absolutely certain. Tearing These symbols highlight a vulnerable community
PAGE 458 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

deeply rooted in tradition and collective empathy. Villager: (Smiling brightly) Khetaram ji! You are
early today. Come inside quickly, rest under the
6. Imagine you are the village chief. Deliver a short shade. Have you brought a letter from my brother
speech honoring Khetaram as the true “unsung in the city?
hero” of your desert community. Khetaram: (Standing firmly outside the gate, his
Ans : voice incredibly gentle) Ram Singh, I cannot step
Respected villagers and dear friends, inside your home today. Yes, I do have a letter
Today, I want to honor a true guardian walking from the city.
quietly among us—our dedicated postman, Villager: (Noticing Khetaram’s solemn face) Why
Khetaram. While soldiers protect our borders, won’t you enter? Is everything alright?
Khetaram actively protects our hearts. He is our Khetaram: (Sighs heavily, carefully holding the
greatest unsung hero. Every single day, defying his envelope with a torn corner) Ram Singh, please
advanced age and brutal 50-degree sandstorms, brace yourself. It is an Ashubh Samachar.
he crosses treacherous dunes just to ensure we Villager: (Tearing up instantly) No... what does
remain connected to our distant loved ones. it say?
He doesn’t just deliver paper; he delivers hope, Khetaram: (Reads it twice softly to be certain)
sustains our starving homes with vital money Your brother passed away peacefully yesterday.
orders, and patiently writes the words we cannot I am so deeply sorry. (Khetaram tears the letter
pen ourselves. In a harsh desert where even into pieces). The sorrow ends right here, my
the bajra crops fail us, Khetaram’s unwavering friend. It shall not enter your home.
dedication never does. Let us take a moment to
applaud this walking sandman for his boundless 9. Evaluate the profound contrast between the
compassion. unreliability of nature and the steadfast reliability
Thank you! of Khetaram in the lives of the desert dwellers.
7. “Khetaram is described as much more than just Ans :
a postman.” Justify this statement by discussing The narrative presents a powerful contrast between
his multiple vital roles within the isolated desert the harsh forces of nature and the dependable
community. character of Khetaram. The Thar Desert is
extremely unforgiving, with temperatures rising
Ans :
up to 50 degrees, violent sandstorms, and the
To call Khetaram a mere postman is a vast
constant threat of famine. Agriculture is highly
understatement; he is the absolute lifeblood of
uncertain, as the main crop, bajra, grows only
the isolated desert hamlets. Officially, he merely
during rare good monsoons.
delivers mail, money orders, and government
In such difficult conditions, nature becomes a
documents. However, his highly impactful
threat to the villagers’ survival. The unpredictable
unofficial roles make him indispensable. For the
environment makes life challenging and insecure,
illiterate villagers, he acts as a trusted scribe
leaving people vulnerable to hunger and hardship.
and reader, patiently drafting their personal
In contrast, Khetaram stands as a symbol of
replies. He is a crucial emotional anchor, sharing
reliability and hope. Even at the age of sixty, he
their joyous moments by accepting jaggery and
walks across the dangerous dunes every day. By
displaying immense psychological sensitivity
delivering money orders and letters, he supports
during tragedies by standing outside to read
families both financially and emotionally, bridging
“Ashubh Samachar.” Furthermore, he functions as
the gap created by harsh natural conditions.
a dedicated social worker, ensuring that financial
lifelines reach marginalized families surviving in 10. Imagine you are a young postal recruit assigned
a famine-prone region. Ultimately, Khetaram is to shadow Khetaram for a day. Write a diary
a wise counselor, a messenger of hope, and their entry reflecting on the profound life lessons you
only bridge to civilization. learned from his dedication.
8. Construct a dialogue between Khetaram and Ans :
an illiterate villager, highlighting Khetaram’s Tuesday, 14th April 2026
extreme sensitivity when delivering a letter with Dear Diary,
a torn corner. Today, I accompanied Khetaram Ji on his
demanding mail route. I am physically exhausted,
Ans :

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

but deeply moved. I had assumed that being a (d) Both statements I and II are false.
postman simply meant delivering letters, but iii. What role do Gramin Dak Sewaks play in
today I understood the true meaning of selfless remote areas of India?
service. Walking in the scorching 50-degree heat iv. Identify the word from the extract that
and watching him turn into a “walking sandman,” means the same as “disintegrates” or “breaks
I realized how physically demanding this job truly down”.
is. Yet, he did not complain even once. v. State whether True or False with a reason:
What touched me the most was his compassion The passage suggests that modern technology
towards the villagers. He patiently wrote letters has completely replaced the manual postal
for those who could not read or write, shared their system in rural India.
small joys with a piece of jaggery, and comforted Ans :
them in times of sorrow. Even at the age of sixty, i. (b) They are isolated human settlements in
his dedication far surpasses my youthful energy. deserts.
Today, he taught me that empathy is the greatest ii. (a) Statement I is true and II is false.
duty of all. iii. Gramin Dak Sewaks serve as the sole link
Devanshu between isolated communities and their
faraway families.
iv. crumbles
Extract Based Questions v. False, because the passage states that Gramin
1. Read the extract given below and answer the Dak Sewaks still serve as the sole link in
questions that follows : extreme areas.
“Though we are just a click away from sending
2. Read the extract given below and answer the
mail at present, can you imagine how it was before
questions that follows :
the internet became the way of life? The mail was
“Khetaram is a Gramin Dak Sewak. His left
dropped in the post box, then through the postal
shoulder slumped from years of carrying a
system finally it was delivered by the postman in
mailbag, he is the sole postman of Somarad
our letter box. The areas beyond the last railhead
Branch Post Office. For the last 15 years, he has
and after the road crumbles into sand, Gramin
been a trusted link between the people attached
Dak Sewaks still serve as the sole link between the
to this Rajasthani village post office and their
oases of humanity in India’s extremes and their
families. Defying all elements of the harshest
faraway families.”
desert of India, the Thar, he is the lone face of
i. What does the phrase “oases of humanity”
the state who reaches the far-flung hamlets, or
imply about the areas served by the Gramin
dhaanis, of this remote area just 2.5 km short of
Dak Sewaks?
the Indo-Pakistan border.”
(a) They are highly fertile areas in a i. What does Khetaram’s “slumped left
wasteland.
NODIA

shoulder” primarily suggest about his life?

(b) They are isolated human settlements in (a) He has a genetic physical deformity.
deserts.
(b) He suffers from a recent severe injury.
(c) They are densely populated metropolitan
(c) He bears physical toll from his service.
regions.
(d) He lacks proper training for carrying
(d) They are technologically advanced postal
bags.
hubs.
ii. Assertion (A): Khetaram is considered a vital
ii. Consider the following statements:
asset to the people of the Somarad Branch
I. The internet has fundamentally altered Post Office.
modern communication. Reason (R): He successfully navigates the
II. Gramin Dak Sewaks are completely harsh Thar desert to deliver mail to remote
obsolete in the current era. areas.
Which of the following is correct? (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(a) Statement I is true and II is false. correct explanation of A.
(b) Statement II is true and I is false. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(c) Both statements I and II are true. correct explanation of A.
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PAGE 460 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) A is true, but R is false. (b) He views it as an exhausting but

(d) A is false, but R is true. unavoidable daily duty.
iii. How long has Khetaram been serving as a (c) He thrives on the intense physical
Gramin Dak Sewak and where is his post challenges of the desert.
office located? (d) He ignores the severe heat to earn extra
iv. Find a word in the extract that means the delivery money.
same as “small villages or settlements”. iii. What does the impression of Khetaram’s
v. Fill in the blank: footprints in the sand tell us?
Khetaram’s delivery route extends to a remote iv. Give the exact word from the extract which
area just 2.5 km short of the ______ means “demand or specify (a requirement),
border. typically as part of an official rule.”
Ans : v. Fill in the blank:
i. (c) He bears physical toll from his service. Due to the severe heat, Khetaram sometimes
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct postpones his deliveries until after ______.
explanation of A. Ans :
iii. Khetaram has been serving for 15 years i. (b) Recording exactly 50 degrees would
and his post office is located in Somarad, a mandate a state holiday.
Rajasthani village near the Indo-Pakistan ii. (b) He views it as an exhausting but
border. unavoidable daily duty.
iv. hamlets iii. The impression of Khetaram’s footprints
v. Indo-Pakistan reveals the weight of his mailbag, showing
how heavy a burden he carries daily.
3. Read the extract given below and answer the iv. stipulate
questions that follows : v. sundown
“Often, the impression of his footprints reveals
the weight of his mailbag. Regulations stipulate 4. Read the extract given below and answer the
that his load cannot exceed 28 kilos. But in questions that follows :
the summers, when the sands sizzle under his “Unlike the British postal system set up in India
mojri-clad feet, Khetaram says, “Even a single to relay company dak between administrative
delivery is tiring, as I have to cover 20 km for it.” centres, after independence, the mandate of India
He delivers even on days when his body sends Post was to bring the entire population within
blazing signals that the temperature has crossed the mailing ambit. Compared to 25,000 post
50 degrees celsius, but is recorded as 49.9 degrees offices in 1947, today we have about more than
celsius, since 50 degrees celsius would mean a a lakh and a half post offices throughout the
state holiday. Sometimes severe heat forces him country. Through the GDS, India Post has also
to postpone deliveries till after sundown.” been able to reach rural depositors, who entrust
i. Why is the temperature deliberately recorded their monthly savings to the post office in their
as 49.9 degrees celsius instead of 50 degrees? area. Every post office in the country has many
(a) The measuring instruments in the desert operational accounts of the people which reflects
are mostly faulty. their trust in the postal system.”
(b) Recording exactly 50 degrees would i. What does the transition from relaying
mandate a state holiday. “company dak” to bringing the “entire
(c) The local climate never actually reaches population within the mailing ambit” indicate
exactly 50 degrees. about India Post after independence?
(d) It is the maximum temperature the (a) It shifted focus from profit-making to
government allows to record. strict administrative control.
ii. Which of the following best describes (b) It changed from an exclusive network to
Khetaram’s perspective on his grueling daily an inclusive public service.
deliveries during the summer? (c) It reduced its overall workforce to manage
(a) He feels cheated by the rigorous the huge rural population.
government regulations. (d) It strictly adopted British administrative
models for modern governance.

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 CARRIER OF WORDS

ii. Which of the following options correctly (d) It ensures they do not depend entirely on
identifies the dual functions of the post office the revised government salary.
in rural India as highlighted in the extract? ii. Assertion (A): The postal department
(a) Relaying international mail and providing implements unique employment conditions
essential medical aid. for Gramin Dak Sewaks.
(b) Managing company communications and Reason (R): These specific conditions are
issuing national passports. necessary to maintain a large workforce in
(c) Delivering personal communications and remote areas.
safeguarding financial savings. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(d) Regulating old British policies and correct explanation of A.
actively funding local elections. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
iii. How has the number of post offices in India correct explanation of A.
changed since independence? (c) A is true, but R is false.
iv. Which word in the extract is used to mean (d) A is false, but R is true.
the “scope, extent, or bounds of something”? iii. How many hours per day is a Gramin Dak
v. Based on the extract, what specific action Sewak required to work?
reflects the rural population’s trust in the iv. Identify the word from the text that means
modern postal system? “guaranteed” or “certain to be provided”.
Ans : v. State whether True or False with a reason:
i. (b) It changed from an exclusive network to A Gramin Dak Sewak must strictly retire at
an inclusive public service. the age of 60.
ii. (c) Delivering personal communications and Ans :
safeguarding financial savings. i. (b) It compensates for the part-time nature
iii. The number grew from 25,000 post offices in and specific salary structure.
1947 to more than a lakh and a half today. ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
iv. ambit explanation of A.
NODIA

v. Entrusting their monthly savings to the post iii. A Gramin Dak Sewak is required to work
office. only five hours a day.
iv. assured
5. Read the extract given below and answer the v. False, they are allowed to serve after the age
questions that follows : of 60, till the age of 65.
“The essential criterion for GDS selection is
access to another means of livelihood. They are 6. Read the extract given below and answer the
required to work only five hours in a day and are questions that follows :
also allowed to serve after the age of 60, till the “There is one letter delivery he dreads. The
age of 65. All this is so that they can be paid a envelope with the right corner torn off, which
salary to enable them to have an assured income. signifies that the missive bears news of death.
The salary of regular postmen gets revised as the “Ashubh Samachar cannot be carried into the
other government employees. “Only by applying house,” says Khetaram. So, he stands outside,
such different conditions could we retain a large reads out the letter twice, then tears it to bits.
workforce of Gramin Dak Sewaks to serve remote “Bad news must be destroyed,” he mutters
outposts,” explains a postmaster.” philosophically. Today, after more than a decade
i. Why does the government require a Gramin and a half of bearing words across this desolate
Dak Sewak to have “access to another means geography, Khetaram says his spine is strong. “I
of livelihood”? am grateful that as a Gramin Dak Sewak, I can
(a) The postal department cannot employ serve the people even after 60.””
them for more than five hours. i. Why does Khetaram tear the letter with the
(b) It compensates for the part-time nature torn corner to bits?
and specific salary structure. (a) He is angry at the sender for improperly
(c) The regular postmen demanded exclusive tearing the envelope.
rights to full-time employment. (b) He wants to symbolically destroy the
inauspicious news it brings.
PAGE 462 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) He is following the strict official

regulations of the post office.
(d) He does not want the villagers to know he
cannot read it well.
ii. Which phrase best captures Khetaram’s
internal motivation for continuing his job
despite the physical toll?
(a) A strong desire for public recognition and
state awards.
(b) The strict financial necessity to survive
the local famine.
(c) A deep sense of duty and continuous
service to his people.
(d) The lingering fear of losing his government
retirement benefits.
iii. What does Khetaram do when he receives a
letter bearing news of death?
iv. What word from the extract refers to an
official letter or written message?
v. Fill in the blank:
The physical sign on an envelope that signifies
to Khetaram that it carries news of death is
a ______.
Ans :
i. (b) He wants to symbolically destroy the
inauspicious news it brings.
ii. (c) A deep sense of duty and continuous
service to his people.
iii. Khetaram stands outside the house, reads the
letter twice and then tears it to bits, believing
bad news must be destroyed.
iv. missive
v. torn right corner



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 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

CHAPTER 8
FOLLOW THAT DREAM

NODIA
1. INTRODUCTION However, like a wise and caring teacher, she
makes sure to balance her encouragement with a
The chapter “Follow That Dream” centers on healthy dose of reality about what it truly takes
a heartfelt and grounded letter written by a to succeed.
mother to her ambitious yet anxious daughter,
Ming. Facing deep doubts about her future, The Reality of Hard Work and Sacrifice
Ming receives this letter as a practical guide. The mother explains that reaching the absolute
The premise revolves around the mother stepping peak of success—or attaining an international
into the role of a wise mentor, thoughtfully level of skill in any field (like sports, arts, or
balancing warm encouragement with the stark science)—does not happen overnight. It generally
realities of pursuing one’s goals. It establishes a requires about ten years of intense, focused, and
highly realistic context by highlighting the heavy continuous dedication.
personal sacrifices, the absolute necessity of a She advises Ming to “count the cost” of her
burning conviction, and the unpredictable hurdles ambitions. Achieving a great dream demands a
involved in transitioning from a mere dreamer heavy price, including years of effort, financial
into an actual achiever. investments, and major personal sacrifices. The
mother warns that the journey will be an “uphill
task” filled with challenges. To survive this tough
2. CHARACTERS journey, a person needs a “burning conviction”—a
deep, passionate belief in what they are doing.
Irene Chua (Ming’s Mother) When a person’s physical and mental stamina
A wise, caring mother writing a heartfelt letter. runs out, the simple joy of doing what they love
She uses her own life experience to give her is the inner motivation that keeps them on track.
daughter practical advice about working hard to
achieve big dreams. Mere Dreamers vs. Actual Achievers
In her letter, the mother makes a very clear
Ming distinction between people who only dream and
The teenage daughter who receives the letter. She people who actually achieve their goals. Many
is at an age of forming life goals, receiving her people have wishes, but their goals remain just
mother’s encouraging yet realistic guidance on “wishful thinking.” When life gets tough, or when
pursuing them. they need the comfort of a secure job, they easily
abandon their dreams.
Actual achievers, on the other hand, are
3. SUMMARY completely different. They are the ones who are
willing to face obstacles, invest their time, and
A Mother’s Loving Advice make the tough sacrifices required to turn their
The chapter “Follow That Dream” is presented imagination into reality.
in the form of a heartfelt, inspiring letter from a
mother to her daughter, Ming. Ming has written Evolving Dreams and Life’s Unpredictability
to her mother, expressing her big ambitions but Using personal stories—such as how World War
also sharing her doubts and fears about the II changed the lives of her friends, and her own
difficult path ahead. difficult but rewarding experience of publishing
Acting as a guiding light, the mother begins a book—the mother teaches Ming that life is
her letter with complete encouragement, telling highly unpredictable. Because of changing life
her daughter, “By all means follow that dream.” circumstances, a person’s dreams are not always
PAGE 464 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

permanent; they can change and evolve as a 25. Standard – level of quality, benchmark,
person grows. measure
The mother beautifully reassures Ming that 26. Singularly – exclusively
these new, evolving goals are just as valuable and 27. Intensively – thoroughly, deeply, rigorously
important as the original dreams we have when 28. Subject – topic, field of study, discipline
we are young. However, achieving these older 29. Passion – intense enthusiasm, strong emotion,
dreams often means navigating a complex “maze zeal
of hurdles.” Because these dreams take longer to 30. Particular – specific, certain, distinct
achieve, they also involve a larger “dreamscape”— 31. Interest – curiosity, fascination, pursuit
meaning many more people will become a part of 32. Conviction – strong belief, certainty, assurance
your life and your support system along the way. 33. Imperative – necessary
34. Count – calculate, consider, tally
Taking the Plunge
35. Cost – price, expense, required sacrifice
The letter concludes with a powerful and
36. Financial – monetary, economic, fiscal
motivating piece of advice. The mother tells Ming
37. Investments – contributions, funding,
to carefully consider all the obstacles and the
allocated resources
hard work required. If, after realizing all these
38. Burning – blazing, intensely passionate,
struggles, the passion is still “coursing through
ardent
her veins,” then she should not hesitate. She tells
39. In your blood – deeply ingrained, inherent
Ming to “plunge” into her goals—meaning she
part of your nature
should dive in completely, commit herself to the
40. Ready – prepared, willing, set
task, and bravely follow her dream.
41. Commit – pledge, devote, bind
42. Task – job, assignment, duty
4. WORD MEANINGS 43. Plunge – throw oneself into the activity
44. Uphill – difficult, challenging, arduous
1. Excerpt – a short extract from a text, portion
45. Buoyed up – kept afloat
2. Collection – an accumulated group of items,
46. Knowledge – awareness, understanding,
compilation
information
3. Titled – named, designated
47. Stamina – endurance, energy, staying power
4. Deepest – most profound, intense, heartfelt
48. Running out – depleting, finishing, exhausting
5. Thoughts – ideas, reflections, opinions
49. Prospect – likelihood, possibility, expectation
6. Celebrate – honor, praise, acknowledge
50. Success – achievement, victory, triumph
NODIA

7. Special – unusual, exceptional, distinct

51. Keep on track – maintain progress, stay
8. Bond – connection, relationship, tie
focused, continue direction
9. Exists – lives, occurs, prevails
52. Academy Awards – prestigious film honors,
10. Teenage – adolescent, youthful
Oscars
11. Valuable – precious, useful, important
53. Actors – performers, players, artists
12. Insight – clear and deep understanding
54. Films – movies, motion pictures, cinema
13. Equipping – preparing, providing, supplying
55. Winner – victor, champion, conqueror
14. Challenges – difficulties, obstacles, trials
56. Host – a large number, multitude, array
15. By all means – definitely, certainly, without
57. Formed – created, shaped, constituted
hesitation
58. Support – assistance, backing, help
16. Pursue – follow, chase, seek
59. Network – interconnected group, system,
17. Differentiates – distinguishes, sets apart,
community
separates
60. Stood by – supported, remained loyal to,
18. Greatness – eminence, distinction, brilliance
backed
19. Ordinary – normal, common, average
61. Remain – stay, continue to be, persist
20. Effort – attempt, endeavor, hard work
62. Wistfully – longingly
21. Sacrifice – giving up something valued,
63. Wishful – based on desires rather than reality,
surrender
hopeful
22. Invest – put in, devote, commit
64. Thinking – reasoning, pondering,
23. Realise – achieve, fulfill, accomplish
contemplating
24. World-class – of the highest caliber, elite,
65. Preferred – favored, chosen, opted
outstanding
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

66. Trade – exchange, swap, barter 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

67. Security – safety, stability, protection
68. Circumstances – situations, conditions, state Reflect and Respond
of affairs
69. Invasion – attack, occupation, incursion I. Read the questions given below and share your
70. Destiny – fate, future, fortune answers with your classmates and teacher.
71. Secondary – high school level, intermediate
education 1. What is your dream?
72. Siblings – brothers and sisters, kin Ans :
73. Wet blanket – a person or thing that dampens My dream is to become a space scientist. I
enthusiasm, discouragement want to study the universe, explore unknown
74. Consider – think about, contemplate, reflect galaxies, and contribute to India’s space missions
upon at ISRO. (Note: You can replace this with your
75. Chase – pursue, run after, follow own personal dream, such as becoming a doctor,
76. Obstacles – hurdles, barriers, hindrances writer, teacher, or athlete).
77. Coursing – flowing rapidly, streaming,
circulating 2. Who inspires you to dream?
78. Veins – blood vessels, throughout one’s being Ans :
79. Ahead – forward, onward, progressing I am deeply inspired by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
80. Experience – knowledge gained over time, His life journey from a humble background to
background, involvement becoming the “Missile Man of India” and the
81. Hopes – desires, wishes, aspirations President of the country shows that no matter
82. Aspirations – ambitions, goals, aims where you come from, your dreams are valid and
83. Original – first, earliest, initial achievable.
84. Fulfill – achieve, accomplish, realize
3. What qualities should you have in order to fulfil
85. Negotiate – navigate, find a way through,
your dream?
manage
86. Path – route, trail, course Ans :
87. Maze – complex network, labyrinth, puzzle To fulfil my dream, I need to have strong
88. Hurdles – obstacles, barriers, difficulties determination, patience, and consistency. I must
89. Participants – members, contributors, players also be hard-working, ready to face failures without
90. Dreamscape – a world of dreams giving up, and open to continuous learning.
91. Publishing – issuing, printing, releasing
4. Abdul Kalam said, “Dream is not that you see in
92. Youth – early life, adolescence, childhood
sleep, dream is something that does not let you
93. Excited – thrilled, eager, enthusiastic
sleep.” Discuss.
94. At least – at the minimum, not less than
95. True – real, actual, realized Ans :
This beautiful quote by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
means that a true dream is a burning passion or
5. MESSAGE a life goal. While the dreams we see in our sleep
are passive and often forgotten, a real dream
Through a thoughtful letter to her daughter Ming,
fills us with so much purpose, motivation, and
the author gives a clear and powerful message
energy that we work tirelessly—sometimes even
about achieving success. The chapter teaches us
sacrificing our rest—until we achieve it.
that simply having a dream is not enough. To
turn our goals into reality, we must be ready to II. What role can parents and community play to
work hard, face unexpected challenges, and make help children achieve their dreams?
personal sacrifices. The author gently reminds
Ans :
us that true success comes only when we truly
Parents and the community act as a foundational
believe in ourselves and never give up.
support system. Parents can provide emotional
encouragement, financial support, and a positive
environment that nurtures a child’s talents. The
community, including teachers and mentors, can

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PAGE 466 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

provide the right opportunities, guidance, and beyond mere daydreaming.

resources to help children develop their skills and Ans :
stay on the right path. 1. True, 2. True, 3. False, 4. True, 5. False,
6. False, 7. True
III. Complete the given web chart. Give as many
reasons as you can. Critical Reflection
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
questions that follow.

1. It starts with a passion for a particular interest,

then comes the conviction that it is imperative

NODIA
to realise it. Count the cost in years of effort,
financial investments and sacrifice. Then if it is
still burning in your blood and you are ready
to commit yourself to the task, plunge. It could
be in any field—sports, science, arts, business,
or design. The road may be uphill most of the
way and often you are buoyed up only by the
knowledge that you are doing what you love best
Ans : and are doing the right thing. When stamina is
Reason 1 : It gives our lives a clear sense of running out, the prospect of success will keep you
purpose and direction. on track.
Reason 2 : It brings true happiness and personal
i. Complete the analogy with a suitable word from
satisfaction.
the extract.
Reason 3 : It helps us discover our hidden talents
enthusiasm : passion : : belief : _____
and potential.
Reason 4 : Overcoming obstacles to achieve a ii. Choose the correct option to complete the
dream builds resilience and strong character. following sentence appropriately.
Reason 5 : Achieving our dreams can inspire The author says that a realistic assessment
others in society to pursue their own goals. of effort, investment and sacrifice is crucial for
preventing _____.
Check Your Understanding A. the need for external support network
B. an early abandonment of the dream
I. State whether the following sentences are true or
false. Share your answers with your classmates C. initial excitement from fading over time
and teacher. D. others from questioning one’s commitment
1. Reaching the peak of skill in a field typically
iii. Complete the following with the correct option
demands a focused and intense dedication for
from those given in the brackets.
about a decade.
The word ‘plunge’ as used in the extract indicates
2. The mother believes that significant effort
a _____ (complete/gradual) involvement in a
and personal sacrifices are essential for
task.
turning aspirations into reality.
3. The path to achieving the deepest desires has iv. Complete the sentence with an appropriate
very little difficulty or a few obstacles. reason.
4. The mother is of the opinion that a person’s The author’s emphasis on ‘when you are doing
life goals and hopes can evolve over time. what you love best and are doing the right thing’
5. Having a strong network of individuals can be works as a form of intrinsic motivation because
a hurdle in pursuing one’s ambition. _____.
6. The mother feels that pursuing a major life
goal will not involve any financial expense or v. Mention one motivating factor besides ‘prospect
sacrifice. of success’, that might keep a person on track,
7. For many individuals, their aspirations despite running out of stamina.
remain just wishes because they don’t move
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

Ans : iv. because as a dream takes a long time to

i. conviction realise, you meet many new people along the
ii. B. an early abandonment of the dream way who either become part of your support
iii. complete network or are directly impacted by your
iv. because it brings deep personal satisfaction evolving goals.
and provides the inner strength to keep going v. C. optimistic and encouraging
even when physical and mental stamina are
running low. II. Answer the following questions.
v. The inner knowledge and satisfaction that
1. The letter begins thus, ‘By all means follow that
they are doing what they love best and are
dream’. What do you think Ming must have
doing the right thing.
written to her mother about?
2. From my own experience, life itself may change Ans :
a person’s dreams. These hopes and aspirations Ming must have written to her mother expressing
are no less than the original dream of younger doubts, fears, or hesitation about pursuing her
days. To fulfil them you will need to negotiate a ambitions. She likely asked her mother for advice
path through a maze of hurdles. The dream will on whether she should follow her dreams despite
take a much longer time to realise, and the people the potential difficulties and sacrifices involved.
who are participants in your dreamscape would
be many more. 2. How can one attain an international level of skill
in any field? Mention any two ways.
i. Complete the sentence appropriately. Ans :
The phrase ‘life itself may change a person’s According to the text, one can attain an
dreams’ suggests that dreams are not static but international level of skill by:
rather_____. (evolving/dynamic) 1. Singularly and intensively pursuing the
subject for at least ten years.
ii. What does the author mean by, ‘hopes and 2. Having strong conviction and being willing
aspirations are no less than the original dream of to make long-term investments in terms of
younger days’ ? effort, time, and sacrifice.
iii. Identify the phrase from the extract that indicates 3. What differentiates the mere dreamers from
a complex and challenging journey. actual achievers?
iv. Complete the sentence with an appropriate Ans :
reason. Mere dreamers stop at wishful thinking and often
The author says, ‘people who are participants abandon their goals for security or due to changing
in your dreamscape would be many more’ circumstances. Actual achievers, on the other
because_____. hand, are differentiated by the immense amount
of effort, sacrifice, and financial investment they
v. What is the tone of the author in this extract? are willing to put into making their dreams a
A. appreciative and celebratory reality.
B. excited and cheerful
4. How does Ming’s mother use critical questions
C. optimistic and encouraging and personal anecdotes to persuade Ming and
D. eager and inquisitive convey her message effectively?
Ans : Ans :
i. evolving (Note: “dynamic” is also correct, but Ming’s mother uses critical questions (like asking
“evolving” perfectly captures the essence of if Ming knows the “ten years” rule) to provoke
changing over time). serious thought and realism regarding the hard
ii. The author means that even if a person’s work required. She uses personal anecdotes—such
goals change as they grow older due to life as her friends whose lives were changed by World
circumstances, these new dreams are just as War II, and her own experience of publishing a
valuable, meaningful, and important as the book—to show that while life is unpredictable
dreams they had when they were young. and dreams may change, the pursuit of goals is
iii. “negotiate a path through a maze of hurdles” still beautiful and entirely possible.

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PAGE 468 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

5. How does Ming’s mother balance encouragement (i) _____ was dreamy.
with caution in her advice? Kiran : Thanks! It was way better than our usual
Ans : (ii) _____, so peaceful.
She balances encouragement with caution by Sneha : I get that. But sometimes the city lights
immediately validating Ming’s ambitions (“By have their own charm.
all means follow that dream”), but she instantly Kiran : True, but I’m craving a quiet
follows it with a reality check, asking Ming to (iii) _____. Forests, hills—something real.
“count the cost” in years of effort and sacrifice. Sneha : Yes, nature clears the
She promises that success is rewarding but warns (iv) _____, doesn’t it?
that the “road may be uphill most of the way.” Kiran : Exactly. Let’s plan a trip that soothes—
inside and out.
6. In the letter, Ming’s mother specifically addresses Ans :
the challenges people face in pursuing their (i) seascape
dreams. Do you think this advice is still relevant (ii) cityscape
in contemporary society? If yes, why? If no, why (iii) landscape
not? (iv) mindscape
Ans : Mindscape : A mental landscape; the realm of
Yes, this advice is highly relevant in contemporary imagination and thoughts.
society. Even today, achieving greatness in any field Seascape : A view or picture of the sea or ocean.
requires intense dedication, financial investment, Landscape : All the visible features of an area of
and a strong support system. Distractions are countryside or land.
higher than ever, and competition is fierce, Cityscape : The visual appearance or view of a
making the need for “burning conviction” and city or urban area.
resilience against hurdles just as crucial now as it
was in the past. II. Read each sentence carefully and choose the best
meaning for the underlined expression. Then, use
7. What ‘costs’ in terms of effort, sacrifice, and time that expression in a sentence of your own.
are you willing or unwilling to invest to pursue
your goals? 1. She had a dream that seemed to burn in her
Ans : blood, and she wasn’t going to give up on it easily.
I am willing to invest long hours of daily study, (i) make her angry
NODIA

sacrifice my extra leisure time (like playing (ii) have a passionate desire
video games), and put in consistent hard work (iii) cause physical pain
over many years to achieve my goals. However, (iv) become violent
I am unwilling to sacrifice my basic mental and
physical health, or compromise my moral values, 2. Preparing for the final exam without proper notes
to achieve success. felt like an uphill task.
(i) a tough challenge
Vocabulary and Structures in Context (ii) a slow progress
I. Read the following sentence from the text. (iii) a hard routine
The dream will take a much longer time to realise, (iv) a difficult choice
and the people who are participants in your
dreamscape would be many more. 3. The team was buoyed up by their recent victory
The word ‘dreamscape’ is a compound word and felt confident about the next game.
where ‘-scape’ means ‘a view or scene of’. (i) energised by success
Now, refer to a dictionary and find out the (ii) encouraged by the result
meaning of the following words. (iii) motivated to improve
mindscape seascape landscape cityscape (iv) lifted in spirit

4. He thought he could ace the exam without

1. Fill in the blanks in the following dialogue between
studying, but that was just wishful thinking.
two friends with the words given in the box.
Sneha : Your Goa pictures were beautiful! That (i) a clever shortcut but no real effort behind it
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

(ii) a confident guess but lacking proper Complete the sentences using your own words
knowledge (imperatives):
(iii) a hopeful belief but unlikely to be true 1. If the idea excites you, _____.
(iv) a strong desire but based on facts and 2. If you hear strange noises, _____.
planning 3. If this seems too hard, _____.
4. If you care about the issue, _____.
5. Don’t be a wet blanket—we’re trying to have fun! 5. If you finish early, _____.
(i) spoil-sport Ans :
(ii) latecomer 1. If the idea excites you, pursue it with all your
(iii) rule-breaker dedication.
2. If you hear strange noises, lock the doors and
(iv) daydreamer
stay inside.
6. Excitement was coursing through her veins as she 3. If this seems too hard, take a short break and
stepped onto the stage for the first time. try again.
4. If you care about the issue, raise your voice
(i) hiding deep inside
and take action.
(ii) flowing through her body 5. If you finish early, revise your answers
(iii) lingering in her thoughts thoroughly.
(iv) causing numbness
Ans :
1. (ii) have a passionate desire. IV. Read the following sentences from the text.
Sentence : His ambition to play cricket for the Analyse the usage of ‘could’ and match the
national team burns in his blood, driving him sentences with their functions given in the box
to practice for hours every single day. below.
2. (i) a tough challenge
Sentence : Convincing the villagers to adopt Past ability or purpose Possibility
the new farming technology proved to be an Past possibility or speculation
uphill task. Unreal or hypothetical situation
3. (iv) lifted in spirit 1. It could be in any field—sports, science, arts,
Sentence : Buoyed up by the teacher’s praise, business or design.
Reena happily volunteered to lead the science 2. “I wish I could be this or the other,” they
project. have never got beyond just wishful thinking.
4. (iii) a hopeful belief but unlikely to be true 3. They could have preferred to trade their
Sentence : Thinking it will stop raining just dream for security.
because we want to play outside is purely 4. I know too, of people who had wished to
wishful thinking. finish secondary school but they had to go
5. (i) spoil-sport out to work so that they could support their
Sentence : We were all excited about the siblings through school.
picnic until Amit acted like a wet blanket by Ans :
constantly complaining about the heat. 1. Possibility
6. (ii) flowing through her body 2. Unreal or hypothetical situation
Sentence : Pure adrenaline was coursing 3. Past possibility or speculation
through her veins as she prepared to jump 4. Past ability or purpose
from the diving board.
V. Complete the following sentences using ‘could’
III. Read the following sentence from the text. with the functions mentioned within brackets.
After all the obstacles are considered, if the 1. I wish _____ without worrying about
burning conviction is still coursing through your money. (unreal or hypothetical)
veins, then go ahead and do something about it. 2. They _____ the shorter route, but they
Here, the first conditional is used to talk about real didn’t know about it. (past possibility or
or possible situations in the future. Sometimes, speculative)
instead of saying ‘will + verb’ in the main clause, 3. When I was younger, I _____without
we use an imperative (a command or advice). stopping. (past ability)

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PAGE 470 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. She _____ the library right now—she had Listen and Respond
mentioned it. (possibility)
5. _____ repeat the question? I didn’t hear it I. You will listen to an announcement regarding
clearly. (formal/polite request) vocational courses starting in school. As you
listen, fill in the blanks with one to three exact
Ans :
words that you hear. (Transcript for teacher on
1. I wish I could travel the world without
page 275)
worrying about money.
1. Vocational courses will begin in the month of
2. They could have taken the shorter route, but
_____.
they didn’t know about it.
2. The objective of the courses is to prepare you
3. When I was younger, I could run for miles
with _____ for future studies and jobs.
without stopping.
3. Offered courses include Graphic Design,
4. She could be in the library right now—she
_____, Web Application, and
had mentioned it.
Entrepreneurship Skills, etc.
5. Could you please repeat the question? I didn’t
4. Classes will be conducted by _____ at
hear it clearly.
school.
VI. Fill in the blanks with suitable grammatical forms 5. The application forms will be available at the
of the words given in brackets. _____.
Experiential learning is an approach to education 6. Choice of course will be given to _____
that focuses on learning through experience, action applicants.
and reflection. It 1. _____ (help) students gain Ans :
NODIA
practical knowledge and develop real-world skills. 1. Vocational courses will begin in the month of
Traditionally, students 2. _____ (learn) by April.
listening to lectures and memorising facts, but 2. The objective of the courses is to prepare you
experiential learning has changed this process. with practical skills for future studies and
In an experiential setting, students 3. _____ jobs.
(work) on projects, solve problems, and take 3. Offered courses include Graphic Design,
part in activities that reflect real-life challenges. Basic Coding, Web Application, and
They 4. _____ (apply) what they have learned Entrepreneurship Skills, etc.
in class to new and unfamiliar situations. For 4. Classes will be conducted by trained
example, a student studying science 5. _____ professionals at school.
(conduct) experiments to test a theory, while a 5. The application forms will be available at the
business student 6. _____ (analyse) a case school office.
study to understand market trends. 6. Choice of course will be given to each student.
Reflection is key to this process. After completing
a task, learners 7. _____ (must/reflect) on Speaking Activity
what went well and what could be improved. This I. Work in groups of four. Each member of the
reflection 8. _____ (help) them build a deeper group takes up one of the roles given below. Use
understanding of the topic. the sentence prompts given under each role to
Educators believe that experiential learning present your role play.
9. _____ (be) more effective than passive
learning methods because it is engaging and 1. The Dreamer (for example: wants to be a trekking
meaningful. In the future, more schools and guide)
universities 10. _____ (incorporate) experiential • I know this might sound challenging, but…
learning into their curriculum to prepare students • Ever since I was a child, I’ve dreamed of…
for the real world. • I understand it’s not a usual path, but I
believe…
Ans :
• It’s an uphill journey, but I’m ready for it
1. helps, 2. learned (or learnt), 3. work, 4. apply,
because…
5. conducts, 6. analyses, 7. must reflect, 8. helps,
9. is , 10. will incorporate. 2. A Parent (worried about financial stability)
• I know you’re passionate, but…
• I only want what’s best for you, and…
• You can always pursue your dream later…
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

• What if it doesn’t…? • Use formal language

• Avoid use of abbreviations
3. A Mentor or Teacher (offers balanced advice) • Include the following components:
• Remember dreams need planning… • Header consisting of—sender, receiver,
• Let’s look at the long-term view… date, and subject
• There are ways to combine your dream and… • The message—introduction, seeking
• Are you ready to…? permission, conclusion
• Complementary close—Yours sincerely,
4. A Friend/Sibling (neutral or supportive voice)
• Name, (designation), and contact details
• You’ve always been good at … don’t give up
of the sender
now.
Format of an email:
• I don’t want to be a wet blanket, but what’s
your backup plan? From :
• If anyone can do this, it’s you, so… To :
• If this dream makes you happy…
Cc :
Ans :
Student 1 (The Dreamer) : I know this might Bcc :
sound challenging, but I want to become a Subject :
professional trekking guide. Ever since I was
Message :
a child, I’ve dreamed of scaling the highest
mountains. I understand it’s not a usual path, but Ans :
I believe I have the physical stamina and passion
From : [Link]@[Link]
for it. It’s an uphill journey, but I’m ready for it
because the mountains feel like home to me. To : director@[Link]
Student 2 (A Parent) : I know you’re passionate, Cc :
but this is a very risky profession. I only want
Bcc :
what’s best for you, and a stable office job provides
security. You can always pursue your dream later Subject : Enquiry Regarding Summer
as a hobby. What if it doesn’t work out or you get Workshop in Design
injured? How will you support yourself? Message :
Student 3 (A Mentor/Teacher) : Remember dreams
need planning, both of you. Let’s look at the long- Respected Sir/Madam,
term view. There are ways to combine your dream I am writing to express my keen interest in
and stability—you could get a degree in tourism or the upcoming Summer Workshop in Design
physical education while you train. Are you ready being organised by your esteemed institute.
to commit to rigorous safety certifications and I am currently a Class 9 student and I am
training before you plunge into this? highly passionate about pursuing a career in
Student 4 (A Friend/Sibling) : You’ve always been professional design in the future.
good at hiking and navigating... don’t give up now. I came across the advertisement for this
I don’t want to be a wet blanket, but what’s your workshop and I believe it would be a wonderful
backup plan if the season is bad? Still, if anyone opportunity for me to develop my fundamental
can do this, it’s you, so I think you should try. If skills and gain exposure to the design world.
this dream makes you happy, I will support you. Could you please provide me with further details
regarding the workshop? Specifically, I would
Writing Task like to know the exact dates, timings, the fee
I. You are passionate about pursuing a course in structure, and the syllabus that will be covered.
designing in future. You come across a summer I would also like to know the procedure to apply
workshop being conducted by a reputed design and seek permission to enroll in the same.
institute. Write an email to the Director of the I look forward to hearing from you soon.
institute enquiring the details of the workshop Yours sincerely,
and expressing your interest in joining it. Rohan Sharma
Student, Class 9
Follow the guidelines given below to write the
Contact: 98765XXXXX
email.

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PAGE 472 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Learning Beyond the Text 3. Goals : Write specific targets for this academic
year. (e.g., “1. Score 90% in Math. 2. Read 12
I. Create a Vision Board for yourself. new books this year.”)
A vision board is a visual representation of your 4. Places I Will Go : Paste pictures of travel
goals, dreams, and inspirations. It helps you focus destinations. (e.g., “The Himalayas,” “A
on what you want to achieve and stay motivated. space observatory,” or “Japan.”)
Vision boards often include pictures, words, or 5. Inspiration : Stick a photo of your role model
symbols that reflect your hopes and intentions for (like your parents, a scientist, or a sports
the future. star) and write a quote next to them, such as
“Hard work beats talent when talent doesn’t
work hard.”

II. Great personalities in history were inspired by

their parents.

1. My Dreams—Think about what you wish

for in the future. This could be becoming an
artist, serving the Nation, or learning a new
skill. Write or draw it in the ‘My dreams’
section. 1. Chhatrapati Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai,
2. I Want to Try—List new things you want instilled in him a strong sense of dharma,
to experience this year. These might include patriotism, and justice. She told him tales
trying out for a play, starting a journal, from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which
learning to ride a bicycle, etc. shaped his leadership ideals and bravery.
3. Goals—Think about specific things you want 2. Queen Madalasa, wife of King Ritudhwaja, a
to achieve. Use this space to write goals like revered figure from Indian scriptures, nurtured
‘Read 10 books this year’ or ‘Improve my in her children a deep understanding of the
writing’. soul and detachment from material desires.
4. Places I Will Go—These can be real or Her wisdom led her sons to seek spiritual
imaginary places you’d like to visit. Draw or liberation. Madalasa is a timeless example of
paste pictures of cities, nature spots, or even a mother guiding her children on the path of
dream destinations like the space or the ocean. enlightenment.
5. Inspiration—Who or what inspires you? It Ans :
could be a family member, teacher, a famous Great personalities in history were often inspired
personality, or a quote that gives you strength. and shaped by their parents.
Ans : 1. Chhatrapati Shivaji was deeply influenced by
1. My Dreams : Draw or paste a picture of the his mother Jijabai, who taught him values
career you want (e.g., a stethoscope if you like dharma, patriotism, and justice. Through
want to be a doctor, or a laptop if you want stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata,
to be a coder). Write : “To become an expert she instilled courage and strong leadership
in software development.” qualities in him.
2. I Want to Try : Write down hobbies you want 2. Queen Madalasa, a wise and spiritual mother,
to explore. (e.g., “1. Learn to play the guitar. guided her children towards understanding
2. Write a short story.”) the soul and detachment from worldly desires.
Her teachings inspired them to seek spiritual
enlightenment.

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 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

Thus, both examples show how parents play a 6. Which phrase does the mother use to encourage
crucial role in shaping the character and future of her daughter initially?
their children. (a) Always work very hard
(b) Follow that great dream
7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (c) Never give up on hope
(d) Chase your biggest goals
Multiple Choice Type Questions Ans :
1. What is the format of the chapter “Follow That (b) Follow that great dream
Dream”? 7. The mother acts like a wise and caring ______.
(a) A heartfelt letter (b) A fictional story (a) parent (b) friend
(c) A brief news report (d) A scientific paper (c) teacher (d) mentor
Ans : Ans :
(a) A heartfelt letter (c) teacher
2. Who is the recipient of the communication in the 8. What does the mother want Ming to understand
chapter? about the path ahead?
(a) A childhood friend (b) Her daughter Ming (a) It is completely easy
(c) A junior student (d) Her younger sister (b) It is very much quick
Ans : (c) It is a fun adventure
(b) Her daughter Ming (d) It is generally tough
NODIA

3. What has Ming expressed in her message to her Ans :

mother? (d) It is generally tough
(a) Her lack of interest in pursuing any major
9. Assertion (A): The mother starts the letter with
future careers.
total encouragement.
(b) Her desire to travel the world instead of Reason (R): She wants Ming to abandon her
attending school. ambitions completely.
(c) Her big ambitions along with her doubts (a) A is correct, R is incorrect.
about the future.
(b) A is incorrect, R is correct.
(d) Her wish to find a very secure and high-
(c) Both A and R are correct.
paying daily job.
(d) Both A and R are incorrect.
Ans :
(c) Her big ambitions along with her doubts about Ans :
the future. (a) A is correct, R is incorrect.

4. The mother acts as a ______ light for Ming. 10. Ming feels ______ about the difficult path
ahead.
(a) shining (b) glowing
(a) total absolute confidence
(c) blazing (d) guiding
(b) deep doubts and fears
Ans :
(c) complete careless nature
(d) guiding
(d) total absolute arrogance
5. What are the two things the mother balances in Ans :
her advice? (b) deep doubts and fears
(a) Encouragement and reality
(b) Happiness and pure joy 11. Reaching the absolute peak of success in any field
does not happen ______.
(c) Excitement and boredom
(a) naturally (b) peacefully
(d) Extreme wealth and fame
(c) overnight (d) perfectly
Ans :
(a) Encouragement and reality
PAGE 474 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Ans :
(c) overnight (a) uphill

12. According to the mother, how long does it take to 18. What does a person need to survive this tough
attain an international level of skill? journey?
(a) About five years (b) About two years (a) Endless wealth (b) Burning conviction
(c) About nine years (d) About ten years (c) Constant support (d) Perfect weather
Ans : Ans :
(d) About ten years (b) Burning conviction

13. Which fields are mentioned as examples for 19. How is “burning conviction” defined in the
attaining international skill? chapter?
(a) Sports, arts, science (a) A mild interest in trying out various new
(b) Music, dance, drama daily hobbies.
(c) Math, history, civics (b) A temporary excitement about achieving very
(d) Games, films, poetry quick success.
Ans : (c) A deep, passionate belief in what they are
(a) Sports, arts, science actively doing.
(d) A constant need to seek approval from close
14. What specific advice does the mother give old friends.
regarding Ming’s ambitions? Ans :
(a) Ignore the cost (b) Count the cost (c) A deep, passionate belief in what they are
(c) Forget the cost (d) Divide the cost actively doing.
Ans : 20. When physical and mental stamina runs out,
(b) Count the cost what keeps a person on track?
15. What kind of price does achieving a great dream (a) External pressure (b) Financial rewards
demand? (c) Family requests (d) Inner motivation
(a) A small price (b) A cheap price Ans :
(c) A heavy price (d) A minor price (d) Inner motivation
Ans : 21. Inner motivation is derived from the simple
(c) A heavy price ______ of doing what they love.
16. Which of the following is required to achieve a (a) joy (b) act
great dream? (c) aim (d) job
(a) Relying on others to complete the difficult Ans :
daily tasks. (a) joy
(b) Waiting patiently for sudden luck and
immense fortune. 22. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding the mother’s advice?
(c) Avoiding any kind of hard work and financial
troubles. (a) Success is guaranteed if one simply dreams
about it daily.
(d) Making major personal sacrifices and financial
investments. (b) True success demands a decade of intense and
focused effort.
Ans :
(c) Financial investments are strictly unnecessary
(d) Making major personal sacrifices and financial
for true success.
investments.
(d) Personal sacrifices should be entirely avoided
17. The mother warns that the journey will be an for good health.
______ task. Ans :
(a) uphill (b) simple (b) True success demands a decade of intense and
(c) normal (d) casual focused effort.

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 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

23. The mother states that the journey is filled with Ans :
______. (a) obstacles
(a) shortcuts (b) surprises
30. What do actual achievers turn into reality?
(c) challenges (d) vacations
(a) Their nightmares (b) Their imagination
Ans : (c) Their complaints (d) Their weaknesses
(c) challenges
Ans :
24. A person’s dedication to their dream must be (b) Their imagination
______.
31. People who only dream easily ______ their
(a) temporary (b) occasional
dreams when life gets tough.
(c) incomplete (d) continuous
(a) remember (b) celebrate
Ans : (c) abandon (d) broadcast
(d) continuous
Ans :
25. Assertion (A): Achieving an international level of (c) abandon
skill requires about ten years.

NODIA
Reason (R): Success in major fields always 32. What type of job do mere dreamers often seek
happens overnight. when facing hardships?
(a) A is correct, R is incorrect. (a) A risky daily job
(b) A is incorrect, R is correct. (b) A perfect dream job
(c) Both A and R are correct. (c) A tough outdoor job
(d) Both A and R are incorrect. (d) A highly secure job

Ans : Ans :
(a) A is correct, R is incorrect. (d) A highly secure job

26. The mother makes a clear distinction between 33. Which of the following statements is correct
mere dreamers and actual ______. regarding actual achievers?
(a) believers (b) achievers (a) They are completely ready to invest time and
make sacrifices.
(c) followers (d) beginners
(b) They frequently complain about the lack of
Ans : highly secure jobs.
(b) achievers
(c) They quickly abandon their goals whenever
27. For many people, their goals remain just they face obstacles.
“______ thinking.” (d) They firmly believe that wishful thinking is
(a) hopeful (b) positive enough for success.
(c) wishful (d) magical Ans :
Ans : (a) They are completely ready to invest time and
(c) wishful make sacrifices.

28. Why do many people easily abandon their dreams? 34. The distinction between mere dreamers and
(a) When they feel tired actual achievers is very ______.
(b) When parents complain (a) blur (b) clear
(c) When friends mock them (c) weak (d) mild
(d) When life gets tough Ans :
Ans : (b) clear
(d) When life gets tough 35. Dreamers usually have wishes, but they avoid
29. Actual achievers are willing to face ______. making tough ______.
(a) obstacles (b) questions (a) decisions (b) statements
(c) relatives (d) vacations (c) sacrifices (d) agreements
PAGE 476 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : childhood dreams.

(c) sacrifices (c) They are far too difficult and should be
immediately avoided now.
36. Actual achievers are completely ______ from
mere dreamers. (d) They are solely meant for people who lack
real serious ambition.
(a) separated (b) protected
(c) insulated (d) different Ans :
(b) They are just as valuable as the original early
Ans : childhood dreams.
(d) different
43. Achieving older dreams involves navigating a
37. What major historical event changed the lives of complex “maze of ______.”
the mother’s friends?
(a) mirrors (b) options
(a) World War II (b) World War I
(c) hurdles (d) rewards
(c) The Cold War (d) The Civil War
Ans :
Ans : (c) hurdles
(a) World War II
44. A larger “dreamscape” means more people will
38. What personal difficult experience does the become a part of your ______.
mother share?
(a) rival sports team
(a) Running a race (b) Publishing a book
(b) strict enemy list
(c) Painting a house (d) Climbing a hill
(c) distant social club
Ans : (d) active support system
(b) Publishing a book
Ans :
39. These personal stories teach Ming that life is (d) active support system
highly ______.
45. Assertion (A): Life circumstances are highly
(a) predictable (b) comfortable
unpredictable and can alter our goals.
(c) unpredictable (d) controllable Reason (R): A person’s dreams are always
Ans : permanent and never evolve.
(c) unpredictable (a) A is correct, R is incorrect.
(b) A is incorrect, R is correct.
40. Because of changing circumstances, a person’s
dreams are not always ______. (c) Both A and R are correct.
(a) impossible (b) successful (d) Both A and R are incorrect.
(c) affordable (d) permanent Ans :
(a) A is correct, R is incorrect.
Ans :
(d) permanent 46. What must Ming consider carefully before
pursuing her dreams?
41. Dreams can change and ______ as a person
grows. (a) The popular opinions
(a) evolve (b) shrink (b) The tough obstacles
(c) vanish (d) freeze (c) The warm weather
(d) The vacation plans
Ans :
(a) evolve Ans :
(b) The tough obstacles
42. How does the mother view Ming’s new, evolving
goals? 47. The mother advises Ming to continue if passion is
(a) They are completely useless and a total waste still “______ through her veins.”
of precious time. (a) dripping (b) bleeding
(b) They are just as valuable as the original early (c) coursing (d) creeping

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 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

Ans : 2. How does the mother balance her advice regarding

(c) coursing Ming’s ambitions?
Ans :
48. The mother tells Ming to “______” into her
The mother balances her advice by combining
goals.
warm encouragement with practical reality. While
(a) wander (b) glance she enthusiastically tells Ming to “follow that
(c) stumble (d) plunge dream,” she also warns her that the path ahead
Ans : is generally tough and requires understanding the
(d) plunge genuine struggles of success.

49. Which of the following statements is correct 3. What timeline does the mother provide for
regarding the conclusion? attaining an international level of skill?
(a) Ming should bravely follow her dream despite Ans :
the various struggles. The mother explains that reaching the absolute
(b) Ming should totally avoid committing herself peak of success does not happen overnight. She
fully to her goals. states that it takes about ten years of intense,
focused effort to attain an international level of
(c) Ming should calmly wait for a few years
skill in challenging fields like sports, arts, or science.
before deciding anything.
(d) Ming should safely seek an easy path without 4. Why does the mother ask Ming to “count the
any tough obstacles. cost” of her dreams?
Ans : Ans :
(a) Ming should bravely follow her dream despite By asking Ming to “count the cost,” the mother
the various struggles. highlights that achieving a great dream demands
a heavy price. It requires major personal sacrifices
NODIA

50. What does “taking the plunge” mean in the and significant financial investments, rather
context of the letter? than just relying on luck or avoiding hard work
(a) Swimming in a deep ocean to build massive completely.
physical body strength.
5. Define “burning conviction” as described in the
(b) Diving in completely and committing totally
chapter.
to the difficult main task.
Ans :
(c) Quitting all current jobs to relax entirely and
“Burning conviction” is defined as a deep,
do absolutely nothing.
passionate belief in what one is actively doing.
(d) Ignoring the wise mother’s advice and It is not temporary excitement, but an intense
choosing a very secure job. dedication that is essential for surviving the
Ans : uphill tasks and relentless challenges of pursuing
(b) Diving in completely and committing totally a major ambition.
to the difficult main task.
6. What keeps a person on track when their physical
and mental stamina runs out?
Short Answer Type Questions Ans :
When physical and mental stamina are exhausted,
1. What prompted the mother to write the heartfelt inner motivation keeps a person on track. This
letter to her daughter Ming? crucial inner drive is derived directly from the
Ans : simple, pure joy of doing what they love, rather
Ming recently shared her big ambitions for the than relying on external pressures or financial
future, along with deep doubts and fears about rewards.
achieving them. In response, her mother wrote
this heartfelt letter to act as a guiding light, 7. Why must dedication to a dream be continuous?
offering wisdom and support for her daughter’s Ans :
journey. The mother emphasizes that the journey to
success is filled with tough challenges and
PAGE 478 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

obstacles. Therefore, a person’s dedication cannot 13. What is meant by the phrase “maze of hurdles”?
be occasional or temporary; it must be continuous Ans :
to push through hardships and eventually turn The “maze of hurdles” refers to the complex
ambitious imagination into actual reality. challenges and unexpected obstacles a person faces
when pursuing older, evolved dreams. Navigating
8. What characterizes people who engage merely in
this maze requires patience, continuous effort, and
“wishful thinking”?
resilience to successfully reach the newly defined
Ans : goals in an unpredictable life.
People who engage in mere “wishful thinking”
have desires but completely avoid making tough 14. What is the benefit of having a larger
personal sacrifices. Because their commitment is “dreamscape”?
weak, they easily abandon their dreams whenever Ans :
life gets difficult, often settling instead for highly Expanding one’s ambitions into a larger
secure and risk-free daily jobs. “dreamscape” is highly beneficial because it
naturally draws in more people who share similar
9. How do actual achievers differ from mere dreamers
visions. This interconnected environment helps
when facing obstacles?
create an active, strong support system that
Ans : assists individuals in overcoming difficult hurdles
Unlike mere dreamers who quit during hardships, together.
actual achievers bravely face obstacles. They
possess a clear readiness to invest time and make 15. Under what condition should Ming take the
significant sacrifices, allowing them to overcome plunge into her goals?
struggles and successfully transform their Ans :
imaginative aspirations into tangible, real-world The mother advises Ming to take the plunge only
achievements. if passion is still “coursing through her veins.” If
she deeply feels this intense inner drive despite
10. Why does the mother mention World War II in
knowing the tough obstacles ahead, she should
her letter?
completely commit to her difficult main task.
Ans :
The mother mentions World War II to illustrate 16. What is the mother’s final advice to Ming in the
how unpredictable life can be. By sharing how this letter?
major historical event dramatically changed her Ans :
friends’ lives, she teaches Ming that circumstances The mother concludes by advising Ming to bravely
often shift, meaning a person’s initial dreams are follow her dream despite the inevitable struggles.
not always permanent. She encourages her to dive in entirely, taking the
plunge with full commitment, rather than seeking
11. What personal difficult experience does the
a safe path devoid of any tough obstacles.
mother share with Ming?
Ans : 17. Why does the mother act like a wise teacher
The mother shares her own difficult personal rather than just a parent?
experience of publishing a book. She uses this Ans :
story to further demonstrate the unpredictable The mother acts like a wise teacher by offering
nature of life, showing Ming that pursuing goals practical, experiential knowledge. Instead of blindly
often involves unexpected struggles that require praising Ming, she thoughtfully prepares her
resilience and adaptability to overcome. daughter for reality, teaching her about long-term
commitment, financial investments, and the clear
12. How do dreams change as a person grows older?
difference between simple wishing and achieving.
Ans :
Because life circumstances are highly 18. What does the chapter imply about sudden luck
unpredictable, dreams are not permanent. As a and immense fortune?
person grows and experiences new things, their Ans :
dreams naturally evolve. The mother assures The chapter clearly implies that sudden luck and
Ming that these new, evolving goals are just as immense fortune are not reliable paths to success.
valuable as her original childhood dreams.

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 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

True achievement requires a heavy price, including Ans :

major sacrifices and a decade of intense, focused In the chapter, the mother explains that achieving
effort, completely rejecting the idea of overnight, a great dream is not easy and cannot be sustained
effortless success. by temporary excitement or external rewards.
She emphasizes that success requires deep
19. How does the mother view the sacrifices required commitment rather than short-lived motivation.
for success? She introduces the idea of “burning
Ans : conviction,” which means having a strong inner
The mother views sacrifices as an unavoidable belief in one’s actions. When the journey becomes
and heavy price for achieving greatness. She difficult and both physical and mental strength
stresses that whether financial or personal, these begin to fade, external pressures or rewards are
investments are an absolute necessity; one cannot not enough to keep a person going.
avoid hard work and still expect to realize their At this stage, true motivation must come
ambitious future goals. from within. This inner strength is driven by the
joy of doing what one truly loves. Without such
20. What ultimate feeling should accompany the passion and conviction, people are likely to give
tough journey of achieving a dream? up. Therefore, inner passion is the most reliable
Ans : and lasting source of success.
Despite the rigorous demands and continuous NODIA
hurdles, the tough journey must be accompanied 3. Differentiate between “mere dreamers” and
by pure joy. This joy serves as the core inner “actual achievers” as highlighted by the mother.
motivation, replenishing a person’s mental and Why is this distinction crucial for Ming?
physical stamina when external pressures and Ans :
challenges threaten to derail them. The mother draws a very clear and crucial
distinction between mere dreamers and actual
achievers to help Ming evaluate her own
Long Answer Type Questions commitment. Mere dreamers are trapped in
1. Analyze how the mother acts as a “guiding light” “wishful thinking.” They harbor desires but
for Ming by balancing encouragement with harsh completely avoid making the necessary tough
realities. decisions and sacrifices. Consequently, when
life presents inevitable hardships, they easily
Ans :
abandon their dreams, often seeking refuge in
The mother acts as a true guiding light by
highly secure, risk-free jobs. In stark contrast,
adopting the role of a wise mentor rather than
actual achievers possess a continuous dedication
just a comforting parent. When Ming expresses
to their goals. They are fully prepared to face
her big ambitions alongside her deep doubts, the
daunting obstacles, invest their time, and make
mother does not offer false hope of overnight
heavy personal sacrifices. They do not quit when
success. Instead, she strikes a delicate balance
challenged; instead, they turn their imagination
between warm encouragement and stark reality.
into reality. Understanding this difference is vital
She enthusiastically urges Ming to “follow that
for Ming so she can cultivate the resilience of a
dream” while simultaneously warning her to
true achiever.
“count the cost.” She clarifies that international-
level success requires about ten years of focused 4. Imagine you are Ming. After reading your
effort, heavy personal sacrifices, and financial mother’s letter, write a diary entry expressing
investments. By exposing Ming to these tough your realization about the “heavy price” of
realities, the mother ensures that her daughter is dreams and your decision to take the plunge.
mentally prepared for the uphill task, making her Ans :
encouragement grounded, practical, and deeply Dear Diary,
supportive. Today, I received a heartfelt letter from Mother
2. “A burning conviction and inner motivation are that completely changed my perspective. I had
the true fuels for success.” Elaborate on this shared my dreams with her along with my hidden
statement based on the chapter “Follow That fears about the future. I expected simple comfort,
Dream.” but instead, she gave me something far more
Dear Teacher,
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PAGE 480 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

valuable—the honest truth. ready to face the “maze of hurdles” with burning
She advised me to “count the cost” and conviction.
explained that success demands years of hard work I will also embrace a larger dreamscape by
and sacrifices. Her idea of “burning conviction” connecting with like-minded people. Building a
deeply touched me. I realized that just wishing strong support system will help me stay motivated
for success is not enough, and I do not want to be and focused. Thank you for inspiring me to move
someone who gives up easily. forward with courage and confidence.
Now, I feel a strong sense of determination With love,
within me. Even though the path ahead may be Ming
full of challenges, I am ready to face them with
courage. I am prepared to move forward and truly 7. Discuss the significance of a “larger dreamscape”
commit to my dreams. and the “maze of hurdles” in the pursuit of
Ming evolving goals.
Ans :
5. How does the mother use the examples of World As a person grows, their dreams also evolve,
War II and her own experience of publishing a making the journey more complex and challenging.
book to impart a lesson on the unpredictability Life’s unpredictability often turns this journey
of life? into a “maze of hurdles,” representing the many
Ans : unexpected obstacles one must face while pursuing
To teach Ming about the unpredictable nature refined goals.
of life, the mother shares powerful, real-world However, the mother balances this idea with
examples. She references World War II to the concept of a “larger dreamscape.” Expanding
demonstrate how massive historical events one’s vision allows a person to connect with a
abruptly and permanently altered the life wider group of like-minded individuals who share
trajectories of her friends. On a more personal similar aspirations.
level, she shares her own difficult experience of This broader network becomes a strong
publishing a book, highlighting the unexpected support system. It provides encouragement,
hurdles she faced. These stories serve a vital guidance, and resources, making it easier to
purpose: they prove that life is rarely controllable overcome challenges. As a result, navigating
or predictable. Because circumstances constantly the difficult path toward success becomes more
change, a person’s initial dreams may not remain manageable and achievable.
permanent. The mother uses these examples
to reassure Ming that it is perfectly normal for 8. Draft a short speech for your school’s morning
dreams to evolve as she grows, and that adapting assembly on the topic “Taking the Plunge: From
to these unpredictable shifts is a natural part of Dreamers to Achievers,” inspired by the lessons
the journey. in the chapter.
Ans :
6. Imagine you are Ming. Write a reply letter to your Respected Principal, Teachers, and Friends,
mother, thanking her for validating your evolving Today, I want to talk about “Taking the Plunge.”
dreams and promising to build an active support We all have big ambitions, but how many of us are
system. mere dreamers relying on wishful thinking? True
Ans : success does not happen overnight. It demands
Dear Mother, a heavy price, spanning years of intense effort
NODIA

Thank you so much for your heartfelt letter. Your and major personal sacrifices. When the journey
words have truly guided me during my moments becomes an uphill task and our physical stamina
of doubt. I was afraid that changing my goals runs out, we must rely on our inner motivation
meant giving up, but your reassurance that and “burning conviction”—the pure joy of doing
evolving dreams are equally valuable has lifted a what we love. Let us not be people who abandon
great burden from my mind. their goals for highly secure jobs when life gets
I now understand that life is unpredictable, tough. Instead, let us bravely face the maze of
just like your own experience with publishing your hurdles. If passion is coursing through your veins,
book. Your advice has helped me accept change take the plunge and become an actual achiever!
and face challenges with a stronger mindset. I am Thank you.
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

9. Evaluate the character and approach of the a dream and they pursue it till it comes true.
mother. How does she prove to be a realist while What differentiates greatness from the ordinary
still nurturing her daughter’s ambitions? is how much effort and sacrifice people invest to
Ans : realise their dream. Do you know that to reach
The mother’s character reflects a perfect balance world-class standard in any field, one has to be
between warmth and practicality. As a caring singularly and intensively pursuing the subject for
parent, she writes a heartfelt letter to address at least ten years?”
Ming’s doubts and reassures her that her changing i. What does the author imply is the primary
dreams are valuable. She guides and encourages difference between a ‘great’ person and an
Ming to confidently follow her aspirations. ‘ordinary’ one?
At the same time, her realistic nature is (a) Innate talent
clearly visible. She does not hide the difficulties (b) Relentless effort
of success and advises Ming to “count the cost.” (c) Financial wealth
She explains that achieving excellence requires (d) Social support
years of hard work, financial effort, and personal ii. Consider the following statements based on
sacrifices. the extract:
By sharing her own experiences and
I. Reaching a world-class standard is a
distinguishing between dreamers and achievers,
quick and effortless process.
she provides practical guidance. This helps Ming
stay grounded and prepared, ensuring that her II. Greatness requires exclusive dedication
ambitions are supported by determination and a to a chosen field.
clear understanding of reality. Choose the correct option:
(a) Statement I is true and II is false.
10. Write a dialogue between Ming and her friend, (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
Rohan. Rohan wants to quit learning the guitar (c) Both statements I and II are true.
because it is too hard, and Ming uses her mother’s (d) Both statements I and II are false.
advice to motivate him. iii. According to the author, how many years of
Ans : intensive pursuit does it take to reach world-
Rohan: I’m quitting guitar, Ming. I’ve practiced class standard in any field?
for months, but I’m still not great. I should just iv. Which word in the extract means ‘exclusively’
find an easier hobby. or ‘with a single focus’ ?
Ming: Remember, Rohan, reaching the peak of v. State whether True or False with a reason:
success doesn’t happen overnight. My mother The author believes that merely having a big
told me that attaining real skill takes years of dream is the only requirement to achieve a
focused effort! world-class standard.
Rohan: But it’s such an uphill task. It’s draining Ans :
all my energy. i. (b) Relentless effort
Ming: That’s when you need “burning conviction.” ii. (b) Statement II is true and I is false.
When physical stamina runs out, your inner iii. According to the author, it take at least ten
motivation must keep you on track. Do you still years. of intensive pursuit to reach world-class
feel the joy of playing music? standard in any field.
Rohan: I do love playing. But making sacrifices is iv. Singularly
a heavy price. v. False, because the author explicitly states
Ming: Don’t be a mere dreamer who abandons that one must also invest significant effort,
goals when life gets tough. Take the plunge, face sacrifice, and pursue the subject intensively
the hurdles, and become an achiever! for at least ten years.

2. Read the extract given below and answer the

Extract Based Questions questions that follows :
1. Read the extract given below and answer the “It starts with a passion for a particular interest,
questions that follows : then comes the conviction that it is imperative
“By all means follow that dream. Great men to realise it. Count the cost in years of effort,
and women become great because they have financial investments and sacrifice. Then if it is

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PAGE 482 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

still burning in your blood and you are ready oneself, “I wish I could be this or the other,” they
to commit yourself to the task, plunge. It could have never got beyond just wishful thinking.”
be in any field—sports, science, arts, business, i. What is the main reason many people’s
or design. The road may be uphill most of the dreams “remain dreams,” as implied by
way and often you are buoyed up only by the the phrase “never got beyond just wishful
knowledge that you are doing what you love best thinking”?
and are doing the right thing.” (a) Lack of real talent
i. What ultimately drives a person to continue (b) Lack of actual action
when the “road may be uphill”? (c) Lack of family wealth
(a) Intrinsic satisfaction (d) Lack of a good network
(b) Public recognition ii. Which of the following best describes the
(c) Financial returns speaker’s perspective on success at the
(d) External pressure Academy Awards?
ii. Assertion (A): The author advises the reader (a) It is a purely individual achievement won
to immediately jump into a new interest by solitary struggle.
without any forethought. (b) It is largely based on luck rather than
Reason (R): Pursuing a dream requires significant hard work.
calculating the years of effort and financial (c) It is the visible result of a much larger
investments involved. collective effort.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the (d) It is an unattainable fantasy for most
correct explanation of A. ordinary individuals.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the iii. What does the word “wistfully” suggest
correct explanation of A. about the way people think of their unfulfilled
(c) A is true but R is false. dreams?
(d) A is false but R is true. iv. Find a word from the extract that serves as a
iii. What does the author mean by “burning in synonym for ‘a large number’ or ‘multitude’
your blood”? of people.
iv. Identify the word in the text that means v. State whether True or False with a reason:
‘absolutely necessary or crucial’. The author implies that successful individuals
v. Fill in the blank: at the Academy Awards achieve their dreams
Before making a final commitment to a dream, entirely on their own merit.
the author suggests one must ______ the Ans :
cost involved in terms of time and finances. i. (b) Lack of actual action
Ans : ii. (c) It is the visible result of a much larger
i. (a) Intrinsic satisfaction collective effort.
ii. (d) A is false but R is true. iii. The word “wistfully” suggests they think of
iii. By “burning in your blood,” the author means their unfulfilled dreams with a sweet longing
having an intense and deeply felt passion for and mild sadness.
something that one cannot ignore. iv. Host
iv. Imperative v. False, the author states that for every winner,
v. count there is a support network or a group of
NODIA

people who stood by them.

3. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows : 4. Read the extract given below and answer the
“When you watch the Academy Awards for best questions that follows :
actors and actresses and films, the winner always “They could have preferred to trade their dream
thanks a host of people that formed his/her for security. Perhaps circumstances changed their
support network. So, you see that for one winner, lives. I know of people whose dream was to go
there is a group of people who stood by him/her. to the then Raffles College, now the National
It is good to be able to fulfil your dreams but for University of Singapore, but the Japanese
a lot of people, dreams remain dreams. Although invasion during World War II changed forever
everyone at one time or other has wistfully said to their destiny. I know too, of people who had
 FOLLOW THAT DREAM

wished to finish secondary school but they had to (a) She refuses to discourage her daughter.
go out to work so that they could support their (b) She refuses to finance her daughter.
siblings through school.” (c) She refuses to ignore her daughter.
i. Why did some individuals mentioned in (d) She refuses to praise her daughter.
the extract have to give up their dream of ii. Assertion (A): The author believes that a
finishing secondary school? dream altered by life experiences is inferior to
(a) Academic failure one’s original childhood dream.
(b) Familial duty Reason (R): Life forces people to compromise
(c) Lack of interest and settle for lesser ambitions as they grow
(d) War situations older.
ii. Select the correct combination of factors the (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
author attributes to the abandonment of correct explanation of A.
dreams in this extract: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
I. The outbreak of global conflicts. correct explanation of A.
II. A sudden loss of personal passion. (c) A is true but R is false.
III. The pressing need for financial security. (d) Both A and R are false.
(a) I and II only iii. What condition does the author set before
advising someone to actively chase their
(b) I and III only
dream?
(c) II and III only
iv. Give a word from the extract which means ‘a
(d) I, II, and III firmly held belief or opinion’.
iii. How did the Japanese invasion during World v. State whether True or False with a reason:
War II affect the dreams of some people? The author advises chasing a dream blindly
iv. Which word in the passage means ‘a without thinking about any potential hurdles
predetermined course of events’ or ‘fate’ ? or time required.
v. Fill in the blank:
Ans :
The people who had to start working early
i. (a) She refuses to discourage her daughter.
did so in order to financially support their
ii. (d) Both A and R are false.
______.
iii. One must first consider all the obstacles and
Ans : the years required, and only proceed if the
i. (b) Familial duty burning conviction is still strong.
ii. (b) I and III only iv. Conviction
iii. The Japanese invasion during World War v. False, the author specifically advises
II permanently changed their destiny and considering “all the obstacles” and the
prevented them from attending Raffles “years you need to chase your dream” before
College. proceeding.
iv. Destiny
v. siblings 6. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows :
5. Read the extract given below and answer the “To fulfill them you will need to negotiate a path
questions that follows : through a maze of hurdles. The dream will take a
“No, I am not going to put a wet blanket on your much longer time to realise, and the people who
dreams, … but you will also have to consider the are participants in your dreamscape would be
years you need to chase your dream. After all the many more. For example, publishing this book is
obstacles are considered, if the burning conviction a dream I have chased in the last ten years. This
is still coursing through your veins, then go was not the dream I had in my youth but my
ahead and do something about it. From my original dream has changed over the years. I am
own experience, life itself may change a person’s really quite excited about it. So, I wish at least
dreams. These hopes and aspirations are no less one of your dreams comes true too.”
than the original dream of younger days.” i. Which phrase implies that the author’s own
i. What does the author mean by stating she journey of publishing the book was complex
doesn’t want to put a “wet blanket” on her and difficult?
daughter’s dreams?

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PAGE 484 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(a) “participants in your dreamscape”

(b) “wish at least one of your dreams”
(c) “negotiate a path through a maze”
(d) “original dream has changed over”
ii. Which of the following aligns with the speaker’s
view on evolving dreams as presented in this
extract?
(a) Changing dreams shows a lack of true
dedication to one’s goals.
(b) Modifying goals over time is a natural
and exciting part of life.
(c) Only childhood dreams bring true
satisfaction when they are achieved.
(d) One should strictly adhere to their
original plan to ensure success.
iii. How long did the author chase the dream of
publishing her book?
iv. Find a word in the text that means ‘find a
way over or through an obstacle or difficult
path’.
v. Fill in the blank:
The author uses her own personal example of
______ to show her daughter how dreams
can change over time.
Ans :
i. (c) “negotiate a path through a maze”
ii. (b) Modifying goals over time is a natural and
exciting part of life.
iii. The author chased the dream of publishing
her book for ten years.
iv. Negotiate
v. publishing this book
NODIA


 BHARAT OUR LAND

CHAPTER 1
BHARAT OUR LAND

1. INTRODUCTION where Gautama Buddha spread his teachings of

dhamma. Highlighting its ancient roots and deep
The poem is a beautiful and patriotic ode that spiritual heritage, the speaker concludes that
celebrates the breathtaking landscape and rich India is truly unmatched and deserves admiration
heritage of the motherland. Set against the and praise.
majestic backdrop of the towering Himalayas
and the nurturing waters of the river Ganga,
the text captures the physical grandeur of a 3. EXPLANATION
“sunny golden land.” Beyond its geographical
borders, the premise deeply explores the country’s Stanza 1
unparalleled cultural and intellectual foundations.
The mighty Himavant is ours-
It establishes a historical setting where ancient
there’s no equal anywhere on earth.
sages unlocked cosmic wisdom through the
The generous Ganga is ours-
Upanishads, Gautama Buddha preached peace,
which other river can match her grace?
and gallant warriors stood alongside creators of
The sacred Upanishads are ours-
divine music, making the nation truly peerless.
what scriptures else to name with them?
This sunny golden land is ours-
2. SUMMARY she’s peerless, let’s praise her!
Word Meaning :
Natural Beauty and Sacred Heritage 1. Mighty - very strong and powerful
The speaker begins by expressing immense pride 2. Himavant - the Himalayan mountain range
in the majestic Himalayan mountains, declaring 3. Generous - kind and giving (here, providing
that they are completely unparalleled anywhere life-giving water abundantly)
in the world. The focus then moves to the river 4. Grace - elegance and beauty
Ganga, described as abundant and graceful. The 5. Sacred - holy and connected to God
speaker also highlights the sacred Upanishads, 6. Upanishads - ancient Hindu religious texts
stating that these holy texts are unique and filled with philosophical wisdom
unmatched. Finally, the speaker praises the entire 7. Scriptures - holy writings or sacred books
sunny, golden land of India, encouraging everyone 8. Peerless - having no equal; unmatched
to celebrate its greatness.
Explanation :
Historical Glory and Cultural Richness In this opening stanza, the poet proudly introduces
The speaker recounts the greatness of India’s the incredible natural and cultural treasures of
past, mentioning the brave warriors who lived India. He boasts about the towering Himalayan
here. He also refers to the wise sages who made mountains, the beautiful, life-giving river Ganga,
the land holy with their presence. The country is and the holy Upanishads. He challenges the
described as a place where divine and beautiful reader by asking if there is any other mountain,
music flourished, and where everything that river, or holy book in the entire world that can
brings prosperity and success exists, making it even compare to ours. He beautifully describes
culturally rich and vibrant. India as a bright, “sunny golden land” that stands
Spiritual Wisdom and Timeless Legacy unmatched in the world, urging everyone to praise
The speaker emphasizes that India is the her greatness.
birthplace of supreme spiritual knowledge, The poet uses a very proud and patriotic tone
known as Brahma-knowledge. It is also the land here. You will notice the repeated use of the phrase

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PAGE 486 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

“is ours,” which is a literary choice meant to build message

a strong sense of unity and national pride in the 3. Dhamma - the teachings of Lord Buddha
reader’s heart. Additionally, the use of hyphens about leading a good, moral, and peaceful life
at the end of the lines creates a deliberate pause, 4. Hoary - very old; ancient (literally meaning
allowing the reader a moment to truly appreciate greyish-white with old age)
and reflect on the greatness of each feature before 5. Antiquity - the ancient past
moving to the next. 6. Bharat - the ancient and traditional name for
India
Stanza 2
Explanation :
Gallant warriors have lived here, In the final stanza, the poet praises India’s deep
many a sage has sanctified this land. spiritual and philosophical legacy. He explains
The divinest music has been heard here, that the ultimate spiritual truth and wisdom
and here all auspicious things are found. (Brahma-knowledge) originated and grew strongly
Word Meaning : in this very land. He also reminds us that Lord
1. Gallant - brave and heroic Buddha chose this soil to teach his messages of
2. Warriors - fighters or soldiers peace, compassion, and non-violence (dhamma).
3. Sage - a highly wise person or spiritual teacher Because of this incredibly long and rich history,
4. Sanctified - made holy or pure the poet refers to India (Bharat) as a land of
5. Divinest - most beautiful, as if it comes extreme and glorious old age.
directly from the gods The poem concludes by repeating the
6. Auspicious - bringing good luck; positive and powerful refrain: “she’s peerless, let’s praise her!”
favorable This repetition acts as an anchor for the poem,
bringing the central message full circle. By ending
Explanation :
with this line, the poet leaves the reader with a
The poem now shifts its focus from India’s
lingering sense of immense devotion and respect.
geographical and historical texts to the greatness
The poem acts as an “ode”—a song of deep
of its people and culture. The poet proudly states
praise—celebrating India not just as a piece of
that this land has been the home of incredibly
land, but as an ancient, spiritual motherland that
brave soldiers who fought for it, as well as wise
will forever remain unmatched in the eyes of the
holy men whose presence has purified and blessed
world.
the soil. He also celebrates the rich artistic heritage
of the country, noting that the most heavenly and
beautiful music has been created here. Finally, 4. LITERARY DEVICES
he claims that India is a land where all good,
fortunate, and positive things can be found. This poem consists of 3 stanzas — first stanza of
By highlighting these specific elements, the 8 lines, second stanza of 4 lines, and third stanza
poet is showing us that a country’s true greatness of 4 lines (16 lines total). The rhyme scheme is
NODIA

comes from its human heritage just as much as free verse.

its physical beauty. The mood of this stanza is 1. Repetition: Using the same word or phrase
highly respectful and admiring, painting a picture more than once for emphasis. For example, “is
of a nation that perfectly balances fierce bravery ours” appears four times in the first stanza,
(warriors) with peaceful wisdom (sages) and strongly emphasising pride and ownership of
beautiful arts (music). India’s great treasures.
2. Rhetorical Question: A question asked for
Stanza 3 effect, not expecting an answer. For example,
“which other river can match her grace?”
Here Brahma-knowledge has taken root,
shows the poet is not really asking — he is
and the Buddha preached his dhamma here.
confidently saying no river can match the
Of hoary antiquity is Bharat,
Ganga.
she’s peerless, let’s praise her! …
3. Personification: Giving human qualities
Word Meaning : to non-living things. For example, “she’s
1. Brahma-knowledge - deep spiritual wisdom peerless, let’s praise her” shows India is given
about the ultimate truth of the universe the identity of a woman, making the nation
2. Preached - taught or delivered a religious feel alive, warm and personal.
 BHARAT OUR LAND

4. Imagery: Using descriptive words to create country’s majestic nature, like the tall Himalayas
vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. For and the holy river Ganga. More importantly, we
example, “This sunny golden land is ours” should feel proud of our rich history. Since great
shows bright visual imagery that paints India thinkers like Gautama Buddha spread peace and
as a warm, glowing and prosperous land. wisdom from this very land, the poet teaches us
5. Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, to always value and respect our nation’s great
place, scripture or event. For example, “The culture.
sacred Upanishads are ours” and “the Buddha
preached his dhamma here” show references
to real Indian scriptures and historical figures 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
to highlight India’s rich heritage.
6. Hyperbole: An exaggerated statement Reflect and Respond
used to create a strong effect. For example,
“there’s no equal anywhere on earth” shows I. Recall the lines of the National Anthem and
an exaggeration to express that the Himavant complete the table given below with the names of
mountain is so great that nothing on earth the states, mountain ranges, and rivers mentioned
can compare to it. in it.
7. Anaphora: Repeating the same word or
phrase at the beginning of successive lines. States/Provinces Mountain Rivers
For example, “The mighty Himavant is ours/ Ranges
The generous Ganga is ours/The sacred _____ _____ _____ _____
Upanishads are ours/This sunny golden
_____ _____ _____ _____
land is ours” shows the repeated beginning
creating a powerful, marching rhythm. _____ _____
8. Epithet: Using a describing word or phrase _____
closely linked to a person or thing. For example,
“The mighty Himavant”, “The generous Ans :
Ganga” and “The sacred Upanishads” show
States/Provinces Mountain Rivers
each subject is given a special describing word
Ranges
that highlights its most important quality.
9. Metaphor: A direct comparison without using Punjab, Sindhu Himalaya Yamuna
“like” or “as.” For example, “This sunny Gujarat, Maratha Vindhya Ganga
golden land is ours” shows India is directly
Dravida, Utkala
described as a sunny golden land, comparing
it to something precious and bright without Banga
using like or as.
10. Refrain: A line or phrase that is repeated II. Work in pairs. Discuss what the words ‘t; gs’
at regular intervals in a poem. For example, (Jaya he) in the last two lines of the National
“she’s peerless, let’s praise her!” appears at Anthem convey. Share your answer with your
the end of both the first and third stanzas, classmates and teacher.
acting as a chorus that reinforces the poem’s Ans :
central message of pride in India. The words ‘t; gs’ (Jaya he) translate to “Victory
11. Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant to Thee” or “Hail to Thee.” In the context of
sound at the beginning of nearby words. For the National Anthem, they convey a deep sense
example, “many a sage has sanctified” shows of patriotism, reverence, and a triumphant salute
the repetition of the ‘s’ sound creating a soft to Mother India, wishing her eternal glory and
and reverent musical effect. victorious prosperity.

5. MESSAGE
The core message of the poem is to inspire deep
love and pride for our motherland. The poet
beautifully encourages us to appreciate our

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PAGE 488 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

III. Read the underlined words in the given lines of 2. The poet’s attitude (tone) : Reverent,
the poem. Choose the odd one out that does not celebratory, and admiring
correspond with the meaning of the underlined 3. The rhyme scheme : Free verse (it lacks a
word. strict end-rhyme scheme but uses a rhythmic,
1. She’s peerless, let’s praise her! repeating refrain)
valuable, incomparable, unmatched 4. Examples of personification: “The generous
2. Many a sage has sanctified this land. Ganga”, “she’s peerless, let’s praise her!”
blessed , purified, applauded
3. And here all auspicious things are found. III. What is the impact of the refrain, ‘she’s peerless,
fortunate, fantastic, favourable let’s praise her!’ ?
4. Of hoary antiquity is Bharat, Ans :
ancient times, recent past, time immemorial The refrain creates a powerful, rhythmic chanting
Ans : effect that unites the poem. It emphasizes the
1. valuable, 2. applauded, 3. fantastic, 4. recent poet’s immense pride, deep devotion, and belief
past that India is unequalled, urging the readers to join
in expressing their admiration for the motherland.
Check Your Understanding
IV. Complete the following sentence appropriately.
I. Fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate words India is metaphorically described as ‘this sunny
from the box given below to complete the golden land,’ suggesting that it is _____.
summary of the poem. Ans :
warriors peerless Upanishads India is metaphorically described as ‘this sunny
Ganga Buddha Himavant golden land,’ suggesting that it is prosperous,
sages praise historical greatness radiant, culturally vibrant, and blessed with
Brahma-knowledge warmth and abundance.

The poem is a tribute to India, celebrating V. The poet uses symbolism. Match the symbols in
its natural beauty, spiritual heritage, and Column 1 to what they suggest in Column 2.
1. ______. The poet praises the 2. _____, Column 1 Column 2
describing it as mighty and unparalleled. The
3. _____ is depicted as generous and graceful, 1. Himavant i. knowledge and
while the 4. _____ are honoured as sacred and enlightenment
unmatched. The poem highlights the contributions 2. Ganga ii. spiritual and
of 5. _____ and 6. _____ who have enriched philosophical
the land with their bravery and wisdom. It also legacy
acknowledges the presence of 7. _____ and the
3. Upanishads iii. purity and
teachings of 8. _____, highlighting India’s deep-
generosity
rooted spiritual and philosophical traditions. The
poet repeatedly asserts that India is 9. _____, 4. Gallant warriors iv. richness and
urging everyone to 10. _____ her. and sages glory
Ans : 5. Brahma-knowledge v. strength and
1. historical greatness, 2. Himavant, 3. Ganga, 4. and Buddha’s permanence
Upanishads, 5. warriors (or sages), 6. sages (or Dhamma
warriors), 7. Brahma-knowledge, 8. Buddha, 9. 6. Sunny golden land vi. courage and
peerless, 10. praise wisdom
II. Complete the following features about the poem. Ans :
1. The impact on the readers (mood): _____
2. The poet’s attitude (tone): _____ Column 1 Column 2
3. The rhyme scheme: _____ 1. Himavant v. strength and
4. Examples of personification: _____ permanence
Ans : 2. Ganga iii. purity and
1. The impact on the readers (mood) : Patriotic, generosity
inspiring, and proud

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 BHARAT OUR LAND

3. Upanishads i. knowledge and • She was so happy that her smile was a mile
enlightenment wide. Can a smile be a mile wide?
Ans :
4. Gallant warriors vi. courage and
Note : As this section is instructional, an example
and sages wisdom
of hyperbole from the poem is provided for clarity.
5. Brahma-knowledge ii. spiritual and An example from the poem : “there’s no
and Buddha’s philosophical equal anywhere on earth.” The poet uses this
Dhamma legacy exaggeration to emphasize the unparalleled
6. Sunny golden land iv. richness and glory greatness of the Himalayan mountains.

IX. The poem is an ode.

VI. The poet uses imagery (descriptive language to
An ode is a lyrical poem that expresses deep
create vivid mental pictures that appeal to the
admiration, praise, or reverence for a person,
senses). Give any two examples from the poem.
place, object, or idea. It is often written in an
Ans : elevated and formal style, celebrating the subject

NODIA
1. Visual Imagery : “This sunny golden land is with enthusiasm and emotion.
ours” An ode’s language is often grand and expressive;
2. Auditory Imagery : “The divinest music has and it seeks to highlight the extraordinary
been heard here” qualities of its subject.
Now, identify examples from the poem that
VII. What is the impact of the use of hyphens in the
correspond to it being an ode.
first stanza? Select the options that are true.
1. Creates deliberate pauses to reinforce the Ans :
sense of admiration and pride Examples demonstrating that the poem is an ode
2. Emphasises the contrast between India’s include its grand and elevated language (“mighty
strengths and weaknesses Himavant”, “divinest music”, “hoary antiquity”),
3. Lends to the lyrical quality giving it a its direct expressions of deep reverence (“she’s
measured, chant-like rhythm peerless, let’s praise her!”), and its passionate
4. Suggests hesitation or uncertainty in the celebration of the country’s extraordinary physical
poet’s claims about India and spiritual qualities.
5. Presents a key element of India’s greatness
X. The poet uses allusion in the poem.
before the hyphen and makes a strong
Allusion is a literary device where a writer makes
assertion about its uniqueness after the
an indirect reference to a well-known person,
hyphen
place, event, literary work, or cultural element
Ans : without explicitly mentioning it. The reader
The true options are: is expected to recognise and understand the
1. Creates deliberate pauses to reinforce the reference based on prior knowledge. Allusions can
sense of admiration and pride come from mythology, religion, literature, history,
3. Lends to the lyrical quality giving it a or popular culture.
measured, chant-like rhythm For example: He is a real Einstein in the
5. Presents a key element of India’s greatness mathematics class. (This alludes to Albert
before the hyphen and makes a strong Einstein, meaning the student is very intelligent,
assertion about its uniqueness after the especially in mathematics or science.)
hyphen Now, read the explanations and identify the
matching allusions from the poem for the
VIII. The poet uses hyperbole in the poem.
following.
Hyperbole (hi-puh-buh-lee) is a figure of speech
• An allusion to the ancient Indian scriptures
that involves extreme exaggeration to highlight a
that form the philosophical core and symbolise
point or create a dramatic effect. It is not meant
deep wisdom and enlightenment.
to be taken literally but is used to make something
• An allusion to the concept of spiritual
sound more impressive or intense.
knowledge associated with self-realisation
For example:
and ultimate truth.
• My luggage weighs a tonne. Does the luggage
actually weigh a tonne?
PAGE 490 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• An allusion to Gautama Buddha’s teachings, questions to assert that nothing can compare
which include compassion, non-violence, and to India’s greatness).
enlightenment. This highlights India’s role 3. The river Ganga is described as ‘generous’
in shaping major religious and philosophical because it provides abundant water that
traditions. sustains life, nurtures the fertile plains
Ans : of India, and selflessly acts as a life-giving
• An allusion to the ancient Indian scriptures: provider to millions of people.
“The sacred Upanishads” 4. The river’s movement is described as graceful
• An allusion to the concept of spiritual because it flows beautifully and smoothly,
knowledge: “Brahma-knowledge” carrying a majestic and elegant presence that
• An allusion to Gautama Buddha’s teachings: matches its deep spiritual significance.
“the Buddha preached his dhamma” 5. unmatched

Critical Reflection II. Answer the following questions.

I. Read the extract given below and answer the 1. How does the poem reflect a strong connection to
questions that follow. cultural identity and heritage?
The mighty Himavant is ours- Ans :
there’s no equal anywhere on earth. The poem reflects a strong connection to cultural
The generous Ganga is ours- identity and heritage by proudly celebrating
which other river can match her grace? India’s ancient physical landmarks (like the
The sacred Upanishads are ours- Himavant and Ganga), its profound sacred
what scriptures else to name with them? scriptures (the Upanishads), the legacy of its
great figures (gallant warriors, sages, Buddha),
1. Complete the sentence. and its deep-rooted philosophical traditions.
The word ‘mighty’ refers to the _____ of the
Himavant. 2. What can you infer about the poet’s attitude
towards India from the repeated phrase ‘she’s
2. Choose the correct option to complete the peerless, let’s praise her!’ ?
sentence given below. Ans :
The question mark at the end of the fourth and From the repeated phrase, it can be inferred that
sixth line of the extract is used to _____. the poet holds an attitude of immense patriotic
(i) show doubt and uncertainty pride, deep reverence, and unwavering devotion
(ii) emphasise a point towards India. He views his motherland as
(iii) highlight confusion and hesitation supreme, incomparable to any other nation, and
(iv) reveal inquiry and curiosity highly deserving of absolute praise.
3. The poet uses the word ‘generous’ to describe the 3. What does the line ‘many a sage has sanctified
Ganga. Why? this land’ suggest about India’s spiritual heritage?
4. Why has the movement of the river been described Ans :
as graceful? This line suggests that India possesses a
tremendously rich spiritual heritage. The very soil
5. Fill in the blank with the correct option from the of the land is considered holy and blessed because
words given in the brackets. of the presence, meditation, and spiritual practices
The poet is implying that the Upanishads are of countless wise sages throughout history.
_____ (unmatched/abundant) in their wisdom
and spiritual depth. 4. How does the poet connect warriors and music to
India’s greatness?
Ans :
1. The word ‘mighty’ refers to the majestic Ans :
size, towering strength, and grandeur of the The poet connects warriors to India’s greatness by
Himavant. highlighting a historical legacy of bravery, valor,
2. (ii) emphasise a point and strength. Simultaneously, the mention of the
emphasise a point (They act as rhetorical “divinest music” showcases India’s rich, profound
cultural and artistic traditions. Together, both

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 BHARAT OUR LAND

physical courage and artistic brilliance contribute -ive quality or nature 2.

to the nation’s unparalleled greatness. of
5. How does this poem foster a sense of national -ment the action or 3.
pride? result of
Ans : -ed past-tense version 4.
The poem fosters national pride by vividly of a verb
recounting and glorifying India’s unparalleled
natural beauty, its unmatched spiritual and Ans :
philosophical wisdom, and its rich historical Suffix Meaning Sentences
achievements. By reminding readers of these
extraordinary qualities, it evokes a collective -tion the action educate—education
sense of awe, belonging, and deep admiration for or process 1. Receiving a good
the motherland. of education is a vital step
toward a successful
Vocabulary in Context future.

I. Complete the table by choosing words from the -ive quality or create—creative
poem. nature of 2. The student came up
with a very creative
Suffix Meaning Examples solution to the difficult
-ous full of, having the 1. _____ous math problem.
qualities of kindness -ment the action achieve—achievement
-ity the state of being 2. _____ity or result of 3. Winning the national
very old or ancient science fair was
a monumental
-est superlative form 3. _____est achievement for her.
-less without something 4. _____less -ed past-tense walk—walked
Ans : version of 4. We walked along
a verb the riverbank while
Suffix Meaning Examples enjoying the sunset.
-ous full of, having the 1. generous
qualities of kindness Listen and Respond
-ity the state of being very 2. antiquity
I. You will listen to four people talk about the
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old or ancient
places they like to travel to. As you listen, write
-est superlative form 3. divinest the speaker number for the two pictures given.
-less without something 4. peerless (Transcript for teacher on page 260)

II. Complete the following table by adding a different

suffix to form new words. Also, create a sentence
using the created word. One example has been
done for you.

Suffix Meaning Sentences

-tion the action or Example:
process of indicate—
indication
The dark clouds Ans :
were an indication 1. Speaker No. 4 (forest / nature travel –
that it would rain matches the first picture of a person exploring
soon. and recording)
1.
PAGE 492 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. Speaker No. 2 (mountains / adventure – traditional features, or even its history.

matches the second picture of mountain
climbing)

II. You will once again listen to the four speakers.

As you listen, match the given statements to the
speaker. There are two statements that you do
not need. (Transcript for teacher on page 260)

Statement Speaker Use these cues to express your praise and

admiration.
1. The green surroundings look
• One thing that I find truly wonderful about
beautiful visually.
my village/town/city is...
2. The group visits make even the • If I had to describe my village/town/city in
difficult areas seem easy. one word, it would be...
3. The quietness of the • I have always been fascinated by the way the
environment here leads to a people of my village/town/city...
peaceful experience. • What I want other people to know about my
village/town/city is…
4. The risk and thrill in such an
• When it comes to the scenery, my village/
area is what is most appealing.
town/city truly shines because...
5. The dry expanse promises • I feel a deep sense of pride when I think about
to appeal to the spirit of my village/town/city...
exploration. Ans :
6. The sight of such beauty is • One thing that I find truly wonderful
very inviting and has to be about my city is its harmonious blend of
captured. modern architecture and ancient historical
monuments.
Ans :
• If I had to describe my city in one word, it
Statement Speaker would be vibrant.
• I have always been fascinated by the way the
1. The green surroundings look Speaker 4 people of my city enthusiastically celebrate
beautiful visually. every cultural festival together, regardless of
2. The group visits make even the (Not their backgrounds.
difficult areas seem easy. needed) • What I want other people to know about my
3. The quietness of the Speaker 1 city is its incredible street food culture and
environment here leads to a the warm hospitality of the locals.
peaceful experience. • When it comes to the scenery, my city truly
shines because of the lush green parks and
4. The risk and thrill in such an Speaker 2 the beautiful river that runs straight through
area is what is most appealing. the center.
5. The dry expanse promises Speaker 3 • I feel a deep sense of pride when I think about
to appeal to the spirit of my city’s prominent role in our country’s
exploration. independence movement.
6. The sight of such beauty is (Not
very inviting and has to be needed)
Writing Task
captured. I. Write a paragraph about a place that you have
visited which has stayed in your memory.
Speaking Activity Remember to mention the following:
• Why did you go there?
I. In pairs, take turns to speak about the aspects • Who did you travel with?
of your village/town/city that you feel are an • How did you prepare for the travel?
asset. It could be about geographical, cultural,

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 BHARAT OUR LAND

• Where did you stay? • Deserts – Thar Desert, Rann of Kutch, etc.
• What activities did you do there? • Valleys – Kangra Valley, Nubra Valley, etc.
Ans : • Islands – Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
A place that remains vividly etched in my memory Lakshadweep, etc.
is the breathtaking hill station of Shimla. I went • Plateaus – Deccan, Malwa, Meghalaya, etc.
there during my summer vacation to escape the Ans :
scorching heat of the plains and to experience Mountains (Example: The Himalayas) : Located
the charm of the mountains. I travelled alongside in the northernmost region of India. They act as a
my parents and my younger sister. Preparing for massive natural barrier that protects the country
the trip was an exciting affair; we packed plenty from cold Central Asian winds, dictating the
of warm clothes, booked our train tickets well subcontinent’s climate. They are also the source
in advance, and researched historical spots to of major rivers, making them vital for agriculture.
visit. Once there, we stayed in a cozy, wooden Languages spoken here include Kashmiri, Dogri,
cottage overlooking a stunning, pine-covered Pahari, Hindi, and Nepali.
valley. During our stay, our days were filled with Rivers (Example : The Ganga) : Flowing through
delightful activities: we took long evening walks northern and eastern India, this river creates the
along the famous Mall Road, hiked up to the highly fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. It is critically
ancient Jakhu Temple, and took a joyful, scenic important for sustaining agriculture, providing
ride on the Kalka-Shimla toy train. The tranquil drinking water, and holds immense religious and
environment, the cool mountain breeze, and the spiritual significance for millions. Major languages
quality time spent with my family made the spoken along its basin are Hindi, Bhojpuri, and
experience truly unforgettable. Bengali.
Deserts (Example : The Thar Desert) : Situated
Learning Beyond the Text primarily in Rajasthan, western India. Despite the
arid climate, it is culturally vibrant. It is important
I. Search for poems or songs dedicated to India, for specific types of dryland agriculture, wind and
your motherland, in your regional language. solar energy, and regional tourism. The primary
Share them with your classmates and explain languages spoken are Rajasthani, Marwari, and
their meaning too. Hindi.
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Ans : Valleys (Example : The Kangra Valley) : Nestled

A deeply moving and famous patriotic song in in the western Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh. It
Hindi is “Sare Jahan Se Achha” written by the is economically vital for its expansive tea gardens
poet Muhammad Iqbal. and horticulture, while its scenic beauty drives
Meaning : The opening lines translate to, “Better the local tourism industry. Languages spoken
than the entire world, is our Hindustan (India).” include Kangri, Pahari, and Hindi.
The song passionately celebrates the natural beauty, Islands (Example : Andaman and Nicobar Islands):
geographical boundaries (like the Himalayas), and Located in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. These
the unshakeable unity of the Indian people. It islands are of high strategic importance for India’s
emphasizes that despite our diversity, we are all maritime security. They possess rich biodiversity,
part of one enduring civilization. Much like the making them vital for environmental research and
poem “Bharat Our Land,” it instills a profound eco-tourism. Languages spoken include Bengali,
sense of pride, emotional attachment, and love for Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and various indigenous
our motherland. tribal languages.
Plateaus (Example : The Deccan Plateau) :
II. In groups of six, prepare an interdisciplinary
Covering a vast area of southern India. The
project on India’s major geographical features.
region’s rich volcanic soil is essential for cultivating
For each feature, describe the region, explain its
crops like cotton. It is also immensely rich in
importance in the lives of the people living there
minerals, driving much of India’s mining and
and mention the languages spoken in that region.
industrial sectors. Major languages spoken across
Include one example of each of the following.
the plateau include Marathi, Telugu, Kannada,
• Mountains – Himalayas, Western Ghats, etc.
and Tamil.
• Rivers – Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna, Kaveri,
Godavari, etc.
PAGE 494 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Ans :

(b) deep admiration
Multiple Choice Type Questions
8. What is the primary purpose of the poet’s
1. What literary form is the poem described as in patriotic tone?
the text? (a) To expose the hidden flaws within the nation’s
(a) A tragic ballad (b) A beautiful ode past.
(c) A short sonnet (d) A comic satire (b) To inspire readers to honor their nation’s
Ans : uniqueness.
(b) A beautiful ode (c) To demand rapid changes in the nation’s
structures.
2. The poem is dedicated to which of the following? (d) To analyze the shifts in the country’s
(a) Our motherland (b) Natural world geography.
(c) Ancient people (d) Spiritual idols Ans :
Ans : (b) To inspire readers to honor their nation’s
(a) Our motherland uniqueness.

3. What does the poem primarily paint a vivid 9. What kind of landscapes does the poet take
picture of? immense pride in?
(a) Global advancements (a) Barren dry deserts
(b) Unparalleled greatness (b) Urban city settings
(c) Technological progress (c) Majestic nature scenes
(d) Architectural structures (d) Coastal sandy shores
Ans : Ans :
(b) Unparalleled greatness (c) Majestic nature scenes

4. Which of these themes is NOT explicitly 10. How are the Himalayan mountains referred to in
celebrated in the poem’s introduction? the poem?
(a) Natural geography (b) Spiritual heritage (a) The Snowy Peaks
(c) Historical glory (d) Economic trading (b) The Great Barriers
Ans : (c) The Tallest Range
(d) Economic trading (d) The Mighty Himavant
Ans :
5. The overall tone of the poem is described as:
(d) The Mighty Himavant
(a) Sad and mournful (b) Angry and furious
(c) Proud and inspiring (d) Calm and detached 11. What does the “mighty Himavant” symbolize?
Ans : (a) Peace and quiet
(c) Proud and inspiring (b) Strength and permanence
(c) Wealth and power
6. What does the poet urge the readers to celebrate?
(d) Growth and change
(a) Country’s uniqueness
Ans :
(b) World’s diversity
(b) Strength and permanence
(c) Ancient mythology
(d) Future inventions 12. Which literary device is used to state that the
mountains have no equal?
Ans :
(a) Country’s uniqueness (a) Simple simile (b) Deep metaphor
(c) Bold hyperbole (d) Sad oxymoron
7. An ode is a song of praise and deep ______.
Ans :
(a) deep dedication (b) deep admiration (c) Bold hyperbole
(c) deep reflection (d) deep hesitation

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 BHARAT OUR LAND

13. Assertion (A): The poet uses hyperbole to (a) rival (b) enemy
describe the Himalayan mountains. (c) match (d) equal
Reason (R): The poet states that these mountains
Ans :
have no equal anywhere on earth.
(d) equal
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation. 19. Why is the personification of the river Ganga
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the important?
correct explanation. (a) It highlights the river as a living, nurturing
(c) A is true, but R is completely false in this entity.
context. (b) It shows the river as a harsh, destructive
(d) A is false, but R is completely true in this force.
context. (c) It proves that the geographical features are
Ans : purely mythical.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (d) It compares the flowing water to the brave
explanation. warriors.
Ans :
14. Which river is beautifully personified in the
(a) It highlights the river as a living, nurturing
poem?
entity.
(a) The river Yamuna (b) The river Godavari
(c) The river Narmada (d) The river Ganga 20. What is a major theme of the poem discussed
after geography?
Ans :
(d) The river Ganga (a) Economic policies (b) Intellectual legacy
(c) Scientific growth (d) Political history
15. The river Ganga is described as:
Ans :
(a) Generous and graceful (b) Intellectual legacy
(b) Fierce and aggressive
(c) Calm and indifferent 21. What literary device involves an indirect reference
to ancient scriptures?
(d) Deep and mysterious
(a) Visual imagery (b) Deep metaphor
Ans :
(c) Direct allusion (d) Poetic simile
(a) Generous and graceful
Ans :
16. What qualities does the personification of Ganga (c) Direct allusion
highlight?
(a) Speed and great depth 22. Which specific ancient texts are mentioned in the
summary?
(b) Anger and destruction
(a) The sacred Vedas
(c) Purity and selflessness
(b) The sacred Epics
(d) Mystery and dark magic
(c) The sacred Puranas
Ans :
(d) The sacred Upanishads
(c) Purity and selflessness
Ans :
17. The life-giving nature of Ganga nurtures the (d) The sacred Upanishads
country’s:
(a) Rich fertile lands (b) Dense green forests 23. According to the text, what can match the deep
NODIA

wisdom of the Upanishads?

(c) Tall high mountains (d) Deep blue oceans
(a) Modern scientific texts
Ans :
(b) Greek philosophical works
(a) Rich fertile lands
(c) No other world texts
18. The poet proudly states that the mountains have (d) Global literature books
no ______ anywhere on earth.
PAGE 496 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 30. What does the term “dhamma” represent in the

(c) No other world texts text?
(a) Bravery and total conquest
24. How is the soil of India described in a spiritual
context? (b) Wealth and deep prosperity
(a) Rich and dark (b) Holy and purified (c) Logic and pure mathematics
(c) Dry and barren (d) Soft and moist (d) Compassion and non-violence

Ans : Ans :
(b) Holy and purified (d) Compassion and non-violence

25. What word is used in the text as a synonym for 31. The Upanishads bring deep wisdom and
“purified”? ______.
(a) Sanctified (b) Glorified (a) light entertainment (b) deep enlightenment
(c) Magnified (d) Testified (c) natural environment (d) social empowerment

Ans : Ans :
(a) Sanctified (b) deep enlightenment

26. Who has made the soil of India holy? 32. Assertion (A): The poet claims the soil of India is
exceptionally holy.
(a) Wealthy kings (b) Wise sages
Reason (R): Countless wise sages have lived and
(c) Brave warriors (d) Hard workers walked upon this land.
Ans : (a) A is true, but R is completely false in this
(b) Wise sages context.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
27. Which of the following statements are correct
explanation.
regarding India’s spiritual legacy?
I. The Upanishads are considered unmatched in (c) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
wisdom. correct explanation.
II. The soil is holy because of countless wise (d) A is false, but R is completely true in this
sages. context.
III. Gautama Buddha preached war and conquest Ans :
here. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) Statements I and III are correct. explanation.
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(b) All statements are fully correct.

33. How does the reference to “Brahma-knowledge”
(c) Statements II and III are correct.
elevate the poem’s theme?
(d) Statements I and II are correct.
(a) It shows a strict focus purely on gaining
Ans : material riches.
(d) Statements I and II are correct. (b) It suggests greatness belongs only to a
mythical ancient past.
28. India is described as the birthplace of which
ultimate spiritual truth? (c) It grounds the nation’s identity in ultimate
spiritual absolute truths.
(a) Brahma-knowledge (b) Nature-worship
(d) It proves ancient Indians engaged only in
(c) Universal-logic (d) Scientific-fact
complex daily debates.
Ans :
Ans :
(a) Brahma-knowledge
(c) It grounds the nation’s identity in ultimate
29. Who preached his “dhamma” in this land? spiritual absolute truths.
(a) Emperor Ashoka (b) Wise Chanakya 34. Besides spirituality and nature, who else does the
(c) Gautama Buddha (d) Lord Mahavira poet pay tribute to?
Ans : (a) The foreign traders
(c) Gautama Buddha (b) The global leaders
 BHARAT OUR LAND

(c) The modern scientists (b) Statements II and III are correct.
(d) People shaping history (c) Statements I and II are correct.
Ans : (d) Only statement III is correct.
(d) People shaping history Ans :
(c) Statements I and II are correct.
35. The land is praised for its historical legacy of:
(a) Wealthy rich merchants 40. The tribute to music perfectly ______ the
(b) Brave gallant warriors nation’s physical might.
(c) Famous brave explorers (a) perfectly balances (b) slightly ignores
(d) Skilled great architects (c) fully destroys (d) completely replaces
Ans : Ans :
(b) Brave gallant warriors (a) perfectly balances

36. What traits are associated with the “gallant 41. What does the term “gallant” mean in the context
warriors”? of warriors?
(a) Fear and total submission (a) Very brave (b) Quite cowardly
(b) Wealth and extreme greed (c) Rather lazy (d) Extremely weak
(c) Bravery and physical courage Ans :
(d) Intellect and deep cunning (a) Very brave
Ans : 42. Why does the poet juxtapose “gallant warriors”
(c) Bravery and physical courage with “divinest music”?
37. Alongside fierce bravery, India is celebrated as a (a) To show warriors listened to loud and
center of: aggressive music tracks.
(a) Pure scientific research (b) To imply cultural activities were replaced by
ongoing active warfare.
(b) Immense artistic brilliance
(c) To suggest music was a tool to inspire fighting
(c) Rapid industrial expansion
frontier armies.
(d) Complex global diplomacy
(d) To illustrate the nation excels in strength and
Ans : fine beautiful arts.
(b) Immense artistic brilliance
Ans :
38. According to the text, what kind of music has (d) To illustrate the nation excels in strength and
been created in India? fine beautiful arts.
(a) The loudest music 43. How does the poet metaphorically describe India?
(b) The modernest music (a) A sunny golden land
(c) The sweetest music (b) A snowy frozen land
(d) The divinest music (c) A dark mystic land
Ans : (d) A rainy forest land
(d) The divinest music
Ans :
39. Which statements correctly describe India’s (a) A sunny golden land
balance of traits in the poem?
44. What does the metaphor “sunny golden land”
I. It combines physical might with vibrant
suggest?
cultural beauty.
II. It pairs the fierceness of warriors with the (a) Poverty and deep despair
divinest music. (b) Coldness and harsh weather
III. It prioritizes military power completely over (c) Dryness and long droughts
artistic growth. (d) Prosperity and warm radiance
(a) Statements I and III are correct.

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PAGE 498 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Ans :
(d) Prosperity and warm radiance (d) Emotions I, II, and III

45. What is the repeating line in the poem called? 50. What is the ultimate effect of the “chant-like
(a) A thrilling climax (b) A rhythmic refrain phrase” on the reader?
(c) A classic sonnet (d) A poetic prologue (a) It confuses readers by repeating words
without adding new meanings.
Ans :
(b) A rhythmic refrain (b) It acts as musical filler to maintain a rigid
poetic rhythm.
46. What is the exact phrasing of the poem’s (c) It builds a unified sense of awe and deep
repeating line? enduring love.
(a) She’s mighty, let’s praise her! (d) It forces readers to memorize exact
(b) She’s golden, let’s praise her! geographical borders of lands.
(c) She’s peerless, let’s praise her! Ans :
(d) She’s ancient, let’s praise her! (c) It builds a unified sense of awe and deep
enduring love.
Ans :
(c) She’s peerless, let’s praise her!

47. What does the word “peerless” mean?

Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Having many rivals (b) Lacking good friends 1. What makes this poem a “beautiful ode” to the
(c) Full of vast wealth (d) Having zero equals motherland?
Ans : Ans :
(d) Having zero equals The poem serves as a beautiful ode because it is
a dedicated song of praise and deep admiration
48. Assertion (A): The poet repeatedly uses the for the motherland. It passionately highlights
phrase “She’s peerless, let’s praise her!”. the country’s unparalleled greatness, focusing
Reason (R): The poet wants to emphasize that on its unique geography, spiritual heritage, and
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India is completely unmatched in the world. historical glory to inspire patriotism.

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation. 2. How does the poet’s tone influence the reader’s
perception of the country?
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation. Ans :
The poet utilizes a proud and inspiring tone to
(c) A is false, but R is completely true in this
actively urge readers to celebrate the country’s
context.
unique identity. This passionate approach helps
(d) A is true, but R is completely false in this readers look beyond ordinary facts, instilling a
context. deep sense of reverence and honoring the nation’s
Ans : unparalleled greatness.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation. 3. What does the phrase “mighty Himavant”
symbolize in the context of the poem?
49. Which of the following emotions does the poem Ans :
aim to leave with the readers? The “mighty Himavant,” referring to the majestic
I. A sense of awe Himalayan mountains, primarily symbolizes
II. A feeling of belonging immense strength and unwavering permanence.
III. An enduring love for the motherland By highlighting these towering peaks, the poet
(a) Only emotion I reflects the solid, protective, and enduring nature
(b) Emotions I and II of the motherland’s breathtaking geographical
(c) Emotions II and III boundaries, establishing a deep sense of natural
pride.
(d) Emotions I, II, and III
 BHARAT OUR LAND

4. Identify and explain the literary device used to Ans :

describe the Himalayan mountains. The reference to “Brahma-knowledge” grounds
Ans : the nation’s core identity in the pursuit of ultimate
The poet effectively uses bold hyperbole to spiritual truths rather than mere material wealth.
describe the Himalayan mountains. By explicitly It highlights the motherland as the original
stating that these majestic peaks have “no equal birthplace of profound cosmic wisdom, elevating
anywhere on earth,” the poet exaggerates their its status on a global spiritual scale.
grandeur to emphasize the absolute uniqueness
10. What impact did Gautama Buddha’s teachings
and unrivaled physical beauty of the nation.
have on the land according to the text?
5. How does the poet utilize personification when Ans :
describing the river Ganga? Gautama Buddha preached his “dhamma” on
Ans : this land, deeply embedding the vital principles
The river Ganga is beautifully personified as a of compassion and non-violence into the nation’s
living, nurturing entity. By describing the river as cultural fabric. This solidifies the country’s
“generous and graceful,” the poet gives it human reputation as a historic center for profound moral
qualities, highlighting its active role in selflessly leadership and peaceful spiritual enlightenment.
providing life and sustenance to the nation’s rich
11. How does the poet characterize the people who
fertile lands.
shaped the nation’s history?
6. What specific qualities does the river Ganga bring Ans :
to the nation’s landscape? The poet pays a glorious tribute to the “gallant
Ans : warriors” who shaped the nation’s history. They
Beyond its physical flow, the river Ganga are characterized by their immense physical
brings profound purity and selflessness to the courage, absolute bravery, and fierce dedication,
landscape. Its life-giving waters are credited proving that the spiritual land was also fiercely
with actively nurturing the country’s rich fertile defended by strong heroes.
lands, transforming the physical geography
12. What does the mention of “divinest music” reveal
into a vibrant, blessed, and highly productive
about the country’s cultural landscape?
environment.
Ans :
7. How is the intellectual legacy of the motherland The creation of the “divinest music” reveals a
represented in the poem? landscape rich in immense artistic brilliance. It
Ans : shows that alongside fierce military bravery, the
The nation’s intellectual legacy is represented nation cultivated sweet, heavenly arts, establishing
through a direct allusion to the sacred a culture that values creative expression just as
Upanishads. The poet asserts that these ancient much as physical strength.
scriptures offer unmatched global wisdom and
13. Explain the metaphor of the “sunny golden land”
deep enlightenment, proving that the country’s
used in the poem.
historical intellect remains superior to any other
texts. Ans :
The metaphor “sunny golden land” paints a
8. Why is the soil of the motherland described as vibrant picture of continuous prosperity and warm
being “sanctified”? radiance. It visually suggests that the motherland
Ans : is not only rich in material and spiritual wealth
The poet describes the soil as “sanctified,” but also shines brightly with an inviting, positive,
meaning holy and purified, because countless and glorious aura.
wise sages have historically lived and walked
14. What does the word “peerless” signify in the
upon this land. Their sustained spiritual practices
poet’s repeating line?
and profound wisdom have eternally blessed the
physical ground of the entire nation. Ans :
The word “peerless” signifies that the motherland
9. What is the significance of “Brahma-knowledge” has absolutely zero equals. By declaring “She’s
in establishing the nation’s identity? peerless,” the poet firmly asserts that no other

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PAGE 500 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

nation in the world can match India’s unique guardians. Journeying downwards, I encountered
combination of majestic nature, profound wisdom, the generous and graceful river Ganga. It is deeply
and historical bravery. personified not just as water, but as a nurturing
entity selflessly breathing life into the rich, fertile
15. What is the ultimate effect of the rhythmic refrain lands.
used throughout the text? What moves me most is the vibrant energy
Ans : of the earth itself. The soil feels profoundly
The chant-like rhythmic refrain, “She’s peerless, sanctified, purified by the footsteps of countless
let’s praise her!”, acts as a powerful unifying wise sages. Experiencing this perfect blend of
force. It continuously builds a profound sense of majestic nature and deep spirituality, I realize
awe, leaving readers with a deeply enduring love this peerless motherland deserves all our eternal
and an unshakeable feeling of belonging to their praise.
glorious motherland.
3. The poem highlights Gautama Buddha preaching
his “dhamma” of compassion and non-violence.
Long Answer Type Questions Extrapolate on how this ancient spiritual legacy
remains crucial for global leaders in today’s
1. The poem creates a unique identity for the modern world.
motherland by balancing contrasting elements.
Ans :
Discuss how the poet juxtaposes fierce physical
The poet proudly identifies the motherland as the
might with artistic brilliance and spirituality.
historic center where Gautama Buddha preached
Ans : his “dhamma,” deeply rooting the nation’s
The poet masterfully crafts the motherland’s identity in the noble principles of compassion and
identity by harmonizing seemingly opposite traits, non-violence. In today’s modern world, which
creating a well-rounded portrait of greatness. is frequently torn apart by aggressive conflicts,
On one hand, the poem celebrates immense rapid economic greed, and political strife, this
physical might, highlighting the “mighty ancient spiritual legacy is more crucial than ever.
Himavant” for its unshakeable strength and Global leaders can draw immense inspiration
paying tribute to “gallant warriors” known for from this heritage to prioritize peaceful diplomacy
their fierce physical courage in defending the land. over warfare. By embracing the “dhamma,” modern
On the other hand, this aggressive strength is societies can learn to foster mutual respect and
beautifully balanced by profound gentleness and universal brotherhood. The poem subtly reminds
artistic brilliance. The land is simultaneously the us that true peerless greatness does not stem
birthplace of the “divinest music,” representing solely from military dominance, but from leading
unparalleled cultural beauty. the world in spiritual enlightenment, profound
Furthermore, the spiritual teachings of empathy, and sustaining lasting global peace.
the Upanishads and Buddha’s “dhamma” of
NODIA

compassion and non-violence deeply enrich the 4. You are selected to deliver a speech in the morning
nation’s soul. This brilliant juxtaposition proves assembly on the topic, “The Enduring Love for
the nation is truly peerless, excelling equally in Our Motherland.” Draft the speech utilizing the
brave fortitude and serene wisdom. recurring chant-like phrase and themes from the
poem to inspire your schoolmates.
2. Imagine you are an ancient traveler who has just
Ans :
witnessed the majestic landscapes and spiritual
Respected Principal, Teachers, and dear friends,
depth of this “sunny golden land.” Write a diary
Today, I speak on the enduring love for our
entry expressing your awe at the holy soil and the
glorious motherland. Our nation is not just a
life-giving river Ganga.
geographical space; it is a “sunny golden land”
Ans : radiating warmth and unparalleled greatness. Our
Dear Diary, borders are guarded by the mighty Himavant, and
Today, I arrived in a truly sunny golden land, our fertile lands are beautifully nurtured by the
a place radiating unparalleled prosperity. I stand generous river Ganga.
in absolute awe of its majestic geography. I We are fortunate to inherit a sanctified soil
witnessed the mighty Himavant, towering peaks where wise sages unlocked Brahma-knowledge
that have no equal on earth, acting as permanent
 BHARAT OUR LAND

and gallant warriors showcased immense physical of awe and belonging, encouraging a lasting love
courage. Our rich heritage perfectly balances and respect for the golden motherland.
this physical might with the divinest music and
spiritual wisdom. 7. Write a letter to your foreign pen-pal, describing
Therefore, let us unite in our hearts and how your country’s natural landscapes, specifically
proudly echo the poet’s rhythmic refrain: “She’s the Himalayas and the Ganga, are not just
peerless, let’s praise her!” Let this chant inspire geographical features but living symbols of your
our enduring love forever. Thank you. cultural identity.
Ans :
5. Write a short dialogue between two classmates, Dear John,
Aryan and Neha, discussing why the poet asserts I hope you are doing well. Recently, I read a
that the wisdom of the Upanishads is unmatched beautiful ode about my motherland that made
globally. me reflect deeply on our unique geography. It
Ans : made me realize that our landscapes are not just
Aryan: Neha, I was reading the ode to our physical features but living symbols of our rich
motherland. Why does the poet boldly claim that heritage. For example, the majestic Himalayan
no other global texts can match the Upanishads? mountains, known as the “mighty Himavant,”
Neha: I think it’s because the Upanishads represent strength and permanence. They stand
represent the ultimate intellectual legacy. They tall as our eternal protectors and have no equal
aren’t just historical books; they offer deep in the world. In the same way, the river Ganga
spiritual enlightenment and universal truths. is portrayed as a graceful and generous entity,
Aryan: That makes sense. The poem mentions it’s symbolizing purity and selflessness as she nurtures
the birthplace of “Brahma-knowledge.” It focuses the fertile lands.
on cosmic wisdom rather than just economic or These natural elements inspire a deep sense
scientific growth. of pride and are closely connected to our spiritual
Neha: Exactly! While other texts might discuss traditions. They remind us of the greatness of our
trade or politics, the Upanishads sanctify the land, which I truly believe is golden and peerless.
human mind. They were crafted by wise sages Warmly,
who lived on this holy soil. Rahul Yadav
Aryan: It really shows that our nation’s true
greatness lies in its profound thoughts. Truly, she 8. Based on the various descriptions provided in the
is peerless! text, draft a comprehensive “character sketch” of
the motherland as visualized by the poet.
6. “The rhythmic refrain in a poem is not just Ans :
a musical filler, but a powerful tool to unite If the motherland were imagined as a living
readers.” Analyze this statement in the context character, she would appear as a balanced,
of the concluding line, “She’s peerless, let’s praise majestic, and nurturing figure. She represents
her!” a perfect combination of beauty, strength, and
Ans : grace, making her truly admirable and complete.
A rhythmic refrain acts as the emotional core Physically, she is both powerful and beautiful,
of a poem, and this is clearly seen in the line, with the “mighty Himavant” as her crown and
“She’s peerless, let’s praise her!” It serves as a the river Ganga flowing with life-giving grace.
strong anchor that connects the entire poem and Intellectually, she is wise and enlightened, enriched
reinforces its central idea. by the profound knowledge of the Upanishads.
Throughout the poem, the poet builds a Spiritually, she is pure and sacred, shaped by the
vivid picture of the motherland’s greatness— teachings of sages and Gautama Buddha.
from the mighty Himavant to the wisdom of the Culturally, she is vibrant and dynamic,
Upanishads. By repeating the refrain, the poet supporting both brave warriors and creative
moves beyond simple description and creates a artists. She reflects courage as well as artistic
powerful call for unity and collective pride. excellence. Overall, she shines like a “sunny
This repetition is not just for musical effect; golden land,” symbolizing prosperity, harmony,
it strengthens the theme of uniqueness and and unmatched greatness.
admiration. It leaves the reader with a deep sense

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PAGE 502 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

9. The poet uses distinct contrasts, such as “gallant Extract Based Questions
warriors” and “divinest music,” or rugged
mountains and graceful rivers. How do these 1. Read the extract given below and answer the
contrasts contribute to the overarching theme of questions that follows :
unparalleled greatness? “The mighty Himavant is ours-
there’s no equal anywhere on earth.
Ans :
The generous Ganga is ours-
The poet uses strong contrasts to show that
which other river can match her grace?
the greatness of the motherland lies in its
The sacred Upanishads are ours-
completeness. By presenting different elements
what scriptures else to name with them?
together, the poet proves that the nation is rich
This sunny golden land is ours-
in multiple dimensions, not limited to a single
she’s peerless, let’s praise her!”
quality. For example, the “mighty Himavant”
i. What does the recurring use of the word
represents strength and permanence, while the
“ours” throughout the stanza imply?
river Ganga symbolizes grace and nurturing
qualities. Similarly, “gallant warriors” reflect (a) Unified national pride
bravery and physical power, whereas the “divinest (b) Legal land ownership
music” represents peace and artistic beauty. (c) Aggressive foreign policy
These contrasts highlight that the nation (d) Geographical border claims
excels in all aspects of life. It combines strength, ii. Read the following statements and choose the
fertility, wisdom, and culture in perfect harmony, correct option:
making it truly unique and justifying its Statement I: The poet uses rhetorical
description as a golden and peerless land. questions to emphasize the greatness of
10. If you had to give this text an alternative title India’s natural and cultural assets.
based on its concluding emotions and central Statement II: The poet harbors secret doubts
metaphors, what would it be? Justify your choice about the significance of the Ganga river and
referencing the spiritual and historical legacy Upanishads.
discussed. (a) Statement I is true, II is false
Ans : (b) Statement I is false, II is true
An appropriate alternative title for this text (c) Both statements are true
would be “The Golden Legacy of a Peerless (d) Both statements are false
Land.” This title effectively captures the central iii. What does the poet mean by calling the land
idea and emotional tone of the poem. It reflects “peerless”?
both the admiration and pride expressed by the iv. Identify the figure of speech used in the
poet for the nation. phrase “generous Ganga” which assigns a
The phrase “Golden Legacy” highlights the human trait to the river.
poet’s description of the country as a “sunny v. State True or False with a one-sentence
golden land.” It represents its richness, intellectual reason:
heritage through the Upanishads, and its deep The poet believes there are many other
spiritual traditions shaped by sages and Gautama nations that are equally as great as Bharat.
Buddha. Ans :
NODIA

The term “Peerless Land” emphasizes that i. (a) Unified national pride
the nation has no equal. It reflects the repeated ii. (a) Statement I is true, II is false
idea that the country stands unmatched in its iii. By calling the land ‘peerless’ the poet means
geography, culture, and achievements. Thus, the the land is unmatched and unequalled by any
title successfully conveys the poet’s deep respect, other nation on earth.
admiration, and love for the motherland. iv. Personification
v. False, because the poet explicitly calls the
land “peerless” and states there is “no equal
anywhere on earth.”
 BHARAT OUR LAND

2. Read the extract given below and answer the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
questions that follows : correct explanation.
“Gallant warriors have lived here, (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
many a sage has sanctified this land. correct explanation.
The divinest music has been heard here, (c) A is true, but R is false.
and here all auspicious things are found.” (d) A is false, but R is true.
i. What does the phrase “sanctified this land” iii. Name the two great spiritual traditions the
suggest about the sages? poet refers to in this stanza.
(a) Made the land holy iv. Based on the context of the poem, what does
(b) Governed the vast empire the word “hoary” mean?
(c) Conquered the new areas v. State True or False with a one-sentence
(d) Created the classical art reason:
ii. Which of the following best describes the The poem concludes with the realization that
speaker’s perspective in these lines? Bharat shares its unique greatness equally
(a) Reverence for the multifaceted heritage with other nations.
(b) Regret over lost ancient traditions Ans :
(c) Criticism of modern social decline i. (b) Established firmly
(d) Preference for strict martial history ii. (c) A is true, but R is false.
iii. What two types of great personalities does iii. The poet refers to Brahma-knowledge and
the poet mention as having lived in Bharat? the dhamma preached by the Buddha.
iv. Find a word from the stanza that means iv. Ancient/very old
“brave” or “heroic.” v. False, because the poet ends by calling
v. Fill in the blank: Bharat “peerless,” meaning it is unequalled
According to the extract, the poet attributes or unmatched by any other nation.
the holiness and purity of the land to the
presence of many a ______. 
Ans :
i. (a) Made the land holy
ii. (a) Reverence for the multifaceted heritage
iii. The poet mentions gallant warriors and sages
as great personalities who lived in Bharat.
iv. Gallant
v. sage

3. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows :
“Here Brahma-knowledge has taken root,
and the Buddha preached his dhamma here.
Of hoary antiquity is Bharat,
she’s peerless, let’s praise her! …”
i. The phrase “taken root” in the context
of “Brahma-knowledge” implies that such
philosophical wisdom has:
(a) Disappeared completely
(b) Established firmly
(c) Remained hidden
(d) Lost relevance
ii. Assertion (A): The poet proudly calls Bharat
a land of “hoary antiquity.”
Reason (R): The teachings of Buddha and
Brahma-knowledge originated very recently
in modern history.

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PAGE 504 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 2
GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR
VOCATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION anything, using careful measurements and

mathematical exactness. Alongside them,
The poem “Gifts of Grace: Honouring Our electricians are described happily humming as
Vocations” celebrates the dignity and importance they prepare for their daily tasks. They skillfully
of every kind of work in our society. It shows how handle complex cables and wires, ultimately
different people—like carpenters, electricians, providing the electricity and power that brighten
boatmen, shoemakers, and cooks—take pride in the daily lives of everyone in the community.
their vocations and contribute to our daily lives.
Each person’s work is unique and meaningful, The Journeys of Boatmen and the Craft of
and together they create harmony in the nation. Shoemakers
The poem teaches us to respect all professions, as The poem then turns to those who work with
every job has its own value. It also highlights that nature and physical movement. Boatmen are
our vocation is not just work, but an important observed on the shore gathering their fishing nets
part of our identity and self-expression. before setting sail. They sing joyfully while they
work on the water and later return to land to
share adventurous stories about their experiences
2. SUMMARY out at sea. Meanwhile, shoemakers confidently
stand by the high quality of their handmade
The Nation’s Celebration of Colorful Crafts footwear. They craft strong shoes designed to
The speaker observes the nation of Bharat rejoicing support people through all kinds of physical
in the wide variety of professions practiced by its activities—whether walking, dancing, running,
people. The opening focus is on the dedicated or jumping—ensuring they can safely make their
craftspeople who actively celebrate their specific way home.
trades. These skilled workers are seen creating
beautiful, intricate items that are woven together The Unique Identities Found in Everyday Work
using a vast array of bright and diverse colors, In the final section, the speaker describes the joyful
bringing visual joy to their everyday labor. and almost musical atmosphere surrounding the
daily routines of cooks, designers, and masons.
The Echoing Melodies of the Street Artisans Each of these workers takes immense pride in their
The poem then shifts its attention to the musical specific duties, celebrating the unique skills that
artisans playing their lutes in the open streets. belong entirely to them. The poem concludes with
Through the music they create, these individuals the observation that the work these individuals
express a wide range of human emotions and bring do completely shapes who they are, making
their personal dreams to life. Their celebratory their profession their very identity. Ultimately,
songs and melodies echo throughout the public the speaker listens in awe as the entire nation
spaces, sharing their artistic passion with anyone of Bharat celebrates this rich, diverse chorus of
who happens to hear them pass by. working voices.
The Exactness of Carpenters and Electricians
Next, the speaker highlights the diligent work of
builders and technicians. Carpenters are shown
rejoicing in their ability to take ordinary pieces
of wood and transform them into practically

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

3. EXPLANATION echoes around the neighborhood, expressing a

wide range of human emotions and bringing
Stanza 1 people’s dreams to life. This use of “auditory
imagery” (words that create sound in the reader’s
I hear Bharat celebrating, the varied vocations I
mind) brings the poem to life.
hear;
Next, the poet praises carpenters. They find
Those of craftsperson, each one celebrating their

NODIA
deep joy in their work by taking simple wood
craft, woven with colours and myriad hues.
and transforming it into anything they can
Word Meaning : imagine. The poet specifically mentions their
1. Bharat - India “mathematical precision,” showing deep respect
2. Varied - Different types of; diverse for the highly logical, accurate, and skilled nature
3. Vocations - Professions, jobs, or careers of carpentry.
4. Craftsperson - A person who makes beautiful
or useful things by hand Stanza 3
5. Myriad - Countless or an extremely large The electricians humming; they get ready for
number work, work with cables and wires to brighten our
6. Hues - Colors or shades lives,
Explanation : The boatmen gathering their nets from the shore,
The poem opens with a joyful, patriotic tone, sailing, and singing while at work, return to tell
painting a picture of India (Bharat) as a nation the tales of life at sea,
actively celebrating the many different jobs of its Word Meaning :
people. The speaker feels that the diverse careers 1. Humming - Making a low, continuous musical
of everyday people come together to create a sound with closed lips
beautiful, unified celebration. 2. Brighten - To make something lighter,
First, the poet focuses on craftspersons, who happier, or full of light
create handmade items. They celebrate their
Explanation :
work by weaving together endless varieties of
The celebration continues with electricians, who
bright colors and shades. This imagery shows that
hum a happy tune as they prepare for their day.
their daily work is not just a boring duty, but a
The poet points out their essential contribution:
joyful expression of art and culture that makes
by skillfully handling dangerous cables and wires,
the world more beautiful.
they literally and metaphorically “brighten our
Stanza 2 lives” by bringing electricity and safety into our
homes.
The artisans with lutes, each hailing varied
Then, the poet takes us to the shore to observe
emotions and celebrating dreams, echoing in the
the hardworking boatmen. Even while doing the
streets.
difficult physical labor of hauling heavy nets and
The carpenters celebrating; they create anything
sailing, they are singing. When they return, they
out of wood with mathematical precision,
bring back fascinating stories of their adventures
Word Meaning : on the open sea, turning their difficult manual
1. Artisans - Skilled workers who create things labor into a rich, shared human experience.
by hand (here, referring to musicians)
2. Lutes - Stringed musical instruments, similar Stanza 4
to guitars The shoemakers affirming the quality of their
3. Hailing - Expressing loudly or calling out work, for the feet that walk, dance, run, jump,
4. Echoing - Sounding again and again as it return home.
bounces off surfaces The delicious singing of the cook, or the rhythm
5. Precision - Exactness, accuracy, and deep of designer, mason, each celebrating what belongs
care to them and to none else,
Explanation : Word Meaning :
The poet then shifts our attention to musicians, 1. Affirming - Stating proudly and confidently
described here as artisans holding lutes. As they as a fact; guaranteeing
play their instruments in the streets, their music
PAGE 506 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. Rhythm - A strong, regular repeated pattern close shows the poem begins and ends with
of movement or sound a similar line, giving it a circular, song-like
3. Mason - A skilled worker who builds with structure.
stone or brick 2. Anaphora: Repeating the same word or
Explanation : phrase at the beginning of successive lines
The poet highlights shoemakers, who take or stanzas. For example, “The artisans...
immense pride in guaranteeing the high quality The carpenters... The electricians... The
of the shoes they make. Because of their sturdy boatmen... The shoemakers...” shows each
work, people can safely walk, dance, run, jump, stanza begins with “The” followed by a
and eventually return home comfortably. This worker, creating a powerful rhythmic pattern
shows how a seemingly ordinary job silently throughout the poem.
supports the daily joys and lives of everyone else. 3. Imagery: Using descriptive words to create
Next, the poet uses a beautiful metaphor: vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. For
“delicious singing of the cook.” By comparing example, “woven with colours and myriad
the pleasant sounds of cooking to a sweet song, it hues” shows rich visual imagery that helps
shows how enjoyable the cook’s work is. The poet the reader see the craftsperson’s colourful and
also honors the unique “rhythm” or working style varied work clearly.
of designers and masons. Every single worker 4. Personification: Giving human qualities to
celebrates the special skills that belong exclusively non-living things. For example, “The voice of
to them, proving that every profession has its own their vocation is the voice of their identity”
unique magic. shows vocation — which is just a job — is
given a human voice, making it feel alive and
Stanza 5 deeply personal.
The voice of their vocation is the voice of their 5. Metaphor: A direct comparison without
identity. I hear Bharat celebrating, the varied using “like” or “as.” For example, “The voice
voices I hear! of their vocation is the voice of their identity”
shows work is directly compared to identity,
Word Meaning :
suggesting that what people do defines who
1. Identity - Who a person is; their individuality
they are.
and true character
6. Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant
Explanation : sound at the beginning of nearby words. For
In these concluding lines, the poet delivers the example, “work with cables and wires” shows
central message or theme of the poem: a person’s the repetition of the ‘w’ sound creating a
profession is deeply tied to who they are. The smooth, flowing musical effect.
honest work they do gives them a unique voice 7. Onomatopoeia: Using words that sound
and a proud identity in society. like the action they describe. For example,
The poem ends exactly how it began, with the “The electricians humming” shows the word
repetition of the line “I hear Bharat celebrating.” “humming” sounds like the soft buzzing noise
This repetition creates a full circle, leaving the of electrical work, making the scene feel real
reader with a lasting feeling of patriotism and a and alive.
deep respect for the “dignity of labor”—the idea 8. Repetition: Using the same word more
that all jobs, no matter how small, deserve our than once for emphasis. For example, the
highest respect. word “celebrating” is repeated multiple
times throughout the poem — “celebrating
4. LITERARY DEVICES their craft”, “celebrating dreams”, “each
celebrating what belongs to them” — strongly
The poem “Gifts of Grace: Honouring Our
emphasising joy and pride in one’s work.
Vocations” does not follow a strict stanzaic
9. Parallelism: Using the same grammatical
structure. The rhyme scheme is free verse.
structure in multiple lines to create balance
1. Refrain: A line or phrase repeated at regular
and rhythm. For example, “for the feet that
intervals for emphasis. For example, “I hear
walk, dance, run, jump, return home” shows
Bharat celebrating, the varied vocations
a series of action words in the same form,
I hear” at the opening and “I hear Bharat
creating a balanced and energetic rhythm.
celebrating, the varied voices I hear” at the

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

10. Symbolism: Using something to represent a Ans :

deeper meaning. For example, “the varied 1. A farmer, 2. A potter, 3. A mason (or builder),
vocations” and “the varied voices” symbolise 4. A cook (or chef)
the diversity of India — different people,
different jobs, yet all united in the celebration II. What is the role and relevance of the people you
of work and identity. identified in the riddles. How do they contribute
11. Enjambment: When a sentence or thought to the society? Discuss with your classmates and
runs over from one line to the next without a teacher.
pause. For example, “The boatmen gathering
their nets from the shore, sailing, and singing
while at work, return to tell the tales of life
at sea” shows one continuous flowing thought

NODIA
spread across multiple lines.
12. Apostrophe: Directly addressing an absent
person, place or idea. For example, “I hear
Bharat celebrating” shows the poet directly
addresses Bharat — India — as if speaking to
or about a living, breathing presence that can
celebrate and have a voice.

5. MESSAGE
The poem gives us a simple but important
Ans :
message that every type of work deserves respect.
The people identified—a farmer, a potter, a
No job is small or big, and each person plays a
mason, and a cook—play foundational roles in
valuable role in society. It teaches us to take pride
human society.
in our own work and respect others for theirs. Our
1. The Farmer provides the most basic human
vocation is closely connected to our identity, and
need : food. Without their hard work in the
by honouring all professions, we create a more
fields, society could not survive.
equal and happy society.
2. The Potter creates essential vessels for storage
and cooking while also keeping traditional
6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS arts and cultural heritage alive.
3. The Mason builds homes, schools, and
infrastructure, providing us with safe shelters
Reflect and Respond
and spaces to live and work.
I. Given below are four riddles. Read and identify 4. The Cook nourishes people, bringing
who these people are. communities and families together through
the art of preparing food.
1. In furrows deep, secrets I sow, Together, they contribute to the functioning,
As time passes, well-being, and cultural richness of society. Every
I watch them grow. vocation fills a specific, vital need, proving that
Who am I? _____ all forms of labor are essential and deserving of
respect.
2. From wheel to kiln, my skill is born,
Step by step, an art takes form. Check Your Understanding
Who am I? _____
I. Based on your understanding of the poem, state
3. I lay foundations, brick by brick, whether the following statements are true or
To build a house, it’s me you pick. false. Also, rectify the false statements.
Who am I? _____ 1. The poem highlights the skilled work of
craftsperson.
4. I work with pots, pans, and spice,
2. The poet shares that musicians express
Creating dishes that taste so nice.
emotions through their instruments.
Who am I? _____
PAGE 508 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

3. The carpenters in the poem are admired for Ans :

their logical work. The speaker appears to be an observant and
4. The electricians in the poem are recognised appreciative citizen of Bharat (India) or the poet
for their crucial role in lighting up lives. themselves. Their role is to bear witness to the
5. The poem pays homage to shoemakers who diverse workforce of the nation, acknowledging,
manufacture quality footwear. praising, and giving a voice to the dignity of
6. The poem celebrates the patriotism of the various professions.
people of Bharat.
7. The poet feels that each vocation deserves to 3. Tone and Moods
be respected. Fill in the blanks with suitable options from the
box given below.
Ans :
1. True serious celebratory hostile
2. True reverential joyful sympathetic
3. False
A. The tone is _____ and _____ , depicting
Rectification : The carpenters in the poem
a sense of admiration and respect for the
are admired for their mathematical precision
artisans and craftspersons.
in creating anything out of wood.
B. There is a _____mood throughout the
4. True
poem, capturing the vibrancy and richness of
5. True
cultural traditions and skills.
6. False
Rectification : The poem celebrates the varied Ans :
vocations, skills, and the pride of workers in A. The tone is reverential and celebratory,
their daily jobs in Bharat, rather than just depicting a sense of admiration and respect
the concept of patriotism. for the artisans and craftspersons.
7. True B. There is a joyful mood throughout the
poem, capturing the vibrancy and richness of
II. Let us appreciate the poem. cultural traditions and skills.

1. Rhyme Scheme and Lineation 4. Imagery

i. Does the poem strictly adhere to a rhyme i. Select any two descriptions from the poem
scheme, or is it in free verse? that evoke visual images.
ii. What is the impact of the varying length of ii. Fill in the blanks with suitable phrases.
lines in the poem? The poem includes auditory imagery through
iii. What is the pattern in the structure of most mentions of artisans with lutes, _____, and
lines of the poem? _____, emphasising the sounds associated
Ans : with each vocation.
i. The poem does not strictly adhere to a rhyme Ans :
scheme; it is written in free verse. i. Two descriptions that evoke strong visual
ii. The varying length of the lines reflects the images are:
diverse and rhythmic nature of the different 1. “...woven with colours and myriad hues.”
vocations being celebrated. It mimics the 2. “The boatmen gathering their nets from
natural, varied flow of daily life and the the shore...”
unique pacing of different types of physical ii. The poem includes auditory imagery
and creative work. through mentions of artisans with lutes, “the
iii. Most lines in the poem follow a distinct electricians humming”, and “the delicious
pattern: they first introduce the specific singing of the cook”, emphasising the sounds
vocation or worker (e.g., “The carpenters,” associated with each vocation.
“The electricians”), and then immediately
describe the actions, skills, or contributions 5. Metaphor
associated with their craft. State whether the following sentence is true or
false.
2. Speaker The mention of ‘delicious singing’ of the cook is
Who appears to be the speaker and what is her/ a metaphor because it implies that the quality of
his role here?

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

the singing is so enjoyable or pleasing that it can The delicious singing of the cook, or the rhythm
be equated to the experience of tasting something of designer, mason, each celebrating what belongs
delicious. to them and to none else,
Ans :
1. The poet says that the shoemakers ‘affirm’ the
True.
quality of their work. What does ‘affirm’ refer to
6. Personification here?
Select the line that tells us that the poet (i) to make adjustments in
personifies vocations by attributing human-like (ii) to declare with confidence
qualities to them. (iii) to label the goods
Ans : (iv) to justify the efforts
The line is: “The voice of their vocation is the
voice of their identity.” (Vocation is given a 2. What do quality shoes help with, according to
human “voice”). the poet?

7. Repetition 3. What does ‘return home’ symbolise besides the

Why might the poet have begun and ended with literal act of returning?
the same line—‘I hear Bharat celebrating, the
varied vocations I hear!’ ? 4. Identify the phrase that tells us that every
worker’s contribution is distinct.
Ans :
The poet uses repetition to create a cohesive, 5. Complete the following with suitable words.
cyclical structure that reinforces the central theme …for the feet that walk, dance, run, jump, return
of the poem. Beginning and ending with this line home refers to _____.
emphasizes the continuous, collective harmony
Ans :
and the ever-present celebration of India’s diverse
1. (ii) to declare with confidence
workforce.
2. According to the poet, quality shoes support
8. Alliteration people in their everyday movements, helping
Identify two examples of alliteration from the feet to comfortably walk, dance, run, jump,
poem. and eventually return home safely.
3. Besides the literal act, ‘return home’
Ans :
symbolises the successful, safe completion of
Two examples of alliteration are:
a day’s journey, bringing a sense of comfort,
1. “sailing, and singing” (repetition of the ‘s’
security, and rest after a day of hard work or
sound).
activity.
2. “tell the tales” (repetition of the ‘t’ sound).
4. The phrase is: “each celebrating what belongs
9. Symbolism to them and to none else”.
Each vocation in the poem symbolises something 5. …for the feet that walk, dance, run, jump,
more than just a job. What does it symbolise? return home refers to “the various physical
Ans : activities, journeys, and experiences
Each vocation symbolises the unique identity, undertaken by people in their daily lives”.
passion, and personal pride of the worker. II. Answer the following questions.
NODIA

Collectively, they symbolise the dignity of labor

and the intricate cultural and social fabric of the 1. Why does the poet say, ‘I hear Bharat celebrating,
nation, showing how individual contributions the varied vocations I hear’ ?
build a thriving society. Ans :
The poet says this to express that the nation
Critical Reflection (Bharat) thrives and rejoices in the diverse
I. Read the extract given below and answer the skills, trades, and hard work of its people. The
questions that follow. harmonious combination of all these different
The shoemakers affirming the quality of their professions working together successfully is
work, for the feet that walk, dance, run, jump, compared to a grand celebration.
return home.
PAGE 510 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. What does the electrician ‘humming’ while getting and “delicious singing” allows us to hear the
ready for work suggest? joyful, rhythmic sounds of people happily engaged
Ans : in their respective trades.
The ‘humming’ suggests that the electrician is
focused, content, and takes genuine pleasure in Vocabulary in Context
their work. It reflects a positive, enthusiastic
I. People of different vocations are being described
attitude toward their job of bringing light and
in the poem. Match the vocations given in the
energy into people’s lives.
box below with the descriptions that follow.
3. Explain the significance of the line, ‘The voice of ASHA worker confectioner sericulturist
their vocation is the voice of their identity.’ welder horticulturist goldsmith
Ans :
1. A person who studies or grows garden plants:
This line signifies that a person’s profession
_____
is deeply interwoven with who they are as an
2. A trained female community health worker:
individual. Their work is not just a chore to earn
_____
a living; it is a profound expression of their unique
3. A producer of raw silk: _____
talents, their pride, and their personal identity in
4. A person whose job is making or selling sweets
the world.
and chocolates: _____
4. Do you think the role of all the people belonging 5. A metalworker who specialises in working
to different vocations is important in our daily with precious metals: _____
lives? Support your answer with a reason. 6. A person who fuses materials together:
Ans : _____
Yes, the roles of people in all different vocations Ans :
are extremely important. Society functions like 1. A person who studies or grows garden plants:
a machine where every gear is necessary. We horticulturist
rely on farmers for food, masons for shelter, and 2. A trained female community health worker:
electricians for power. Because no single person ASHA worker
can do everything, we depend on the specialized 3. A producer of raw silk : sericulturist
skills of others to lead comfortable, balanced, and 4. A person whose job is making or selling sweets
safe lives. and chocolates : confectioner
5. A metalworker who specialises in working
5. Why is the poet celebrating all the vocations in with precious metals: goldsmith
the poem? Explain by giving examples from your 6. A person who fuses materials together: welder
context.
II. Identify the word from Column 2 that is not the
Ans : synonym of the words given in Column 1.
The poet celebrates all vocations to highlight the
dignity of labor and to remind us that every job is Column 1 Column 2
essential to a functioning society. For example, in 1. myriad i. countable, innumerable,
a school context, while teachers are essential for numerous, abundant
education, the sanitation workers who keep the
campus clean and the bus drivers who transport 2. hues ii. shades, tints, drawing,
students safely are equally vital. Every role colour
deserves recognition and respect. 3. precision iii. exactness, accuracy,
correctness, calculation
6. How does the poet use sensory imagery to bring
out the beauty of everyday work? 4. varied iv. assorted, diverse, uniform,
different
Ans :
The poet uses vivid sensory imagery to make 5. delicious v. mouth-watering, inedible,
everyday work feel vibrant and alive. Visual tasty, flavourful
imagery like “woven with colours” helps us see Ans :
the beauty of crafts, while auditory imagery such 1. myriad : countable
as “artisans with lutes,” “electricians humming,” 2. hues : drawing

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

3. precision : calculation Each student speaks for 1–2 minutes about their
4. varied : uniform vocation—who they are, what they do, where
5. delicious : inedible they work, what kind of experiences they have
at work, what problems they face and a message
Listen and Respond for all.

I. You will listen to two friends, a boy and a girl

discussing the occupations of their parents. As
you listen, answer the following question in two
to three words only. (Transcript for teacher on
page 262)
What does the boy use to understand the details
of the tools?
Ans :
toy cars Ans :
“Hello everyone, I am representing the Potter.
II. You will listen to the girl and the boy once again.
I am an artisan who works with clay to create
As you listen, answer the questions by selecting
beautiful and useful items. I work in my small
the correct option.
courtyard, using a spinning potter’s wheel and a
1. The girl is _____ about taking food for her
hot kiln. I take a simple lump of wet mud and,
mother at the factory.
with careful steps, mould it into pots, bowls, and
(i) happy vases. The experience of creating something out
(ii) boastful of the earth is deeply satisfying and brings me
(iii) unsure great joy. However, my work can be physically
2. The boy thinks that the job of the girl’s exhausting, and in today’s world of factory-made
mother carries a lot of _____. plastics, it is sometimes hard to earn a fair living.
(i) luck My message to you all is to value and support
(ii) risk handmade crafts, as they carry the love, tradition,
and hard work of the artisan.”
(iii) responsibility
3. The girl _____why the boy is good at
Writing Task
science exhibitions.
(i) wonders I. Your school will be organising a ‘Career Mela’ in
(ii) questions which students are to be made familiar with the
(iii) realises different career options. Complete the poster for
4. The girl shares her _____ about joining the event given below.
NODIA

the weekend discussion on tools.

(i) doubts
(ii) wish
(iii) ideas
Ans :
1. (i) happy
2. (iii) responsibility
3. (iii) realises
4. (i) doubts

Speaking Activity
The poet speaks of several occupations in the
poem.
Create groups of five. Allot the role of any five
vocations that the poet talks about. Each student
A poster is used to announce an event. It has
in the group will represent one vocation.
the following features:
PAGE 512 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• placed in a box
• visually attractive
• letters of different fonts and size
• proportionate spacing
• word limit: 50
Ans :
ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL
announces
CAREER MELA
to spread awareness about various careers on 25
February from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
at the School Auditorium, Main Campus
Highlights :

NODIA
• Details, information brochures provided for
all streams
• Counsellors for all students and parents
• Interactive workshops and sessions with R.L. Stevenson
professionals Ans :
CHART YOUR FUTURE AT CAREER MELA The poem describes a child who eagerly waits
Entry Tickets : FREE every evening to watch the lamplighter light the
street lamps. While others dream of different
The Principal professions like driver, sailor, or banker, the
St. Xavier’s High School child wishes to become a lamplighter when he
grows up. He admires the lamplighter’s work and
Learning Beyond the Text finds it exciting. The poem also shows that the
lamplighter plays an important role by bringing
I. You must have read poems and songs related to
light and comfort to people’s lives.
childhood fascination about different vocations in
English and in your own language. Now, read and II. Visit the website [Link]
enjoy the poem given below. Collect information on any one vocation of your
The Lamplighter choice. Prepare a presentation explaining the
My tea is nearly ready and the sun has left the following.
sky; • Reason for your choice
It’s time to take the window to see Leerie going • How is it helpful to the society and self?
by; Ans :
For every night at tea-time and before you take Vocation : Electrician
your seat; Reason for your choice : I chose this vocation
With lantern and with ladder he comes posting because electricity is the invisible backbone of the
up the street. modern world. I am fascinated by the practical
Now Tom would be a driver and Maria go to sea, application of science and how wiring and circuits
And my papa’s a banker and as rich as he can be; function to power our everyday lives.
But I, when I am stronger and can choose what How is it helpful to the society and self ? :
I’m to do, For Society : Electricians ensure public safety
O Leerie, I’ll go round at night and light the and convenience by installing, maintaining,
lamps with you! and repairing electrical systems. They keep our
For we are very lucky, with a lamp before the hospitals running, our schools lit, and our homes
door, comfortable.
And Leerie stops to light it as he lights so many For Self : It is a highly skilled, respectable, and
more; continuously evolving profession. It provides
And O! before you jurry by with ladder and with steady employment, enhances problem-solving
light, skills, and brings immense personal satisfaction
O Leerie, see a little child and nod to him to- by directly improving the quality of people’s lives.
night!
 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

III. 5. The hard work of the people is seen not as a

burden, but as a ______.
A Japanese Haiku
(a) Tedious burden (b) Grand celebration
Make up your mind, Snail!
You are half inside your house, (c) Sad obligation (d) Quiet punishment
And halfway out! Ans :
Haiku is a traditional Japanese poetry form. A (b) Grand celebration
very short poem consisting of 17 syllable verses
6. Assertion (A): The poet views hard work as a
divided into three lines, with five syllables in
joyful celebration of life.
the first, seven syllables in the second, and five
Reason (R): The workers feel heavily burdened by
syllables in the third.
their daily, repetitive tasks.
Now, create a Haiku poem and share with your
(a) Both Statement A and Statement R are
classmates and teacher.
entirely true.
Ans :
(b) Both Statement A and Statement R are
Haiku :
entirely false.
Soft breeze in the trees,
(c) Statement A is entirely true, but Statement
Golden leaves dance in sunlight,
R is false.
Autumn whispers low.
(d) Statement A is entirely false, but Statement
R is true.
7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Ans :
(c) Statement A is entirely true, but Statement
Multiple Choice Type Questions R is false.

1. What is the central theme of the poem discussed 7. What exactly does the poem aim to showcase?
in the text? (a) Diverse workers (b) Ancient temples
(a) Dignity of labor (b) History of Bharat (c) Foreign tourists (d) Silent streets
(c) Beauty of nature (d) Freedom struggle Ans :
Ans : (a) Diverse workers
(a) Dignity of labor 8. Who provides our most basic and essential need?
2. The poem paints a vibrant picture of the nation (a) The carpenter (b) The shoemaker
______. (c) The mechanic (d) The farmer
(a) Ancient Rome (b) Modern Europe Ans :
(c) Nation Bharat (d) Rural London (d) The farmer
Ans : 9. What is the farmer’s main contribution to the
(c) Nation Bharat society?
3. How does the poet view the nation as a whole? (a) Making clothes (b) Providing food
(a) Divided groups (b) Collective harmony (c) Building homes (d) Crafting tools
(c) Silent observers (d) Isolated workers Ans :
Ans : (b) Providing food
(b) Collective harmony 10. Who is described as keeping cultural traditions
4. What role does the poet play in the context of alive?
the poem? (a) The plumber (b) The painter
(a) Strict teacher (b) Wealthy trader (c) The potter (d) The poet
(c) Angry politician (d) Observant citizen Ans :
Ans : (c) The potter
(d) Observant citizen

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PAGE 514 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

11. What does the potter craft with immense 17. Which of the following statements is correct
dedication? regarding the shoemaker?
(a) Metal shields (b) Clay vessels I. Shoemakers proudly craft quality footwear.
(c) Wooden chairs (d) Glass bottles II. Their footwear helps people safely dance.
III. Shoemakers absolutely hate their daily jobs.
Ans :
(a) Only Statements I and II
(b) Clay vessels
(b) Only Statements II and III
12. Masons build the crucial foundations of our (c) Only Statements I and III
______. (d) All of the three statements
(a) Cars and bikes (b) Homes and schools
Ans :
(c) Ships and boats (d) Parks and roads (a) Only Statements I and II
Ans :
(b) Homes and schools 18. Which worker brings families together according
to the text?
13. Who skillfully shapes wood into useful, everyday (a) The artisan (b) The doctor
items? (c) The farmer (d) The cook
(a) The carpenter (b) The shoemaker
Ans :
(c) The electrician (d) The boatman (d) The cook
Ans :
(a) The carpenter 19. How exactly does the cook unite families together?
(a) Playing music (b) Weaving crafts
14. What specific skill is the carpenter heavily (c) Telling stories (d) Nourishing food
admired for?
Ans :
(a) Musical talent
(d) Nourishing food
(b) Physical strength
(c) Mathematical precision 20. Artisans are noted for weaving beautiful
(d) Chemical knowledge ______.
(a) Plastic toys (b) Iron fences
Ans :
(c) Mathematical precision (c) Colorful crafts (d) Golden rings
Ans :
15. Who is responsible for bringing light and energy (c) Colorful crafts
into homes?
(a) The artisan (b) The plumber 21. What do the crafts made by artisans actively
(c) The mason (d) The electrician enrich?
(a) Our economy (b) Our science
Ans :
(d) The electrician (c) Our politics (d) Our culture
Ans :
16. Why does the shoemaker take immense pride in (d) Our culture
his craft?
(a) He uses the most expensive materials 22. What is described as being deeply connected to
available. identity?
NODIA

(b) He supports people as they move and walk (a) One’s profession (b) One’s birthplace
safely. (c) One’s language (d) One’s religion
(c) He earns a massive amount of money every Ans :
month. (a) One’s profession
(d) He is famous and known across the whole
nation. 23. What does the quote about vocation and identity
fundamentally mean?
Ans :
(a) Workers must shout loudly while they are
(b) He supports people as they move and walk
working.
safely.
 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

(b) Everyone should strive to have the exact same (c) Only Statements II and III
job.
28. Which specific poetic structure is utilized in this
(c) Daily tasks express one’s unique personal
poem?
pride.
(a) Strict sonnet (b) Blank verse
(d) A person’s job has nothing to do with
personality. (c) Free verse (d) Haiku poetry

Ans : Ans :
(c) Daily tasks express one’s unique personal (c) Free verse
pride.
29. Why does the poet deliberately use varying line
24. What do the workers uniquely do while they are lengths?
working? (a) To simply confuse readers
(a) Cry and weep (b) Argue loudly (b) To just save blank space
(c) Sleep quietly (d) Hum and sing (c) To show pure, utter chaos
Ans : (d) To mimic varied job rhythms
(d) Hum and sing Ans :
(d) To mimic varied job rhythms
25. What does the humming and singing of the
workers indicate? 30. The poet starts and ends with, ‘I hear ______
(a) Extreme sadness (b) Deep, pure anger celebrating’.
(c) Genuine, true joy (d) Absolute boredom (a) Bharat (b) Europe
Ans : (c) Nature (d) London
(c) Genuine, true joy Ans :
(a) Bharat
26. Assertion (A): Workers hum and sing during their
daily tasks. 31. Why does the poet carefully repeat the opening
Reason (R): They find genuine contentment and and closing lines?
enthusiasm in what they do. (a) To strictly follow the rules of ancient poetry.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (b) Because the poet forgot the other written
explanation. verses.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the (c) To emphasize continuous, collective harmony.
correct explanation.
(d) To show that India currently has very few
(c) Statement A is entirely true, but Statement workers.
R is completely false.
Ans :
(d) Statement A is entirely false, but Statement
(c) To emphasize continuous, collective harmony.
R is completely true.
Ans : 32. Which literary tool brings the beauty of everyday
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct work to life?
explanation. (a) Sarcasm (b) Imagery
(c) Irony (d) Satire
27. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding the workers? Ans :
I. Daily tasks are a heavy, unbearable burden. (b) Imagery
II. Professions express people’s unique talents.
33. The description of colorful weaves is a prime
III. Workers find immense joy in what they do.
example of ______.
(a) Only Statements I and II
(a) Auditory imagery (b) Visual imagery
(b) Only Statements I and III
(c) Tactile imagery (d) Olfactory imagery
(c) Only Statements II and III
Ans :
(d) All of the three statements
(b) Visual imagery
Ans :

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PAGE 516 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

34. Who is specifically described as using nets in the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
poem? explanation.
(a) The farmers (b) The masons (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(c) The potters (d) The boatmen correct explanation.
Ans : (c) Statement A is entirely true, but Statement
(d) The boatmen R is completely false.
(d) Statement A is entirely false, but Statement
35. The strumming of lutes is a clear example of R is completely true.
______.
Ans :
(a) Visual imagery (b) Auditory imagery (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) Tactile imagery (d) Olfactory imagery explanation.
Ans :
41. The ultimate message suggests society functions
(b) Auditory imagery
like a ______.
36. Who is explicitly described as humming in the (a) Broken clock (b) Raging river
auditory imagery? (c) Oiled machine (d) Quiet forest
(a) The shoemaker (b) The carpenter Ans :
(c) The electrician (d) The boatman (c) Oiled machine
Ans :
42. In this societal machine, every single working gear
(c) The electrician
is ______.
37. What specific poetic device is the phrase “delicious (a) Necessary (b) Defective
singing”? (c) Replaceable (d) Expensive
(a) Simile (b) Irony Ans :
(c) Oxymoron (d) Metaphor (a) Necessary
NODIA

Ans :
43. Which of the following statements is correct
(d) Metaphor
regarding vocations?
38. What is actively compared in the metaphor I. Only the highest paying jobs truly matter.
“delicious singing”? II. All vocations are absolutely essential.
III. Every job highly deserves our respect.
(a) The joy of a cook’s song to the taste of food.
(a) Only Statements I and II
(b) The volume of a loud song to a quiet whisper.
(b) Only Statements I and III
(c) The color of a bright dress to the smell of
spices. (c) Only Statements II and III
(d) The pain of hard, daily work to the heat of (d) All of the three statements
the fire. Ans :
Ans : (c) Only Statements II and III
(a) The joy of a cook’s song to the taste of food.
44. What is the true, overarching message of the
39. What specific device gives the abstract vocation entire chapter?
a human “voice”? (a) Only the farmers and potters are truly
(a) Alliteration (b) Personification important.
(c) Enjambment (d) Assonance (b) People should strictly avoid working with wet
clay.
Ans :
(c) Society currently does not need specialized
(b) Personification
workers.
40. Assertion (A): The vocation is given a human (d) Every single vocation is honorable and
“voice” in the poem. essential.
Reason (R): The poet uses the literary tool known Ans :
as personification. (d) Every single vocation is honorable and
 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

essential. 5. In what way do the mason and the electrician

build and energize the community?
45. Working with the earth, such as farming, is
Ans :
considered highly ______.
Masons lay the crucial foundations and build
(a) Honorable (b) Dishonorable homes and schools, creating safe shelters and
(c) Pointless (d) Shameful spaces for learning. Meanwhile, the electrician is
Ans : responsible for bringing light and vital energy into
(a) Honorable these homes, illuminating spaces and powering
the daily lives of the citizens.

6. What justifies the shoemaker’s immense pride in

Short Answer Type Questions his daily craft?
1. How does the poet perceive the nation of Bharat Ans :
in the opening of the poem? The shoemaker takes immense pride in his
Ans : craft because he creates quality footwear that
The poet perceives Bharat as a nation of supports people as they move and walk safely.
collective harmony, rather than divided groups. His meticulous work protects their feet, enabling
As an observant citizen, the poet views the them to confidently go about their daily routines
diverse citizens and their hard work not as a and essential duties.
tedious burden, but as a grand, joyful celebration 7. How does the poet describe the role of the cook in
of life and unity. bringing people together?
2. What specific role does the farmer play in the Ans :
grand celebration of the nation? According to the poet, the cook plays a vital
Ans : role in uniting families. By preparing and serving
The farmer plays an essential role by providing nourishing food, the cook creates a shared
food, which is the most basic need of society. experience around the dining table, fostering
Working closely with the earth, the farmer’s warmth, love, and strong emotional bonds among
labor is considered highly honorable, forming the all family members.
fundamental backbone of the nation’s survival 8. What is the significance of the boatman’s work as
and its continuous celebration. depicted in the text?
3. How do the potter and the artisan actively Ans :
contribute to the cultural richness of Bharat? The boatman is explicitly depicted using nets,
Ans : indicating his role in navigating the waters
The potter crafts clay vessels with immense and sustaining livelihoods through fishing.
dedication, while artisans weave beautiful, colorful His dedicated labor contributes to the diverse
crafts. Both of these skilled workers do more than tapestry of the nation’s workforce, showcasing the
just create physical objects; they actively enrich importance of those who work on rivers and seas.
the nation’s cultural traditions, keeping ancient 9. Explain the profound connection between a
heritage vividly alive in everyday life. worker’s profession and their identity.
4. Why is the carpenter highly admired for Ans :
mathematical precision in the poem? The poem highlights that a person’s profession is
Ans : deeply connected to their identity. The daily tasks
The carpenter is admired for skillfully shaping and the “voice of their vocation” express their
wood into useful, everyday items. This craft unique personal pride and talents, showing that
requires mathematical precision to ensure a worker’s job actively shapes and reflects their
structural integrity and perfect proportions. Their true inner self.
exact calculations and careful measurements 10. Why do the workers hum and sing while
transform raw timber into essential, functional performing their daily, repetitive tasks?
pieces for the society.

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PAGE 518 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : to the excellent, appetizing taste of the food

The workers hum and sing because they find they prepare. It beautifully merges the sensory
genuine joy, contentment, and enthusiasm in experience of hearing a happy melody with the
what they do. Their singing indicates that their physical satisfaction of a nourishing meal.
daily tasks are not heavy burdens, but rather
joyful expressions of pride and fulfillment in their 16. How is personification used to give the abstract
specialized, honorable skills. concept of vocation a human quality?
Ans :
11. How does the poet strategically use free verse to The poet uses personification by referring to the

NODIA
mirror the theme of the poem? “voice of their vocation.” By giving an abstract
Ans : profession a human “voice,” the poet emphasizes
The poet utilizes free verse, deliberately avoiding that a person’s daily work actively speaks for
a strict, predictable rhyme scheme, and uses them, expressing their unique identity, pride, and
varying line lengths. This structure perfectly personal character to the world.
mimics the varied rhythms, diverse paces, and
unique nature of the different jobs performed by 17. Why does the poet compare the functioning of
the many workers across the nation. society to a well-oiled machine?
Ans :
12. What is the purpose of repeating “I hear Bharat The poet compares society to a well-oiled machine
celebrating” at the beginning and end? to show that every single working individual is a
Ans : necessary gear. We rely heavily on the specialized
The poet carefully repeats this opening and skills of others, and it is this interconnected
closing line to emphasize the continuous, collective dependency that keeps the entire nation running
harmony of the nation. It frames the entire poem, smoothly and harmoniously.
highlighting that the diverse, everyday labor of
all workers collectively constitutes a grand, never- 18. What message does the poem convey regarding
ending celebration of the country. the hierarchy of different professions?
Ans :
13. How does the poet employ visual imagery to bring The poem completely rejects any hierarchy of
everyday labor to life? professions. It conveys that no job is superior or
Ans : inferior. Whether it is a farmer, a mason, or a
The poet effectively uses visual imagery, such shoemaker, every single vocation is absolutely
as describing the vibrant, “colorful weaves” of essential, honorable, and highly deserving of our
the artisans and the careful casting of nets by utmost respect.
the boatmen. These striking visual details help
readers vividly picture the immense beauty and 19. How does the poem portray the core concept of
dedication in everyday labor. the ‘dignity of labor’ ?
Ans :
14. Provide examples of auditory imagery used in the The dignity of labor is portrayed by showing that
poem and explain its effect. all workers—from carpenters to potters—take
Ans : immense pride in their specialized crafts. Their
Examples of auditory imagery include the work is celebrated not as a sad obligation, but as
“strumming of lutes” and the electrician a dignified, essential contribution to the nation’s
“humming” at work. These sound-based details collective well-being.
make the poem immersive, allowing readers to
practically hear the joyful, rhythmic soundtrack 20. What ultimate conclusion does the observant
of the nation’s diverse workforce engaged in their citizen reach about the nation’s strength?
daily tasks. Ans :
The observant citizen concludes that the true
15. Explain the metaphor “delicious singing” used in strength of Bharat lies in its diverse workers. By
the context of the cook. respecting every specialized skill and recognizing
Ans : that all vocations are vital, the nation achieves
The metaphor “delicious singing” cleverly a beautiful, collective harmony that feels like a
compares the joy and beauty of a cook’s song continuous, joyful celebration.
 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

Long Answer Type Questions poet utilizes rich sensory imagery to bring the
work to life. Visual imagery, such as the “colorful
1. Explain how the poem champions the “dignity weaves” of the artisan, and auditory imagery, like
of labor” through its vivid portrayal of various the electrician “humming” or the “strumming
vocations. of lutes,” immerse the reader in the vibrant
Ans : atmosphere. The metaphor of “delicious singing”
The poem strongly promotes the idea of the perfectly bridges the sensory experiences.
“dignity of labor” by giving importance to Together, these poetic devices transform the
everyday jobs. It presents ordinary work as part mundane aspects of daily work into a vivid, joyful
of a larger national celebration, showing that all celebration of collective national harmony.
forms of labor are valuable.
Instead of focusing on rich or powerful people, 4. The poem suggests that society functions like a
the poet highlights the role of common workers well-oiled machine where every gear is necessary.
like farmers, masons, carpenters, and shoemakers. Elaborate on this idea with reference to the
These individuals take pride in their work, and specific workers mentioned in the text.
their joy is reflected through their singing and Ans :
enthusiasm. This challenges the belief that The poem portrays society as a vast, well-oiled
physical labor is inferior or burdensome. machine where every single working individual
In the end, the poem conveys that every job is an absolutely necessary gear. This concept of
is honorable and essential. Whether it involves interdependence highlights that we rely heavily
working with the land or building homes, each on the specialized skills of others to survive and
profession deserves equal respect and recognition thrive. For instance, the farmer provides our most
in society. basic need for food, while the mason builds the
crucial foundations of our homes. The electrician
2. Imagine you are the shoemaker mentioned in
brings light, and the carpenter shapes essential
the poem. Write a diary entry expressing your
wooden items with mathematical precision. If
feelings about your work and how it contributes
any of these “gears” were missing, the entire
to the nation’s journey.
societal machine would falter. By showcasing this
Ans :
interconnectedness, the poet emphasizes that no
Dear Diary,
job is insignificant or replaceable. Every vocation
Today was another fulfilling day at the workshop.
plays a vital role in keeping the nation functioning
As I crafted sturdy leather boots and stitched
smoothly and harmoniously.
comfortable sandals, I felt a deep sense of pride.
People often overlook the humble shoemaker, but 5. As an observant citizen, write a short speech
I know that my work is essential. to be delivered at a school assembly about why
I support my fellow citizens in their daily lives, we must respect all professions equally, drawing
helping them move safely and comfortably. My inspiration from the poem.
work enables farmers to plow fields and masons Ans :
to build homes without difficulty. The rhythmic Good morning everyone!
tapping of my hammer feels like my contribution Today, I want to talk about the unsung heroes
to the grand celebration of Bharat. My craft is my of our nation. As responsible citizens, we often
identity, and it brings me great joy to know that admire famous personalities but overlook the
I help keep the nation moving. silent and continuous efforts of everyday workers
around us.
3. Analyze how the poet uses free verse, varying
Think of the farmer who tills the land, the
line lengths, and sensory imagery to enhance the
mason who builds our schools, and the cook who
central theme of the poem.
brings families together with food. Our society
Ans :
runs smoothly because of these skilled individuals.
The poet masterfully employs free verse and
Their work is not a burden but a meaningful
varying line lengths to mirror the diverse rhythms
expression of their identity and dedication.
and unique paces of the different jobs performed
We must learn to respect every profession
across Bharat. Instead of a predictable rhyme
equally, as no job is small or unimportant. Let us
scheme, this organic structure mimics the natural,
always value and honor the dignity of labor that
unforced flow of daily labor. Furthermore, the

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PAGE 520 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

forms the foundation of our great nation, Bharat. this perspective by illustrating work as a “grand
Thank you. celebration.” Instead of depicting workers
6. “The voice of their vocation is the voice of their as tired or frustrated, the poem shows them
identity.” Discuss how a person’s daily work finding immense enthusiasm and genuine joy
shapes their personal pride and identity, using in their specialized tasks. This joy is evident in
examples from the poem. their actions; they do not complain, but rather
“hum and sing” while working. The metaphor of
Ans :
“delicious singing” reinforces this atmosphere of
The quote “The voice of their vocation is the
happiness. By highlighting this enthusiasm, the
voice of their identity” encapsulates the profound
poet infers that when work is viewed as a dignified
connection between a person and their craft. The
expression of identity rather than a mere chore, it
poem suggests that daily tasks do more than earn
becomes a source of profound personal fulfillment
a livelihood; they actively express an individual’s
and national harmony.
unique pride, talents, and character. For example,
the carpenter’s mathematical precision and the 9. Imagine you are the poet. Write a letter to a
potter’s immense dedication to shaping clay friend explaining what inspired you to write “I
vessels reflect their inner discipline and cultural hear Bharat celebrating” and what you hope
roots. When these workers hum and sing, it is readers will learn from it.
an expression of genuine joy and contentment in Ans :
who they are. Their profession is not an external Dear Friend,
burden but a core part of their being, proving that I hope you are well. I would like to share the
what we do with passion fundamentally shapes inspiration behind my poem, “I hear Bharat
and announces our true identity to the world. celebrating.” While walking through busy streets,
7. Compose a dialogue between the farmer and the I realized how often we overlook the contribution
electrician where they discuss the importance of everyday workers.
of their respective jobs and how they both help I observed the mason laying bricks, the
build the nation of Bharat. electrician humming at work, and the artisan
creating beautiful crafts. It made me understand
Ans :
that our society functions like a well-oiled
Farmer: It is a beautiful day! The soil is rich, and
machine, completely dependent on these skilled
I am proud to grow the food that nourishes our
individuals. To reflect this diversity, I chose free
entire nation.
verse to capture the natural rhythm of their work.
Electrician: Indeed, my friend! While you provide
My aim is to make readers appreciate the
the food that sustains our bodies, I work to bring
dignity of labor. I want them to understand that
light and energy into the homes you help feed.
every profession is valuable and forms an essential
Farmer: We truly are like gears in a well-oiled
part of our nation. Each worker is like a thread
machine. My harvest wouldn’t reach the markets
contributing to the rich and vibrant fabric of
smoothly without good roads, and the people
Bharat.
wouldn’t be able to cook my grains without your
Warmly,
power.
The Poet
Electrician: Exactly. When I hear my wires
humming, it feels like I am singing a duet with 10. Evaluate the theme of interdependence in the
the rhythmic thud of your plow. We both build poem. How does the text prove that no individual
Bharat in our own specialized, honorable ways. can survive without the specialized skills of
Every job truly matters! others?
8. Contrast the traditional view of labor as a “tedious Ans :
burden” with the poet’s depiction of work as a The theme of interdependence is central to the
“grand celebration.” How do the workers’ actions poem’s message. The text portrays Bharat as a
reflect this joy? collective harmony where no individual functions
in isolation. The poet illustrates society as a “well-
Ans :
oiled machine,” highlighting that every vocation
Traditionally, physical labor is often stereotyped
acts as a necessary gear. For example, a family
as a tedious, exhausting burden or a sad
cannot enjoy meals without the farmer who grew
obligation. However, the poet completely subverts

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

the ingredients, nor can they safely live in a house sensing the collective, everyday energy and
without the foundational work of the mason and pride of people engaged in their respective
the mathematical precision of the carpenter. By vocations.
showcasing these interconnected roles, the poem
proves that our daily survival relies entirely on 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
the specialized skills of others, emphasizing that questions that follows :
mutual respect for all professions is absolutely “The artisans with lutes, each hailing varied
crucial for the nation’s continued progress. emotions and celebrating dreams, echoing in the
streets.”
i. The phrase “hailing varied emotions” implies
Extract Based Questions that the music played by the artisans:
(a) evokes diverse human feelings
1. Read the extract given below and answer the
(b) demands money from listeners
questions that follows :
“I hear Bharat celebrating, the varied vocations (c) interrupts the daily workflow
I hear; (d) controls the changing weather
Those of craftsperson, each one celebrating their ii. Assertion (A): The artisans’ music resonates
craft, woven with colours and myriad hues.” throughout the public spaces.
Reason (R): They play the lute to express
i. What does the phrase “woven with colours” complex emotions and dreams.
suggest about the craft? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
(a) It is vibrant and diverse. correct explanation of A.
(b) It involves dyeing fabrics. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(c) It uses multiple threads. correct explanation of A.
(d) It requires painted yarns. (c) A is true but R is false.
ii. Which of the following statements are true (d) A is false but R is true.
based on the extract? iii. What does the image of music “echoing
I. The speaker perceives the nation as in the streets” convey about the artisans’
joyful. celebration?
II. Only craftspersons are celebrated here. iv. Which specific musical instrument is
III. The nation’s spirit is tied to its workers. associated with the artisans in these lines?
v. Fill in the blank:
(a) Only I and II
The artisans are not just playing music; they
(b) Only I and III
are actively celebrating their ______.
(c) Only II and III
Ans :
(d) All I, II and III
i. (a) evokes diverse human feelings
iii. What does the poet mean by “I hear Bharat
ii. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
celebrating”?
correct explanation of A.
iv. Identify the word from the extract that means
iii. The image of music “echoing in the streets”
‘countless or extremely great in number’.
conveys about the artisans’ celebration that
v. State True or False with a one-sentence
their joy and expression spreads widely, filling
reason:
the entire public space with life and energy.
NODIA

The speaker is physically listening to a loud,

iv. Lute (or lutes)
singular festival happening across the country.
v. dreams
Ans :
i. (a) It is vibrant and diverse. 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
ii. (b) Only I and III questions that follows :
iii. “I hear Bharat celebrating” is a metaphor “The carpenters celebrating; they create anything
for the poet sensing the collective pride and out of wood with mathematical precision,
energy of people engaged in their various The electricians humming; they get ready for
vocations across the nation. work, work with cables and wires to brighten our
iv. myriad lives,”
v. False, The phrase is a metaphor for the poet
PAGE 522 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

i. The phrase “mathematical precision” I. Gathering nets

indicates that the carpenters are: II. Sailing and singing
(a) highly skilled and exact III. Selling the fish
(b) rigid and uncreative IV. Sharing sea tales
(c) calculating their wages (a) I, II, and III
(d) trained mathematicians (b) I, II, and IV
ii. Assertion (A): The electricians are described
(c) II, III, and IV
as “humming” before they begin their work.
(d) I, III, and IV
Reason (R): They are nervous about working
iii. What does the act of singing while sailing
with dangerous cables and wires.
reveal about the boatmen’s attitude towards
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
their work?
correct explanation of A.
iv. Identify the exact phrase from the extract
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the that indicates the primary location where the
correct explanation of A. boatmen’s work takes place.
(c) A is true, but R is false. v. Fill in the blank:
(d) A is false, but R is true. The boatmen naturally engage in ______
iii. What does the word “brighten” suggest about while they are out on the water busy with
the electricians’ contribution to people’s lives? their occupation.
iv. What sensory image is used to describe the Ans :
joyful readiness of the electricians? i. (a) It is filled with rich experiences.
v. State True or False with a one-sentence ii. (b) I, II, and IV
reason: iii. The boatmen enjoy their work and express
The word “brighten” is used exclusively in their happiness through singing even while
a literal sense to mean providing electrical they are busy sailing.
light. iv. at sea (or “life at sea”)
Ans : v. singing
i. (a) highly skilled and exact
ii. (c) A is true, but R is false. 5. Read the extract given below and answer the
iii. It suggests that beyond providing light questions that follows :
literally, their work metaphorically makes “The shoemakers affirming the quality of their
people’s lives better and more convenient. work, for the feet that walk, dance, run, jump,
iv. humming (auditory imagery) return home.”
v. False, While it literally refers to providing i. By listing “walk, dance, run, jump”, the poet
light, it metaphorically means making is emphasizing:
people’s lives better and more convenient (a) the various exercises people do
through their work. (b) the durability of the shoemakers’ work
(c) the exhaustion felt by the workers
4. Read the extract given below and answer the
(d) the expensive nature of the footwear
questions that follows :
ii. Assertion (A): The shoemakers confidently
“The boatmen gathering their nets from the
affirm the quality of their craftsmanship.
shore, sailing, and singing while at work, return
Reason (R): Their shoes enable people to
to tell the tales of life at sea,”
safely engage in vigorous physical activities.
i. What does the act of returning to “tell the
tales” imply about the boatmen’s profession? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
correct explanation of A.
(a) It is filled with rich experiences.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(b) It requires them to write books.
correct explanation of A.
(c) It is entirely fictional and made-up.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) It leaves them exhausted and sad.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
ii. Which combination of actions defines the
iii. What does the sequence “walk, dance, run,
boatmen’s daily cycle as depicted in the
jump” tell us about the shoemakers’ craft?
extract?

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 GIFTS OF GRACE: HONOURING OUR VOCATIONS

iv. Find a word in the extract that means ‘stating ii. (a) A sense of patriotic pride in the diverse
as a fact strongly and publicly’. workforce.
v. State True or False with a one-sentence iii. The repetition creates a circular and unifying
reason: structure, showing that the celebration of
The shoemakers’ work caters exclusively to Bharat’s workforce is constant and ongoing.
professional athletes. iv. Alliteration
Ans : v. Bharat
i. (b) the durability of the shoemakers’ work
ii. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
correct explanation of A. 
iii. The shoemakers craft durable and reliable
shoes that support people through all kinds
of physical activities.
iv. affirming
v. False. The shoes are designed for everyday
people engaging in normal activities and
eventually returning home.

6. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows :
“The voice of their vocation is the voice of their
identity. I hear Bharat celebrating, the varied
voices I hear!”
i. What is the core message of the line “The
voice of their vocation is the voice of their
NODIA

identity”?
(a) People should speak loudly at work.
(b) A person’s work defines who they are.
(c) Vocations erase individual personality.
(d) Only vocal jobs provide an identity.
ii. Which of the following best captures the
speaker’s perspective in this concluding
stanza?
(a) A sense of patriotic pride in the diverse
workforce.
(b) A feeling of regret over the loss of old
traditions.
(c) An urge to standardize all professions in
the country.
(d) A desire to silence the noisy streets of the
nation.
iii. Why does the poet repeat “I hear” at both
the beginning and end of the poem?
iv. Identify the figure of speech used in the
repeated ‘v’ sound in “voice of their vocation”.
v. Fill in the blank:
The poet ultimately equates the celebration
of different vocations to the celebration of
______ itself.
Ans :
i. (b) A person’s work defines who they are.
PAGE 524 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 3
CANVAS OF SOIL

1. INTRODUCTION ready for creation. It is within these earthy spaces

that the beauty of artistic creation and the reality
The poem “Canvas of Soil” explores the profound of living, growing plants perfectly combine. The
connection between human creativity and the dedicated physical labor of the people who
natural world by comparing the act of gardening dig, plant, and care for the soil brings about a
to the fine art of painting. In this beautifully beautiful transformation. Through their hard
crafted piece, the setting transforms from a work, ordinary patches of dirt are completely
barren, measured plot of land into a vibrant, turned into still, living paintings.
living masterpiece. The premise revolves around
treating the earth as a rich palette and seeds
as delicate brushstrokes. As the seasons shift 3. EXPLANATION
to a rejuvenating spring, the poem captures
the magical biological process of dormant seeds Stanza 1
blooming into vivid hues, perfectly blending art
Palette of earth, rich and deep,
and life in a peaceful natural sanctuary.
Where dreams of gardeners seep.
Brushstrokes of seeds, planted true,
2. SUMMARY Awaiting spring’s vibrant hue.
Word Meaning :
The Earth as a Rich Foundation 1. Palette - A board used by an artist to mix
The poem opens by describing the dark, fertile soil colours; here, it refers to the rich soil of the
as a rich mixing board for colors that holds the earth.
deep hopes and visions of gardeners. The careful 2. Seep - To slowly soak into or flow through
and precise planting of seeds into the ground is something.
described as deliberate strokes of a paintbrush. 3. Brushstrokes - The marks made by a
These seeds rest safely hidden within the earth, paintbrush on a canvas; here, it means the
patiently waiting for the spring season to arrive neat lines of seeds planted in the soil.
so they can finally burst forth and reveal their 4. True - Planted accurately, straight, and with
bright, lively colors to the world. purpose.
The Colorful Display of Nature 5. Vibrant - Bright, energetic, and full of life.
The second part of the poem focuses on the 6. Hue - A shade or colour.
beautiful results that emerge when the flowers Explanation :
finally open. The fully grown blossoms create a In this opening stanza, the poet introduces a
highly visual scene, swaying gracefully as if they beautiful comparison between gardening and
are dancing in the bright morning sunlight. The painting. Literally, it describes how a gardener
garden is filled with a variety of bold shades, carefully plants seeds deep into the rich soil in
including green, red, and blue. This vibrant neat, straight lines, eagerly waiting for the bright,
physical display highlights nature’s ability colourful flowers to bloom when the spring season
to create fresh, ever-changing artwork that arrives.
constantly renews itself. On a deeper level, the stanza uses a metaphor
The Garden as a Living Masterpiece to compare the earth to an artist’s “palette.” Just
In the final stanza, every individual piece of as an artist mixes colours to create art, the earth
garden land is viewed as a wide, open surface holds the hopes and “dreams” of the gardener.

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 CANVAS OF SOIL

The act of planting seeds is compared to an artist Explanation :

making careful “brushstrokes.” The mood here is In the final stanza, the poet brings the whole idea
one of patience and hopeful expectation, as the together. Every patch of garden dirt is viewed as
gardener waits for nature to bring their artwork a large, blank canvas just waiting to be painted.
to life. In this special place, “art and life coincide,”
meaning that human creativity and the living,
Stanza 2 growing force of nature perfectly blend together
Blossoms bloom, a painted sight, into one experience.
Dancing in the morning light. The stanza celebrates the hard work of the
Shades of green, red, and blue, gardener. Through the physical effort of those
Nature’s artwork, ever new. who “till” or work the soil, a simple patch of dirt
is magically transformed into a living masterpiece.
Word Meaning :
The final line suggests that through the gardener’s
1. Blossoms - Flowers that have fully opened.
hands, the garden literally becomes a beautiful
2. Artwork - A beautiful creation or piece of art.
“still-life” painting that can be admired by
Explanation : everyone.
The second stanza shifts the focus from the
planting phase to the rewarding results. The seeds
have finally grown into beautiful, open flowers of
4. LITERARY DEVICES
various colours like green, red, and blue. When This poem consists of 3 stanzas of 4 lines each (12
the morning sunlight hits the garden, the flowers lines total). The rhyme scheme is AABB.
sway gently in the breeze, looking just like a 1. Metaphor: A direct comparison between two
magnificent, colourful painting. unlike things without using “like” or “as.” For
The poet uses a literary device called example, “Palette of earth, rich and deep”
personification by saying the flowers are shows the garden soil is directly compared to
“dancing” in the light, which makes the garden a painter’s palette, suggesting the earth holds
feel alive and joyful. The underlying theme here many colours and possibilities.
is that nature is the ultimate artist. Unlike a 2. Personification: Giving human qualities to
traditional painting hanging on a wall that never non-living things or nature. For example,
changes, “nature’s artwork” is dynamic, alive, “Where dreams of gardeners seep” shows
and constantly renewing itself every season. dreams are given the ability to physically
NODIA

seep into the earth, as if they are liquid.

Stanza 3 3. Imagery: Using descriptive words to create
Each plot, a canvas wide, a picture in the reader’s mind. For example,
Where art and life coincide. “Shades of green, red, and blue” shows vivid
In the hands of those who till, colour imagery that helps the reader visualise
Gardens become paintings still. the garden clearly.
4. Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant
Word Meaning :
sound at the beginning of nearby words. For
1. Plot - A small piece of land used for planting
example, “Brushstrokes of seeds, planted
vegetables or flowers.
true” shows the repetition of the soft ‘p’
2. Canvas - A strong, blank cloth that artists
sound in “planted” creating a rhythmic flow.
use for painting; here, it represents the empty
5. Symbolism: Using an object or idea to
garden plot.
represent something deeper. For example,
3. Coincide - To happen at the same time or
“Each plot, a canvas wide” shows the garden
come together in perfect harmony.
plot symbolises a blank canvas, representing
4. Till - To prepare and work the soil for growing
creativity and artistic potential in everyday
crops (like digging or plowing).
life.
5. Still - Here, it acts as a pun. It means “even
6. Simile: A comparison using “like” or “as.”
now,” but it also refers to a “still-life” painting
For example, “Each plot, a canvas wide”—
(a type of art showing natural, stationary
wait, this is a metaphor. The poem does “not
objects like flowers).
contain a simile”, so this device is absent
here.
PAGE 526 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. Oxymoron: Placing two contradictory ideas II. Look at the picture of a garden and a painting
together. For example, “Where art and life given below. Speak about any similarities between
coincide” shows art (something created) and the garden and the painting.
life (something natural) are presented as
meeting together, which is a surprising and
thought-provoking combination.
8. Enjambment: When a sentence or thought
continues beyond a single line without a
pause. For example, “In the hands of those
who till,/Gardens become paintings still”
shows the thought flows from one line to the
next without stopping, creating a smooth,
connected feeling.
Speak using the following :
5. MESSAGE 1. Just as a garden _____, similarly, a
painting _____
The poem “Canvas of Soil” gives a beautiful 2. A garden and a painting, both _____.
message about the strong bond between humans 3. _____ is common to both a garden and a
and nature. The poet explains that the earth is painting.
like a blank canvas, and planting seeds is like 4. Like a garden, a painting too _____.
painting a lovely picture. When we work gently
Ans :
with nature, it rewards us with a colorful, living
1. Just as a garden is filled with vibrant colours
masterpiece. The poet inspires us to love the
and diverse elements of nature, similarly, a
environment, protect its magic, and enjoy the
painting captures these vivid colours and
peace that comes from growing a simple garden.
elements on a canvas.
2. A garden and a painting, both are beautiful
expressions of art that require patience and
creativity to create.
3. A careful arrangement of colours, shades, and
visual balance is common to both a garden
and a painting.
6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS 4. Like a garden, a painting too brings joy,
peace, and aesthetic pleasure to those who
look at it.
Reflect and Respond
III. Let us acquaint ourselves with the meanings of
I. Work in pairs. Discuss what all you see in a
palette, hue, and canvas.
garden. Think of the colours you see and where
1. Palette : a thin oval or rectangular board or
you see them. Share your responses with your
tablet that a painter holds and mixes colours
teacher.
on.
Ans :
2. Hue : shade of a colour
In a garden, I usually see a variety of plants,
3. Canvas : (here) painting
towering trees, soft patches of grass, and different
Now, look at the painting given above and identify
types of insects like butterflies and bees. I see
palette, canvas, and select a hue
vibrant colours everywhere: the bright green of the
Ans :
leaves and grass, the striking red of roses on the
1. Palette : The board used by the painter to
bushes, the sunny yellow of sunflowers standing
mix colours (not shown directly in the picture,
tall, and the deep brown of the soil beneath the
but it is what artists use while painting).
plants. I also see the clear blue sky acting as a
2. Canvas : The painting shown in the picture
canopy over the garden.
itself.
3. Hue : For example, the green colour seen in
the trees (any visible shade like green, blue,
or brown can be a hue).

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 CANVAS OF SOIL

Check Your Understanding 3. Rhyme Scheme iii. ‘Blossoms

I. Read the poem again and complete the summary bloom’
of each stanza by filling in the blanks. 4. Tone [what the poet iv. colours,
1. The _____ is portrayed as a rich palette feels] brushstrokes,
where gardeners’ __ __ __ a __ s flourish blossoms,
in the form of _____ , awaiting spring. shades of green
2. The garden flowers _____ into a beautiful
5. Mood [what the v. a gardener
display of different b __ __ __ __ __ m
reader feels]
s, resembling a _____ by Mother Nature,
in the light of morning. 6. Speaker vi. garden as a
3. Each garden is likened to a wide __ __ painting, plot
n __ __ s, integrating art and _____. as canvas, seeds
Through the efforts of gardeners, gardens as brushstrokes
transform into still-life _____. 7. Alliteration [same vii. joyful
Ans : consonant sound]
1. The earth is portrayed as a rich palette where
Ans :
gardeners’ d r e a m s flourish in the form of
seeds, awaiting spring. Column 1 Column 2
2. The garden flowers bloom into a beautiful
1. Imagery [mind iv. colours,
display of different b l o s s o m s, resembling
pictures] brushstrokes,
a painted sight by Mother Nature, in the light
blossoms, shades
of morning.
of green
3. Each garden is likened to a wide c a n v a s,
integrating art and life. Through the efforts 2. Metaphor vi. garden as a
of gardeners, gardens transform into still-life [comparison painting, plot as
paintings. without use of ‘like’ canvas, seeds as
or ‘as’] brushstrokes
II. Select the appropriate title for each stanza from
3. Rhyme Scheme ii. AABB
those given below. There are two extra titles.
1. Nature’s Work of Art
2. Sweet-smelling Blossoms 4. Tone [what the i. appreciative
3. Gardens as Living Canvases poet feels]
NODIA

4. Earth and Possibilities 5. Mood [what the vii. joyful

5. The Painter’s Canvas reader feels]
Ans :
6. Speaker v. a gardener
Stanza 1 : 4. Earth and Possibilities
Stanza 2 : 1. Nature’s Work of Art 7. Alliteration [same iii. ‘Blossoms bloom’
Stanza 3 : 3. Gardens as Living Canvases consonant sound]

III. Match the poetic devices in Column 1 to the

Critical Reflection
examples in Column 2. Discuss your responses
in pairs. Then share the responses with your I. Read the given extracts from the poem and
classmates and teacher. answer the questions that follow.
Column 1 Column 2 1. Brushstrokes of seeds, planted true,
1. Imagery [mind i. appreciative Awaiting spring’s vibrant hue.
pictures]
i. The poet has used a metaphor in ‘Brushstrokes of
2. Metaphor ii. AABB seeds’. Which option from those given below uses
[comparison without a metaphor?
use of ‘like’ or ‘as’] A. Her mother’s heart heard her heartfelt request
with kindness.
B. She has a heart of gold.
PAGE 528 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

C. Her heart did a dance of joy on seeing the ii. Select which option imitates the rhyme scheme of
new doll. the extract.
D. She has a very kind heart. A. beautiful and clear
laughter and cheer
ii. Complete the sentence appropriately.
B. beautiful and clear
The phrase ‘planted true’ is significant because it
laughter and tears
implies _____.
iii. Select the line from the extract that conveys that
iii. Why has the poet used the word ‘hue’ instead of
gardening blends aesthetic beauty with natural
‘colours’ in the extract?
growth.
iv. Complete the following analogy correctly with a
iv. Complete the following sentence appropriately.
word from the extract.
The plot is likened to a canvas suggesting that
Summer : hot : : Spring : _____
_____.
v. Read the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) and
v. Why has the poet most likely used the word ‘wide’
select the option that is correctly suited.
instead of ‘long’ in ‘canvas wide’ ?
Assertion (A) : Gardeners wait for Spring.
Reason (R) : Gardens are worth painting in Ans :
Spring. i. ‘Each plot’ refers to a specific, measured
piece of earth or land in the garden that the
A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
gardener has prepared for planting seeds.
correct explanation of (A).
ii. B. beautiful and clear / laughter and cheer
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the “wide” and “coincide” rhyme (AA). “clear”
correct explanation of (A). and “cheer” also rhyme (AA), whereas “clear”
C. (A) is true but (R) is false.
NODIA

and “tears” do not

D. (A) is false but (R) is true. iii. “Where art and life coincide.”
Ans : iv. The plot is likened to a canvas suggesting that
i. B. She has a heart of gold. just as an artist uses a blank canvas to create
It directly compares her heart to gold without a masterpiece with paint, a gardener uses the
using ‘like’ or ‘as’. empty earth to create a beautiful masterpiece
ii. The phrase ‘planted true’ is significant with living plants and flowers.
because it implies that the seeds were planted v. The poet most likely used the word ‘wide’ to
with great precision, care, and hope so that rhyme with the word ‘coincide’ in the next
they will successfully grow and bloom. line. Additionally, “wide” gives the reader a
iii. The poet has used the word ‘hue’ because it sense of an expansive, open space filled with
adds a refined, artistic touch that matches endless creative possibilities.
the metaphor of the garden being a painting.
II. Give reasons for the comparisons made by the
Furthermore, ‘hue’ perfectly rhymes with the
poet in the poem.
word ‘true’ in the previous line, maintaining
the AABB rhyme scheme of the poem. 1. A painter is compared to a gardener because
iv. vibrant _____.
v. B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not Ans :
the correct explanation of (A). A painter is compared to a gardener because both
Gardeners wait for spring because it is the use vision, patience, and creativity to transform a
season when seeds germinate and flowers blank space into a beautiful piece of art.
bloom, not exclusively because the gardens
are worth painting then, although both 2. A palette is like earth as _____.
statements are true in the context of the Ans :
poem’s themes A palette is like earth as it serves as the
foundational base where raw materials (colours
2. Each plot, a canvas wide,
for a painter, seeds for a gardener) are mixed and
Where art and life coincide.
nurtured.
i. What does ‘Each plot’ refer to in this extract?
 CANVAS OF SOIL

3. The brushstrokes are like seeds because _____. 4. Support the view that the poet’s mention of the
Ans : colour yellow, besides red, blue and green, would
The brushstrokes are like seeds because just as have lent effectively to the imagery.
an artist carefully applies individual brushstrokes Ans :
to build a complete painting, a gardener carefully Yellow is intrinsically linked to nature; it represents
places individual seeds that will eventually grow the warmth of the sun and the bright petals of
into a complete garden. common flowers like sunflowers and marigolds.
Including yellow would have added an extra layer
4. A canvas is similar to a garden plot as _____. of warmth and brightness to the poem, making
Ans : the imagery of “morning light” and “vibrant
A canvas is similar to a garden plot as both hues” feel even more radiant and complete.
represent an empty, waiting space that is meant to
be filled with life, colour, and artistic expression. 5. Considering the line ‘Gardens become paintings
still’, what can you interpret about the poet’s
III. Answer the following questions. view on the timelessness of nature’s beauty?
Ans :
1. How does the metaphor ‘Brushstrokes of seeds’,
The poet views nature’s beauty as enduring and
enhance the understanding of gardening as an art
eternal. The word “still” functions in two ways:
form?
it references a “still-life” painting (capturing a
Ans : perfect, frozen moment of beauty), and it also
This metaphor compares the physical act of implies that despite the changing seasons and the
planting seeds to a painter delicately applying passage of time, the garden remains a constant,
paint with a brush. It elevates gardening from living work of art.
a simple physical chore to a thoughtful, creative
process, showing that a gardener must have an 6. Justify the title of the poem, ‘Canvas of Soil’.
artistic vision and place each seed with intention Ans :
to create a beautiful final picture. The title perfectly summarizes the central
extended metaphor of the poem. Just as a canvas
2. What can you infer about the poet’s perspective
is the physical material on which a painter creates
on the relationship between nature and creativity
art, the soil is the physical medium on which the
from the following lines?
gardener creates their masterpiece. It beautifully
‘Each plot, a canvas wide,/Where art and life
captures the idea that the earth itself is the
coincide.’
starting point for nature’s artwork.
Ans :
The poet believes that nature and human creativity Vocabulary in Context
are deeply interconnected and harmonious. By
stating that art and life “coincide,” the poet I. The poet refers to the shades of green, red, and
suggests that gardening is a beautiful collaboration blue in the poem. Let us read some of the names
where human artistic effort meets the natural, of different shades of these colours.
biological miracle of living, growing plants.

3. Do you think the imagery in the poem successfully

paints a vivid picture in the reader’s mind? If yes,
why? If no, why not?
Ans :
Yes, the imagery in the poem is highly successful.
By using evocative phrases like “rich and deep
palette,” “vibrant hue,” “dancing in the morning
light,” and explicitly mentioning “shades of green, Now, Discuss in pairs, any two things that you
red, and blue,” the poet allows the reader to can associate with these colours.
mentally visualize the bright, lively colours and Ans :
the gentle movements of a flourishing garden. Sky blue : I associate this colour with a clear
summer sky on a warm day, and the shallow, clear
waters of an ocean beach.

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PAGE 530 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Pine green : I associate this colour with the deep for teacher on page 264)
foliage of a forest, and the needles of a Christmas
tree in winter.

II. You have studied painting-related words like

palette, brushstrokes, shades, hue, colours, and
canvas. Now, read the following paragraph and
discuss in pairs what the underlined painting-
related words might mean. Discuss this way:
I think _____ means _____because the
passage talks about _____. Ans :
Example : I think portrait means a picture of 2. Water pipe / hose
someone’s face because the passage talks about
II. You will once again listen to the young girl. As
capturing a friend’s features.
you listen, circle the correct answer from the
In the art studio, young painters eagerly
options given below.
approached their easels, each framing a canvas

NODIA
that they had to work on. The teacher encouraged Statements Options
them to experiment with a diverse tonal range,
playing with shades and hues to bring their 1. The colour of white red pink
paintings to life. One student focused on a flowers in the
detailed portrait, capturing his friend’s features, first row
first with careful underpainting and then filling 2. The type of marigold jasmine rose
the final colours. Another student worked on a flowers in the
mural, depicting a Spring Day on the right wall of second row
the classroom. The room continued to buzz with 3. Position of left right left and
artistic energy. the type of corners corners right
Ans : the useful corners
1. I think easels means wooden stands used to plants
hold artwork because the passage talks about
4. The number 15 20 25
young painters approaching them and each
of potted
framing a canvas they had to work on.
evergreen
2. I think tonal range means the variety of
plants
different shades and colours because the
passage talks about playing with shades and 5. The paint black red and white
hues to bring their paintings to life. colour on and black and red
3. I think underpainting means an initial layer the bricks white
of paint applied to the canvas because the bordering the
passage talks about doing this first carefully garden
and then filling in the final colours. 6. Type of tree neem peepal banyan
4. I think mural means a large painting applied in the centre
directly to a wall because the passage talks of the garden
about depicting a Spring Day on the right
7. Things dustbins plant bird
wall of the classroom.
created name houses
Listen and Respond with waste boards
material
I. You will listen to a young girl describe her
Ans :
school garden. As you listen identify which of the
1. The colour of flowers in the first row – pink
following 1–3, she does not talk about. (Transcript
2. The type of flowers in the second row – rose
3. Position of the useful plants – left and right
corners
4. The number of potted evergreen plants – 20
 CANVAS OF SOIL

5. The paint colour on the bricks – white and • I would prefer a flower garden rather than
red a vegetable garden since I enjoy watching
6. Type of tree in the centre – banyan butterflies visit the blossoms while I relax in
7. Things created with waste material – dustbins the evenings.

Speaking Activity Writing Task

I. People wish to have a garden at home. Some like I. Write a descriptive piece of two to three
a flower garden and some a vegetable garden. paragraphs describing the details and colours in
Think and note some advantages of both these the garden you have visited.
types, as gardens for homes. • Focus on how different shades of blue, red,
Ans : and green interact, create contrast, and bring
1. Advantages of a Flower Garden : A flower the garden to life.
garden significantly enhances the aesthetic • Pay attention to details like the texture of
beauty and curb appeal of a home. It petals, the varying greens of leaves, and the
provides pleasant fragrances, attracts helpful way light affects the colours.
pollinators like butterflies and bees, and Ans :
creates a serene, colourful environment that Last weekend, I visited the botanical garden near
is excellent for mental relaxation. my house, and I was immediately captivated by
2. Advantages of a Vegetable Garden : A the sheer explosion of life and colour. As I walked
vegetable garden provides fresh, organic, through the iron gates, I was greeted by a massive
and nutritious food right at home. It helps canopy of pine green and apple green leaves. The
a family save money on grocery bills, ensures varying greens created a lush backdrop that made
that the food consumed is free of harmful the brighter colours pop. Against this leafy wall
chemical pesticides, and offers a great sense stood rows of rose bushes. The velvety texture of
of physical accomplishment when harvesting the scarlet and crimson petals was so soft they
crops. looked like spun silk. When placed next to the
II. Would you like to have a flower garden or a bright green leaves, the striking red created a
vegetable garden at home? Why? bold, beautiful contrast that instantly drew the
Take turns with your partner and speak your eye.
points aloud, one by one, by using the given An I moved deeper into the garden, the colours
sentence prompts to express your preference, with began to shift. A small, clear pond sat in the
reasons. center, reflecting the sky blue of the morning
• I prefer _____ to _____ because ... canopy above. Around the edges of the water
• For me , it is a _____ instead of a _____ grew delicate flowers in shades of indigo and
due to ... cobalt blue. As the morning sunlight filtered
• If I had a choice I’d rather have a _____ through the tall trees, it danced on the surface of
than a _____ as ... the pond and illuminated the blue petals, making
• I would prefer _____ rather than _____ them look almost translucent. The way the
since ... warm, golden light interacted with the cool blues
and rich reds made the entire garden feel like a
Ans :
living, breathing painting, constantly shifting and
• I prefer a vegetable garden to a flower garden
changing with the sun.
because I love the idea of cooking meals with
fresh ingredients I grew with my own hands. Learning Beyond the Text
• For me, it is a flower garden instead of a
vegetable garden due to the beautiful visual I. Mini-Project
contrast of red and yellow flowers against Objective : Explore the multifaceted world of
green leaves, which brightens up the whole gardens—their design, cultural significance,
house. artistic inspiration, and the art of gardening itself.
• If I had a choice I’d rather have a vegetable Duration : This project can span over a few weeks,
garden than a flower garden as it is highly allowing students adequate time for research and
rewarding and practical to grow organic food creative processes.
for my family.

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PAGE 532 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Select any TWO assignments. Any one from 1 or 4. Lalbagh Botanical Garden (Bengaluru)
2, and any one from 3 or 4 Lalbagh is known for its rich collection of
(1) plants and a famous glasshouse. It plays an
• Do research and collect information on any important role in conservation, education,
FIVE famous gardens of India, such as Amrit and botanical research.
Udyan, Brindavan Gardens, and many others. 5. Rock Garden (Chandigarh)
• Focus on history, design elements, and Created by Nek Chand, this unique garden
cultural significance. is made from recycled materials like broken
• Prepare a short report and make a bangles, tiles, and stones. It highlights
presentation. creativity and environmental awareness.
(2) Assignment 3 : Design Your Own Garden
• Explore various art forms (painting, sculpture) Design Description : My garden has a symmetrical
inspired by gardens. Select an art piece and layout with a central pathway leading to a small
analyse how the garden is represented. fountain. On both sides, there are flowerbeds with
• Create a visual or written response inspired colourful flowers such as red roses, blue lilies, and
by the garden. yellow marigolds.
(3) Features :
Design your own garden • Green lawns and shaded trees
• Design a garden on paper or using digital • Benches for sitting and relaxing
tools. • A small pond with lotus flowers
• Incorporate elements and artistic inspirations • Decorative lights and eco-friendly pots
learned from parts (1)/(2). Inspiration : The design is inspired by Mughal
• Present your choices in design and artistic gardens (symmetry and water features) and
influences to the class. modern eco-friendly gardens.
(4) Conclusion : My garden is peaceful, colourful, and
Interv iew with a Gardener or Landscaping Expert well-organised. It provides a relaxing space and
• Approach a local gardener or a landscaping shows the beauty of nature along with artistic
expert for an interview. design.
• Prepare questions focussed on understanding
the practical aspects of gardening/ II. You must have read poems and songs about
landscaping. beauty of nature and different seasons in English
and in your own language. Now, read and enjoy
NODIA

• Write a summary of your experience.

the poem given below.
Ans :
Assignment 1 : Famous Gardens of India Ans :
1. Amrit Udyan (Rashtrapati Bhavan, Delhi) I have read many poems and songs about the
Amrit Udyan is a beautiful Mughal-style beauty of nature and different seasons in both
garden located inside Rashtrapati Bhavan. It English and my own language. These poems
has well-maintained lawns, fountains, and a describe the changing colours of seasons, the
wide variety of seasonal flowers. It represents freshness of spring, the warmth of summer, the
India’s cultural heritage and is opened to the calmness of winter, and the beauty of rain. They
public during spring. help us imagine nature in a vivid and creative
2. Brindavan Gardens (Mysuru) way.
Situated near the Krishnarajasagar Dam, Such poems make us appreciate the natural world
Brindavan Gardens is famous for its musical around us and understand how each season has
fountain and symmetrical design. The garden its own charm. They also inspire us to observe
looks especially attractive at night when the nature closely and enjoy its beauty in everyday
fountains are illuminated. life.
3. Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)
Built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, this
garden is known for its terraced layout,
flowing water channels, and scenic beauty. It
reflects Persian-style garden architecture.
 CANVAS OF SOIL

7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (b) Its tragic tone

(c) Its basic rhythm
Multiple Choice Type Questions (d) Its extended metaphor

1. How does the poet view the act of gardening? Ans :

(d) Its extended metaphor
(a) Tedious labour (b) Creative process
(c) Wasted effort (d) Physical burden 8. The poem compares the act of gardening to the
Ans : art of ______.
(b) Creative process (a) painting (b) sculpting
(c) sketching (d) designing
2. The poem says gardening is not just a physical
______. Ans :
(a) painting
(a) burden (b) action
(c) chore (d) sport 9. What is the earth compared to in the poem?
Ans : (a) A portrait (b) A palette
(c) chore (c) A picture (d) A pigment

3. What does the earth hold, according to the poem? Ans :

(b) A palette
(a) Hidden gold and silver
(b) Motionless buried rocks 10. What does the “palette” represent in the context
(c) Vast and silent empty spaces of the poem?
(d) Wonderful possibilities (a) A space where a painter cleans his brushes.
Ans : (b) A plot of land covered completely in flowers.
(d) Wonderful possibilities (c) A foundational base where all life truly
begins.
4. Which of the following statements is correct about (d) A wooden board used only for making fences.
the poem?
Ans :
(a) It portrays gardening as highly creative.
(c) A foundational base where all life truly begins.
(b) It views gardening as purely physical.
(c) It describes the soil as mostly useless. 11. Assertion (A): The soil is called a rich palette.
(d) It claims gardening needs no human care. Reason (R): It is the base where colours are
mixed.
Ans :
(a) Both A and R are false statements.
(a) It portrays gardening as highly creative.
(b) A is true, but R is false here.
5. Who brings the wonderful possibilities of the (c) A is false, but R is true here.
earth to life? (d) Both A and R are true statements.
(a) The weather (b) The gardener
Ans :
(c) The animals (d) The painters (d) Both A and R are true statements.
Ans :
(b) The gardener 12. What acts as the foundational base in the garden?
(a) The earth (b) The seeds
6. The poem captures the magic and beauty of (c) The plants (d) The water
______.
Ans :
(a) painting (b) farming
(a) The earth
(c) gardening (d) dreaming
Ans : 13. What are seeds compared to in the poem?
(c) gardening (a) Paint drips (b) Brushstrokes
(c) Water drops (d) Bright hues
7. What is the most important feature of the poem?
(a) Its short stanza

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PAGE 534 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 20. What kind of miracle is plant growth described

(b) Brushstrokes as?
(a) Biological (b) Mechanical
14. The gardener places the seeds into the ground
______. (c) Artificial (d) Accidental
(a) carelessly (b) randomly Ans :
(c) intentionally (d) accidentally (a) Biological

Ans : 21. The poem teaches the value of hope and

(c) intentionally ______.
(a) urgency (b) speed
15. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding seeds? (c) patience (d) tension
(a) They are compared to random paint drops. Ans :

NODIA
(b) They are naturally blown by strong winds. (c) patience
(c) They are viewed as the canvas of soil. 22. How do gardeners plant their seeds?
(d) They are the brushstrokes of the garden. (a) Quick and fast (b) Deep and low
Ans : (c) High and dry (d) Carefully and true
(d) They are the brushstrokes of the garden. Ans :
16. What is each measured plot of land compared to? (d) Carefully and true
(a) Blank canvas (b) Paint palette 23. Assertion (A): Gardeners must wait for the season
(c) Empty bucket (d) Clean window of Spring.
Ans : Reason (R): The seeds need time to bloom into
(a) Blank canvas vibrant hues.
(a) Both A and R are true statements.
17. What does the gardener create in this empty (b) Both A and R are false statements.
space?
(c) A is true, but R is false here.
(a) A wooden fence (b) A living masterpiece
(d) A is false, but R is true here.
(c) A stone structure (d) A small building
Ans :
Ans : (a) Both A and R are true statements.
(b) A living masterpiece
24. Which season brings the garden’s bloom?
18. A major theme in the poem is the relationship
(a) Winter (b) Spring
between nature and ______.
(c) Autumn (d) Summer
(a) sunny skies (b) wild animals
(c) human effort (d) spring rain Ans :
(b) Spring
Ans :
(c) human effort 25. What do the hard efforts of gardeners eventually
bloom into?
19. What does the phrase “art and life coincide”
(a) Faded colours (b) Wilting leaves
imply?
(c) Vibrant hues (d) Empty spaces
(a) Gardening is just an illusion of natural life.
(b) Art is generally much superior to natural life. Ans :
(c) Vibrant hues
(c) Nature operates entirely independent of any
human art. 26. What does the poet suggest by calling gardens
(d) Human creativity and biological growth unite “paintings still”?
in harmony. (a) The beauty of nature serves as permanent
Ans : art.
(d) Human creativity and biological growth unite (b) The garden lacks any true movement or life.
in harmony.
 CANVAS OF SOIL

(c) Gardening requires standing perfectly 33. What is described as “dancing” in the morning
immobile at all times. light?
(d) The flowers are painted by skilled human (a) The trees (b) The garden
hands. (c) The seeds (d) The paint
Ans : Ans :
(a) The beauty of nature serves as permanent art. (b) The garden
27. What word does the poet use to describe the 34. What mental picture does the phrase “dancing in
beauty of nature? the morning light” create?
(a) Temporary (b) Timeless (a) A gloomy, sad place covered completely in
(c) Fleeting (d) Passing shadow.
Ans : (b) A perfectly still room filled with classical
(b) Timeless paintings.
(c) A bright, lively space that brings absolute
28. The poet uses rich, visual ______ to bring the peace.
poem to life.
(d) A dark, stormy evening destroying the weak
(a) rhyming (b) stanzas plants.
(c) symbols (d) imagery
Ans :
Ans : (c) A bright, lively space that brings absolute
(d) imagery peace.

29. What does visual imagery consist of? 35. The colourful space of the garden brings peace
(a) Word pictures (b) Sound effects and ______.
(c) Hidden themes (d) Rhyme schemes (a) fear (b) pain
Ans : (c) rest (d) joy
(a) Word pictures Ans :
(d) joy
30. To what does the poem’s imagery appeal?
(a) Our logic (b) Our senses 36. Assertion (A): The poem’s visual imagery brings
(c) Our memory (d) Our reason joy to the reader.
Reason (R): It describes a lively and colourful
Ans : space.
(b) Our senses
(a) Both A and R are true statements.
31. What colours are explicitly paired with green? (b) Both A and R are false statements.
(a) Black, white (b) Pink, grey (c) A is true, but R is false here.
(c) Gold, silver (d) Red, blue (d) A is false, but R is true here.
Ans : Ans :
(d) Red, blue (a) Both A and R are true statements.

32. Which of the following statements is correct 37. What rhyme scheme does the poem follow?
regarding the garden’s colours? (a) ABAB (b) AABB
(a) They show striking contrasts in the vibrant (c) ABBA (d) ABCB
garden.
Ans :
(b) They are described as dull and very muted. (b) AABB
(c) They clash terribly with the bright morning
sun. 38. What pairs are used as an example of rhyme?
(d) They lack any real vibrance or deep color. (a) blue/true (b) green/seen
Ans : (c) wide/coincide (d) light/bright
(a) They show striking contrasts in the vibrant Ans :
garden. (c) wide/coincide

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PAGE 536 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

39. Another rhyming pair mentioned in the text is Ans :

“true” and ______. (b) inspired
(a) blue (b) new
(c) dew (d) hue Short Answer Type Questions
Ans : 1. What is the significance of the title “Canvas of
(d) hue Soil”?
40. What effect does the AABB rhyme scheme have Ans :
on the poem? The title brilliantly encapsulates the poem’s
(a) It gives the poem a rhythmic, musical quality. central extended metaphor by comparing the
earth to a blank canvas. It suggests that just as
(b) It makes the poem sound extremely disjointed
a painter uses a canvas to create art, a gardener
today.
intentionally uses the soil to cultivate a beautiful,
(c) It forces the reader to pause at every line. living masterpiece.
(d) It entirely removes the emotional impact of
words. 2. How does the poet change the perception of
gardening from a physical chore?
Ans :
(a) It gives the poem a rhythmic, musical quality. Ans :
The poet shifts the perspective of gardening from
41. The phrase “Blossoms bloom” is an example of a tedious, physical burden to a highly creative
______. process. Instead of viewing it as mere manual
(a) metaphor (b) alliteration labour, the poem elevates gardening to a magical
(c) simile (d) hyperbole art form that brings the earth’s wonderful hidden
possibilities to life.
Ans :
(b) alliteration 3. What does the “palette” represent in the context
of the poem?
42. How is the overall tone of the poet described?
Ans :
(a) Melancholic, sorrowful In the poem, the palette represents the earth or
(b) Resentful, belligerent the soil. It is described as a foundational base,
(c) Appreciative, respectful rich with potential, where all biological life truly
(d) Sarcastic, mocking begins and where the vivid colours of nature are
beautifully mixed by the gardener.
Ans :
(c) Appreciative, respectful 4. Explain the metaphor of seeds acting as
“brushstrokes.”
43. Toward what is the poet respectful?
Ans :
(a) Humanity (b) Painters
The poet compares seeds to a painter’s brushstrokes
(c) Artworks (d) Nature to highlight the intentionality of gardening. Just
Ans : as an artist carefully applies strokes of paint to
(d) Nature create an image, the gardener deliberately places
seeds into the ground to design a vibrant, living
44. What kind of mood does the poem leave the
garden.
reader in?
(a) Joyful, inspired (b) Tired, sleepy 5. What does the “blank canvas” refer to, and how
(c) Anxious, worried (d) Bored, indifferent is it transformed?
Ans : Ans :
(a) Joyful, inspired The “blank canvas” refers to a measured, empty
plot of land. Through the intentional planting of
45. The poet leaves the reader feeling very joyful and seeds and the careful nurturing of the soil, the
______. gardener transforms this bare, lifeless space into a
(a) confused (b) inspired colourful, dynamic, and living masterpiece.
(c) defeated (d) exhausted

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6. Interpret the phrase “art and life coincide” in the of striking contrasting colours like green, red, and
context of the poem. blue, along with flowers “dancing in the morning
Ans : light,” create a bright, lively mental picture for

NODIA
The phrase “art and life coincide” implies a the reader.
harmonious union between human creativity (art)
12. What effect do the colours green, red, and blue
and natural biological growth (life). It shows that
create in the garden?
a beautiful garden is not solely nature’s doing,
nor just human effort, but a perfect collaboration Ans :
between the gardener’s vision and nature’s magic. These explicit colours create striking visual
contrasts within the garden. They transform the
7. Why is plant growth described as a “biological once-empty brown soil into a vibrant, lively space,
miracle”? emphasizing the transformation from a blank
Ans : canvas to a completed, colourful masterpiece full
Plant growth is called a biological miracle because of deep, rich vibrance.
it captures the awe-inspiring process of life.
13. Explain the impact of the phrase “dancing in the
A tiny, dormant seed placed deep in the earth
morning light.”
transforms naturally over time into a blooming
plant, showcasing the spectacular and magical Ans :
capabilities of nature. The phrase “dancing in the morning light.”
personifies the plants, creating a mental picture of
8. What role do patience and hope play for a a bright, lively space full of movement and energy.
gardener? It evokes feelings of absolute peace, happiness,
Ans : and joy, highlighting the comforting and uplifting
Patience and hope are essential virtues for any environment of a blooming garden.
gardener. After planting seeds “carefully and
14. Identify the rhyme scheme used in the poem and
true,” the gardener cannot rush the process. They
its overall effect.
must patiently wait through the seasons, holding
onto the hope that their efforts will eventually Ans :
yield beautiful results. The poem follows an AABB rhyme scheme, using
rhyming pairs like “wide/coincide” and “true/
9. Explain the significance of the season of Spring hue.” This specific scheme gives the poem a
in the poem. highly rhythmic and musical quality, making it
Ans : engaging and pleasant to read while reinforcing
Spring is highly significant because it is the season its joyful tone.
of reward and rejuvenation. It is the time when
15. How does the poet use alliteration in the poem?
the gardener’s patience pays off, and the dormant
seeds finally burst into life, filling the garden with Ans :
vibrant hues and blooming flowers. The poet uses alliteration in phrases like “Blossoms
bloom,” repeating the consonant ‘b’ sound. This
10. What does the poet suggest by calling gardens literary device enhances the musicality of the text,
“paintings still”? draws attention to the explosive beauty of the
Ans : flowers, and adds a poetic rhythm to the garden’s
By calling gardens “paintings still,” the poet description.
suggests that the beauty of nature serves as a
16. Describe the poet’s tone towards nature.
timeless, permanent form of art. Even though
a garden is biologically alive and growing, Ans :
its breathtaking visual perfection mirrors the The poet maintains a highly appreciative and
enduring beauty of a classic painting. respectful tone towards nature. Instead of
viewing nature as a wild force to be tamed, the
11. Describe the visual imagery used by the poet. poet reveres it as an equal partner in the creative
Ans : process, capable of profound biological miracles.
The poet uses rich visual imagery, or “word
17. What is the ultimate mood evoked by the poem
pictures,” to appeal to our senses. Descriptions
for the reader?
PAGE 538 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : “paintings still,” the poet elevates the everyday

The poem leaves the reader in a joyful and inspired act of planting into a timeless expression of high
mood. Through its bright imagery, rhythmic flow, art.
and themes of hope and creativity, it uplifts the
spirit and encourages an appreciation for the 2. Imagine you are a gardener who has just planted
simple, peaceful beauty of the natural world. seeds in a barren plot of land. Write a diary entry
expressing your hopes, the patience required, and
18. How does a gardener place seeds, and why is this your vision for the spring season.
important? Ans :
Ans : Dear Diary,
The gardener places seeds “carefully and true.” Today, I stood before a barren plot of land, my
This intentional and precise action is important blank canvas. Planting these tiny seeds was not
because it shows that gardening is not random or merely physical labour; it felt like placing delicate
careless; it is a calculated, artistic endeavor aimed brushstrokes onto the earth’s rich palette. I
at creating a well-designed living masterpiece. placed each seed carefully and true, dreaming of
the wonderful possibilities hidden within the dark
19. What does the earth hold before the gardener soil. I know I cannot rush this biological miracle.
begins their work? Nature demands immense patience and
Ans : unyielding hope. I must wait for the cold months
Before the gardener begins, the earth holds to pass and for Spring to finally arrive. When
“wonderful possibilities” and hidden potential. It it does, I know my quiet efforts will burst into
is a blank canvas and a rich palette waiting for vibrant hues of green, red, and blue. Until then,
human effort to unlock its magic and transform I will nurture this space, trusting that my vision
its dormant state into vibrant life. and nature’s magic will soon coincide.

20. What emotions does the colourful space of the 3. “A garden is a beautiful collaboration between
garden bring to a person? vision and nature.” Elaborate on this statement
Ans : based on the poem. What does it teach us about
The vibrant, colourful space of the garden brings the value of human effort?
profound peace and joy. Surrounded by timeless Ans :
beauty and nature dancing in the sunlight, an The poem beautifully establishes that a garden
individual finds a restful sanctuary that calms the cannot exist through nature alone, nor through
mind and inspires the soul. human effort alone; it requires a harmonious
collaboration. The phrase “art and life coincide”
perfectly captures this partnership. The gardener
Long Answer Type Questions provides the vision, intention, and effort by
1. Discuss the extended metaphor used throughout placing seeds like careful brushstrokes on a blank
the poem. How does the poet elevate the simple canvas.
act of gardening to the status of high art? However, it is nature that performs the
“biological miracle,” taking those seeds and
Ans :
growing them into vibrant hues of green, red,
In “Canvas of Soil,” the poet uses a brilliant
and blue. This teaches us that human effort is
extended metaphor to compare gardening to the
essential to unlock the “wonderful possibilities”
fine art of painting. The earth is no longer just
of the earth. When we apply patience, dedication,
dirt; it is elevated to a “rich palette,” serving as
and creativity to the natural world, our hard work
the foundational base for creation. A measured
blooms into a living masterpiece, rewarding us
plot of land becomes a “blank canvas” awaiting
with peace and joy.
transformation. The seeds are not merely
biological entities but intentional “brushstrokes” 4. You are a student addressing the school assembly
placed carefully by the gardener. Through this on the topic ‘The Lessons Nature Teaches Us.’
comparison, the poet shifts the perception of Using the poem “Canvas of Soil” as a reference,
gardening from a tedious, physical chore to a write a speech highlighting the values of patience,
highly intentional, creative process. By framing hope, and creativity.
the blooming garden as a “living masterpiece” and

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 CANVAS OF SOIL

Ans : blue—transform the reader’s mental landscape

Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear into a vibrant garden. Personification in the
friends, phrase “dancing in the morning light” breathes
Today, I want to talk about ‘The Lessons Nature life into the plants, creating an atmosphere of
Teaches Us,’ inspired by the poem “Canvas of lively peace and absolute joy. Furthermore, the
Soil.” Nature acts as our greatest teacher, and a rhythmic AABB rhyme scheme (using pairs like
garden becomes its classroom, offering valuable wide/coincide, true/hue) and the alliteration
life lessons through simple processes. in “blossoms bloom” give the poem a musical,
The poem presents gardening as a creative uplifting cadence. Together, these devices make
act, where a blank canvas of soil is turned into a the reader deeply appreciate the timeless beauty of
beautiful, living masterpiece. However, this change nature, leaving them feeling thoroughly inspired.
does not happen instantly. It requires careful
effort, as seeds must be planted thoughtfully and 7. The poem highlights that true beauty requires
nurtured with patience. patience and intentional effort. How can this
The waiting period until spring teaches us philosophy from the garden be applied to our
important values like patience and hope. Just like daily lives and personal goals?
a gardener, we must trust the process and believe Ans :
that our hard work will eventually lead to success The philosophy of the garden is deeply relevant
and growth. to our personal lives. In the poem, a gardener
Thank you. doesn’t just scatter seeds carelessly; they plant
them “carefully and true,” treating the earth as a
5. Write a dialogue between a Painter and a Gardener rich palette. Similarly, when pursuing our personal
where they realize their creative processes are goals, we must be intentional and focused, laying
incredibly similar, referencing the metaphors a strong foundation.
from the poem. Furthermore, the gardener cannot force
NODIA

Ans : a seed to bloom instantly; they must wait for

Painter: I spent hours today staring at a blank Spring. This teaches us that true success and
canvas, mixing colours on my palette. Creating beauty in life require immense patience and
art takes so much vision! hope. We cannot expect instant results from our
Gardener: I understand completely. My empty efforts. If we consistently nurture our dreams with
plot of land is my blank canvas, and the rich earth dedication and give them the time they need to
is my palette. grow, our hard work will eventually bloom into a
Painter: Really? I never thought of gardening as vibrant, rewarding reality.
art. I use brushstrokes to create life on a page.
Gardener: And I use seeds as my brushstrokes! 8. Imagine you live in a noisy, concrete city. Write
I place them carefully and true. It is not just a a letter to your friend describing a recent visit to
physical chore; it is a creative process. a blooming botanical garden, using the imagery
Painter: That is fascinating. We both need inspired by the poem to express the peace it
patience to see the final result. brought you.
Gardener: Exactly. While your paintings dry into Ans :
timeless art, my efforts bloom in Spring, creating Dear Rahul,
a living masterpiece where art and life coincide. I hope you are doing well. Living in this noisy,
grey city has been exhausting lately, but
6. Analyze the poet’s use of literary devices and yesterday I visited a blooming botanical garden
imagery in “Canvas of Soil” and explain how they that completely rejuvenated me. It was like
contribute to the joyful and inspired mood of the stepping into a living masterpiece! The gardeners
poem. had clearly used the earth as a rich palette.
Ans : Everywhere I looked, I saw striking contrasts of
The poet employs a masterful blend of literary vibrant hues—deep greens paired with brilliant
devices to evoke a joyful and inspired mood. Visual reds and blues. The flowers were literally dancing
imagery, or “word pictures,” is used extensively in the morning light, swaying gently in the
to appeal to our senses. Vivid descriptions of breeze. It felt as though art and life had coincided
striking contrasting colours—green, red, and perfectly in that space. Escaping the concrete for
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PAGE 540 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

this colourful sanctuary brought me profound joy Extract Based Questions

and absolute peace. You must join me next time!
1. Read the extract given below and answer the
Warmly,
questions that follows :
Raghuveer Singh
“Palette of earth, rich and deep,
9. Critically evaluate the oxymoron-like phrase Where dreams of gardeners seep.
“paintings still” used to describe a garden. How Brushstrokes of seeds, planted true,
can a dynamic, biological miracle be considered a Awaiting spring’s vibrant hue.”
permanent, still work of art? i. What does the phrase “dreams of gardeners
seep” primarily suggest?
Ans :
The phrase “paintings still” is a brilliant, (a) Water soaking dry dirt
thought-provoking paradox used by the poet. At (b) Hopes taking firm root
first glance, a garden is entirely dynamic—it is a (c) Plants slowly dying out
“biological miracle” full of growing seeds, shifting (d) Seeds being washed away
seasons, and flowers “dancing in the morning ii. Assertion (A): The poet compares the earth
light.” It is constantly changing. to a rich palette.
However, by calling it a “painting still,” the Reason (R): The soil holds diverse elements
poet is emphasizing the timeless and enduring waiting to bloom into beautiful colors.
nature of its beauty. Just as a classic painting (a) (A) is true and (R) perfectly explains
captures a perfect, permanent moment of (A).
aesthetic brilliance, a blooming garden stands (b) (A) is true but (R) does not explain (A).
as a permanent testament to the collaboration (c) (A) is undeniably true while (R) is false.
between human vision and nature. The stillness
(d) (A) is completely false while (R) is true.
does not refer to a lack of biological life, but
iii. What are the seeds described as doing in this
rather to the enduring, undisturbed peace and
stanza?
visual perfection the garden offers to the observer.
iv. Identify the contextual vocabulary word in
10. “The soil is a rich palette holding wonderful the stanza that means a specific shade or
possibilities.” Based on your reading of the poem, color.
discuss how the poet portrays the earth not as a v. State True or False with a brief reason:
lifeless entity, but as a dynamic foundation for The seeds are described as blooming
creation. immediately in this stanza.
Ans : Ans :
In the poem, the poet entirely rejects the notion i. (b) Hopes taking firm root
that soil is merely dirt or a lifeless, empty space. ii. (a) (A) is true and (R) perfectly explains (A).
Instead, it is beautifully characterized as a “rich iii. The seeds are planted true and are awaiting
palette” and a foundational base teeming with spring’s vibrant colors to bloom.
“wonderful possibilities.” Just as an artist’s iv. hue
palette holds all the raw colours needed to paint v. False, because they are described as “awaiting”
a masterpiece, the earth holds the raw, biological the future arrival of spring’s colors.
potential to create life. It is the vital starting
2. Read the extract given below and answer the
point where the magic begins.
questions that follows :
By describing the measured plot of land as a
“Blossoms bloom, a painted sight,
“blank canvas,” the poet highlights that the earth
Dancing in the morning light.
is eagerly waiting to collaborate with human
Shades of green, red, and blue,
effort. With the intentional addition of seeds
Nature’s artwork, ever new.”
(brushstrokes), this dynamic foundation awakens,
i. What is implied by describing nature’s
proving that the earth is a powerful, living partner
artwork as “ever new”?
in creating timeless beauty.
(a) Constantly changing natural beauty
(b) Recently purchased artificial paints
(c) Unfamiliar and strange garden layouts
(d) Beautiful artworks fading rather quickly

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 CANVAS OF SOIL

ii. Which of the following combinations best v. State True or False with a 1-sentence reason:
reflects the speaker’s perspective of the The poet views gardening strictly as a
garden? mechanical and physical chore.
I. Nature is static and unchanging. Ans :
II. The garden is a dynamic, living painting. i. (b) The ground offers limitless potential.
III. Morning light dulls the flower colors. ii. (b) They act as creators of living art.
iii. The poet means that gardening is not just a
IV. The flora exhibits lively, graceful
physical activity but also a creative art form
movement.
where nature and human effort beautifully
(a) Statements I and III merge together.
(b) Statements II and IV iv. till
(c) Statements I and IV v. False, because the poet elevates gardening to
(d) Statements II and III the level of creating beautiful art (art and life
iii. What colours does the poet use to describe coincide).
nature’s artwork in this stanza?
iv. Identify the figure of speech used in the

phrase “Dancing in the morning light.”
v. Fill in the blank:
The poetic repetition of the ‘b’ sound
in “Blossoms bloom” is an example of
______.
Ans :
i. (a) Constantly changing natural beauty
ii. (b) Statements II and IV
NODIA

iii. The poet uses shades of green, red and blue

to describe nature’s artwork.
iv. Personification
v. alliteration

3. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows :
“Each plot, a canvas wide,
Where art and life coincide.
In the hands of those who till,
Gardens become paintings still.”
i. What is the underlying meaning of describing
each plot as a “canvas wide”?
(a) The soil is completely barren.
(b) The ground offers limitless potential.
(c) The garden lacks physical boundaries.
(d) The area is covered with fabric.
ii. Which statement best describes the speaker’s
view of the gardeners in these lines?
(a) They are merely agricultural workers.
(b) They act as creators of living art.
(c) They destroy nature’s true beauty.
(d) They paint blank canvases indoors.
iii. What does the poet mean by saying “art and
life coincide” in a garden?
iv. What contextual vocabulary word is used in
the stanza to mean ‘to cultivate or work the
soil’ ?
PAGE 542 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 4
I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

1. INTRODUCTION A Comforting Gaze in the Sky

Finally, the poet shares another deeply personal
Written by the renowned poet Rabindranath moment when he feels closely connected to his lost
Tagore, “I Cannot Remember My Mother” is a mother. Whenever he sits by his bedroom window
deeply personal and nostalgic poem. The premise and stares far away into the vast, clear blue sky,
revolves around a child who lost his mother at he experiences a profound sense of peace. In the
a very tender age, leaving him unable to recall absolute quiet and vastness of the sky above, he
her physical face. Instead of a visual memory, the feels as though his mother is silently looking down
poet connects with his mother through sensory at his face. Her gentle, loving, and protective gaze
experiences in his everyday life. The setting seems to be spread across the entire heavens,
beautifully shifts from his playroom, where he quietly watching over him from above.
hears a familiar lullaby, to the autumn air filled
with the scent of shiuli flowers, and finally to his
bedroom window, where he looks up at the vast 3. EXPLANATION
blue sky.
Stanza 1
2. SUMMARY I cannot remember my mother
only sometimes in the midst of my play
A Lingering Tune During Playtime a tune seems to hover over my playthings,
The poet begins by admitting that he does not the tune of some song that she used to
have a clear, conscious memory of his mother. hum while rocking my cradle.
However, while he is busy playing with his toys,
Word Meaning :
he often feels her invisible presence around him.
1. Midst - in the middle of
He experiences this connection through a familiar,
2. Hover - to linger or remain in the air near a
gentle melody that seems to float right above his
place
playthings. This music is the exact same song his
3. Hum - to sing a tune with your lips closed
mother used to hum softly to him when he was a
4. Cradle - a small bed for a baby that can be
little baby, trying to put him to rest while gently
rocked from side to side
rocking his cradle.
Explanation :
The Fragrance of the Autumn Morning The poem opens with the poet confessing that
The poet once again states that he cannot he does not have a clear, conscious memory of
distinctly picture his mother, but his sense of what his mother looked like, as she passed away
smell powerfully brings her memory back to him. when he was very young. However, he has not
During the early mornings of the autumn season, completely lost her. While he is deeply engrossed
the sweet and distinct fragrance of the ‘shiuli’ in playing with his toys, he suddenly feels a
flowers travels through the morning air. This strange, comforting presence.
familiar scent instantly reminds the poet of the He feels as though a sweet, invisible tune is
temple prayers and morning religious services his lingering over his playthings. This tune is the very
mother used to attend. To him, the holy fragrance same lullaby that his mother used to sing softly
of those temple flowers and the comforting scent to him when he was just an infant being rocked to
of his own mother are entirely one and the same. sleep in his cradle.

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 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

Literary-wise, the poet begins with the line my mother’s gaze on my face
“I cannot remember my mother,” which acts has spread all over the sky.
as a “refrain” (a repeated line) throughout the Word Meaning :
poem. This sets a tone of gentle sadness, but it 1. Distant - far away in space
is immediately followed by a comforting memory 2. Stillness - a state of being completely quiet,
triggered by the sense of hearing (auditory calm, and unmoving
imagery). It shows that a mother’s love leaves a 3. Gaze - a long, steady look, often full of love or
deep, subconscious mark on a child’s mind. deep thought
Stanza 2 Explanation :
I cannot remember my mother In the final stanza, the poet uses the refrain one
but when in the early autumn morning last time, reinforcing the gap between his physical
the smell of the shiuli flowers floats in the air memory and his emotional connection. Here, he
the scent of the morning service in the temple looks out of his bedroom window, staring deeply
comes to me as the scent of my mother. into the vast, open blue sky.
As he looks at the quiet, peaceful sky, he
Word Meaning : experiences a profound feeling. He feels as though
1. Autumn - the season between summer and the calm, silent, and loving look of his mother is
winter NODIA looking right back down at him from the heavens.
2. Shiuli - a type of small, fragrant flower (also Her protective gaze is no longer just on his face; it
known as coral jasmine) that blooms in has expanded to fill the entire endless sky.
autumn Through this powerful visual imagery, the
3. Scent - a pleasant, distinct smell or fragrance poet conveys a sense of universal protection. The
4. Service - a religious ceremony or prayer ritual sky becomes a symbol of his mother’s infinite and
conducted in a place of worship eternal love. Even though she is physically gone,
Explanation : she is never truly absent. The beautiful irony of
The poet repeats the refrain, reminding us once the poem is complete here: a child who claims
more that he cannot explicitly recall his mother’s he “cannot remember” his mother actually feels
face. However, this time, his memory is awakened her presence everywhere—in his childhood toys,
by the sense of smell (olfactory imagery). During in the fragrance of nature, and in the vastness of
the crisp, early mornings of the autumn season, the universe.
the sweet fragrance of the blooming shiuli flowers
fills the air. 4. LITERARY DEVICES
This floral scent naturally mixes with the
aroma of incense and flowers coming from the This poem consists of 3 stanzas of varying line
morning prayers at the local temple. For the poet, lengths — first stanza of 5 lines, second stanza of
this peaceful, holy fragrance is deeply tied to his 5 lines, and third stanza of 6 lines (16 lines total).
mother. The combined smell of the flowers and The rhyme scheme is free verse.
the temple prayers feels exactly like his mother’s 1. Refrain: A line or phrase repeated at regular
own scent. intervals for emphasis. For example, “I
This stanza gives us a beautiful clue about cannot remember my mother” opens all three
the mother’s personality. By associating her with stanzas, creating a sorrowful, echoing effect
the smell of temple prayers and delicate autumn that reminds the reader of the poet’s deep
flowers, the poet suggests that his mother was sense of loss with every stanza.
a deeply spiritual, pure, and gentle woman. Her 2. Imagery: Using descriptive words to create
everyday actions of picking flowers for prayer left vivid pictures or sensory experiences in the
a lasting impression on his childhood senses. reader’s mind. For example, “the smell of the
shiuli flowers floats in the air” shows beautiful
Stanza 3 smell imagery that connects the fragrance of
flowers to the memory of the mother.
I cannot remember my mother
3. Simile: A comparison between two things
only when from my bedroom window I send
using “like” or “as.” For example, “comes
my eyes into the blue of the distant sky,
to me as the scent of my mother” shows the
I feel that the stillness of
scent of the morning service in the temple is
PAGE 544 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

compared to the mother’s scent, using “as” to 5. MESSAGE

draw the connection.
The poem gives a beautiful message that a mother’s
4. Metaphor: A direct comparison without using
love never truly fades away. Rabindranath Tagore
“like” or “as.” For example, “my mother’s
shows that even if a child loses his mother early
gaze on my face has spread all over the sky”
and cannot remember her face, he can still feel
shows the mother’s loving gaze is directly
her comforting presence everywhere. Whether
compared to the vast open sky, suggesting her
it is through a sweet song, the smell of autumn
love is endless and all-surrounding.
flowers, or the peaceful blue sky, Tagore reminds

NODIA
5. Personification: Giving human qualities to
us that a mother’s deep love stays alive in our
non-living things. For example, “a tune seems
hearts and surrounds us forever.
to hover over my playthings” shows the
tune is given the human-like ability to hover
or float, as if it is a living presence moving 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
around the child’s toys.
6. Synesthesia: Mixing two different senses
Reflect and Respond
together in one expression. For example, “the
scent of the morning service in the temple I. Work in pairs. Discuss the memories from your
comes to me as the scent of my mother” shows childhood that you remember. List them and
smell and memory are blended together — a share with your classmates and teacher.
scent triggers a deeply emotional and sensory Ans :
memory of the mother. Some of the memories from my childhood that I
7. Anaphora: Repeating the same word or remember are:
phrase at the beginning of successive lines or 1. Learning to ride a bicycle with my father
stanzas. For example, “I cannot remember holding the seat from behind.
my mother” repeated at the start of all three 2. The smell of wet earth during the first
stanzas creates a strong, emotional rhythm monsoon showers when I used to make paper
and builds the feeling of longing with each boats.
repetition. 3. My grandmother telling me bedtime stories
8. Enjambment: When a sentence or thought about brave warriors and magical creatures.
runs over from one line to the next without a 4. The excitement of packing my bag with new
pause. For example, “I feel that the stillness notebooks and a new pencil box on the night
of / my mother’s gaze on my face / has spread before a new school year started.
all over the sky” shows one flowing thought 5. The taste of my mother’s special homemade
spread gently across three lines, mimicking cake on my birthdays.
the quiet, dreamy mood of the poem.
9. Symbolism: Using something to represent a II. Discuss how children’s relationship with their
deeper meaning. For example, “the blue of the mother can influence their emotions and
distant sky” symbolises the mother — vast, memories.
unreachable, beautiful and always present Ans :
above, just like a mother’s love that the child A child’s relationship with their mother
can feel but cannot touch. profoundly shapes their emotional landscape and
10. Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant memory formation. A mother is often the primary
sound at the beginning of nearby words. For source of comfort, security, and love. Positive
example, “smell of the shiuli... scent of the interactions—like a soothing lullaby, a warm
morning service” shows the repetition of hug, or the specific scent of her cooking—become
the soft ‘s’ sound creating a gentle, soothing deeply ingrained in a child’s subconscious. These
musical quality that matches the tender mood early experiences create a foundation of emotional
of the poem. stability. As children grow, sensory triggers (like
a familiar smell or a specific tune, as seen in the
poem) can instantly evoke powerful, comforting
memories of their mother, influencing how they
perceive safety and affection throughout their
lives.
 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

III. Match the words given in Column 1 with their Ans :

meanings in Column 2. 1. The poet remembers his mother in the spring
season.
Column 1 Column 2 2. The poet remembers his mother by the smell
1. hover i. sing a tune with your lips of flowers.
closed Setting : outdoor
2. hum ii. a type of flower (coral Stanza 3
jasmine) 1. The poet feels that his mother _____ at
3. cradle iii. look steadily for a long time him from the _____.
Setting : _____ (outdoor/indoor)
4. shiuli iv. rituals conducted in a
Ans :
temple
1. The poet feels that his mother smiles at him
5. morning v. linger or remain near a from the garden.
service place Setting : outdoor
6. gaze vi. a small bed for a baby
II. The senses of olfactory (smell), auditory (hearing),
Ans : and visual (sight), are three of the five basic
senses in humans. Give examples of references to
Column 1 Column 2 senses from the poem. Complete the table given
1. hover v. linger or remain near a below.
place
Stanza Lines from the Poem Senses
2. hum i. sing a tune with your lips
closed 1. ______________
______________
3. cradle vi. a small bed for a baby ______________
4. shiuli ii. a type of flower (coral ______________
jasmine) 3. ...the tune of some song
5. morning iv. rituals conducted in a that she used to hum
service temple while rocking my cradle
6. gaze iii. look steadily for a long time 2. ______________ olfactory
______________
Check Your Understanding ______________
______________
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
Stanza 1 Ans :
1. The poet remembers his mother while he
Stanza Lines from the Poem Senses
_____.
2. The poet remembers the _____ but not 1. “a tune seems to hover auditory
the _____. over my playthings, / the
Setting : _____ (outdoor/indoor) tune of some song that
Ans : she used to hum”
1. The poet remembers his mother while he sits 3. “I send my eyes into the visual
in the garden. blue of the distant sky, /
2. The poet remembers the garden but not the I feel that the stillness of
day. my mother’s gaze on my
Setting : outdoor face”
Stanza 2 2. “the smell of the shiuli olfactory
1. The poet remembers his mother in the flowers floats in the air /
_____ season. the scent of the morning
2. The poet remembers his mother by the smell service in the temple”
of _____.
Setting : _____ (outdoor/indoor)

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PAGE 546 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

III. Read the poem silently once again and complete prove that her essence is unforgettable and
the following. omnipresent in his sensory experiences.
1. Two examples of alliteration from the poem 7. it emphasizes the central paradox of his
are (i) _____ and (ii) _____. experience: the frustration of having lost the
2. An example of onomatopoeia is _____. conscious, visual memory of his mother’s
3. The poem uses imagery extensively. Explain. physical face, which contrasts sharply with
4. Although the poem does not have a rhyme the strong, undeniable feeling of her spiritual
scheme, it is enjoyable because _____. and sensory presence that surrounds him.
5. What is the tone of the poet? Why do you say 8. i. The hovering tune : Symbolises her
so? comforting, nurturing love and the
6. What impact does the title of the poem have subconscious memories of infancy.
on the overall mood of the poem? ii. The shiuli flowers and temple scent :
7. The poet uses ‘I cannot remember my mother’ Symbolise purity, devotion, and a gentle,
as a refrain because _____. spiritual presence that permeates his
The poet uses symbolism to indicate the memory surroundings.
of his mother’s presence. Identify the symbols iii. The vast blue sky : Symbolises her
used in the poem. infinite, protective, and overarching
Ans : presence, watching over him from above.

1. (i) “scent of the morning service” and

(ii) “tune of some song”.
2. hum. Critical Reflection
3. The poet uses vivid imagery to evoke the
presence of his mother through the senses, I. Read the extracts given below and answer the
making her memory feel alive. He uses questions that follow.
auditory imagery (“tune of some song”,
“hum”), olfactory imagery (“smell of the 1. I cannot remember my mother
shiuli flowers”, “scent of the morning only sometimes in the midst of my play
NODIA

service”), and visual imagery (“blue of the a tune seems to hover over my playthings,
distant sky”, “stillness of my mother’s gaze”).
i. Complete the following sentence appropriately.
This extensive use of sensory details helps the
The poet is reminded of his mother during his
reader feel the subtle, atmospheric ways the
_____.
poet’s mother lingers in his world.
4. of its deeply emotional and relatable theme, ii. What is the primary emotion conveyed by the line
its gentle, flowing rhythm that mimics a ‘a tune seems to hover over my playthings’ ?
lullaby, and the evocative sensory imagery
A. It enhances the joy of play.
that beautifully captures the feeling of
B. It disrupts the playtime atmosphere.
nostalgia and love.
5. The tone of the poet is nostalgic, deeply C. It activates memories of the mother.
reverent, and slightly melancholic, yet D. It symbolises the carefree nature of childhood.
ultimately peaceful. We can say so because,
despite the sorrow of not being able to iii. In the context of the poem, what role does the
visually remember his mother (“I cannot hovering tune play during the speaker’s playtime?
remember my mother”), he finds comfort and iv. State whether the following sentence is true or
a profound sense of her continued presence in false.
the gentle, beautiful elements of his everyday The poet experiences the tune lingering over
life (playthings, flowers, the sky). playthings only occasionally during playtime.
6. The title, “I Cannot Remember My Mother,”
immediately establishes a mood of loss, v. How could the poet feel his mother’s presence,
vulnerability, and longing. It sets up a even though she isn’t there?
poignant contrast with the rest of the poem; Ans :
while the poet claims he cannot remember her i. playtime.
physically, the verses that follow beautifully ii. C. It activates memories of the mother.
 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

iii. The hovering tune acts as a subconscious or scientifically tangible change to the sky
bridge to his past. Amidst his ordinary itself).
playtime, it serves as a gentle, intangible iv Likening his mother’s gaze to the sky illustrates
reminder of his mother’s enduring love and that her love and protective watchfulness are
the lullabies she used to sing, making him feel vast, boundless, and omnipresent. Just as
her comforting presence. the sky covers the entire earth, he feels her
iv True. (The text specifies “only sometimes”). comforting presence encompassing his whole
v. The poet feels her presence because a mother’s world.
love and the early sensory experiences v. tranquil / reverent because he feels a profound,
associated with her—like the sound of her boundless, and comforting connection with
humming—are deeply imprinted in a child’s his mother as he looks out into the vast
subconscious memory. These memories are expanse of the sky.
triggered by familiar elements in his current
environment. II. Answer the following questions.

2. I feel that the stillness of 1. What is the emotional impact of the refrain, ‘I
my mother’s gaze on my face cannot remember my mother’ ?
has spread all over the sky. Ans :
The refrain creates a poignant emotional impact
i. What does the poet suggest about the stillness of
by highlighting a deep sense of loss. By repeatedly
his mother’s gaze spreading over the sky?
admitting his inability to recall her physical face,
A. The mother’s gaze is physically present in the the poet amplifies the power and beauty of the
sky. sensory memories that do remain. It turns a
B. The sky is a symbolic extension of the statement of absence into a profound testament
mother’s presence. to an enduring, invisible connection.
C. The sky mirrors the mother’s emotions.
2. Interpret the connection between the poet’s
D. The stillness is fleeting and unrelated to the
mother and the following:
mother.
(i) shiuli flowers
ii. What emotion does the poet associate with the (ii) humming tune
‘stillness’ of his mother’s gaze? Ans :
A. a sense of grief (i) Shiuli flowers : These flowers bloom in the
B. a sense of anticipation early autumn and are often associated with
purity and religious offerings. Their sweet,
C. a sense of nostalgia
lingering fragrance represents the gentle,
D. a sense of serenity pure, and spiritual nature of his mother’s
iii. State whether the following sentence is true or presence that subtly fills his environment.
false. (ii) Humming tune : This represents the deep,
The poet suggests that the mother’s gaze has a subconscious bond formed during infancy.
tangible and visual effect on the sky. The lullaby she hummed while rocking his
cradle is a symbol of maternal comfort, safety,
iv. What is the purpose of likening the mother’s gaze and a love that continues to resonate in his
to the sky? mind even while he plays.

v. Complete the sentence appropriately. 3. What role does nature play in the poet’s
The tone of the poet in the given extract is description of the memory of his mother?
_____ because _____. Ans :
Ans : Nature acts as a canvas and a catalyst for the
i. B. The sky is a symbolic extension of the poet’s memories. Since he lacks a direct visual
mother’s presence. memory, the elements of nature—the autumn
ii. D. a sense of serenity. season, the fragrance of flowers, and the vastness
iii. False. (The effect is metaphorical and of the sky—become the mediums through which
deeply emotional; it is a profound spiritual he experiences her essence. Nature immortalizes
feeling the poet experiences, not a physical her memory, turning everyday surroundings into

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PAGE 548 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

a comforting embrace from his mother. these 1. _____ lilies that adorn the sunshine;
the voluptuous 2. _____ of neem and champak
4. What can be inferred about the poet’s perception and serisha that beat upon the languid air with
of the mother–child relationship? their implacable 3. _____; the thousand little
Ans : gold and blue and silver breasted birds bursting
It can be inferred that the poet perceives the with the 4. _____ ecstasy of life in nesting
mother-child relationship as an unbreakable, time. And, do you know that the scarlet lilies are
eternal bond that transcends physical presence woven petal by petal from my heart’s blood, these
and even death. He suggests that a mother’s love little quivering birds are my soul made incarnate
and care are so deeply ingrained in a child’s being music, these heavy 5. _____ are my emotions
that they become a permanent part of the child’s dissolved into aerial 6. _____, this 7. _____
sensory world and subconscious memory. blue and gold sky is the ‘very me’…
Ans :
Vocabulary in Context Come and share my exquisite March morning with
I. Work in pairs to classify the sensory words given me: this sumptuous blaze of gold and sapphire sky;
in the box below. One example has been done these 1. flaming lilies that adorn the sunshine; the
for you. voluptuous 2. scents of neem and champak and
serisha that beat upon the languid air with their
rustle sticky glowing hiss implacable 3. sweetness; the thousand little gold
rough chilled aroma gigantic and blue and silver breasted birds bursting with
stale sizzle minuscule scent the 4. shrill ecstasy of life in nesting time. And, do
gloomy deafening vibrant pungent you know that the scarlet lilies are woven petal by
squeaky stinky crimson fluffy petal from my heart’s blood, these little quivering
fragrant smooth slimy ear-splitting birds are my soul made incarnate music, these
hairy heavy 5. perfumes are my emotions dissolved into
aerial 6. essence, this 7. smooth blue and gold sky
Visual Auditory Olfactory Tactile is the ‘very me’…
The two extra words are: scarlet, sizzle
glowing hiss aroma sticky
III. Write numbers against each picture with the
Ans :
phrases that describe them with their sensorial
Visual Auditory Olfactory Tactile associations. One example has been done for you.
1. beats of music echo in air
glowing hiss aroma sticky
2. melody of soothing scent, dancing in the air
gigantic rustle scent rough 3. fragrant breeze of blooming buds
minuscule sizzle pungent chilled 4. gentle lullaby, a soft melody
NODIA

5. colourful sky, painting a lively sight

gloomy deafening stinky fluffy 6. attractive canvas painting the horizon
vibrant squeaky fragrant smooth
crimson ear- stale slimy
splitting
hairy

II. Fill in the blanks with sensory words in the box

for the following passage written by Sarojini
Naidu. There are two extra words.

scarlet shrill sizzle perfumes

flaming scents sweetness essence
smooth
Come and share my exquisite March morning with
me: this sumptuous blaze of gold and sapphire sky;
 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

Ans : 4. Childhood days are about (ii)

Left to right : freedom and ordinary pleasures
Top row : in outdoor activities.
• 3 (fragrant breeze of blooming buds)
• 4 (gentle lullaby, a soft melody) 5. Memories of school days are (iii)
• 5 (colourful sky, painting a lively sight) grandparents and my funny
Bottom row: tales.
• 6 (attractive canvas painting the horizon) 6. Parents urge us to be -(Not
• 1 (beats of music echo in air) adventurous and discover needed)
• 2 (melody of soothing scent, dancing in the air) nature but with limitations.

Listen and Respond Speaking Activity

I. You will listen to four short extracts of people
I. Work in pairs. Think of an object, song, or a place
expressing their childhood memories. As you
that is memorable for you. Take turns to speak
listen, match each statement 1–6 to each speaker
about it using the prompts given below.
(i)–(iv). There are two statements that you do
• Introduce it briefly
not need. (Transcript for teacher on page 266)
• Describe it in detail including sensory details
Statement Speaker • Narrate the specific memory associated with
it
1. The precious memories by
• Explain how it has impacted your life
the seaside are not the same
• Summarise why this memory is meaningful to
anymore.
you even now
2. My grandfather’s You may use the following phrases.
encouragement influences me • During my childhood...
in moments of difficulty. • Growing up, I fondly remember...
3. The school days are a source of • Recalling those early years, I can’t forget...
recollection to stay in touch. • In my younger days, I used to...
• I have a clear memory of...
4. Childhood days are about • A routine activity in my childhood involved...
freedom and ordinary pleasures • A cherished part of my childhood includes...
in outdoor activities. • As a child, I was fond of...
5. Memories of school days are • One of my favourite childhood moments is...
grandparents and my funny • Thinking about my early years, I recall...
tales. • A common occurrence during my youth was...
6. Parents urge us to be Ans :
adventurous and discover 1. During my childhood, a place that was
nature but with limitations. incredibly memorable for me was my
grandparents’ ancestral home in a small
Ans : village.
2. Introduce it briefly : It was an old, sprawling
Statement Speaker
house with a red-tiled roof, surrounded by a
1. The precious memories by (iv) large courtyard.
the seaside are not the same 3. Describe it in detail including sensory details
anymore. : I have a clear memory of the earthy smell
2. My grandfather’s (i) of the courtyard after fresh rain and the
encouragement influences me vibrant, almost blinding green of the mango
in moments of difficulty. trees that shaded the porch. The air always
carried a faint, sweet aroma of jasmine from
3. The school days are a source of -(Not
the garden, mixed with the rich scent of my
recollection to stay in touch. needed)
grandmother’s spices roasting in the kitchen.

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PAGE 550 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. Narrate the specific memory associated Ans :

with it : A cherished part of my childhood Wednesday, 15th November 2023
includes spending my summer vacations there. 8:30 PM
A routine activity in my childhood involved Dear Diary,
waking up early to the sound of temple bells Today was absolutely enchanting! Our school trip
and running outside to collect fallen mangoes to the Munnar hill station was an experience I will
with my cousins. We would spend hours playing never forget. The moment we stepped out of the
hide-and-seek in the dusty, sunlit corridors. bus, I was greeted by the most chilled, refreshing
5. Explain how it has impacted your life : This breeze I have ever felt; it instantly woke me up.
place taught me the value of simple joys and Everywhere I looked, there were endless, rolling
the importance of family bonds. It gave me hills covered in vibrant, lush green tea gardens
an appreciation for nature and a sense of that looked like a soft, velvety carpet. The visual
rootedness that helps me stay calm during beauty was stunning, but what truly captivated
stressful times. me was the scent. The air was thick with the crisp,
6. Summarise why this memory is meaningful to earthy aroma of fresh tea leaves mixed with the
you even now : Recalling those early years, subtle fragrance of mountain mist. It felt so pure
I can’t forget the pure feeling of safety and to breathe in. I could hear the gentle, musical

NODIA
freedom I experienced there. Thinking about rustling of the leaves as the wind blew through
my early years, I realise that the house was the plantations, occasionally interrupted by the
not just a building, but a feeling of warmth cheerful chirping of unseen birds.
and happiness. Even now, whenever I smell Standing there on the viewpoint, looking out at
wet earth or jasmine, I am transported back the vast expanse, I felt a deep sense of peace and
to that courtyard, and it brings a smile to my joy. It was a significant moment for me, away
face. from the loud noises and pollution of the city. We
laughed, took countless pictures, and just soaked
in the tranquility of nature. Recalling today’s
trip, I realize how important it is to step out and
Writing Task appreciate the natural beauty around us. It was
a truly memorable day that rejuvenated all my
I. Imagine you had been on a school trip to a scenic senses!
place which appealed to all your senses. Write a Until next time,
diary entry describing the place and why it was a [Your Name]
memorable experience.
Learning Beyond the Text
I. You read about the shiuli flowers from the poem.
Gather more information on unique flowers of
India—where they are found, how they look,
what smell they emit, and what the historical
significance is, if any. [For example, Kurinji or
Neelakurinji that blooms once in twelve years.]
Add more flowers to this list.
Shiuli Flowers :
• known as Parijat, Parijata, and Harsingar
• revered and used for various ceremonial
purposes
Contents of the diary entry : • release a sweet fragrance
• begin with day, date, and time • associated with numerous Indian legends
• use only first person (I, my) • bloom exclusively during the night
• capture sensory details Ans :
• express emotions Here is information on two unique flowers native
• focus on significant moments and experiences to India:
• conclude with reflection
 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

1. Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) : 7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Where found : Native to the Himalayas
(Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh), usually Multiple Choice Type Questions
found at high altitudes of around 4500 meters.
It is the state flower of Uttarakhand. 1. Who wrote the poem “I Cannot Remember My
Appearance : It looks like a beautiful, large Mother”?
white star or lotus, enclosed in pale yellow- (a) Robert Frost
green, paper-like protective bracts.
(b) William Wordsworth
Smell : It emits a strong, sweet, and
mesmerizing fragrance. (c) Sarojini Naidu
Significance : It is highly revered in Hindu (d) Rabindranath Tagore
mythology, believed to be the flower of Lord Ans :
Brahma. Notably, it blooms only once a (d) Rabindranath Tagore
year, during the night, and wilts by morning,
making it incredibly rare and sacred. 2. What is the exact title of the poem?
2. Palash / Flame of the Forest (Butea (a) The True Love Of My Mother
monosperma) : (b) I Cannot Remember My Mother
Where found : Found across the plains and (c) Remembering My Sweet Mother
lower regions of India, often in dry deciduous
(d) The Pure Memory Of My Mother
forests. State flower of Jharkhand.
Appearance : The tree produces clusters of Ans :
brilliant, vibrant, fiery red and orange flowers (b) I Cannot Remember My Mother
that lack petals but have uniquely shaped,
curved keels. When in full bloom, the tree 3. When did the child lose his mother?
looks as if it is on fire. (a) In teenage years (b) During adulthood
Smell : Unlike many other flowers, Palash (c) Very early age (d) Just yesterday
flowers are largely odorless. Ans :
Significance : Historically, the flowers were (c) Very early age
used to make natural colors for the festival of
Holi. It is deeply associated with the arrival 4. What is the child unable to remember?
of spring in India and is frequently mentioned (a) Her sweet voice (b) Her daily prayers
in Indian literature and poetry.
(c) Her favorite songs (d) Her physical face
II. You must have read poems and songs related to the Ans :
theme of family, friends and their reminiscences, (d) Her physical face
in English and also in your own language. Collect
these poems and songs, and share with your 5. What leaves a permanent mark on the child’s
classmates and teacher. Now, read and enjoy the heart?
poem given below. (a) A mother’s love (b) The autumn sky
Ans : (c) His new playthings (d) The temple bells
I have read many poems and songs about family, Ans :
friends, and memories in both English and my (a) A mother’s love
own language. These poems often talk about love,
care, togetherness, and the special moments we 6. How does the poet feel his mother’s presence?
share with our loved ones. They remind us of (a) Through old photos
our childhood, happy times with friends, and the (b) Through his senses
support of our family.
(c) Through his relatives
Collecting and sharing such poems helps us
understand the importance of relationships and (d) Through old letters
memories in our lives. These poems make us feel Ans :
connected and help us appreciate the people who (b) Through his senses
bring joy and meaning to our lives.

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PAGE 552 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

7. The central theme is that a mother’s ______ Ans :

is very powerful. (d) A gentle tune
(a) sweet voice (b) gentle gaze
13. The poet hears the melody of a:
(c) deep love (d) kind touch
(a) sweet lullaby (b) morning prayer
Ans : (c) temple bell (d) distant river
(c) deep love
Ans :
8. Assertion (A): The poet cannot visually recall his (a) sweet lullaby
mother’s physical form.
Reason (R): His mother passed away when he was 14. While humming the tune, the mother used to
at a very early age. rock the:
(a) Both A and R are false. (a) wooden chair (b) baby’s cradle
(b) A is true but R is false. (c) sleeping bed (d) old hammock
(c) A is false but R is true. Ans :
(d) Both A and R are true. (b) baby’s cradle

Ans : 15. The lullaby sound brings the poet a deep sense of:
(d) Both A and R are true. (a) intense sorrow (b) sudden fear
9. Which of the following statements is correct (c) great comfort (d) deep anger
regarding the poem’s introduction? Ans :
1. The poet remembers his mother’s face clearly. (c) great comfort
2. The mother’s love leaves a permanent mark.
3. The child lost his mother in his late teens. 16. The poet feels his mother’s love is:
(a) Only statement 2 is correct. (a) far away (b) fading out
(b) Only statement 1 is correct. (c) completely gone (d) surrounding him
(c) Both 1 and 3 are correct. Ans :
(d) Both 2 and 3 are correct. (d) surrounding him
Ans : 17. The poet’s mother used to ______ while
(a) Only statement 2 is correct. gently rocking his cradle.
10. What does the poet’s lack of visual memory (a) quietly hum (b) loudly sing
ultimately suggest about their bond? (c) softly speak (d) gently weep
(a) It shows he has completely forgotten his past. Ans :
(b) It highlights that true love transcends sight. (a) quietly hum
(c) It proves that time erases all deep memories. 18. The first stanza focuses primarily on which type
(d) It means he never really cared for his mother. of memory?
Ans : (a) Visual memory (b) Auditory memory
(b) It highlights that true love transcends sight. (c) Olfactory memory (d) Tactile memory
11. In the first stanza, what is the poet doing? Ans :
(a) Reading a book (b) Sleeping quietly (b) Auditory memory
(c) Busy in playtime (d) Walking outside 19. Assertion (A): The poet feels abandoned while
Ans : playing with his toys.
(c) Busy in playtime Reason (R): The humming tune reminds him that
his mother is absent.
12. What hovers over the poet’s playthings? (a) Both A and R are true.
(a) A bright light (b) A soaring bird (b) A is true but R is false.
(c) A dark shadow (d) A gentle tune (c) Both A and R are false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

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 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

Ans : (a) village school (b) holy temple

(c) Both A and R are false. (c) large garden (d) flowing river
20. How does the “hovering tune” affect the poet Ans :
during playtime? (b) holy temple
(a) It distracts him from playing with his new 27. For the poet, these pure smells act as a strong:
toys.
(a) warning sign (b) pleasant dream
(b) It makes him feel lonely in an empty room.
(c) sweet reminder (d) fading memory
(c) It creates a sense of fear about the dark room.
Ans :
(d) It acts as a comforting embrace from his
(c) sweet reminder
mother.
Ans : 28. The fragrance of the flowers represents the
(d) It acts as a comforting embrace from his mother’s:
mother. (a) lost childhood (b) hidden sadness
(c) deep knowledge (d) pure devotion
21. Which season is mentioned in the second stanza?
(a) Early autumn (b) Late summer Ans :
(d) pure devotion
(c) Deep winter (d) Warm spring
Ans : 29. The second stanza mainly highlights which type
(a) Early autumn of memory?
(a) Olfactory memory (b) Auditory memory
22. What is the local name of the coral jasmine
(c) Visual memory (d) Tactile memory
flowers?
(a) Champa (b) Shiuli Ans :
(a) Olfactory memory
(c) Lotus (d) Rose
Ans : 30. The scent of the shiuli flowers blends with the
(b) Shiuli scent of the:
(a) burning incense (b) temple prayers
23. What are the colors of the coral jasmine flowers
(c) autumn leaves (d) morning dew
mentioned?
(a) Red and yellow (b) Pink and white Ans :
(b) temple prayers
(c) White and orange (d) Blue and purple
Ans : 31. Which of the following statements is correct
(c) White and orange regarding the second stanza?
1. The flowers have a sour smell.
24. The sweet smell of the flowers floats in the: 2. The scents remind him of his mother.
(a) river water (b) dark clouds 3. The temple is very far away.
(c) open fields (d) autumn air (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Ans : (b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
NODIA

(d) autumn air (c) Only statement 2 is correct.

(d) Only statement 3 is correct.
25. The fragrance blends with the scent of the
morning: Ans :
(a) prayer service (b) cooking fire (c) Only statement 2 is correct.
(c) damp forest (d) rain showers 32. What deeper meaning does the fragrance of
Ans : autumn hold for the poet?
(a) prayer service (a) It shows that autumn is his favorite time of
year.
26. The morning prayer service scent comes from a
(b) It signifies the decay and passing of natural
nearby:
life.
PAGE 554 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) It reminds him of the toys he lost in his Ans :

childhood. (c) vast and protective
(d) It symbolizes the spiritual presence of his
40. The poet feels his mother is always watching him
mother.
from:
Ans : (a) the window (b) the temple
(d) It symbolizes the spiritual presence of his
(c) the garden (d) up above
mother.
Ans :
33. In the final stanza, the poet looks out of his: (d) up above
(a) bedroom window (b) classroom door
41. Assertion (A): The vast blue sky makes the poet
(c) kitchen window (d) wooden balcony
feel protected.
Ans : Reason (R): He associates the vastness of the sky
(a) bedroom window with his mother’s limitless love.
34. Where does the poet gaze into? (a) Both A and R are true.
(a) The green forest (b) The distant sky (b) A is true but R is false.
(c) The deep ocean (d) The busy street (c) A is false but R is true.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Ans :
(b) The distant sky Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true.
35. How is the distant sky described?
(a) Dark and grey (b) Bright and red 42. Why does the poet compare his mother to the
infinite blue sky?
(c) Infinite and blue (d) Cloudy and pale
(a) Because she used to love looking at the blue
Ans : sky.
(c) Infinite and blue
(b) Because her protective love feels boundless
36. Looking at the sky gives the poet a profound: and vast.
(a) sense of dread (b) feeling of loss (c) Because she traveled across the distant sky
often.
(c) burst of joy (d) spiritual connection
(d) Because he feels cold and distant from her
Ans : memory.
(d) spiritual connection
Ans :
37. The poet feels the stillness of the sky is his (b) Because her protective love feels boundless
mother’s: and vast.
(a) silent gaze (b) sudden tear
43. What phrase is repeatedly used in the poem?
(c) final word (d) lost voice
(a) I miss my sweet dear mother
Ans : (b) Where has my mother gone now
(a) silent gaze
(c) I cannot remember my mother
38. The mother’s gaze from the sky is described as: (d) My mother loves me very much
(a) cold and distant (b) silent and loving Ans :
(c) harsh and angry (d) sad and fearful (c) I cannot remember my mother
Ans : 44. The repeated phrase highlights a:
(b) silent and loving
(a) joyful memory (b) passing thought
39. Just as the sky covers the earth, the mother’s (c) angry feeling (d) sad truth
love is: Ans :
(a) slowly fading (b) highly conditional (d) sad truth
(c) vast and protective (d) dark and heavy

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 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

45. Despite the sad truth, the ultimate mood of the 50. Which sensory detail is NOT used by the poet to
poem is: feel his mother’s presence?
(a) positive and peaceful (a) Hearing a gentle tune
(b) dark and depressing (b) Tasting sweet food
(c) angry and bitter (c) Smelling fresh flowers
(d) fearful and anxious (d) Seeing the vast sky
Ans : Ans :
(a) positive and peaceful (b) Tasting sweet food

46. The bond between the mother and child is

described as: Short Answer Type Questions
(a) easily broken (b) unbreakable
1. How does the poet experience his mother’s
(c) slowly fading (d) completely lost presence during his playtime?
Ans : Ans :
(b) unbreakable Although the poet cannot recall his mother’s
physical appearance, he feels her presence while
47. A mother’s essence simply becomes a part of:
playing. A familiar tune seems to hover over his
(a) the lost past (b) the deep ocean toys. This imaginary melody reminds him of the
(c) beautiful nature (d) dark shadows comforting lullaby his mother used to sing while
Ans : rocking his cradle.
(c) beautiful nature
2. What is the underlying emotion conveyed in the
48. Which of the following statements is correct opening line, “I cannot remember my mother”?
regarding the conclusion? Ans :
1. The poet regains his visual memory of her This repeated line conveys a profound sense of
face. sadness and loss. It highlights the tragic reality
2. The poem is full of rich sensory details. that the poet lost his mother at a very tender
3. The mother’s essence guides the child forever. age, leaving him unable to recall her face, yet he
(a) Only statement 1 is correct. yearns for her enduring love.
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. 3. How does the memory of the mother transition
(c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. from auditory to olfactory in the poem?
(d) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Ans :
Ans : In the first stanza, the poet remembers his
(d) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. mother through the auditory memory of a lullaby.
Chronologically, this shifts to an olfactory memory
49. What is the ultimate message delivered through in the second stanza, where the distinct autumn
NODIA

the poet’s sensory experiences? fragrance of shiuli flowers triggers memories of

(a) Physical absence does not destroy a mother’s her pure presence.
eternal love.
4. What is the significance of the “shiuli” flowers in
(b) Nature is completely unrelated to human
the context of the mother’s memory?
emotions and love.
Ans :
(c) Memories can only survive if we have
The shiuli flowers bloom in autumn and possess
photographs of them.
a sweet, lingering fragrance. The poet associates
(d) The pain of losing a parent will eventually this specific scent with his mother because it
destroy a child. blends seamlessly with the aroma of the morning
Ans : temple prayers, symbolizing her pure, devoted,
(a) Physical absence does not destroy a mother’s and spiritual nature.
eternal love.
5. Why does the poet associate the scent of the
morning temple service with his mother?
PAGE 556 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Ans :
The scent of the morning temple service evokes In the poem, the poet compensates for his lack
a sense of deep piety and calmness. The poet of visual memory by invoking powerful sensory
likely remembers his mother performing these perceptions. First, he uses auditory imagery when
daily prayers. Thus, the holy fragrance serves as a playing with his toys; a hovering “tune” reminds
spiritual reminder of her gentle and devoted soul. him of the soothing lullabies his mother hummed
while rocking his cradle. Secondly, he relies on
6. What action does the poet take in the final stanza, olfactory memory during autumn. The sweet
and what does he observe? fragrance of shiuli flowers intertwines with the
Ans : scent of the morning temple prayers, reminding
In the concluding stanza, the poet sends his gaze him of his mother’s deep spiritual devotion.
out into the vast, open space from his bedroom Finally, he uses a grand visual metaphor
window. Looking out, he observes the expansive, from his bedroom window. The vast, infinite
infinite blue sky spreading endlessly above him, blue sky represents his mother’s silent, protective
which brings a deep sense of tranquil connection. gaze. Through these sensory elements—hearing,
smelling, and observing nature—the poet
7. How does the poet interpret the stillness of the beautifully resurrects his mother’s eternal essence
distant blue sky? in his daily life.
Ans :
The poet perceives the silent, motionless blue sky 2. Imagine you are the poet. Write a diary entry
as his mother’s loving, steady gaze looking down describing your feelings on an autumn morning
upon him. He believes that her watchful eyes when the scent of shiuli flowers evokes vivid
have spread across the entire sky, offering him memories of your mother.
endless protection, warmth, and quiet maternal Ans :
reassurance. Tuesday, 14th April 2026
Dear Diary,
8. What does the boundless nature of the sky Today, the crisp autumn breeze carried the sweet
symbolize in the poem? fragrance of shiuli flowers into my room, filling
Ans : me with nostalgia. Though I cannot clearly
The infinite expanse of the sky symbolizes the remember my mother’s face, my heart recognizes
boundless, immeasurable nature of a mother’s her presence through this familiar scent. The
love. Just as the sky blankets the earth entirely, aroma blended with the incense from a distant
the poet feels completely enveloped and protected temple, making me feel as if she were near me,
by his mother’s everlasting love, transcending quietly offering her prayers.
physical boundaries and death. This feeling is both painful and comforting.
While I feel sadness for not remembering her
9. Based on the entire text, justify the poet’s claim
face, I also experience deep peace in sensing her
that a mother’s bond is unbreakable.
presence around me. It seems as if she lives on in
Ans : nature, surrounding me with love and warmth.
Despite the physical absence and lack of visual Rabindranath
memory, the poet’s emotional connection to his
mother remains eternally intact. By sensing her 3. Write a letter from the poet to a close friend,
through everyday natural elements—a tune, floral explaining how the vast blue sky brings comfort
scents, and the sky—he proves that maternal love and makes him feel completely protected by his
is unbreakable and immortal. departed mother.
Ans :
Dear Friend,
Long Answer Type Questions I hope this letter finds you in good health and
1. Rabindranath Tagore masterfully substitutes high spirits. I am writing to share a profound
physical memory with sensory experiences in “I realization I had today while looking out of
Cannot Remember My Mother.” Analyze how my bedroom window. You know how deeply it
auditory, olfactory, and visual metaphors are used pains me that I cannot recall my mother’s face.
to recreate the mother’s presence. However, today, as I stared into the infinite blue

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 I CANNOT REMEMBER MY MOTHER

sky, that pain completely vanished. Extract Based Questions

The sheer vastness of the sky felt exactly like
a mother’s embrace—limitless, protective, and 1. Read the extract given below and answer the
constantly hovering above me. I felt her silent, questions that follows :
steady gaze looking down, reassuring me that she “I cannot remember my mother
has never truly left. Her love has simply expanded only sometimes in the midst of my play
to fill the entire universe. I no longer feel orphaned; a tune seems to hover over my playthings,
I feel watched over and profoundly loved. the tune of some song that she used to
Yours affectionately, hum while rocking my cradle.”
Rabindranath i. What does the hovering tune suggest about
the mother’s memory?
4. If the mother’s “silent steady gaze” from the (a) A conscious recollection
sky could be translated into a comforting speech (b) A subconscious presence
for the poet, what would she say to reassure her (c) An active imagination
child? Write a short speech.
(d) An auditory illusion
Ans : ii. Statement I: The speaker intentionally tries
“My beloved child, please do not weep because to recall his mother’s lullaby.
you cannot remember my face. Physical forms Statement II: The memory of the mother is
are temporary, but the bond we share is eternal. triggered involuntarily during play.
Whenever you play with your toys, listen closely;
NODIA
(a) Both I and II are true.
my voice is in the gentle breeze, humming the
(b) Both I and II are false.
lullabies that once rocked you to sleep. When
autumn arrives, breathe in the fragrance of the (c) I is true, II is false.
shiuli flowers—that is my soul praying for your (d) I is false, II is true.
happiness and peace. And when you look up at iii. In what situation does the speaker get a
the vast, boundless blue sky, know that it is my fleeting memory of his mother?
warm embrace wrapping around you. I am the iv. Identify the contextual vocabulary word from
sky that protects you, the tune that comforts you, the stanza that means “to remain poised or
and the scent that guides you. I am always with linger in one place in the air.”
you, now and forever.” v. State True or False with a reason:
The poet has a clear and complete visual
5. “Physical absence does not destroy a mother’s memory of his mother.
eternal love; rather, it makes her omnipresent in Ans :
the child’s life.” Evaluate this theme based on i. (b) A subconscious presence
your reading of the poem. ii. (d) I is false, II is true.
Ans : iii. The speaker gets a fleeting memory of his
The poem conveys that a mother’s love goes mother during play, when a tune of her
beyond physical presence. The poet loses his lullaby seems to hover over his playthings.
mother at a very young age and cannot even iv. hover
remember her face. Normally, such absence would v. False, because the poet explicitly states “I
cause memories to fade away. cannot remember my mother” and relies
However, in this case, the opposite happens. entirely on fragmented sensory impressions
Since the mother is not limited to a physical form, instead of visual recall.
she becomes present everywhere in the child’s
world. He feels her presence in the music of his 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
playthings, the fragrance of shiuli flowers, and the questions that follows :
vast blue sky above him. “I cannot remember my mother
Through these experiences, the poet shows but when in the early autumn morning
that a mother’s love is eternal. Even without the smell of the shiuli flowers floats in the air
her physical presence, she remains a constant the scent of the morning service in the temple
guiding spirit, surrounding the child with care comes to me as the scent of my mother.”
and comfort.
PAGE 558 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

i. How does the smell of shiuli flowers primarily ii. Which of the following best describes the
affect the speaker? speaker’s perspective in this stanza?
(a) It reminds him of autumn (a) The vast sky physically shrinks to the
(b) It evokes religious devotion size of a bedroom window.
(c) It bridges past and present (b) The mother’s comforting presence has
(d) It creates deep melancholy become omnipresent in nature.
ii. Assertion (A): The poet associates the (c) The sheer distance of the sky highlights
morning temple service with his mother. his feeling of abandonment.
Reason (R): The fragrance of the temple (d) The blue color accurately represents the
rituals triggers an involuntary childhood deep sorrow of the mother.
memory of his mother’s daily practices. iii. What does the poet feel when he gazes at the
(a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct distant sky from his bedroom window?
explanation. iv. Identify the figure of speech used in feeling
(b) Both A and R are true, R is not the that the “stillness of my mother’s gaze... has
correct explanation. spread all over the sky.”
(c) A is true, R is false. v. State whether True or False, with a reason:
The poet believes his mother is physically
(d) A is false, R is true.
looking down at him from the sky.
iii. What triggers the memory of the poet’s
mother in this stanza? Ans :
iv. Which word in the stanza refers to the i. (b) Yearning for maternal connection
religious prayers or rituals performed at a ii. (b) The mother’s comforting presence has
place of worship? become omnipresent in nature.
v. Complete the sentence: iii. The poet feels that the stillness of his mother’s
The poet compares the scent of the morning gentle gaze has spread all over the vast sky.
service in the temple directly to the iv. Metaphor
______. v. False, the poet feels a symbolic or spiritual
presence of his mother’s protective gaze in
Ans :
the quiet vastness of the sky, not a physical
i. (c) It bridges past and present
entity.
ii. (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct
explanation.
iii. The smell of shiuli flowers floating in the early 
autumn morning air triggers the memory of
his mother.
iv. service
v. scent of his mother

3. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows :
“I cannot remember my mother
only when from my bedroom window I send
my eyes into the blue of the distant sky,
I feel that the stillness of
my mother’s gaze on my face
has spread all over the sky.”
i. What does sending “eyes into the blue of the
distant sky” signify?
(a) Looking for incoming rain
(b) Yearning for maternal connection
(c) Admiring nature’s vast beauty
(d) Avoiding the indoor loneliness

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 NINE GOLD MEDALS

CHAPTER 5
NINE GOLD MEDALS

1. INTRODUCTION determined athletes, completely focused and

ready for the challenge ahead of them. They take
“Nine Gold Medals” by David Roth is a deeply their respective positions at the starting blocks,
moving poem set against the backdrop of the standing completely still as they anxiously wait to
Special Olympics. The narrative captures the hear the loud sound of the starting pistol.
intense anticipation of the final track event,
the hundred-yard dash. Athletes from various The Starting Gun and the Unexpected Fall
countries have gathered, having dedicated months The moment finally arrives when the starting
of rigorous training to compete for the ultimate signal is given, and the loud crack of the exploding
prize. As the starting pistol fires, the runners dash pistol echoes across the field. Immediately, the
forward, but the youngest competitor tragically racers burst forward from their starting blocks,
stumbles and falls onto the asphalt track. What sprinting ahead with all their might. However, in
follows is an unexpected turn of events, as the the midst of this sudden rush, the youngest and
remaining eight runners abandon their fierce smallest athlete in the group loses his balance,
desire to win, choosing instead to focus on the stumbles awkwardly, and falls forcefully onto the
fallen boy. hard asphalt track instead of running forward.
The Fallen Athlete’s Heartbreak
Upon falling to the ground, the young runner
2. SUMMARY lets out a painful and heartbreaking cry filled
The Athletes’ Preparation and Arrival with extreme frustration and emotional agony.
Athletes from various parts of the country have He instantly realizes that all the countless hours
gathered to participate in a major sporting event, of strenuous effort and his deepest dreams of
hoping to win the highly coveted gold, silver, winning a medal have been shattered in the dirt
and bronze medals. All of these competitors have of the track. Yet, just as clearly as the narrator is
dedicated many weeks and months to intense witnessing and sharing this account, an incredibly
physical training to prepare themselves. Now, unexpected sequence of events is about to unfold
all their hard work and dedication have finally on the field.
culminated in this specific athletic competition. The Remarkable Act of the Fellow Runners
The Gathering of the Enthusiastic Crowd Despite having trained for a very long time
A large crowd of spectators has gathered around specifically to win this race, the other eight
the stadium’s old sporting field to support competitors do something entirely unexpected.
and cheer for all the young athletes competing Hearing the young boy’s cry, they immediately
today. As the day’s athletic competitions draw stop their fierce sprinting and halt their forward
to a close, everyone eagerly awaits the final and momentum in their tracks. One by one, every
most anticipated race. The atmosphere among single runner turns around and walks back to
NODIA

the audience is incredibly lively, and a high level where the smallest athlete has fallen, lifting the
of excitement fills the air just before the event boy up so that he can stand firmly on his feet
begins. once again.

Positioning for the Final Race A United Walk to the Finish Line
Down on the track, the starting blocks are perfectly Once the fallen athlete is back on his feet, all nine
arranged in their lanes, waiting for the runners runners link their hands together in a powerful
who are about to compete in the hundred-yard display of unity and continue down the track as
dash. Behind the starting line stand nine highly one group. The competitive hundred-yard sprint
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PAGE 560 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

is instantly transformed into a slow, cooperative Word Meaning :

walk toward the end of the race. Above them 1. Spectators - People who watch a show, game,
hangs a large banner announcing the “Special or event.
Olympics,” and the wonderfully compassionate 2. Approaching - Coming closer in time.
way these athletes are behaving perfectly reflects Explanation :
the true significance of those words. A large crowd of audience members has gathered
The Joyous and Historic Conclusion around the sports field to support and encourage
The final race of the day concludes in an the young athletes. The atmosphere is buzzing
extraordinary manner, with the officials awarding with energy.
nine gold medals to the group since they all cross It is the very last sporting event of the day,
the finish line simultaneously while still holding which is usually the most awaited and thrilling
hands. The entire crowd of spectators rises to one. Because it is the grand finale, the excitement
their feet to give them a massive, thunderous among the crowd and the participants is at its
standing ovation for their actions. The brightly absolute peak. This stanza successfully builds up
glowing, happy smiles on all nine of the athletes’ the suspense before the race starts.
faces express the profound joy of the moment far
better than any spoken words ever could. Stanza 3
The blocks were all lined up for those who would
use them
3. EXPLANATION
NODIA
The hundred-yard dash and the race to be run
These were nine resolved athletes in the back of
Stanza 1 the starting line
The athletes had come from all over the country Poised for the sound of the gun.
To run for the gold, for the silver, and bronze Word Meaning :
Many weeks and months of training 1. Blocks - Small equipment placed on the track
All coming down to these games. that runners push their feet against to get a
Word Meaning : fast start.
1. Athletes - People who are trained in sports, 2. Hundred-yard dash - A very fast, short-
games, or exercises. distance running race covering 100 yards.
2. Bronze - A brown metal used to make the 3. Resolved - Highly determined and firm in
medal for the third-place winner. their purpose to win.
4. Poised - Completely ready and positioned for
Explanation :
action.
The poem opens by introducing a major sports
competition. Sports persons from various parts of Explanation :
the country have gathered to compete and win The setting shifts directly to the starting line
medals—gold for first place, silver for second, and of the race. The event is the 100-yard dash, a
bronze for third. race that requires extreme speed and focus. The
The stanza highlights the sheer hard work starting blocks are set up for the runners.
and dedication of these participants. They have Nine highly determined athletes are standing
spent months undergoing strict training and at the starting line. They are deeply focused,
preparation. Now, all their efforts and dreams physically ready, and simply waiting for the loud
depend completely on how they perform in these sound of the starting pistol to begin sprinting.
final games. This sets a mood of high stakes and The poet perfectly captures the tense, pin-drop
serious anticipation. silence right before a major race begins.

Stanza 2 Stanza 4
The spectators gathered around the old field The signal was given, the pistol exploded
To cheer on all the young women and men And so did the runners all charging ahead
The final event of the day was approaching But the smallest among them, he stumbled and
Excitement was high to begin. staggered
And fell to the asphalt instead.
 NINE GOLD MEDALS

Word Meaning : Stanza 6

1. Pistol - A small handgun used by the referee The eight other runners pulled up on their heels
to fire a blank shot, signaling the start of a The ones who had trained for so long to compete
race. One by one they all turned round and went back
2. Exploded - Made a sudden, very loud bang. to help him
3. Charging - Rushing or moving forward with And brought the young boy to his feet.
great speed and energy.
4. Stumbled - Tripped or lost balance while Word Meaning :
running. 1. Pulled up on their heels - A phrase meaning
5. Staggered - Walked or moved unsteadily, as if they stopped running suddenly.
about to fall. 2. Compete - To take part in a contest and
6. Asphalt - The hard, black tar surface of the strive to win against others.
running track. Explanation :
Explanation : This stanza is the turning point of the poem.
The race finally begins! The starting gun is fired, The other eight runners, who had trained for
and instantly, all nine runners dash forward with months just to win this very race, do something
incredible power and speed. extraordinary. Hearing the young boy’s cry, they
However, a sudden tragedy occurs. The suddenly stop running.
youngest and smallest athlete in the group loses Instead of zooming past him to claim the gold
his balance. He trips, struggles to stay on his feet, medal, every single one of them turns around.
and ultimately crashes down onto the hard track. They walk back to the fallen athlete and gently
This sudden shift in the narrative changes the help him stand up. This moment highlights the
mood from high excitement to shock and sadness, core theme of the poem: true sportsmanship, deep
introducing the main conflict of the poem. empathy, and the idea that human compassion is
far more important than winning a competition.
Stanza 5
Stanza 7
He gave out a cry of frustration and anguish
His dreams and his efforts dashed in the dirt Then all the nine runners joined hands and
But as sure as I’m standing here telling this story continued
The same goes for what next occurred. The hundred-yard dash now reduced to a walk
And a banner above that said (Special Olympics)
Word Meaning : Could not have been more on the mark.
1. Frustration - The feeling of deep annoyance
and helplessness when you cannot achieve Word Meaning :
what you want. 1. Continued - Kept moving forward.
2. Anguish - Extreme mental or physical pain 2. Reduced - Made smaller or slower in scale.
and suffering. 3. Banner - A long strip of cloth with words or
3. Dashed - Completely shattered, ruined, or signs written on it, hung up for people to see.
destroyed. 4. On the mark - Perfectly accurate; exactly
right or true.
Explanation :
The little boy who fell cries out loudly. His cry Explanation :
isn’t just from physical pain, but from the deep Having helped the boy up, the nine athletes link
emotional heartbreak of watching his dreams their hands together. Instead of racing against
shatter. He realizes that all his months of hard each other, they decide to walk the rest of the
training have been ruined in a split second. 100-yard distance as a united team.
In the second half of the stanza, the poet talks The poet points out a banner hanging above
directly to the reader. He makes a firm promise the field that reads “Special Olympics” (a sports
that what happens next is absolutely true, even event for athletes with intellectual disabilities).
though it might seem unbelievable. This creates The poet feels this title is incredibly fitting.
a strong sense of curiosity and prepares us for a These athletes are “special” not just because
major, unexpected twist in the story. of the nature of the games, but because their
kindness, unity, and beautiful character make
them extraordinary human beings.

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PAGE 562 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Stanza 8 is just a feeling — is given the human-like

That’s how the race ended, with nine gold medals quality of being physically high or elevated,
They came to the finish line holding hands still making the atmosphere feel alive and electric.
And a standing ovation and nine beaming faces 5. Onomatopoeia: Using words that sound like
Said more than these words ever will. the action they describe. For example, “the
pistol exploded” shows the word “exploded”
Word Meaning : captures the loud, sharp bang of the starting
1. Standing ovation - When an audience stands gun, making the reader almost hear the sound
up to clap and cheer loudly to show great of the race beginning.
respect and appreciation. 6. Simile: A comparison using “like” or “as.”

NODIA
2. Beaming - Smiling very brightly with genuine For example, “But as sure as I’m standing
joy and happiness. here telling this story” shows the poet uses
Explanation : “as sure as” to compare the certainty of
The poem concludes with a highly emotional and what happened next to the certainty of his
heartwarming ending. Because all nine athletes own physical presence, making the story feel
cross the finish line together, hand in hand, the absolutely true.
judges award a gold medal to every single one of 7. Irony: When what happens is the opposite of
them. They are all considered winners. what is expected. For example, a race meant
The spectators in the stands are so moved to find the fastest runner ended with “nine
by this display of empathy that they stand up to gold medals” for all — showing the beautiful
applaud them. The glowing, happy smiles on the irony that an event built on competition
faces of the nine athletes express a profound joy became a powerful moment of unity and
that no poem or words could ever fully describe. compassion instead.
The ultimate message is clear: compassion and 8. Climax: Building up tension to the most
helping others bring a much greater victory than important or exciting moment. For example,
personal glory. the poem builds from training, to gathering,
to the starting gun, to the fall, and finally
to all runners helping each other — showing
4. LITERARY DEVICES a carefully constructed emotional climb that
This poem consists of 8 stanzas of 4 lines each (32 reaches its peak in stanza 6 and 7.
lines total). The rhyme scheme is ABCB. 9. Repetition: Using the same word or idea
1. Alliteration: Repetition of the same consonant more than once for emphasis. For example,
sound at the beginning of nearby words. For “nine runners” and “nine gold medals” and
example, “His dreams and his efforts dashed “nine beaming faces” repeat the number nine
in the dirt” shows the repetition of the ‘d’ throughout the poem, constantly reminding
sound creating a heavy, disappointing rhythm the reader that all athletes finish together as
that matches the mood of the fallen athlete. one united group.
2. Imagery: Using descriptive words to create 10. Hyperbole: An exaggerated statement used
vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. For to create a strong effect. For example, “Said
example, “And fell to the asphalt instead” more than these words ever will” shows the
shows sharp visual imagery that makes the poet exaggerates by saying that the image
reader clearly picture the athlete hitting the of nine beaming faces crossing the finish line
hard ground, creating a sudden and painful together speaks louder than any words could
moment. ever express.
3. Metaphor: A direct comparison without using 11. Allusion: A reference to a well-known event,
“like” or “as.” For example, “His dreams place or organisation. For example, “And a
and his efforts dashed in the dirt” shows the banner above that said (Special Olympics)”
athlete’s dreams are directly compared to shows a direct reference to the real Special
something physically thrown and broken in Olympics — an international sports event for
the dirt, suggesting total destruction of hope. athletes with disabilities — giving the poem
4. Personification: Giving human qualities to historical and emotional depth.
non-living things. For example, “Excitement
was high to begin” shows excitement — which
 NINE GOLD MEDALS

5. MESSAGE Ans :
In the poem “Nine Gold Medals,” the poet Sympathy Empathy Compassion
David Roth shares a touching message about
true sportsmanship. He shows that real victory I am so sorry I can imagine I understand
is not about winning alone, but about showing for what is how you feel. why you feel
compassion to others. When the athletes stop happening to I understand terribly low.
to help the fallen boy, they prove that human you. It is sad, that you are I will spend
kindness is much more important than any prize. do you want upset and some time
Roth teaches us that empathy and teamwork are something to why. with you, so
life’s greatest achievements. eat? that you don’t
feel lonely.

III. Work in pairs. List the words you associate

with ‘empathy’. Share your responses with your
6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS classmates and teacher.
Ans :
Reflect and Respond Words associated with empathy include:
• Understanding
I. Work in pairs. Discuss the difference between • Kindness
Olympics, Special Olympics, and Paralympics. • Care
Ans : • Listening
1. Olympics : A major international multi-sport • Support
event featuring summer and winter sports • Respect
competitions where thousands of athletes • Sensitivity
from around the world participate. It is • Sharing feelings
designed for elite athletes without intellectual • Patience
or physical disabilities. • Concern
2. Special Olympics : An international These words show how empathy helps us connect
organization providing year-round sports with others and understand their emotions.
training and athletic competition in a variety
of Olympic-type sports for children and Check Your Understanding
adults with intellectual disabilities, fostering
inclusion and acceptance. I. Work in pairs. Match the words and phrases in
3. Paralympics : A major international multi- Column 1 with their meanings in Column 2. You
sport event for highly competitive athletes may read the poem again and infer the contextual
with physical disabilities, including impaired meaning. Check your answers with the teacher.
muscle power, limb deficiency, and vision
Column 1 Column 2
impairment.
1. dashed in the i. walk or move with
II. Work in pairs to match the words ‘empathy’, dirt difficulty
‘sympathy’, and ‘compassion’ to the sentences
2. stumbled ii. destroyed
given in the table below.
3. staggered iii. a hard black substance
I am so sorry I can imagine I understand used to make roads and
for what is how you feel. why you feel paths
happening to I understand terribly low.
4. anguish iv. step awkwardly, lose
you. It is sad, that you are I will spend
balance and almost fall
do you want upset and some time
something to why. with you, so 5. asphalt v. extreme pain or
eat? that you don’t suffering
feel lonely.

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PAGE 564 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 3. The race finished with nine athletes holding

hands and winning the well-deserved gold
Column 1 Column 2 medals; their smiles, and spectators standing
1. dashed in the ii. destroyed up to applaud, conveyed everything. 8
dirt 4. Participants got ready at the starting line
and nine determined athletes waited for the
2. stumbled iv. step awkwardly, lose
balance and almost fall sound of the gun. 3
5. Athletes from various parts of the country
3. staggered i. walk or move with had gone through months of training; had big
difficulty dreams of winning a medal. 1
4. anguish v. extreme pain or 6. The eight athletes stopped to help the young

NODIA
suffering fallen athlete stand up, forgetting that they
5. asphalt iii. a hard black substance were competing. 6
used to make roads and 7. Nine athletes held the banner and walked
paths hand in hand; this gesture represented the
ethos of Special Olympics. 7
8. The young athlete felt his dreams were shattered
and cried in pain and disappointment, but
something unique happened. 5
II. Identify the gist of each stanza. Write the number
of the stanza in the boxes given. III. Let us appreciate the poem.
1. Spectators cheered participants of different
1. Two examples of alliteration from the poem are
events and waited enthusiastically for the
(i) _____ and (ii) _____.
final event to start.
2. All runners dashed ahead as soon as they Ans :
heard the gun shot; suddenly, one of the (i) stumbled and staggered
athletes tripped and fell on the ground. (ii) dashed in the dirt (or holding hands)
3. The race finished with nine athletes holding 2. Give three examples of visual imagery from the
hands and winning the well-deserved gold poem.
medals; their smiles, and spectators standing (i) __________
up to applaud, conveyed everything. (ii) __________
4. Participants got ready at the starting line (iii) __________
and nine determined athletes waited for the
Ans :
sound of the gun.
(i) The blocks were all lined up
5. Athletes from various parts of the country
(ii) And fell to the asphalt
had gone through months of training; had big
(iii) holding hands still (or nine beaming faces)
dreams of winning a medal.
6. The eight athletes stopped to help the young 3. Give an example of auditory imagery from the
fallen athlete stand up, forgetting that they poem. (i) _____
were competing. Ans :
7. Nine athletes held the banner and walked (i) the pistol exploded (or gave out a cry)
hand in hand; this gesture represented the
ethos of Special Olympics. 4. How does the use of imagery make the poem more
8. The young athlete felt his dreams were shattered appealing?
and cried in pain and disappointment, but Ans :
something unique happened. Imagery makes the poem more appealing by
Ans : painting a vivid mental picture of the events.
1. Spectators cheered participants of different Visual and auditory details—such as the “pistol
events and waited enthusiastically for the exploded,” “dashed in the dirt,” and “beaming
final event to start. 2 faces”—bring the physical setting and the intense
2. All runners dashed ahead as soon as they emotions of the athletes to life, helping the reader
heard the gun shot; suddenly, one of the to feel fully immersed in the experience.
athletes tripped and fell on the ground. 4
 NINE GOLD MEDALS

5. How does the poet’s tone change from the Ans :

beginning to the end of the poem? i. B. stopped running
Ans : ii. Compassion (or empathy/sportsmanship).
The tone begins with a sense of high anticipation, iii. The tone of the poet is appreciative,
excitement, and serious competition. When the respectful, and deeply touched by the noble,
youngest athlete falls, the tone abruptly shifts selfless actions of the eight athletes.
to heartbreak, sorrow, and anguish. By the end, iv. The young athlete likely felt deeply moved,
it transforms into an uplifting tone of warmth, relieved, and grateful. His profound feelings of
profound joy, and admiration for the runners’ despair and anguish would have transformed
incredible sportsmanship. into a sense of belonging, comfort, and
immense support.
6. What is the overall mood created by the poem? v. Yes, this incident is the turning point in the
Ans : poem. It dramatically shifts the narrative
The overall mood of the poem is highly away from a standard, highly competitive
emotional, inspiring, and heartwarming. Despite race where one wins and others lose, and
a brief moment of despair, the selfless actions of turns it into an extraordinary display of
the athletes create an overwhelming feeling of human solidarity where the desire to compete
solidarity, empathy, and human connection. is abandoned in favour of empathy.

7. What is the message being conveyed by the poem? 2. That’s how the race ended, with nine gold medals
Ans : They came to the finish line holding hands still
The poem conveys that true victory does not solely And a standing ovation and nine beaming faces
lie in winning a gold medal or defeating others, Said more than these words ever will.
but rather in displaying empathy, compassion, i. How did the nine contestants feel when they
and human kindness. Lifting a fallen competitor reached the finishing line together?
and crossing the finish line together is shown as
a far greater achievement than individual glory. ii. Why do you think all the nine contestants were
given gold medals?
Critical Reflection
iii. Complete the sentence appropriately.
I. Read the extracts given below and answer the The holding of hands signifies a feeling of
questions that follow. _____.

1. The eight other runners pulled up on their heels iv. Choose the correct option to complete the
The ones who had trained for so long to compete sentence.
One by one they all turned round and went back The spectators giving a ‘standing ovation’
to help him indicates that they were _____.
And brought the young boy to his feet. A. amazed B. speechless
C. distracted D. thoughtful
i. Select the correct option to complete the sentence.
The phrase ‘pulled up on their heels’ means that v. Explain the last line of the extract.
the runners _____.
Ans :
A. moved aside B. stopped running i. They felt incredibly happy, proud, and deeply
C. tried to run faster D. jumped ahead united, which is evident from their “nine
beaming faces.”
ii. Mention one character trait common to all the ii. All nine contestants were awarded gold medals
eight other runners. to recognize their exceptional sportsmanship,
iii. What is the tone of the poet in these lines? teamwork, and empathy. The organizers
acknowledged that their act of collective
iv. How might the young athlete have felt on being humanity was a victory far superior to just
helped by the others? finishing a race first.
iii. The holding of hands signifies a feeling of
v. Would you consider this incident as a turning unity, solidarity, and brotherhood.
point in the poem? If yes, why? If no, why not? iv. An amazed

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PAGE 566 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

v. “Said more than these words ever will” narrative about the fastest runner winning while
means that the beautiful visual of the nine the rest faced defeat. It would completely lack the
athletes holding hands with joyful faces, emotional depth and the powerful moral lesson
combined with the crowd’s standing ovation, about empathy and human kindness that makes
communicated a profound message of love it so memorable.
and humanity that is too immense to be fully
captured or described with mere words. 6. How does the poet’s use of language and tone
enhance the reader’s engagement with the poem?
II. Answer the following questions. Ans :
1. Describe how the setting established in the first The poet uses simple, straightforward language
two stanzas of the poem create a vivid atmosphere and vivid action imagery (“pistol exploded,”
for the events that follow. “stumbled and staggered”) that makes the
Ans : narrative easily accessible and highly visual.
The first two stanzas create a setting of intense The masterful tone shifts—from suspenseful
preparation and high anticipation. By highlighting anticipation to sudden heartbreak, and finally
that athletes trained for “weeks and months” to heartwarming triumph—keep the reader
and that a large, excited crowd gathered for the emotionally engaged from beginning to end.
“final event of the day,” the poet builds a highly 7. What might be the poet’s purpose of writing this
charged and competitive atmosphere. This makes poem?
the sudden display of selflessness later in the race
Ans :
feel incredibly impactful and surprising.
The poet’s primary purpose is to inspire readers
2. How do you think the youngest athlete might by highlighting the true spirit of sportsmanship.
have felt when he fell? He wants to convey that human values such as
Ans : compassion, empathy, and collective solidarity
When the youngest athlete fell, he must have are much greater accomplishments than any
felt utterly devastated, heartbroken, and deeply individual athletic victory.
frustrated. He knew his intense months of hard
work were ruined in an instant, leading to an Vocabulary in Context
overwhelming sense of emotional anguish.
I. The phrase ‘standing ovation’ is an example of
3. Why were the athletes eager to begin the race? an adjective–noun collocation. Identify two other
Ans : similar examples from the poem.
The athletes were eager because they had trained Ans :
NODIA

rigorously for months. The hundred-yard dash Two other similar examples of adjective-noun
was the ultimate culmination of their hard work, collocations from the poem are “young women”
and they were poised and ready to release their and “beaming faces” (or “starting line”, “gold
energy to compete for a medal. medals”).
4. What does the transformation of the hundred-
yard dash to a walk symbolise? II. Complete the table given below by writing
four nouns in Column 2 that collocate with
Ans :
the adjectives in Column 1. One example has
The transformation from a frantic dash to a slow
been done for you. You may take the help of a
walk symbolizes a profound shift in priorities. It
dictionary.
represents moving away from fierce, individual
competition towards mutual support, showing Column 1 Column 2
that reaching a goal together with compassion is
1. big disappointment, failure,
more meaningful than running alone just to win.
surprise, decision
5. How might the poem be different if the focus
2. heavy
was solely on individual achievement rather than
collective support? 3. strong
Ans : 4. large
If the focus were solely on individual achievement, 5. great
the poem would just be a conventional sports
 NINE GOLD MEDALS

Ans : 3. Patrick Gomes does all the household work

himself.
Column 1 Column 2
Ans :
1. big disappointment, failure, 1. True : He began his sports career with
surprise, decision participation in various track events in 1991.
2. heavy rain, bag, burden, traffic 2. False : He has been coaching for over 15 years,
not 10 years.
3. strong wind, coffee, muscle, belief 3. True : He lives by himself and does all
4. large crowd, amount, area, house household work on his own.
5. great effort, success, idea, leader II. You will listen to the radio-talk once again. As
you listen, choose the correct option for each
III. Choose the correct adjectives from those given question.
in the box for the underlined words given in the 1. When the speaker uses the phrase ‘push your
sentences below. Ensure you do not use the same boundaries’, he wants listeners to _____.
adjective twice.
(i) challenge themselves
positive significant youngest (ii) meet new people
noisy loud (iii) be open-minded
1. The littlest athlete was moving at a steady
2. Patrick Gomes is a _____ at present.
pace. _____
2. The eight athletes had a smiling attitude. (i) special athlete
_____ (ii) coach of special athletes
3. When the athlete fell, he gave a huge cry of (iii) value education teacher
pain. _____
4. The spectators saw a terrible difference in 3. Special Olympic Games held at Connecticut was
the athletes who had only come to compete. a _____ for Patrick Gomes.
_____ (i) motivational year
5. The gaudy crowd cheered the runners (ii) turning point
enthusiastically. _____ (iii) gradual change
Ans :
1. The littlest athlete was moving at a steady 4. As a special athlete, Patrick Gomes mostly
pace. youngest participated in _____.
2. The eight athletes had a smiling attitude. (i) track events
positive (ii) jogging
3. When the athlete fell, he gave a huge cry of (iii) football
pain. loud
4. The spectators saw a terrible difference in 5. Patrick Gomes believes that sports is essential
the athletes who had only come to compete. because it encourages _____ along with fitness.
significant (i) a positive outlook
5. The gaudy crowd cheered the runners
(ii) a peaceful mind
enthusiastically. noisy
(iii) an active life
Listen and Respond Ans :
1. (i) challenge themselves
I. You will listen to a radio-talk about Patrick 2. (ii) coach of special athletes
Gomes, a coach of special athletes. As you listen, 3. (ii) turning point
write true or false for the statements given. 4. (i) track events
(Transcript for teacher on page 268) 5. (i) a positive outlook
1. Patrick Gomes began his career in sports
with track events.
2. Patrick Gomes has been coaching special
athletes for 10 years.

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PAGE 568 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Speaking Activity Writing Task

I. Work in pairs. Take turns to express your points I. Work in pairs to write three creative slogans on
of view regarding Special Olympics. Special Olympics.
Use the key points given below to develop the One example of a slogan on Special Olympics has
conversation. been given below.
Key points : Special Olympics: Igniting a Universe of Potential
• Importance of Special Olympics (promotes Present your slogans in a creative manner and
inclusion) share with your classmates and teacher.
• Impact of Special Olympics on sportspersons
with special abilities
• How to create awareness regarding Special
Olympics
Use the sentence starters given in the table below
when you speak.

Asking someone for Expressing a point of

a point of view view
• What is your • Personally, I believe Steps to write a slogan
opinion on…? that… • Understand the theme on which you want to
• How do you feel • I hold the opinion write a slogan.
about…? that… • Brainstorm ideas and use them to create the
slogan.
• In your view, • It’s my belief that…
• Keep it brief and simple.
is…?
• It should not be more than eight to ten words.
• What is your • I have a strong feeling • Make the slogan catchy.
take on…? that… Now, create a poster based on the inspiration you
• Do you think • From my perspective… have drawn from the poem. Present your poster
that…? to the class and display it on the classroom board.
Steps to design a poster
Ans : • Include all vital information.
Student A : In your view, is the Special Olympics • Write down the ideas.
getting enough attention in our community? • Remember to place the slogan you created.
Student B : Personally, I believe that it needs • Use top, bottom, and sides of the poster for
much more coverage so that everyone understands other important information.
its importance in promoting inclusion. • Include some illustrations, a call for action,
Student A : I hold the opinion that you are if needed.
absolutely right. What is your take on the impact • Colour and decorate your poster.
it has on the sportspersons with special abilities? • Present your poster as a box item.
Student B : From my perspective, it has a massive
Ans :
impact. It builds their confidence and shows
1. Special Olympics : Celebrating Abilities,
society their incredible talents. How do you feel
Defying Limits!
about creating more awareness?
2. True Champions Run with Heart, Not Just
Student A : It’s my belief that schools should
Speed.
actively talk about it. I have a strong feeling that
3. Inclusion in Motion: Every Athlete is a
if we start discussing it early, we can foster a
Winner!
much more accepting society.

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 NINE GOLD MEDALS

NODIA
Ans :
Other notable Indian achievers at the Special
Olympics include :
Ranveer Singh Saini : The first Indian golfer to
win a gold medal at the Special Olympics World
Games (2015).
Sita Sahu : A double bronze medalist in the 200m
and 1600m athletic races at the 2011 Special
Olympics World Summer Games in Athens.
Prabhroop Sekhon : Won two remarkable gold
medals in Roller Skating at the Special Olympics
World Summer Games in 2015.

II. Read the information given below in the

infographic.

Learning Beyond the Text

I. Read the information given below about some
athletes who participated in Special Olympic
Games 2023 held in Berlin, Germany.
RAVIMATHI ARUMUGAM : She is an athlete
who made India proud by clinching the gold
medal in the 400 metre, Level C women’s race.
AANCHAL GOYAL : She won the gold medal in
the 400 metre, Level B women’s race.
SAKET KUNDU : Saket Kundu achieved a rare
double in track and field by winning a silver medal
in the Level B mini javelin event and a bronze in
the Level B 400 metre men’s race.
Find out more about other Indian achievers of
Special Olympics.
PAGE 570 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Now, create an infographic on any sport and Ans :

present it in the class. (d) Determined athletes
Ans :
3. Where did the athletes come from?
CRICKET: A GLIMPSE
(a) Specific local schools
ORIGINS IN THE 16TH CENTURY (b) Distant global nations
Cricket originated in south-east England in the
(c) Various sports centers
late 16th century. By the 18th century, it had
grown to become the national sport of England (d) Various country parts
and subsequently expanded globally. Ans :
(d) Various country parts
THE INTERNATIONAL CRICKET COUNCIL
(ICC) 4. What was the final event of the day?
The ICC is the global governing body of cricket.
(a) Hundred-yard dash (b) Two-mile relay
It oversees all major international tournaments
and regulates the global playing standards. (c) Long jump event (d) Fifty-yard sprint
Ans :
FORMATS OF THE GAME
(a) Hundred-yard dash
Cricket is played in three main formats
internationally: 5. How long had the athletes been training?
1. Test Match : The traditional and longest
(a) Days and weeks (b) Weeks and months
format, lasting up to 5 days.
(c) Months and years (d) Years and decades
2. One Day International (ODI) : A limited-
overs format with 50 overs per side. Ans :
3. Twenty20 (T20) : A fast-paced, highly (b) Weeks and months
exciting 20-overs per side format.
6. What kind of training did the athletes undergo?
THE WORLD CUP (a) Casual (b) Minimal
The ICC Cricket World Cup is the premier
(c) Rigorous (d) Optional
international championship of ODI cricket. It is
held every four years and unites millions of fans Ans :
worldwide. (c) Rigorous
WOMEN’S CRICKET
7. What were the athletes dreaming of winning?
Women’s cricket has seen a massive surge in
global popularity. Notably, the first Women’s (a) A cash prize (b) A silver cup
Cricket World Cup was held in 1973, predating (c) A grand title (d) A prestigious medal
the men’s tournament by two years! Ans :
(d) A prestigious medal

7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 8. Who was present to watch the event?

(a) A large crowd (b) Very few people
Multiple Choice Type Questions (c) Only the judges (d) Strict reporters
Ans :
1. In which setting does the story take place?
(a) A large crowd
(a) The Asian Games
(b) The Special Olympics 9. How is the crowd described?
(c) The Global Cup (a) Highly disappointed
(d) The Summer Games (b) Extremely enthusiastic
Ans : (c) Quietly observant
(b) The Special Olympics (d) Slightly uninterested
Ans :
2. Who gathered for the final event?
(b) Extremely enthusiastic
(a) Olympic coaches (b) Enthusiastic fans
(c) Event organizers (d) Determined athletes

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 NINE GOLD MEDALS

10. What was the crowd doing as the participants 17. Who tripped and lost their balance?
lined up? (a) The oldest athlete
(a) Booing loudly (b) Sitting silently (b) The youngest athlete
(c) Cheering loudly (d) Talking quietly (c) The tallest athlete
Ans : (d) The fastest athlete
(c) Cheering loudly Ans :
11. Where did the participants line up? (b) The youngest athlete
(a) At the finish line (b) Near the audience 18. What did the young athlete fall onto?
(c) Beside the podium (d) At starting blocks (a) The grassy field (b) The sandy ground
Ans : (c) The asphalt track (d) The wooden floor
(d) At starting blocks Ans :
12. What peaked as the athletes waited for the signal? (c) The asphalt track
(a) The tension (b) The weather 19. What did the boy feel was instantly destroyed?
(c) The lighting (d) The silence (a) His sports shoes (b) His team spirit
Ans : (c) His new uniform (d) His winning dreams
(a) The tension Ans :
13. Assertion (A): A heartbreaking incident occurs (d) His winning dreams
during the race.
NODIA

20. The boy cried out in deep ______.

Reason (R): The athletes went through months of
(a) pain and anguish (b) anger and hatred
rigorous training.
(c) shock and silence (d) fear and surprise
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is unrelated Ans :
(a) pain and anguish
(c) A is true, but R is completely false
(d) A is false, but R is completely true 21. What did the boy believe about his race?
(a) It was just paused
Ans :
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is unrelated (b) It was completely over
(c) It was easily won
14. How many runners dashed forward? (d) It was finally restarting
(a) Seven runners (b) Eight runners
Ans :
(c) Nine runners (d) Ten runners (b) It was completely over
Ans :
(c) Nine runners

15. With what kind of energy did the runners dash? 22. How did the young athlete’s fall affect his
(a) Weak energy (b) Low energy emotional state?
(c) Calm energy (d) Intense energy (a) He felt a brief moment of shock but quickly
Ans : recovered his pace.
(d) Intense energy (b) He became angry at the officials for
maintaining a poor track.
16. What kind of incident occurred almost (c) He experienced deep emotional anguish over
immediately? his lost dreams.
(a) Heartbreaking (b) Encouraging (d) He felt relieved that he no longer had to
(c) Predictable (d) Unnoticeable endure the pressure.
Ans : Ans :
(a) Heartbreaking (c) He experienced deep emotional anguish over
his lost dreams.
PAGE 572 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

23. Which of the following statements is correct 29. How did the athletes go back to the boy?
regarding the start? (a) All at once (b) One by one
1. The tension reached its peak. (c) In pairs only (d) Three by three
2. The starting pistol exploded.
3. The youngest athlete tripped. Ans :
(b) One by one
(a) Only statements 1 and 2 are correct
(b) Only statements 2 and 3 are correct 30. What is truly extraordinary about the athletes’
(c) Only statements 1 and 3 are correct reaction?
(d) All statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct (a) They complained to the judges about the
track conditions.
Ans :
(d) All statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct (b) They ignored the fallen boy to ensure their
own victories.
24. What serves as the turning point of the poem? (c) They sacrificed their personal ambition to
(a) An act of empathy (b) A fierce argument help a competitor.
(c) A sudden rainfall (d) An angry outburst (d) They demanded a complete restart of the
Ans : hundred-yard dash.
(a) An act of empathy Ans :
(c) They sacrificed their personal ambition to
25. In a highly competitive race, what is usually help a competitor.
expected?
(a) Runners help others 31. What was the collective action of the eight
(b) Runners ignore others athletes?
(c) Runners stop running (a) They left the running track
(d) Runners walk slowly (b) They called for a medic
(c) They sat near the young boy
Ans :
(b) Runners ignore others (d) They lifted the young athlete
Ans :
26. What did the remaining eight athletes do? (d) They lifted the young athlete
(a) Sped up faster (b) Shouted loudly
(c) Stopped running (d) Ignored the boy 32. How did they lift the young athlete?
(a) Gently (b) Roughly
Ans :
(c) Stopped running (c) Quickly (d) Reluctantly
Ans :
27. What did the eight athletes pull up on? (a) Gently
(a) Their toes (b) Their knees
(c) Their ankles (d) Their heels 33. What did the athletes forget when they stopped?
(a) Their daily training
Ans :
(d) Their heels (b) Their running shoes
(c) Their desire to win
(d) Their starting block
Ans :
28. What drove the athletes to stop?
(c) Their desire to win
(a) Compassion and empathy
(b) Fatigue and exhaustion 34. The fierce hundred-yard dash transformed into a
(c) Confusion and anxiety ______.
(d) Jealousy and hatred (a) slow marathon (b) quick sprint
(c) relay event (d) united walk
Ans :
(a) Compassion and empathy Ans :
(d) united walk

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 NINE GOLD MEDALS

35. What did the nine athletes join? 41. True victory does NOT just lie in ______.
(a) Hands (b) Arms (a) helping others
(c) Shoulders (d) Forces (b) human kindness
Ans : (c) individual achievement
(a) Hands (d) collective support

36. How did the athletes cross the finish line? Ans :
(c) individual achievement
(a) Separately (b) Together
(c) Quickly (d) Quietly 42. What kind of visual concludes the poem?
Ans : (a) Empty tracks (b) Crying athletes
(b) Together (c) Broken medals (d) Beaming faces

NODIA
37. What did the organizers award to the athletes? Ans :
(d) Beaming faces
(a) Bronze medals (b) Silver medals
(c) Gold medals (d) Platinum medals 43. Which of the following contributed to the athletes
Ans : receiving gold medals?
(c) Gold medals 1. Incredible sportsmanship
2. Fierce competitive drive
38. How many athletes received a gold medal? 3. Human kindness
(a) One (b) Three (a) Only statements 1 and 2
(c) Eight (d) Nine (b) Only statements 1 and 3
Ans : (c) Only statements 2 and 3
(d) Nine (d) All statements 1, 2, and 3
Ans :
39. Assertion (A): The organizers awarded a gold
(b) Only statements 1 and 3
medal to all nine athletes.
Reason (R): They displayed incredible 44. What did the audience give to the athletes?
sportsmanship and unity.
(a) A standing ovation (b) A quiet applause
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(c) A loud booing (d) A brief silence
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is unrelated
Ans :
(c) A is true, but R is completely false
(a) A standing ovation
(d) A is false, but R is completely true
Ans : 45. What educational message does the poem
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A primarily convey?
(a) Athletic talent is the most crucial part of any
40. According to the summary, what is the ultimate competition.
triumph of the human spirit? (b) Organizers should always give medals to all
(a) Breaking world records in the hundred-yard participants.
dash. (c) Empathy and support are greater than any
(b) Lifting others up when they experience a single athletic win.
hard fall. (d) Falling in a race means you did not train hard
(c) Training rigorously for many months without enough.
resting.
Ans :
(d) Winning a prestigious medal in a global (c) Empathy and support are greater than any
competition. single athletic win.
Ans :
(b) Lifting others up when they experience a hard 46. Assertion (A): Empathy is considered a much
fall. greater achievement than winning.
Reason (R): The audience left the stadium in
utter silence and disbelief.
PAGE 574 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A the nine athletes dashed forward. However, the
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is unrelated youngest competitor stumbled, lost his balance,
(c) A is true, but R is completely false and tragically fell face-first onto the harsh asphalt
track, instantly shattering his long-held hopes
(d) A is false, but R is completely true
of winning the highly anticipated race. He felt
Ans : entirely defeated.
(c) A is true, but R is completely false
4. Why did the youngest athlete give out a cry of
47. Which statements are correct about the final frustration and anguish upon falling?
scene? Ans :
1. The athletes crossed the finish line together. The boy cried out in immense pain and emotional
2. The fierce dash became a united walk. anguish because his fall meant the sudden death
3. The audience ignored their actions. of his dreams. The rigorous training, hard work,
(a) Only statements 1 and 3 are correct and preparation of several months were instantly
(b) Only statements 2 and 3 are correct rendered useless by this single, unfortunate
(c) All statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct misstep on the track.
(d) Only statements 1 and 2 are correct 5. What was the immediate and unexpected reaction
Ans : of the other eight athletes when the youngest boy
(d) Only statements 1 and 2 are correct fell?
Ans :
48. The poem proves that empathy is greater than a
Instead of continuing the race to secure their
______.
individual victories, the other eight competitors
(a) human kindness (b) single athletic win surprisingly halted. Driven by a profound sense
(c) collective support (d) united teamwork of empathy, they abandoned their personal
Ans : ambitions, turned back one by one, and gently
(b) single athletic win lifted the fallen boy to his feet.

6. What does the phrase “a hundred-yard dash now

Short Answer Type Questions reduced to a walk” signify in the context of the
poem?
1. What is the setting of the poem, and what have Ans :
the athletes been doing prior to this event? This phrase signifies a shift from a fiercely
Ans : competitive sprint to a display of unified solidarity.
The poem is set at the Special Olympics. The The athletes let go of their desire to race against
athletes had come from many different countries, each other; instead, they joined hands and walked
dedicating weeks and months to rigorous training. together, proving compassion is far greater than
They were deeply focused on competing to win a speed.
coveted gold, silver, or bronze medal in the games. 7. Why did the organizers decide to award nine gold
2. How does the poet describe the atmosphere among medals instead of the traditional first, second,
the spectators before the final event begins? and third place prizes?
Ans : Ans :
The atmosphere is charged with intense The organizers awarded nine gold medals
excitement and anticipation. A large, enthusiastic because every single athlete displayed exemplary
crowd has gathered around the field, cheering sportsmanship and humanity. By helping their
eagerly for the participants. They remain in high fallen competitor and crossing the finish line
spirits throughout the day, impatiently awaiting united as one, they all emerged as true champions,
the thrilling climax of the final track event. rendering traditional competitive rankings
completely meaningless.
3. Describe the tragic incident that occurred
immediately after the starting pistol was fired. 8. How did the spectators react to the athletes
crossing the finish line together, and what does
Ans :
this imply?
Immediately after the starting pistol exploded,

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 NINE GOLD MEDALS

Ans : 2. Imagine you are the young athlete who fell

The spectators were deeply moved by the athletes’ during the race. Write a diary entry expressing

NODIA
selfless actions. They stood up and gave the nine your feelings of despair when you fell and your
participants a resounding standing ovation. This gratitude when the others helped you.
reaction implies that the audience recognized and Ans :
profoundly honored their exceptional empathy Dear Diary,
and collective triumph over individual glory. Today was meant to be the climax of my athletic
journey. For months, I poured my blood and sweat
9. What is the central message conveyed by the
into training for the hundred-yard dash. But as
events of the poem?
the starting pistol fired, my legs gave way, and
Ans : I crashed heavily onto the unforgiving asphalt.
The poem conveys that the essence of In that split second, my dreams shattered into
sportsmanship does not lie in fierce competition a million pieces. I let out a cry of utter despair,
or individual accolades, but in human kindness. thinking my world had ended. But then, an
Uplifting a fallen peer and crossing the finish line absolute miracle happened. The footsteps of my
together is a much greater victory than winning a competitors faded, not into the distance, but back
race entirely alone. toward me. One by one, the other eight athletes
returned, gently lifting me to my feet. We linked
10. The event was named the “Special Olympics”.
arms and walked to the finish line together.
How does the conclusion of the poem give a
I didn’t win the race alone today, but I gained
deeper meaning to the word “Special”?
something far more precious—the unyielding
Ans : support of true champions.
The event was meant for differently-abled athletes.
However, the poem highlights that the event 3. Imagine you are one of the eight athletes who
became truly “special” not just because of the stopped to help the fallen boy. Write a diary
banner, but due to the extraordinary empathy, entry reflecting on your decision to sacrifice your
unity, and unprecedented sportsmanship displayed personal ambition for compassion.
by the nine compassionate runners. Ans :
Dear Diary,
The tension at the starting block was intense
Long Answer Type Questions
today. As the gun fired, my entire focus was on
1. “True victory is not about finishing first, but reaching the finish line. But just a few steps into
about uplifting those who have fallen.” Analyze the race, I heard a painful cry—the youngest
this statement in light of the poem “Nine Gold runner had fallen.
Medals”. Without thinking, I stopped. The strong
Ans : desire to win faded instantly, replaced by a deeper
In the poem “Nine Gold Medals,” David Roth sense of humanity. To my surprise, the other
redefines the idea of winning. Traditionally, athletes also stopped. Together, we went back,
victory means defeating others and finishing first helped him up, and joined hands.
to gain personal success and recognition. Walking to the finish line together felt far
However, the poem presents a different more meaningful than winning alone. Receiving
perspective on true victory. When the youngest the gold medal with all my fellow runners made
athlete falls during the race, the other participants me realize that true victory lies in empathy. It
stop and give up their chance to win. Instead of was the proudest moment of my life.
focusing on competition, they choose to help him, 4. As a spectator who witnessed the final event,
showing compassion and unity. write a short speech to be delivered at your
This act proves that true success lies in school assembly about the true meaning of
empathy and humanity. By walking together to sportsmanship, drawing inspiration from the nine
the finish line, all nine athletes become winners. athletes.
Their shared victory highlights that kindness and
Ans :
selflessness are far more valuable than individual
Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear
achievement.
friends,
PAGE 576 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Today, I want to talk about true sportsmanship, (b) utter desperation

inspired by a remarkable incident I witnessed at (c) bitter frustration
the Special Olympics. We often believe that sports (d) sudden hesitation
are entirely about outshining opponents, breaking ii. Which of the following statements best
track records, and standing alone on the winner’s describes the speaker’s perspective on the
podium. However, the real essence of sports lies in athletes’ preparation?
human spirit and solidarity. (a) The speaker feels the athletes are
Imagine a fiercely competitive hundred-yard unprepared for the event.
dash where a runner violently falls, and instead
(b) The speaker highlights the intense
of racing ahead, every single competitor stops to
dedication behind the event.
help him up. They bravely sacrifice their personal
(c) The speaker believes training is irrelevant
ambitions, link hands, and cross the finish line as
to winning medals.
one. This extraordinary act teaches us that lifting
others up when they stumble is the greatest (d) The speaker mocks the physical strain of
victory of all. Let us always strive to be champions athletic training.
not just in sports, but in empathy and kindness. iii. Where had the athletes come from and what
Thank you. were they competing for?
iv. Identify the exact phrase from the stanza
5. Write a conversation between two spectators in that signifies the rewards the competitors
the stands immediately after witnessing the nine were hoping to win.
athletes crossing the finish line hand-in-hand. v. State whether the following statement is True
Ans : or False:
Rohan: I still can’t believe what we just witnessed The athletes gathered solely for participation
down there! Did you see how they all stopped without any desire to win.
dead in their tracks when that young boy fell? Ans :
Aman: Yes! It was absolutely surreal. I was fully i. (a) ultimate culmination
expecting the others to sprint faster to secure the ii. (b) The speaker highlights the intense
gold, but they actually turned back. dedication behind the event.
Rohan: It gave me goosebumps. They trained for iii. The athletes had come from all over the
months and years, yet they sacrificed their own country and were competing for the gold,
NODIA

dreams without a single second thought just to silver and bronze medals.
help him to his feet. iv. gold, for the silver, and bronze
Aman: And watching them cross the finish line v. False, because the text explicitly states they
hand-in-hand... it truly brought tears to my eyes. came “To run for the gold, for the silver, and
That’s exactly why everyone in the stadium gave bronze”.
them a standing ovation.
Rohan: Absolutely. The organizers giving all nine 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
of them a gold medal was the perfect decision. questions that follows :
They showed the entire world that basic humanity “The blocks were all lined up for those who would
is the greatest victory. use them
The hundred-yard dash and the race to be run
These were nine resolved athletes in the back of
Extract Based Questions the starting line
Poised for the sound of the gun.”
1. Read the extract given below and answer the i. The word “resolved” indicates that the
questions that follows : athletes standing at the back were:
“The athletes had come from all over the country (a) highly confused
To run for the gold, for the silver, and bronze
(b) firmly determined
Many weeks and months of training
(c) physically exhausted
All coming down to these games.”
i. The phrase “All coming down to these games” (d) completely terrified
implies that the event was the athletes’ ii. Read the following statements:
_____. I. The athletes were standing in random,
(a) ultimate culmination chaotic positions.
 NINE GOLD MEDALS

II. The athletes were highly focused and iii. What unfortunate incident happened to the
waiting for the signal. smallest runner after the race began?
Choose the correct option: iv. State the contextual meaning of the word
(a) Both I and II are correct statements. “asphalt” as used in the poem.
(b) Only Statement I is a correct statement. v. State whether the following statement is True
(c) Only Statement II is a correct statement. or False:
All the runners successfully began the race
(d) Neither I nor II are correct statements.
without any issues. Give a 1-sentence reason.
iii. What does the phrase “Poised for the sound
of the gun” tell us about the athletes’ state of Ans :
mind? i. (b) The race’s beginning
iv. Which single word in the extract means ii. (c) Both statements are true but act
‘ready and balanced in position’ ? independently.
v. How many athletes in total were getting iii. The smallest runner stumbled and staggered
ready for the hundred-yard dash? and fell to the hard surface of the track.
iv. The hard, black surface of the running track.
Ans :
v. False, because the smallest runner lost his
i. (b) firmly determined
balance and fell to the ground.
ii. (c) Only Statement II is a correct statement.
iii. The athletes were completely focused,
balanced and ready to sprint the moment the
starting gun fired.
4. Read the extract given below and answer the
iv. Poised
questions that follows :
v. Nine
“He gave out a cry of frustration and anguish
3. Read the extract given below and answer the His dreams and his efforts dashed in the dirt
questions that follows : But as sure as I’m standing here telling this story
“The signal was given, the pistol exploded The same goes for what next occurred.”
And so did the runners all charging ahead i. The phrase “dashed in the dirt” implies that
But the smallest among them, he stumbled and the young boy’s hopes were:
staggered (a) quickly restored
And fell to the asphalt instead.” (b) completely shattered
i. What does the phrase “pistol exploded” (c) temporarily paused
signify in this specific context? (d) slowly forgotten
(a) A dangerous accident ii. Assertion (A): The narrator is absolutely
(b) The race’s beginning certain about the events that followed the
(c) An unexpected attack boy’s fall.
(d) The crowd’s reaction Reason (R): The narrator explicitly states “as
ii. Read the following statements: sure as I’m standing here telling this story”.
I. The runners moved forward with (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
explosive energy. correct explanation.
II. The smallest runner unexpectedly lost his (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
balance. correct explanation.
Choose the correct option: (c) A is a true statement but R is a false
(a) Statement I is the direct cause of statement.
Statement II. (d) A is a false statement but R is a true
(b) Statement II is the direct cause of statement.
Statement I. iii. What two emotions did the fallen athlete
express through his cry?
(c) Both statements are true but act
iv. Identify the figure of speech used in the
independently.
phrase “dashed in the dirt”.
(d) Statement I completely contradicts v. Fill in the blank:
Statement II. The fallen athlete cried out because he felt a
deep sense of ______ and ______.

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PAGE 578 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : 6. Read the extract given below and answer the

i. (b) completely shattered questions that follows :
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct “That’s how the race ended, with nine gold medals
explanation. They came to the finish line holding hands still
iii. The fallen athlete expressed deep frustration And a standing ovation and nine beaming faces
and anguish through his cry. Said more than these words ever will.”
iv. Alliteration (or Metaphor) i. The fact that the race ended with “nine gold
v. frustration; anguish medals” suggests that:
(a) everyone broke a record
5. Read the extract given below and answer the
(b) sportsmanship was truly rewarded
questions that follows :
“The eight other runners pulled up on their heels (c) the judges made an error
The ones who had trained for so long to compete (d) no one actually finished it
One by one they all turned round and went back ii. Consider the following two statements based
to help him on the extract:
And brought the young boy to his feet.” I. The spectators showed their deep
i. The runners’ immediate decision to turn appreciation for the athletes.
around highlights their: II. A standing ovation was given to the nine
(a) competitive spirit runners.
(b) lack of stamina Choose the correct option:
(c) shared humanity (a) Statement I is the direct cause of
(d) desire for fame Statement II.
ii. Which statement best captures the underlying (b) Statement II is the clear evidence for
irony in these specific lines? Statement I.
(a) They trained to compete but chose to (c) Statement I completely contradicts
cooperate. Statement II.
(b) They stopped running because they were (d) Both statements are completely unrelated
exhausted. events.
(c) They helped the boy because he was iii. What does the final line “Said more than
winning it. these words ever will” convey about the
(d) They turned back because they lost their athletes’ act?
tracks. iv. What physical expression on the athletes’
iii. How did the eight runners respond when the faces showed their immense pride and
smallest athlete fell down? happiness?
iv. Identify the exact phrase that highlights the v. Fill in the blank:
immense dedication the runners had put in The nine athletes crossed the finish line
before this moment. ______ instead of running independently.
v. State whether the following statement is True Ans :
NODIA

or False: i. (b) sportsmanship was truly rewarded

The athletes turned back to help the fallen ii. (b) Statement II is the clear evidence for
boy simultaneously at the exact same second. Statement I.
Ans : iii. The athletes’ act of compassion and unity
i. (c) shared humanity was so powerful and moving that no words
ii. (a) They trained to compete but chose to could ever fully capture its deep meaning and
cooperate. impact.
iii. One by one all eight runners stopped, turned iv. beaming faces
around and went back to help the fallen boy v. holding hands
back to his feet.
iv. trained for so long to compete 
v. False, because the text explicitly states that
they turned round “One by one”.
 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

CHAPTER 6
A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

1. INTRODUCTION the speaker feels completely alone or neglected by

the people around them, music steps in to act as
The poem presents a deeply personal and a loyal, much-needed friend, offering unwavering
emotional reflection on the profound role of music companionship and care.
in everyday life. Set against the backdrop of
life’s unpredictable ups and downs, the premise
focuses on the poet’s internal struggles with 3. EXPLANATIONSS
loneliness, sadness, and isolation. When human
companionship falls short, the poet turns to the Stanza 1
rhythmic and soothing presence of melodies,
Music is the ocean
vividly comparing music to a vast, boundless
That pulls me to the shore.
ocean. The text explores the psychological
Music is the rhythm
landscape of navigating difficult emotional phases,
That moves me to the core.
highlighting how this art form functions as a
constant, dependable friend and a therapeutic Word Meaning :
anchor amidst personal hardships. 1. Ocean - A vast body of water; used here to
describe how huge and powerful music feels.
2. Rhythm - A strong, regular repeated pattern
2. SUMMARY of sound or movement.
3. Core - The deepest or most central part of
The Deep and Magnetic Connection to Music something; here, it means a person’s deepest
The speaker describes a deep, natural attraction feelings or soul.
to music, expressing how it acts like a vast ocean
that constantly draws them towards its comforting Explanation :
shore. The sounds and melodies create an intense, The poet begins by comparing music to a vast
internal connection within the speaker. The ocean, using a metaphor to show how powerful
rhythmic beats of the music deeply touch their and deep it is. Just as ocean waves pull things
heart and soul, stirring their innermost feelings toward the shore, the poet feels naturally drawn
and moving them profoundly. to music. It gives her a sense of direction and
safety.
Music as a Healing and Uplifting Force In the next lines, the poet describes music
In moments of sadness or emotional distress, as a “rhythm” that touches her deeply inside.
the speaker turns to music as a soothing form of This means that the beats and sounds of music
healing. It acts as a powerful source of comfort do not just enter her ears; they connect with her
that instantly elevates their mood and helps them innermost emotions. The repetition of the phrase
overcome their troubles. By lifting their spirits, “Music is...” at the start of these lines highlights
music gives the speaker the necessary strength how central and important music is to the poet’s
and emotional support to successfully survive and life.
recover from difficult periods in life.
A Constant and Reliable Companion Stanza 2
The speaker reflects on how music is present Music is the therapy
not just in times of sorrow, but also during their I need when I feel blue.
happiest and most joyful moments. It remains a Music lifts my spirits
constant, celebratory presence when they are in To make sure I pull through.
a great mood. Furthermore, in situations where

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PAGE 580 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Word Meaning : 2. Anaphora: The repetition of a word or phrase

1. Therapy - A treatment that helps heal or at the beginning of successive lines. For
comfort someone who is unwell or upset. example, “Music is the...” (repeated in lines
2. Blue - Feeling sad, depressed, or unhappy. 1, 3, and 5) shows how the poet emphasizes
3. Spirits - A person’s mood or emotional state. that music is the central focus and the cause
4. Pull through - To succeed in surviving or of every feeling described.
getting past a very difficult situation. 3. Personification: Giving human qualities or
Explanation : roles to non-human things. For example,
In this stanza, the poet talks about the healing “Music is the needed friend” shows the
poet treating music as a person who offers

NODIA
power of music. When she is feeling sad or
depressed (feeling “blue”), music acts like companionship and support when the speaker
medicine or therapy. It comforts her mind and feels lonely or uncared for.
helps heal her emotional pain. 4. Imagery: Language that appeals to the senses
Music has the special ability to improve her to create a mental picture. For example,
mood and make her feel happier. By “lifting “That pulls me to the shore” shows a clear
her spirits,” music gives the poet the emotional visual and physical sensation of being moved
strength and motivation she needs to overcome by a current, helping the reader “see” music’s
hard times and survive whatever challenges she guiding power.
is facing. 5. Idiom: A common expression where the
meaning is different from the literal words.
Stanza 3 For example, “when I feel blue” shows
the speaker is feeling sad. This phrase is a
The times when I’m most cheerful,
common way to describe a mood without
It’s clear, music was there.
literally referring to the color.
Music is the needed friend
6. Alliteration: The repetition of the same
When no one seems to care.
consonant sound at the start of words close
Word Meaning : together. For example, “moves me” shows
1. Cheerful - Noticeably happy, bright, and how the repeating “m” sound creates a soft,
optimistic. humming rhythm that reflects the musical
2. Clear - Easy to understand or see; obvious. theme of the poem.
Explanation :
The poet points out that music is not just for
sad times; it is also a huge part of her happy
5. MESSAGE
moments. Whenever she is at her happiest and The main message of the poem is that music is
most cheerful, music is usually playing in the a powerful healer and a true friend. The poet
background, adding to her joy and celebrating beautifully shows how melodies comfort us when
with her. we feel sad or lonely. When human friends cannot
Finally, she personifies music by calling it a help, music acts like a peaceful, endless ocean.
“needed friend.” In moments of loneliness, when The poet reminds us that listening to music gives
it feels like no other human being understands or us inner strength. It acts as a reliable anchor,
cares about her problems, music is always there. helping us stay calm and strong during the most
It acts as a reliable companion that offers comfort difficult times in our lives.
and support without judging her.

4. LITERARY DEVICES 6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

The poem consists of 3 stanzas. The rhyme
scheme is ABCB. Reflect and Respond
1. Metaphor: A direct comparison between two
unrelated things without using “like” or “as.” I. Read the questions given below and share your
For example, “Music is the ocean” shows how answers with your classmates and teacher.
the poet compares music to a vast body of 1. What kind of music do you prefer to listen to—
water to suggest it is deep, powerful, and vocal or instrumental?
overwhelming.
 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

Ans : II. Let us appreciate the poem.

I prefer listening to vocal music because the lyrics
help me connect deeply with the emotions of the 1. The phrase ‘moves me’ in the line ‘That moves me
song. However, when I am studying or trying to to the core,’ is an example of _____.
relax, I enjoy instrumental music as it is soothing Ans :
and helps me focus. The phrase ‘moves me’ in the line ‘That moves me
to the core,’ is an example of an idiom/metaphor
2. Name your favourite musician(s). (it is used metaphorically to express strong
Ans : emotional impact, not physical movement).
My favourite musicians are A.R. Rahman and
Shreya Ghoshal. 2. The poet uses metaphors for music. List these
metaphors and rewrite them as similes. For
3. Give reasons for your choice. example, Music is as _____ as _____.
Ans : Ans :
I admire A.R. Rahman for his ability to blend Metaphors and their Similes
traditional Indian classical music with modern i. Music is a river → Music is as soothing as a
electronic sounds, creating melodies that feel river.
both fresh and timeless. I love Shreya Ghoshal ii. Music is a bird → Music is as free as a bird.
because her voice is incredibly expressive, sweet, iii. Music is a prayer → Music is as pure as a
and versatile, bringing life to every song she sings. prayer.
iv. Music is a language → Music is as expressive
Check Your Understanding as a language.
v. Music is a healer → Music is as comforting as
I. Read the poem again to complete the poet’s diary a healer.
about her feelings on music. Fill in the blanks
with words from the poem. 3. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem? What
Today, I’ve been thinking about how essential impact does it have?
music is to me. It is like an ocean that calls me Ans :
to its 1. _____. Music is the 2. _____ that The rhyme scheme of the poem is abcb for each
harmonises with my 3. _____, moving me in stanza (e.g., Stanza 1: ocean/shore/rhythm/core).
ways I can’t explain. When I feel sad or upset Impact : This simple, rhythmic rhyme scheme
about things, music is the 4. _____ that eases gives the poem a musical, song-like quality.
the ache. It is amazing how music has the power It creates a soothing and predictable flow that
to lift my 5. ____, and give me strength to pull mirrors the comforting and constant nature of
through difficult times. I know that it is the effect music described in the poem.
of music whenever I feel 6. _____. Music is the
much 7. _____, dependable friend when there 4. What is the poet’s purpose in using the word
is no one to 8. _____. Thank you, my dear ‘music’ repetitively?
music, for being my all-time comfort. Ans :
Ans : The poet repeats the word ‘music’ to emphasize
Today, I’ve been thinking about how essential its central role and constant presence in her life.
music is to me. It is like an ocean that calls The repetition acts like a steady musical beat,
me to its 1. shore. Music is the 2. rhythm that reinforcing the idea that music is the ultimate
harmonises with my 3. core, moving me in ways source of comfort, joy, and healing for her.
I can’t explain. When I feel sad or upset about
things, music is the 4. therapy that eases the 5. What is the message the poet wishes to convey
ache. It is amazing how music has the power to through the poem?
lift my 5. spirits, and give me strength to pull Ans :
through difficult times. I know that it is the effect The poet wishes to convey that music is a powerful
of music whenever I feel 6. cheerful. Music is the and reliable companion. It has the therapeutic
much 7. needed, dependable friend when there is ability to heal us during times of sorrow, uplift
no one to 8. care. Thank you, my dear music, for our spirits during struggles, and share in our joy
being my all-time comfort. during happy moments.

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PAGE 582 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

6. Identify the mood of the poem from the options emotional strength and resilience required
given below. to survive and overcome difficult or painful
(i) nostalgic times in her life.
(ii) thoughtful iv. True.
v. A. Music brings comfort during sadness.
(iii) amused
(iv) playful

NODIA
II. Answer the following questions.
Ans :
1. How is music able to move the poet ‘to the core’ ?
(ii) thoughtful
Ans :
7. Give evidence from the poem to support that the Music moves the poet “to the core” by connecting
speaker is the poet herself. deeply with her innermost feelings. The rhythm
Ans : and melodies resonate with her soul, stirring
The speaker uses first-person pronouns throughout strong emotional reactions that are far deeper
the poem, indicating a deeply personal experience. than just surface-level entertainment.
Evidence from the text includes: “That pulls me
2. Why does the poet compare music to a ‘needed
to the shore,” “I need when I feel blue,” and
friend’ ?
“Music lifts my spirits.”
Ans :
Critical Reflection The poet compares music to a “needed friend”
because, much like a true and loyal companion,
I. Read the extract given below and answer the
music is always there to offer comfort, support,
questions that follow.
and understanding, especially during times of
1. Music is the therapy loneliness when no one else seems to care.
I need when I feel blue.
Music lifts my spirits 3. Explain the poet’s attitude towards music.
To make sure I pull through. Ans :
The poet has a deeply appreciative, affectionate,
i. Complete the following sentence suitably. and reliant attitude towards music. She views it
The phrase ‘feel blue’ indicates _____. not just as a form of art, but as an essential healer
(therapy), an emotional anchor, and a dependable
ii. Identify the line which shows music makes the
companion that supports her through both good
poet happy.
and bad times.
iii. What does the last line of the extract signify?
4. Support the opinion that this poem has a universal
iv. State whether the following sentence is true or appeal.
false. Ans :s
Music plays a vital role in the poet’s life. This poem has universal appeal because the
emotions it describes—feeling sad, needing
v. Select the central idea of the extract from the comfort, and finding joy—are experienced by
following options. everyone. People across all cultures and ages
A. Music brings comfort during sadness. turn to music to heal, to find motivation, or
B. Music is a necessity in times of happiness. to feel understood, making the poet’s personal
C. Music improves our ability to pull heavy relationship with music highly relatable to readers
loads. worldwide.
D. Music is a source of knowledge and excitement. 5. Compare your experience of music with the
Ans : feelings expressed in the poem.
i. The phrase ‘feel blue’ indicates feeling sad, Ans :
depressed, or low in spirits. My experience with music closely matches the
ii. The line that shows this is : “Music lifts my poet’s feelings. Like the poet, I use music as
spirits” “therapy.” When I am stressed about exams,
iii. The last line, “To make sure I pull through,” listening to calm instrumental music helps me
signifies that music gives the poet the relax. Conversely, when I am happy, energetic
 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

songs lift my spirits even higher. Music is truly a Now, read the following lines from the poem.
constant friend in my life. Music is the rhythm
That moves me to the core.
Vocabulary in Context The phrase ‘moves me’ means ‘to make somebody
do something’.
I. Read the following phrases from the poem
denoting happiness and sadness. ‘Move’ also has different meanings. For example,
Classify the words given in the box below as to change position, to make progress, to take
positive emotions and negative emotions. action, cause strong feelings.
Ans :
feel blue lifts my spirits most cheerful 1. Pull through : to succeed in doing something
• Positive emotions (happiness): _____ very difficult
• Negative emotions (sadness): _____ 2. Moves me : to make somebody do something
Ans : / to strongly affect someone’s feelings
• Positive emotions (happiness) : lifts my Explanation :
spirits, most cheerful These are phrasal verbs (verb + preposition/
• Negative emotions (sadness) : feel blue adverb) whose meanings are different from the
individual words:
Now, fill in the blanks by choosing the correct 1. Pull + through  just pull + pass
word from those given in the brackets. 2. Move + me  just change position
1. The familiar tune stimulated a rush of They express a new, deeper meaning.
_____, transporting listeners back
to cherished moments from their past. III. Choose the correct meaning from the box given
(nostalgia/elation) below for the underlined phrasal verbs in the
2. The soulful ballad expressed the singer’s following sentences.
_____, leaving the audience moved by the i. to start doing or discussing something new
intensity of their emotions. (despondence/ ii. to begin living in a new home or place
anguish) iii. to start moving; to leave
3. The pianist played a soulful melody on the iv. to go to a new position, especially in order to
stage, creating an ambience of _____. make room for other people
(melancholy/despair) v. to leave a place where one has been living
4. The festive symphony filled the air with vi. to shift position to make space for someone or
_____ tones, lifting the spirits of everyone something
present on the joyous occasion. (jubilant/ 1. He’s planning to move out of his parents’
euphoric) house next month.
Ans : 2. Our new neighbours moved in yesterday.
1. nostalgia 3. I’ve been in this job long enough—it’s time I
2. anguish moved on.
3. melancholy 4. Can you move over a bit so I can sit down?
4. jubilant 5. The police officer told the crowd to move
along.
II. Read the highlighted word in the line given below. 6. The bus moved off as soon as all the passengers
To make sure I pull through were seated.
The meaning of the verb ‘pull’ is ‘move or remove Ans :
something’. The preposition ‘through’ means ‘from 1. (v) to leave a place where one has been living
one end or side to the other’. However, when they 2. (ii) to begin living in a new home or place
come together they convey a completely different 3. (i) to start doing or discussing something new
meaning. Here, ‘pull through’ means ‘to succeed 4. (vi) to shift position to make space for
in doing something very difficult’. someone or something
When a verb consists of two parts, the first part 5. (iii) to start moving; to leave
is a verb; the second part is a preposition or an 6. (iii) to start moving; to leave
adverb. When they come in such combinations
the verbs convey a totally different meaning. Such
multi-verbs are called phrasal verbs.

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PAGE 584 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

IV. Create phrasal verbs from the verbs ‘put’, ‘get’, 5. What has been the unsuccessful solution?
‘look’, ‘break’. Find the meanings of the phrasal (i) practising for longer hours
verbs you create. Make sentences with the (ii) singing while playing the instrument
phrasal verbs. Discuss them with your classmates (iii) watching videos about playing the instrument
and teacher. 6. What is the final decision taken?
Ans : (i) change classes
1. Put : (ii) pick a simpler instrument
Phrasal Verb : Put off (iii) purchase the musical instrument
Meaning : To delay or postpone something. Ans :
Sentence : The school had to put off the 1. (ii) teacher-student
sports day due to heavy rain. 2. (i) music centre
2. Get : 3. (i) sitar
Phrasal Verb : Get over 4. (i) inability to play the musical instrument
Meaning : To recover from an illness or an 5. (i) practising for longer hours
upsetting situation. 6. (ii) pick a simpler instrument
Sentence : It took Rohan a few weeks to get
over his cold. II. Now, listen to the conversation between the two
3. Look : people. As you listen, check your answers and
Phrasal Verb : Look after rectify them wherever needed. Once done, discuss
Meaning : To take care of someone or your responses with your classmates and teacher.
something. (Transcript for teacher on page 270)
Sentence : My grandmother asked me to look Ans :
after her garden while she was away. 1. Why is Jaspreet upset?
4. Break : Jaspreet is upset because he is not getting
Phrasal Verb : Break down enough practice in playing the santoor.
Meaning : To stop functioning (for a machine 2. What problem is he facing?
or vehicle). The santoor teacher comes only twice a week,
Sentence : Our car broke down on the so his practice is not regular.
highway, and we had to call for a mechanic. 3. What does his mother suggest first?
She suggests watching videos to learn santoor.
Listen and Respond 4. Why does Jaspreet not find videos helpful?
I. Before you listen, read the questions and guess Because playing an instrument requires
the responses to the given questions. hands-on practice, not just watching.
5. What solution does his mother finally give?
1. How are the two speakers connected? She decides to borrow a santoor from her
(i) parent-child friend so he can practice at home.
(ii) teacher-student 6. How does Jaspreet feel at the end?
(iii) brother-sister He feels happy and relieved.

2. Where is the conversation taking place? Speaking Activity

(i) music centre
(ii) park I. Work in groups of four and choose a role each. Use
(iii) school reception area the cues given below to present a role play in the
class. Frame your responses logically in complete
3. Which musical instrument is the reason for the
sentences. You may frame appropriate questions
problem?
to ensure continuity in the conversation.
(i) sitar
(ii) santoor
(iii) sarod
4. What is the problem being discussed?
(i) inability to play the musical instrument
(ii) irregularity of the music class
(iii) lack of choice of the musical instrument

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 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

Ans : Follow the guidelines given below to draft the

Role Play Script : invitation letter.
Music Teacher : Good morning, everyone. Rahul

NODIA
(Student 1), I noticed you have a great sense Format :
of rhythm. I strongly encourage you to take up Sender’s address
evening music classes. It will help you develop a Date
wonderful skill. Salutation : Dear…
Student 1 (Rahul) : Thank you, sir. But I am Body of the letter :
very confused. I am worried that attending music • Ask about their well-being.
classes every evening might take away valuable • Mention the event and give details—date,
time from my studies. I have my final exams time, and venue.
coming up. • Request them to attend.
Parent : I agree with Rahul. As a parent, I am Complimentary close: Yours affectionately,
initially quite doubtful about this. Academics are Name of the sender
our priority right now. Will learning an instrument Language :
distract him from his schoolwork? • Use first person—‘I’ and second person
Student 2 (Anjali) : If I may share my experience? ‘We’ and ‘You’.
I have been learning music for a year now. I am • Write in a warm and personalised style.
completely convinced that music is beneficial. Ans :
Actually, playing an instrument relaxes my mind, 14, Green Park Avenue
which helps me focus better on my studies. I have New Delhi - 110016
learned to manage my time efficiently. 10 June 2024
Music Teacher : Anjali is absolutely right. Music Dear Grandpa and Grandma,
acts as a stress-reliever. It actually enhances I hope this letter finds you both in the best of
concentration rather than distracting from it. We health and happiness. I am doing well here and
can easily adjust the class timings so they don’t my studies are going smoothly.
clash with Rahul’s study schedule. I am writing to share some very exciting
Student 1 (Rahul) : That sounds reassuring. If news with you. Our school is organising a grand
it helps me focus better and manage my stress, I musical evening to celebrate World Music Day on
would love to give it a try. the 21st of June. I am thrilled to inform you that
Parent : Hearing Anjali’s experience and your I have been selected to present a solo Sitar recital
assurance, sir, makes me feel much better. I am at the event!
supportive of this idea now. Let us enroll Rahul The programme will take place in the main
in the music classes! School Auditorium, starting at 5:00 PM. I have
been practising very hard for the past month, and
Writing Task it would mean the world to me if you could be
I. Your school is organising a musical evening on there in the audience to bless me. Your presence
21 June, World Music Day. You are presenting always gives me confidence.
a Sitar recital at the event. Draft an invitation Please let me know when you will be arriving
letter requesting your grandparents to attend the so we can make the necessary arrangements. I am
event. eagerly looking forward to seeing you both.
Yours affectionately,
Aarav

Learning Beyond the Text

I. Did you know, India’s rich musical heritage has
a lot to offer to our well-being? Raga Chikitsa,
one of the ancient texts, elaborates on the healing
properties of music. A seventeenth century work
titled Sangita Sudha gives an account of the
effects of music on emotions. Find out how music
is used as an alternative therapy in the present
PAGE 586 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

times. 7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Ans :
In present times, Music Therapy is a recognized Multiple Choice Type Questions
alternative clinical therapy used by professionals
to promote wellness. Therapists use music to 1. What is the main subject of the poem?
help patients manage stress, reduce anxiety, (a) The vast oceans (b) Connection to music
and alleviate pain. For example, listening to (c) Deep inner emotions(d) Pure entertainment
calming melodies can lower heart rates and
Ans :
blood pressure. It is also heavily used in treating
(b) Connection to music
cognitive conditions like Alzheimer’s and autism,
as rhythmic beats and familiar songs can trigger 2. To the poet, music is not merely a source of
memory recall and help patients communicate ______.
their emotions when words fail them.
(a) true friendship (b) emotional power
II. Everything in nature has a rhythm or sound (c) daily entertainment (d) personal resilience
vibration, even our heartbeat. Speak to your Ans :
music teacher and find out about the origin of (c) daily entertainment
the seven swaras (notes) of Indian classical music.
Ans : 3. Instead of just entertaining, music is described as
According to Indian classical music traditions, an ______ part of her life.
the seven swaras (Shadja, Rishabha, Gandhara, (a) ordinary (b) optional
Madhyama, Panchama, Dhaivata, and Nishada— (c) external (d) essential
commonly known as Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni)
Ans :
originated from the sounds of nature and animals.
(d) essential
For instance, it is believed that :
Sa originates from the cry of the peacock. 4. What does the poet compare music to in the first
Re comes from the lowing of a bull or cow. paragraph?
Ga is inspired by the bleating of a goat.
(a) A vast ocean (b) A close friend
Ma is drawn from the call of the heron or crane.
Pa mirrors the sweet song of the cuckoo or (c) A deep forest (d) A loud rhythm
nightingale. Ans :
Dha represents the neighing of a horse. (a) A vast ocean
Ni originates from the trumpet of an elephant.
This beautifully connects human music directly 5. The vast ocean of music constantly calls the poet
to the natural world. to its ______.
(a) deep core (b) wide shore
III. You must have read or heard poems and songs (c) dark waves (d) high tides
about music—both in English and in your
own language. Share some of them with your Ans :
classmates and create a collection of these poems (b) wide shore
and songs together. 6. Music acts as a powerful ______ that connects
Ans : with the poet.
An excellent poem to add to the collection is (a) healing force (b) steady melody
“The Arrow and the Song” by H.W. Longfellow.
(c) strong rhythm (d) beating ocean
A snippet of it reads :
“I breathed a song into the air, Ans :
It fell to earth, I knew not where... (c) strong rhythm
And the song, from beginning to end,
I found again in the heart of a friend.” 7. Where does this powerful rhythm connect deeply
Students are encouraged to bring their regional within the poet?
language songs, like traditional folk songs or (a) Her active mind (b) Her daily life
Kabir Das Dohas regarding sound and music, to (c) Her basic needs (d) Her inner self
create a diverse class booklet.

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 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

Ans : (b) It is dangerous, volatile, and causes extreme

(d) Her inner self emotional harm.
(c) It is completely distant and stays away from
8. What specific word does the poet use to describe
her daily routine.
her inner self?
(d) It is shallow, temporary, and only appears
(a) Core (b) Mind
during the summer.
(c) Soul (d) Heart
Ans :
Ans : (a) It is boundless, deep, and holds a highly
(a) Core powerful presence.
9. Music moves the poet’s emotions in ways she 13. What is one of the central themes mentioned in
cannot easily ______. the second section?
(a) contain (b) explain (a) The loud beats of songs
(c) express (d) control (b) The sad state of the world
Ans : (c) The ocean’s heavy waves
(b) explain (d) The healing power of music
10. Assertion (A): The poet feels a deep and personal Ans :
relationship with music. (d) The healing power of music
Reason (R): Music acts as a vast ocean that
constantly ignores her inner self. 14. How does the poet describe her feelings when she
needs music the most?
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
NODIA

explanation. (a) Angry and upset (b) Tired and sleepy

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the (c) Sad and depressed (d) Calm and peaceful
correct explanation. Ans :
(c) Assertion A is true but the Reason R is (c) Sad and depressed
completely false.
15. Which color is used in the text to describe the
(d) Assertion A is false but the Reason R is poet feeling sad?
completely true.
(a) Red (b) Grey
Ans : (c) Dark (d) Blue
(c) Assertion A is true but the Reason R is
completely false. Ans :
(d) Blue
11. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding the first section? 16. When the poet is feeling “blue,” music acts as her
______.
(a) Music is seen as just a basic form of daily
entertainment. (a) therapy (b) problem
(b) The rhythm of music completely fails to reach (c) shelter (d) teacher
the poet’s core. Ans :
(c) The poet easily explains exactly how music (a) therapy
shifts her emotions.
17. As a therapy, what does music do to the poet’s
(d) The poet compares music to an ocean calling
emotional aches?
to its shore.
(a) It ignores them (b) It creates them
Ans :
(c) It expands them (d) It soothes them
(d) The poet compares music to an ocean calling
to its shore. Ans :
(d) It soothes them
12. What does the metaphor of the “vast ocean”
primarily suggest about music in the poet’s life?
(a) It is boundless, deep, and holds a highly
powerful presence.
PAGE 588 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

18. Besides soothing aches, music also ______ her Ans :

spirits. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
(a) crushes (b) lifts explanation.
(c) hides (d) calms 24. Which of the following statements is correct about
Ans : music’s role as a healer?
(b) lifts (a) Music always makes the poet feel blue during
very painful times.
19. During what kind of times does music provide
emotional strength? (b) Music provides emotional resilience for the
poet to truly survive.
(a) Loud and noisy times
(c) Music is only considered useful when the poet
(b) Calm and quiet times
is feeling cheerful.
(c) Happy and joyful times
(d) Music greatly increases the emotional aches
(d) Difficult and painful times during difficult moments.
Ans : Ans :
(d) Difficult and painful times (b) Music provides emotional resilience for the
poet to truly survive.
20. Music gives the poet emotional strength and
______. 25. In the context of healing, what does the phrase
(a) resilience (b) popularity “pull through” imply?
(c) bitterness (d) physicality (a) To successfully overcome a difficult and
Ans : challenging situation.
(a) resilience (b) To physically drag heavy musical instruments
across a room.
21. This strength and resilience help the poet to (c) To completely avoid dealing with any sad or
______. negative emotions.
(a) step back (b) break down (d) To easily forget all the happy memories from
(c) give away (d) pull through the recent past.
Ans : Ans :
(d) pull through (a) To successfully overcome a difficult and
challenging situation.
22. Music has the power to transform the poet’s
sadness into ______. 26. Beyond being a healing tool, music is viewed as a
(a) loneliness (b) bitterness ______ companion.
(c) cheerfulness (d) exhaustion (a) brief (b) loyal
Ans : (c) quiet (d) harsh
(c) cheerfulness Ans :
(b) loyal
23. Assertion (A): Music transforms the poet’s
sadness into pure cheerfulness. 27. Music is also described as a ______ companion.
Reason (R): Music acts as a therapy that soothes (a) constant (b) distant
her emotional aches.
(c) fleeting (d) selfish
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation. Ans :
(a) constant
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation. 28. The poet specifically refers to music as a “much-
(c) Assertion A is true but the Reason R is needed ______.”
completely false. (a) therapy (b) rhythm
(d) Assertion A is false but the Reason R is (c) ocean (d) friend
completely true.

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 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

Ans : (a) Music abandons the poet when nobody else is

(d) friend around to care.
(b) Music is described as a companion that only
29. When does the poet mostly feel the companionship
stays for a while.
of music?
(c) Music provides comfort when no one
(a) In moments of loneliness
understands her struggles.

NODIA
(b) In crowded social events
(d) Music is a loyal friend but fails to support her
(c) During long work hours in loneliness.
(d) While traveling abroad
Ans :
Ans : (c) Music provides comfort whsen no one
(a) In moments of loneliness understands her struggles.

30. Music helps when it feels like no one else is around 35. Why is music described as the “ultimate
to ______. dependable friend” in the text?
(a) judge (b) care (a) Because it constantly stays by her side and
(c) sing (d) play never abandons her.
Ans : (b) Because it offers her practical advice on
(b) care solving daily problems.
(c) Because it introduces her to many new people
31. The poet feels music is there when no one else in lonely moments.
understands her ______. (d) Because it creates a completely quiet space to
(a) happiness (b) victories avoid other friends.
(c) struggles (d) routines Ans :
Ans : (a) Because it constantly stays by her side and
(c) struggles never abandons her.

32. What does music offer alongside support during 36. The poem conveys a thoughtful and ______
lonely times? message.
(a) Wealth (b) Comfort (a) secret (b) universal
(c) Silence (d) Anxiety (c) personal (d) negative
Ans : Ans :
(b) Comfort (b) universal

33. Assertion (A): Music is considered the ultimate 37. Music is described as a ______ force.
dependable friend by the poet. (a) destructive (b) invisible
Reason (R): Music frequently leaves her side (c) powerful (d) mysterious
when she faces real struggles.
Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
(c) powerful
explanation.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the 38. Music brings comfort during times of ______.
correct explanation. (a) joy (b) rest
(c) Assertion A is true but the Reason R is (c) pain (d) sorrow
completely false.
Ans :
(d) Assertion A is false but the Reason R is
(d) sorrow
completely true.
Ans : 39. The repetition of the word “music” emphasizes its
(c) Assertion A is true but the Reason R is ______ presence.
completely false. (a) occasional (b) surprising
(c) constant (d) temporary
34. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding music as a friend?
PAGE 590 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : Ans :
(c) constant The poet beautifully compares music to a “vast
ocean” calling to its wide shore. This powerful
40. Along with being constant, music’s presence in metaphor signifies that music is boundless,
her life is described as ______. profound, and holds a highly impactful presence
(a) weak (b) steady in her life, rather than being just a superficial
(c) heavy (d) rare source of daily entertainment.
Ans : 2. How does the rhythm of music interact with the
(b) steady poet on a personal level?
41. The text mentions that ups and downs are Ans :
experienced by ______. The strong rhythm of music connects deeply with
the poet’s inner self, or her “core.” Rather than
(a) poets (b) leaders
just being an external sound, it penetrates her
(c) everyone (d) nobody
mind and soul, shifting her internal emotions in
Ans : profound ways she cannot easily explain.
(c) everyone
3. Explain the significance of the colour “blue” as
42. What does the “universal message” of the poem used by the poet.
ultimately suggest about human nature? Ans :
(a) Everyone requires some form of emotional In the poem, the word “blue” is used symbolically
support to handle challenges. to represent periods of sadness, depression, or
(b) People generally prefer to face their emotional emotional exhaustion. It vividly captures the
struggles without support. poet’s melancholy state of mind before music
(c) Most individuals find it extremely difficult to intervenes as a therapeutic force to uplift her
connect with musical rhythms. heavy spirits.
(d) Only certain types of people can truly 4. In what specific ways does music act as a form of
appreciate the deep meaning of songs. “therapy” for the poet?
Ans : Ans :
(a) Everyone requires some form of emotional Music acts as a crucial therapy by actively soothing
support to handle challenges. the poet’s emotional aches during difficult times.
When she is feeling down, its healing power
43. How does the repetition of the word “music” comforts her pain and successfully transforms her
impact the overall tone of the poem? gloomy sadness into a state of pure cheerfulness.
(a) It creates a sense of boredom by constantly
mentioning the exact same word. 5. What does the phrase “pull through” imply
(b) It reinforces the unwavering, dependable regarding the poet’s struggles?
nature of music in the poet’s life. Ans :
(c) It shows that the poet has a very limited The phrase “pull through” implies successfully
vocabulary to express sad feelings. surviving and overcoming highly challenging
(d) It makes the poem sound like a fast, upbeat or painful situations. It highlights that music
song rather than a reflection. grants the poet the necessary emotional strength
and resilience to navigate her darkest moments
Ans :
without breaking down completely.
(b) It reinforces the unwavering, dependable
nature of music in the poet’s life. 6. Why does the poet categorize music as an
“essential” part of her life?
Short Answer Type Questions Ans :
Music is deemed “essential” because it transcends
1. What does the poet compare music to in the mere auditory entertainment. It functions as a
opening stanzas, and what does this signify? vital lifeline that heals her trauma, stands by
her during immense loneliness, and provides

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 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

unwavering emotional stability, making it Ans :

completely indispensable to her daily existence. Music is highly versatile in the poet’s life. During
difficult, painful periods, it serves as a comforting
7. How does the poet describe music’s role as a shelter and a healing therapy. Conversely, during
companion? happy times, it amplifies her positive emotions,
Ans : bringing added joy and celebratory energy to her
The poet describes music as a loyal, constant, days.
and dependable friend. Unlike fleeting human
companions, music never leaves her side. It 13. What is the poetic effect of repeating the word
remains a steady presence, offering unconditional “music” throughout the text?
comfort and companionship whenever she feels Ans :
isolated or entirely misunderstood. The deliberate repetition of the word “music”
serves to emphasize its constant, unwavering
8. Why does the poet rely so heavily on music during presence in the poet’s life. It rhythmically
moments of loneliness? reinforces the idea that music is a steady anchor
Ans : amidst the chaotic, unpredictable ups and downs
During moments of loneliness, the poet feels that of human existence.
no one else is around to care for her or truly
understand her personal struggles. Music fills this 14. Why does the poem’s message appeal to readers
painful void, acting as an ever-present confidante across different ages and cultures?
that offers empathy without any judgment. Ans :
The message appeals globally because the
9. Why is music referred to as the “ultimate emotional struggles, loneliness, and the need for
dependable friend”? comfort are fundamental human experiences.
Ans : Since music is a universal language, its ability
Music earns the title of the “ultimate dependable to heal and uplift resonates deeply with anyone,
friend” because of its unwavering loyalty. While regardless of their cultural background.
human beings might abandon her during real
struggles, music remains constantly by her side, 15. What does the poem suggest about the limitations
consistently providing solace, quiet support, and of human empathy?
deep emotional comfort. Ans :
The poem subtly suggests that human empathy
10. How does the poet’s emotional state change from can sometimes fall short. People may not always
the beginning of a struggle to its resolution? be present to care or fully understand another’s
NODIA

Ans : complex struggles. In contrast, music acts as a

Initially, the poet feels deeply sad, depressed, flawless substitute, offering the perfect, unspoken
and emotionally wounded by life’s hardships. understanding she craves.
However, through the therapeutic and comforting
intervention of music, her heavy heart is soothed, 16. How does the metaphor of the ocean’s “wide
and her bitter sorrow is ultimately transformed shore” reflect the poet’s relationship with music?
into pure, uplifting cheerfulness. Ans :
The “wide shore” represents the poet’s open,
11. What is the “universal message” conveyed by the receptive mind. Just as the vast ocean constantly
poem? calls and reaches out to the shore with its waves,
Ans : music continuously reaches out to the poet,
The poem’s universal message is that everyone washing over her with its steady, comforting
experiences life’s challenging ups and downs, and rhythm.
everyone requires emotional support. It suggests
that music is a universally accessible, powerful 17. Mention two contrasting emotions that music
force that can bring healing and comfort to any helps the poet navigate.
human being. Ans :
Music helps the poet navigate the dark, heavy
12. How does music adapt to the different phases of emotion of sorrow during her difficult, lonely
the poet’s life? times. In contrast, it also helps her experience and
PAGE 592 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

elevate the bright, uplifting emotion of joy during to pull through another day. I am so grateful for
the peaceful and happy moments of her life. this constant, loyal friend that never fails to heal
my core.
18. How does music contribute to the poet’s
“resilience”? 2. You have been asked to deliver a short speech in

NODIA
Ans : your school assembly on the topic “Music: The
Music builds the poet’s resilience by acting as Ultimate Healer,” drawing inspiration from the
a protective emotional buffer. By soothing her poem. Draft the speech.
aches and lifting her spirits, it provides her with Ans :
the inner fortitude and psychological endurance Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear
required to face life’s continuous hardships friends,
without giving up. A very good morning to you all. Today, I stand
before you to speak on “Music: The Ultimate
19. What does the poet’s inability to “easily explain”
Healer.” As a beautiful poem once taught me,
how music shifts her emotions indicate?
music is not merely a source of daily entertainment;
Ans : it is a vast ocean of emotional power.
Her inability to explain this shift indicates We all face inevitable ups and downs, and
that music’s impact is deeply spiritual and there are times we feel entirely misunderstood
subconscious. It bypasses rational thought and or alone. In those dark moments, music acts as
logic, touching her soul directly, which makes its a loyal, dependable friend. It connects with our
healing magic profound, mysterious, and beyond inner core, soothing our emotional aches and
simple human vocabulary. building our resilience to pull through tough
times. It universally transforms our sadness into
20. According to the poem, what is the fundamental
cheerfulness.
nature of life?
Let us learn to embrace this powerful, invisible
Ans : force, allowing it to bring joy in our happy times
According to the poem, the fundamental nature and comfort in our sorrow.
of life is characterized by continuous “ups and Thank you.
downs.” It is an unpredictable journey filled
with both joyful victories and painful struggles, 3. Write a letter to a friend who is going through a
making the reliable, stabilizing presence of music difficult emotional time, recommending them to
absolutely necessary for everyone. find solace in music based on the themes of the
poem.
Long Answer Type Questions Ans :
Dear Anil,
1. Imagine you are the poet. Write a Diary Entry I heard you have been going through a really tough
reflecting on a particularly tough day and how time lately. I know that during such moments,
music helped you find your emotional balance. it often feels like no one truly understands your
Ans : struggles, and the loneliness can be overwhelming.
Dear Diary, I am writing to remind you of a simple yet
Today was incredibly overwhelming. I felt powerful remedy: music. Just as a beautiful poem
completely engulfed by a heavy, grey cloud of describes, music is an ocean of healing. When
sadness, and it seemed like no one around me you are feeling ‘blue’, let the rhythm connect
truly understood the struggles I was facing. I felt with your inner self. You don’t have to explain
profoundly alone. your pain to it; it just understands. It acts as
However, the moment I retreated to my room the most dependable, constant friend, soothing
and let the rhythm of my favourite melodies emotional aches and giving you the resilience to
wash over me, everything shifted. Music acted pull through. Put on your favourite songs, let
as my vast ocean, gently pulling me away from the melodies wash over you, and allow them to
my despair. It listened to my unspoken aches and transform your sadness into strength.
provided the exact therapy my soul needed. Warmly,
Slowly, the overwhelming “blue” faded, Your Tushar
replaced by a quiet cheerfulness and the resilience
 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

4. Compose a short dialogue between the poet and a powerful support system for emotional well-being.
teenager who believes music is strictly for dancing As a form of therapy, music helps the poet
and superficial entertainment. overcome sadness and emotional pain. When she
Ans : feels “blue,” music acts like a soothing remedy,
Teenager: I don’t get why you sit alone in your easing her distress and helping her regain strength
room listening to music. It’s just meant for dancing and happiness. It plays an active role in improving
and parties, right? It’s just basic entertainment! her mental state.
Poet: It might be entertainment for some, but to At the same time, music serves as a dependable
me, it is an essential part of life. It’s like a vast friend. In moments of loneliness, when no one else
ocean. understands her feelings, music stays constant and
Teenager: An ocean? That sounds a bit too supportive. It offers comfort without judgment,
dramatic. helping her overcome deep emotional isolation.
Poet: Not at all. When I feel ‘blue’ and
7. Analyze the poet’s assertion that the message
misunderstood by the world, music is the only
of music is “universal.” How does the text
thing that connects with my core. It acts as a
support the idea that music transcends personal
therapy that soothes my emotional aches.
boundaries?
Teenager: So, it’s like a friend to you?
Poet: Exactly. It’s the ultimate dependable friend. Ans :
When no one else is around to care, its steady The poet asserts that the message of music is deeply
rhythm gives me the strength to pull through my universal because it speaks directly to fundamental
toughest days. human experiences. The text explicitly points out
that life consists of inevitable “ups and downs”
5. “Music is not merely a source of entertainment; that are experienced by absolutely everyone,
it is a vast ocean.” Elaborate on this statement, regardless of who they are. Because pain,
analyzing the metaphors and themes used by the loneliness, and the need for comfort are shared
poet to describe music’s depth. human traits, the reliance on music becomes
Ans : highly relatable across all ages and cultures.
The statement highlights the profound depth Music does not require a specific language to be
and boundlessness of music, elevating it far understood; its strong rhythm connects with the
above simple, everyday entertainment. By human “core.” Whether it is providing a steady
metaphorically comparing music to a “vast presence during sorrowful times or amplifying joy
ocean,” the poet emphasizes its immense scale, during happy moments, music acts as a unifying,
power, and overwhelming presence. Just as an powerful force that successfully bridges personal,
ocean’s tide constantly calls to the shore, music cultural, and generational divides.
exerts a continuous, magnetic pull on the poet’s
8. Evaluate the emotional transformation the poet
inner self. An ocean is deep and mysterious,
undergoes in the poem. What drives this change,
mirroring how music shifts the poet’s emotions in
and what does it reveal about her inner strength?
ways she cannot easily explain. Furthermore, this
metaphor perfectly supports the theme of healing. Ans :
Just as water cleanses, this ocean of music washes The poet experiences a deep emotional
away the poet’s “blue” periods, soothing her transformation, moving from sadness to strength.
aches and providing the emotional resilience At first, she feels “blue” and overwhelmed by
necessary to pull through the rough currents of loneliness and life’s challenges, which makes her
life’s continuous ups and downs. emotionally vulnerable.
Instead of giving in to despair, she turns to
6. Discuss the overarching theme of the healing music as a source of comfort and healing. This
power of music as presented in the text. How does shows her self-awareness and inner strength, as
it function as both a medical “therapy” and a she understands how to cope with her emotions.
personal “friend”? Music becomes her refuge, helping her calm her
Ans : mind and regain stability.
The poem highlights the dual role of music as Through this connection with music, she
both a healer and a companion. It shows that develops resilience and the ability to move
music is not just a source of entertainment but a forward. Her journey highlights that true strength

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PAGE 594 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

often comes from finding the right support system i. What does the ocean metaphor suggest about
to manage life’s difficulties. the impact of music on the speaker?
(a) Deep connection
9. How does the poet use the concept of ‘loneliness’
(b) Cold distance
to highlight the importance of music in her life?
(c) Hidden danger
Ans :
(d) Still surface
The poet uses the stark reality of loneliness to
ii. Assertion (A): The speaker feels profoundly
amplify the immense value of music. She paints
and internally affected by music.
a realistic picture of human life where people are
Reason (R): Music acts as a rhythm that
not always available to care, and friends often
reaches their innermost self.
fail to understand complex personal struggles.
In this harsh void of human empathy, loneliness (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
could easily become unbearable. However, the correct explanation of A.
poet highlights music as the perfect antidote to (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the
this isolation. By contrasting the unreliability correct explanation of A.
of human presence with the “constant” and (c) A is true but R is false.
“steady” nature of music, she elevates it to the (d) A is false but R is true.
status of an “ultimate dependable friend.” Music iii. How does the poet describe the effect of
fills the silent, lonely spaces of her life with music’s rhythm on the speaker?
comforting rhythms, proving that even when she iv. Identify the exact phrase from the stanza that
is physically alone, spiritually and emotionally, means ‘to the deepest part of one’s emotional
she is completely supported. being’.
v. State True or False with a one-sentence
10. “Ups and downs are experienced by everyone.” reason:
Based on the text, how does a steady presence like The speaker views music as an external force
music help individuals navigate the unpredictable they cannot understand or control.
nature of life?
Ans :
Ans :
i. (a) Deep connection
Life is unpredictable and full of constant ups and
ii. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the
downs that can disturb a person’s mental peace.
correct explanation of A.
To deal with such uncertainty, a person needs a
iii. The poet describes music’s rhythm as
stable support system or anchor.
something that moves the speaker to the core,
Music serves as this steady and reliable
meaning it deeply affects their innermost
presence. During difficult times of sadness,
being.
loneliness, and stress, it acts like a comforting
iv. to the core
companion, helping individuals cope and regain
v. False, because the speaker views music as
strength. In happier moments, music enhances joy
an internal, grounding rhythm that deeply
and deepens emotional experiences.
connects with them (“moves me to the core”).
By remaining constant in every situation,
music provides emotional balance. It offers a safe
space to express and understand feelings, ensuring
that a person can face life’s challenges without 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
feeling overwhelmed. questions that follows:
“Music is the therapy
Extract Based Questions I need when I feel blue.
Music lifts my spirits
NODIA

1. Read the extract given below and answer the To make sure I pull through.”
questions that follows: i. What does the act of ‘lifting spirits’ signify in
“Music is the ocean the context of the poem?
That pulls me to the shore. (a) Emotional elevation
Music is the rhythm (b) Physical strength
That moves me to the core.” (c) Musical harmony
(d) Mental confusion
 A FRIEND FOUND IN MUSIC

ii. Which combination best describes the dual v. State True or False with a one-sentence
role of music in this stanza? reason:
I. Healer The poet relies on music exclusively during
II. Destroyer times of isolation and sorrow.
III. Motivator Ans :
i. (b) Constant presence
IV. Distractor
ii. (d) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is
(a) I and II (b) I and III correct.
(c) II and IV (d) III and IV iii. The poet describes music as a needed
iii. In what emotional state does the speaker turn friend because it provides comfort and
to music as therapy? companionship during times when no one else
iv. Which phrasal verb in the stanza means ‘to seems to care.
survive or successfully overcome a difficult iv. cheerful
situation’ ? v. False, because the stanza clearly states that
v. Fill in the blank: music is also present during the times when
The poet explicitly compares music to the speaker is “most cheerful.”
______ because it acts as a healing
mechanism for their emotional pain.
Ans :

i. (a) Emotional elevation
ii. (b) I and III
iii. The speaker turns to music as therapy when
feeling blue, meaning when they are sad or
emotionally low.
iv. pull through
v. therapy
3. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows:
“The times when I’m most cheerful,
It’s clear, music was there.
Music is the needed friend
When no one seems to care.”
i. What does the stanza imply about the nature
of music’s companionship?
(a) Strictly situational
(b) Constant presence
(c) Rarely available
(d) Highly demanding
ii. Statement I: Music is only relevant when the
speaker is abandoned by others.
Statement II: Music consistently enhances
the speaker’s moments of immense joy.
(a) Both I and II are correct.
(b) Both I and II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct, Statement II is
incorrect.
(d) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is
correct.
iii. Why does the poet describe music as a
“needed friend” in the last two lines?
iv. Identify the word from the extract that serves
as a direct synonym for ‘joyful’ or ‘happy’.

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PAGE 596 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 7
WORDS

1. INTRODUCTION massive volumes might engage a person’s intellect

and reach their mind, but these empty speeches
In the poem “Words,” the poet Charles Swain completely fail to reach or comfort the person’s
explores the stark contrast between superficial emotional core.
spoken language and genuine human emotion.
Swain thoughtfully portrays the human heart as The Comfort of a Cheerful Voice
a weary pilgrim journeying through life in search A person who brings warmth and brightness
of real emotional connection. The central premise into a dull or lonely home does not need to talk
excessively. The simple presence of a cheerful and
revolves around how people frequently use a
multitude of empty words that sound impressive NODIA positive voice is enough to lift the spirits of those
but lack true substance. Using vivid natural who are feeling isolated. Even if this comforting
metaphors such as fleeting summer birds, useless voice speaks very few words, the things that are
weeds, and flashy plants, the poem sets up a actually spoken are incredibly precious and deeply
thoughtful examination of human communication. cherished by those who hear them.
It captures the everyday reality of hollow promises The Failure of Words in Times of Need
that vanish during difficult times. If empty words were actually capable of fulfilling
human desires and physical needs, the whole world
could easily celebrate and enjoy an endless feast
2. SUMMARY of abundance. People could simply talk their way
The Hollow Nature of Words into a perfect life. Yet, whenever real challenges
The speaker points out that if spoken words were arise and words are put to the ultimate test to
enough to truly fulfill our deepest emotional prove their practical worth, they miserably fail to
needs, people would suffer from far fewer worries provide any substantial satisfaction or real-world
and troubles in life. However, words are temporary help.
and fleeting. They vanish quickly and depart as Impressive Appearance Without Substance
soon as the summer season ends, leaving behind The speaker describes grand, empty words
nothing but emptiness in the air. as bright, flashy plants that look completely
Words as Worthless Weeds stunning on the outside. These plants might be
The human heart wanders through life as a entirely covered in beautiful blossoms from top
traveler on a long journey, frequently in need of to bottom, putting on a highly impressive visual
real comfort and support. During these moments display. However, despite this dazzling outward
of true necessity, the heart discovers that appearance, they lack any core substance and are
mere language completely fails to provide any completely incapable of producing even a single
meaningful help. Instead, spoken words turn out piece of actual, nourishing fruit.
to be completely useless and unwanted, offering
no more value to a person in need than common 3. EXPLANATION
weeds growing in a garden.
The Value of Sincerity Over Quantity Stanza 1
A few genuine and sincere words hold much
If words could satisfy the heart,
more value than a long, elaborate speech. When
The heart might find less care;
someone speaks with true honesty, even briefly, it
But words, like summer birds, depart,
brings a profound sense of happiness and emotional
And leave but empty air.
connection. On the other hand, speaking in
 WORDS

Word Meaning : Word Meaning :

1. Satisfy - to fulfill a need or desire completely 1. Truly - sincerely and honestly, straight from
2. Care - worry, sadness, or anxiety the heart
3. Depart - to go away or leave 2. Impart - to give, share, or communicate a
Explanation : feeling
The poet begins by wishing that mere words were 3. Hosts - a very large number or huge crowd
enough to bring true comfort and happiness to Explanation :
our hearts. He notes that if words alone could The poet now shifts to a more positive tone to
fulfill our emotional needs, people would have far explain the power of sincere communication. He
fewer worries and sadness in their lives. tells us that speaking just a few words, if they are
However, the poet quickly brings us back to completely honest and meant from the bottom
reality. He compares spoken words to “summer of your soul, can bring a profound sense of true
birds”—migratory birds that only stay for a happiness and joy to someone.
short, warm, and pleasant season before flying On the other hand, someone might speak
away. Just like these birds, empty words and “hosts of words” (a massive amount of words)
promises eventually disappear when times get that sound very clever and make logical sense to
tough. They leave behind nothing but “empty our brains (the “head”). However, if these words
air,” creating a sense of disappointment instead lack genuine emotion, they will completely fail to
of lasting comfort. connect with us on an emotional level. The poet
emphasizes that quality and sincerity are always
Stanza 2 better than a large quantity of meaningless
The heart, a pilgrim upon earth, chatter.
Finds often, when it needs,
That words are of as little worth Stanza 4
As just so many weeds. The voice that wins its sunny way,
Word Meaning : A lonely home to cheer,
1. Pilgrim - a traveler on a long journey, often Hath oft the fewest words to say;
looking for something spiritual or meaningful But, oh! those few, how dear!
2. Worth - value or usefulness Word Meaning :
3. Weeds - wild, unwanted plants that have no 1. Sunny - cheerful, bright, and bringing warmth
real value or purpose 2. Cheer - to bring comfort, joy, and hope to
Explanation : someone
In this stanza, the poet uses a beautiful metaphor, 3. Hath - an old English word meaning ‘has’
comparing the human heart to a “pilgrim.” This 4. Oft - a poetic way of saying ‘often’
means the heart is like a weary traveler on a long 5. Dear - very precious, loved, and highly valued
and difficult journey through life. As the heart Explanation :
travels through hardships, it desperately seeks The poet describes a specific type of person—
real support, love, and comfort. someone who has a warm, cheerful, and positive
Unfortunately, during these desperate times presence. This person has a voice that brings
of need, the heart realizes that empty promises sunshine into a dark or “lonely home,” naturally
have no real value. The poet powerfully compares bringing joy and comfort to those who are feeling
these shallow words to wild “weeds.” Just as isolated or sad.
weeds are useless plants that crowd a garden Interestingly, this comforting person usually
without offering any fruit or beauty, empty words doesn’t talk very much. They have “the fewest
are entirely unhelpful to a heart that is hurting. words to say.” But because their words are so
full of genuine love and care, those few words
Stanza 3 become incredibly precious and meaningful to
A little said, and truly said, the person listening. The exclamation mark at
Can deeper joy impart the end highlights the poet’s strong emotional
Than hosts of words, which reach the head, appreciation for heartfelt, quiet kindness.
But never touch the heart.

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PAGE 598 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Stanza 5 full of promise.

If words could satisfy the chest, Yet, despite this grand and showy outward
The world might hold a feast; appearance, these plants are inherently weak
But words, when summoned to the test, on the inside. They are completely unable to
Oft satisfy the least! produce even a single “particle of fruit.” Just like
these deceptive plants, human words can sound
Word Meaning : beautiful, impressive, and dramatic. But without
1. Chest - referring to the heart and the deep genuine feelings and real actions to back them up,
emotions kept inside us they are completely fruitless, empty, and useless
2. Feast - a grand, abundant celebration full of in our lives.
joy
3. Summoned - called upon to do something or
to prove their real worth
4. Test - a difficult situation or challenge that
4. LITERARY DEVICES
proves true value
5. Least - the absolute smallest amount; barely “Words” consists of 6 stanzas. The rhyme scheme
at all is ABAB (alternating rhyme).
1. Simile: A comparison between two things
Explanation :
Returning to the main theme, the poet repeats NODIA using the words “like” or “as.” For example,
“But words, like summer birds, depart” shows
a similar idea from the very first stanza to
how words are compared to birds to explain
emphasize his point. He says that if words alone
that they fly away and don’t stay forever.
could fill the emotional emptiness in our “chest”
2. Metaphor: A direct comparison that says one
(our soul), the whole world would constantly be
thing “is” another thing to show they share
celebrating with a grand “feast.” Everyone would
a quality. For example, “The heart, a pilgrim
be completely content all the time.
upon earth” shows the heart being compared
However, life is full of real challenges. When
to a traveler on a long journey looking for
words are “summoned to the test”—meaning
something meaningful.
when a person is actually going through a hard
3. Personification: Giving human qualities or
time and needs genuine help—mere words fail
actions to non-human things or body parts.
miserably. They provide almost zero satisfaction
For example, “The heart might find less care”
and prove that talking is completely useless
shows the heart being treated like a person
without real, supportive actions behind it.
who can feel worry or “care” and look for
Stanza 6 relief.
4. Imagery: Using descriptive words that help
Like plants that make a gaudy show, the reader “see” or feel what is happening.
All blossom to the root; For example, “The voice that wins its sunny
But whose poor nature cannot grow, way” shows a bright, happy visual that makes
One particle of fruit! the reader imagine a cheerful person bringing
Word Meaning : light into a room.
1. Gaudy - overly bright, showy, and trying too 5. Alliteration: The repetition of the same
hard to attract attention consonant sound at the start of words near
2. Blossom - covered in flowers each other. For example, “h”osts of words,
3. Nature - the basic inner qualities or character which reach the “h”ead,/But never touch
of something the “h”eart” shows the repetition of the “h”
4. Particle - a very tiny piece or amount sound to draw attention to these connected
Explanation : ideas.
In the final stanza, the poet uses a vivid metaphor 6. Contrast: Placing two opposite ideas close
from nature to beautifully summarize his message. together to show their differences. For
He compares empty, boastful words to plants that example, “reach the head,/But never touch
are covered in bright, “gaudy” flowers all the the heart” shows the difference between
way down to their roots. From the outside, these words that we just hear or think about versus
plants look incredibly beautiful, impressive, and words that actually make us feel something.
 WORDS

5. MESSAGE 3. The gardener 6. Flowers _____

Through the poem, Charles Swain gives us a was removing the in spring.
simple but important message about human _____ to clean
relationships. He tells us not to trust empty words the flower beds.
and fake promises. Many people say nice things 7. We enjoyed a
that sound great but have no real feelings behind delicious _____
them. Like summer birds, these hollow promises after the ceremony.
disappear when we face hard times. Swain teaches
us that true emotions, real care, and supportive
actions matter much more than beautifully spoken
but meaningless words.

6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Reflect and Respond

I. Why are words important? Can we communicate
without words? How? Share your answers with
your classmates and teacher.
Ans : Ans :
Words are important because they are the
primary tools we use to express our thoughts, Column 1 " Column 2 .
share our feelings, convey information, and Horizontal Vertical
build relationships with others. They help us 1. We eat food to 4. The view from the
bring clarity to our ideas. Yes, we can definitely satisfy our hunger. top of the hill was
communicate without words. We do this through worth the difficult
non-verbal communication, which includes facial climb.
expressions (like smiling or frowning), body
2. The train will 5. The herbs and
language (like crossing arms or leaning in), hand
depart from the spices impart
gestures (like waving or pointing), eye contact,
station at 5.00 flavour to food.
and even through art, music, and dance.
p.m.
II. Use the given sentences as clues to find words 3. The gardener 6. Flowers blossom in
from the grid and fill the blanks. One example was removing the spring.
has been done for you. weeds to clean the
My mother summoned me to introduce her flower beds.
friends.
7. We enjoyed a
Column 1 " Column 2 . delicious feast after
Horizontal Vertical the ceremony.
1. We eat food to 4. The view from
_____ our the top of the hill Check Your Understanding
hunger. was _____ the I. Fill in the blanks with one word from the poem.
difficult climb. One example has been done for you.
2. The train will 5. The herbs and In this poem, the poet reflects that words fail
_____ from the spices _____ to truly satisfy what the heart wants to convey.
station at 5.00 flavour to food. Words are compared to summer birds who
p.m. 1. _____, leaving nothing behind. The heart,
is equated to a 2. _____ who finds that words
are as worthless as 3. _____ when needed. He
feels that a few sincere words can bring more
4. _____ than many meaningless ones. He adds

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PAGE 600 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

that a voice that brings happiness to a 5. _____ The heart is directly compared to a pilgrim.
place does not say much, but the few words it A pilgrim is a traveler on a sacred journey
does, are very precious. Moreover, if words could seeking spiritual fulfillment. Similarly, the
satisfy us, the 6. _____ would celebrate but human heart travels through life seeking deep,
words often fail to do that. The poem ends on the meaningful connections and emotional truth.
note that empty words may look impressive with iii. Poetic Device : Simile
lots of flowers, but they cannot produce anything The poet compares words to weeds using the
valuable, like a 7. _____. word “as”. Just as weeds grow abundantly
Ans : but are useless and unwanted in a garden,
1. depart, 2. pilgrim, 3. weeds, 4. joy, 5. lonely, 6. empty words are spoken in large numbers but
world, 7. fruit. hold no real value for the heart.
iv. Poetic Device : Irony/Synecdoche (where
II. Let us appreciate the poem. “chest” represents the heart/soul).
The poet uses this to highlight the ironic
1. Read the poem again. Find any four sets of reality that words, which are meant to
rhyming words and also write the rhyme scheme express our feelings and provide comfort,
of the poem. often fail completely when put to the test
Ans : during difficult times.
Four sets of rhyming words : v. Poetic Device : Hyperbole (Exaggeration)
i. know – grow The poet exaggerates by suggesting the entire
ii. trees – ecstasies world would celebrate with a grand feast if
iii. rise – eyes words were truly enough to satisfy human
iv. face – place emotions. It emphasizes how rare it is for mere
Rhyme Scheme : The rhyme scheme of the poem words to bring true emotional fulfillment.
is a b a b for each stanza. vi. Poetic Device : Simile
i. know (A) The poet compares people who speak
ii. grow (A) beautifully but lack sincerity to plants that
iii. trees (B) look flashy (“gaudy”) and bloom brightly. It
iv. ecstasies (B) communicates that outward appearances (or
big words) can be deceiving and superficial.
2. Read the following phrases and sentences taken
vii. Poetic Device : Metaphor
from the poem. Identify the poetic device in
This continues the comparison of words
each of them and explain what the poet wants to
to plants. “Fruit” represents the actual
communicate through their usage.
substance, value, or positive outcome of
i. But words, like summer birds, depart…
communication. The poet means that
ii. heart, a pilgrim upon earth…
superficial words produce no real, nourishing
iii. words are of as little worth
results or comfort.
As just so many weeds
iv. If words could satisfy the chest… Oft satisfy 3. Which words are repeated in the poem? Why
the least! does the poet use repetition?
v. The world might hold a feast… Ans :
vi. Like plants that make a gaudy show The words repeated in the poem include “words”,
All blossom to the root “heart”, and “satisfy”. The poet uses repetition
vii. But whose poor nature cannot grow to emphasize the central theme of the poem:
One particle of fruit! the ongoing conflict between empty, superficial
Ans : “words” and the deep, emotional needs of the
i. Poetic Device : Simile human “heart,” and how mere language often
The poet compares words to summer birds fails to “satisfy” those needs.
to show that empty words are temporary
and fleeting. Just as birds fly away when the 4. The stanzas 4, 5, and 6 end with exclamation
season changes, hollow words disappear and marks. Choose the option that displays the
leave no lasting impact. emotions being expressed through them.
ii. Poetic Device : Metaphor

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(i) 4. disillusionment 5. admiration and Now, listen to the teacher read the poem. As you
6. frustration listen, underline the syllables that are stressed in
(ii) 4. frustration 5. admiration and all the lines of the poem. Share your answers with
the teacher.
6. disillusionment
Ans :
(iii) 4. admiration 5. frustration and
If words could satisfy the heart,
6. disillusionment The heart might find less care;
(iv) 4. frustration 5. disillusionment and But words, like summer birds, depart,
6. admiration And leave but empty air.
Ans :
(iii) 4. admiration 5. frustration and Critical Reflection
6. disillusionment.
I. Read the following lines and answer the questions.
Stanza 4 : Shows admiration for the beauty and
magic of music 1. The heart, a pilgrim upon earth,
Stanza 5 : Reflects a sense of frustration Finds often, when it needs,
Stanza 6 : Ends with disillusionment or a return That words are of as little worth
to reality As just so many weeds.
III. Identify examples of hyperbole from the given i. Why has the poet referred to the heart as
lines. ‘a pilgrim’ ?
If words could satisfy the chest,
The world might hold a feast. ii. When would a heart ‘need’ words?
Work in pairs. Complete the sentences given iii. Complete the sentence with an appropriate
below with hyperboles. Use the hints given in the reason.
brackets. The words are like weeds because _____.
1. I have _____ things to do on this weekend.
(lots of/tonnes of) iv. Mention two emotions the heart might be
2. The player missed the basket by _____. (a experiencing when it finds words to be of ‘little
mile/ an inch) worth’.
3. My mother is so tired that she can sleep for a
_____. (night/decade) v. What do these lines suggest about the nature of
4. I will be back in _____. (five minutes/two communication?
seconds) Ans :
Ans : i. A pilgrim is a traveler seeking spiritual
1. I have tonnes of things to do on this weekend. truth and connection. By calling the heart a
2. The player missed the basket by a mile. “pilgrim,” the poet suggests that the human
3. My mother is so tired that she can sleep for a soul is on a continuous journey through life,
decade. searching for genuine emotional connection,
4. I will be back in two seconds. comfort, and meaning.
ii. A heart would “need” words during times of
NODIA

IV. Rhythm gives a lyrical quality to a poem. The sorrow, loneliness, confusion, or distress, when
rhythm (pattern of beats) in a line of poetry is a person requires comfort, encouragement,
described by a metrical form. A metre is formed and genuine reassurance from others.
by a stressed and an unstressed syllable. Syllable iii. The words are like weeds because “they grow
is the name given to a single unit of speech/beats in abundance and are easily found, but they
of spoken language. lack true value, purpose, and the ability to
The metrical form in the first four lines is given nourish or heal the heart.”
below. The stressed syllables have been underlined. iv. The heart might be experiencing deep
If words could sa tis fy the heart, disappointment and loneliness (or despair).
The heart might find less care; v. These lines suggest that true communication
But words, like sum mer birds, de part, requires sincerity and emotional depth. A
And leave but emp ty air. large quantity of words means nothing if those
words are empty and lack genuine feeling.
PAGE 602 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

2. If words could satisfy the chest, 2. According to the poet meaningful words are more
The world might hold a feast; precious than a lot of them. Explain.
But words, when summoned to the test, Ans :
Oft satisfy the least! The poet believes that “a little said, and truly
said” (a few sincere words) can bring deep joy
i. How can words ‘satisfy the chest’ ?
and comfort to a lonely heart. On the other hand,
ii. How can words be ‘summoned to the test’ ? “hosts of words” (a large quantity of words)
may sound intellectually impressive and “reach
iii. What does ‘the world’ holding ‘a feast’ imply? the head,” but they fail to touch the emotions.
Therefore, quality and sincerity are far more
iv. Complete the sentence with an appropriate precious than quantity.
reason.
The poet mentions that words satisfy the least 3. Do you agree that the poet presents contrasting
because _____. ideas related to ‘words’ in the poem? If yes, why?
If no, why not?
v. Select the word that does not mean the same as
Ans :
‘oft’.
Yes, I agree. The poet continuously contrasts the
A. always B. usually quantity of words with their quality. For instance,
C. frequently D. often he contrasts “hosts of words” that only reach the
Ans : head with “a little said” that imparts deep joy. He
i. Words can “satisfy the chest” (the heart) also contrasts flashy, abundant words (compared to
by conveying genuine empathy, love, and a “gaudy show” of plants) with the lack of actual
understanding, thereby fulfilling our deep substance (failing to grow “one particle of fruit”).
emotional needs and bringing inner peace.
ii. Words are “summoned to the test” during 4. The theme of loneliness hovers over the poem.
difficult situations when actions, real support, Support this statement with examples from the
and undeniable proof of someone’s promises text.
or sincerity are required, rather than just Ans :
casual conversation. The theme of loneliness is evident when the poet
iii. It implies a state of universal joy, celebration, describes the heart as a “pilgrim upon earth,”
and absolute emotional fulfillment. The poet suggesting a solitary traveler seeking connection.
means that if words were truly enough to Furthermore, he explicitly mentions a “lonely
make us happy, the whole world would be home to cheer,” highlighting the human need
constantly celebrating. for companionship and the despair felt when the
iv. The poet mentions that words satisfy the heart is met with words of “little worth” when it
least because ‘when real emotional support “needs” them the most.
or action is needed during tough times, mere
5. How does the poet convey the superficial nature
spoken words often fail to provide any true
of words? What ought to be done to address this?
comfort or practical help.’
v. A. always Ans :
The poet conveys the superficial nature of words
II. Answer the following questions. by comparing them to departing summer birds,
useless weeds, and plants that bloom brightly but
1. What is the comparison that the poet draws bear no fruit. To address this, we must ensure
between words and ‘empty air’ ? our communication is sincere and mindful. We
Ans : ought to speak “truly” even if it means speaking
The poet states that insincere words are like less, and we must back our words with genuine
summer birds that migrate and disappear. When empathy and actions that truly touch the heart.
these hollow words “depart,” they leave absolutely
nothing of value behind—only “empty air.” The
comparison highlights that words without emotion
have no substance and leave no lasting impact on
the listener.

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 WORDS

Vocabulary in Context that cannot grow fruit, yielding no success.

I. The poet has used some figurative phrases. II. Create a ‘Word Map’ for each of the words from
Match the phrases in Column 1 with their correct the poem given in the box.
meanings in Column 2. Use each phrase in a
sentence of your own. depart pilgrim cheer word
sunny satisfy heart

NODIA
Column 1 Column 2 Tocomplete the word map include :
1. satisfy the heart i. many words • Meaning (in your own words)
2. depart and leave ii. cheers up a person • Synonyms of the word
but empty air • Antonyms of the word
• Sentence using the word
3. hosts of words iii. there is no outcome • A quick sketch or symbol that represents the
4. never touch the iv. makes one happy word
heart One example has been done for you.
5. wins its sunny v. does not appeal to
way our emotions
6. plants that vi. makes no impact
cannot grow fruit
Ans :

Column 1 Column 2
1. satisfy the heart iv. makes one happy
2. depart and leave vi. makes no impact
but empty air • Word : cheer
• Meaning : to give a loud shout of approval or
3. hosts of words i. many words
encouragement
4. never touch the v. does not appeal to • Synonym : comfort
heart our emotions • Antonym : sadden
5. wins its sunny ii. cheers up a person • Sentence : The audience cheered her for great
way performance.
• Sketch : Picture of sunshine, sunflower, or a
6. plants that iii. there is no outcome
smiling face
cannot grow fruit
Ans :
Sentences :
Word Map 1 : depart
1. satisfy the heart : A simple, home-cooked
Meaning : to leave, especially in order to start a
meal was enough to satisfy the heart of the
journey.
weary traveler.
Synonyms : leave, exit, vanish.
2. depart and leave but empty air : The
Antonyms : arrive, stay, remain.
politician’s grand promises proved to be false;
Sentence : The train is scheduled to depart from
they just depart and leave but empty air.
platform number 3.
3. hosts of words : She used hosts of words
Sketch/Symbol : A picture of an airplane taking
to explain the simple concept, which only
off or a door opening outward.
confused the students more.
4. never touch the heart : His apology sounded Word Map 2 : pilgrim
robotic and rehearsed, so it could never touch Meaning : a person who travels a long journey,
the heart of his friend. usually for religious or spiritual reasons.
5. wins its sunny way : The little girl’s innocent Synonyms : traveler, seeker, wanderer.
laughter quickly wins its sunny way into the Antonyms : resident, local, settler.
hearts of everyone in the room. Sentence : The weary pilgrim walked for miles to
6. plants that cannot grow fruit : All their reach the ancient temple.
careful planning turned out to be like plants
PAGE 604 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Sketch/Symbol : A walking stick, a backpack, or 5. According to the girl, body language had an
footprints on a path. insignificant role to play in communication.
6. The girl had issued the book on body language
Word Map 3 : word
earlier from the library.
Meaning : a single distinct meaningful element of
speech or writing. Ans :
Synonyms : term, expression, promise. 1. The girl was excited to participate in the
Antonyms : silence, quiet. declamation contest.
Sentence : She kept her word and helped her 2. The boy was doubtful about the suitability of
brother with his homework. the topic chosen for the contest.
Sketch/Symbol : Speech bubbles or a pen writing 4. The boy was unaware of the role played by
on paper. body language in reflecting the speaker’s
confidence.
Word Map 4 : sunny 6. The girl had issued the book on body language
Meaning : bright with sunlight; or cheerful and earlier from the library.
happy in personality.
Synonyms : bright, joyful, cheerful. Speaking Activity
Antonyms : gloomy, dark, cloudy.
Sentence : He always walks into the classroom I. Read the following quotations and select the
with a sunny smile. one you like the most. Explain the quotation
Sketch/Symbol : A bright yellow sun. and share the reason for your choice with your
classmates and teacher. You may talk about a
Word Map 5 : satisfy connected personal experience too.
Meaning : to fulfill a need, desire, or expectation.
Synonyms : fulfill, content, please.
Antonyms : disappoint, frustrate, displease.
Sentence : Drinking a cool glass of water will
satisfy your thirst.
Sketch/Symbol : A smiling face with a ‘thumbs
up’ sign.
Word Map 6 : heart
Meaning : the organ that pumps blood; figuratively,
the center of human emotion and love.
Synonyms : soul, core, spirit.
Antonyms : mind, intellect (when contrasting
emotion with logic). You may use the cues given below to state your
Sentence : She spoke from the bottom of her choice and the reason.
heart. • I chose _____ because…
Sketch/Symbol : A classic red heart shape. • I selected _____ since…
• I decided on _____ due to…
Listen and Respond • I picked _____ as…
• I settled for _____ because…
I. You will listen to a conversation between a girl
and a boy. As you listen, mark four statements Ans :
from 1–6 that are true. (Transcript for teacher I chose the quotation by Mahatma Gandhi : “It
on page 273) is better in prayer to have a heart without words
1. The girl was excited to participate in the than words without a heart,” because it deeply
declamation contest. connects with the theme of the poem we just read.
2. The boy was doubtful about the suitability of I selected this since it highlights that true feelings
the topic chosen for the contest. are more important than just making a show of
3. The girl explained that people prefer to keep speaking.
their personal experiences to themselves. I decided on this due to a personal experience I
4. The boy was unaware of the role played by had. Once, when my friend lost his pet, I didn’t
body language in reflecting the speaker’s know what to say. Instead of giving long speeches,
confidence. I just sat with him quietly and patted his shoulder.

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My silent support comforted him more than any 4. Counterargument • Think about any
hollow words could have. possible criticism
I settled for this quote because it teaches us for the quotation.
that sincerity in our heart is the truest form of • Give reason why
communication, both with God and with the that criticism is
people we care about. baseless.
Writing Task 5. Conclusion • Summarise the
main points
I. Write an essay on any one quotation from speaking discussed in the
activity. Follow the guidelines given below while body paragraphs.
drafting the essay. • End with a
concluding
Column 1 Column 2 statement that
Paragraph Paragraph Content leaves a lasting
Division impression.
1. Introduction • Mention the
Ans :
quotation and the
The Power of a Sincere Heart
speaker.
Mahatma Gandhi once profoundly stated, “It is
• Briefly mention
better in prayer to have a heart without words
the reason why it
than words without a heart.” This quotation
appealed to you.
deeply appeals to me because it captures the true
• State the purpose of
essence of spirituality and human connection,
the essay.
prioritizing raw emotion over robotic rituals. The
2. Body of the essay • Each paragraph to purpose of this essay is to explore why genuine
& explain a specific sincerity, even in silence, holds far more value
3. point or idea related than reciting beautifully crafted words that lack
to the quotation. actual feeling.
• Begin with a topic To begin with, true communication—whether
sentence that in prayer or in daily life—stems from our inner
NODIA

introduces the intentions, not our vocabulary. For instance, when

main point of the people pray by merely repeating memorized verses
paragraph. without focusing on their meaning, the prayer
• Provide evidence, becomes an empty task. It is much like a student
examples, or reading a textbook without understanding a single
narratives to concept. Conversely, a person who sits in silence,
support the main genuinely feeling gratitude or asking for guidance
point. from the depths of their soul, is communicating
• Ensure a smooth much more powerfully.
flow between In addition to this, words without emotion
paragraphs by often fail to provide any real comfort during
using transition difficult times. For example, when someone is
words. For example: grieving, people often use generic phrases like, “I
In addition to…, know how you feel.” However, these words can
For instance…, sometimes feel hollow. On the other hand, silently
However…, holding someone’s hand or simply being present
Consequently…, offers immense comfort. Consequently, actions
Finally… and silent empathy driven by a sincere heart prove
to be much stronger than empty spoken words.
However, some might argue that words are
absolutely necessary to clearly articulate our
needs, and that relying only on “a heart without
words” can lead to misunderstandings. While
PAGE 606 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

it is true that words are essential for practical Non-verbal Champion

daily communication, this criticism is largely This game is similar to Dumb Charades, where
baseless in the context of deep emotional or players use gestures and body language to convey
spiritual expression. Gandhi is not asking us to ideas without speaking.
stop speaking; rather, he is warning us against
the danger of speaking without feeling. Words are II. Do you know?
only vehicles; the heart is the driver. Without the The French priest Charles-Michel de l’Épée
driver, the vehicle goes nowhere. (1712–89) is recognised as ‘The Father of Sign
In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi’s quote Language and Deaf Education’.
beautifully reminds us that the value of our Ans :
communication is measured by the sincerity Charles-Michel de l’Épée (1712–1789), a French
behind it, not the eloquence of our speech. priest, is recognised as the Father of Sign
Whether communicating with the divine or Language and Deaf Education. He devoted his
comforting a friend, empty words bear no fruit, life to educating deaf individuals and developed
while silent sincerity touches the soul. Ultimately, one of the earliest forms of sign language, making
we must strive to ensure that our hearts are deeply education accessible to people with hearing
invested in everything we choose to express. impairments.

Learning Beyond the Text III. You must have read poems and songs in English
and in your own language. Now, read and enjoy
I. In groups of six, follow the instructions to play the poem given below.
the ‘Non-verbal’ game. Ans :
• Each student writes or makes an emoji with Self-Study Note : Read the poem “Weigh Your
an expression on one slip and a gesture on Words” aloud. Notice how it shares the same
the other. theme as Charles Swain’s “Words”. Both poems
• Jumble the slips and keep them upside down. warn us that idle, empty words can cause pain
• Pick the slips in turns and enact it in 30 and that we must be careful, sincere, and mindful
seconds. of the emotional impact our speech has on others.
• The person who can identify the expression or
gesture first, gets 10 points.
• Continue it for two rounds and find the Non- 7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
verbal Champion.
For example, an expression to denote tired could
be:
Multiple Choice Type Questions
and a gesture to denote united could be: 1. Who is the author of the poem “Words”?
This game is like Dumb Charades. Dumb Charades (a) Charles Swain (b) William Blake
is a word-guessing game where players act out (c) Robert Frost (d) John Keats
words, phrases, or movie titles using gestures and
body language without speaking. One person Ans :
acts, and their teammates try to guess what’s (a) Charles Swain
being mimed. 2. The poem primarily explores the difference
Ans : between spoken words and what else?
Non-verbal Game (a) Physical health (b) Genuine emotions
Students play this game in groups of six. Each
(c) Financial wealth (d) Social standings
student writes one expression on a slip and one
gesture on another slip. All the slips are jumbled Ans :
and kept upside down. (b) Genuine emotions
Students take turns to pick a slip and enact
it within 30 seconds. The other students try to 3. According to the central idea, what is the nature
guess the expression or gesture. The student who of words alone?
identifies it first gets 10 points. (a) Deeply meaningful (b) Highly supportive
The game continues for two rounds. The (c) Often superficial (d) Always dependable
student with the highest score is declared the

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 WORDS

Ans : (c) A is true, but R is mostly false

(c) Often superficial (d) A is false, but R is partly true
4. The poet states that words alone fail to satisfy a Ans :
person’s deep (b) Both A and R are entirely false
(a) Financial needs (b) Academic needs 11. The poet beautifully compares the human heart
(c) Physical needs (d) Emotional needs to a
Ans : (a) Soldier (b) Sailor
(d) Emotional needs (c) Pilgrim (d) Farmer
5. What does the poet encourage us to value over Ans :
making empty statements? (c) Pilgrim
(a) True feelings (b) Endless talking 12. Just as a pilgrim travels, the heart journeys
(c) Vocal volumes (d) Flashy speeches seeking
Ans : (a) Worldly riches (b) Endless fame
(a) True feelings (c) Magic spells (d) Spiritual peace
6. The poet warns against making grand but what Ans :
kind of statements? (d) Spiritual peace
(a) Long speeches (b) Empty statements 13. The poet states that the human heart is on a
(c) Written letters (d) Silent gestures journey through
Ans : (a) Mortal life (b) Outer space
(b) Empty statements (c) Dense forests (d) High mountains
7. The poem beautifully explores genuine human Ans :
______. (a) Mortal life
NODIA

(a) Desires (b) Actions 14. In its search for genuine emotional connection,
(c) Emotions (d) Thoughts the heart often faces
Ans : (a) Success (b) Disappointment
(c) Emotions (c) Excitement (d) Inspiration
8. The poet strongly encourages valuing ______. Ans :
(a) Grandeur (b) Wealth (b) Disappointment
(c) Silence (d) Sincerity
Ans :
(d) Sincerity 15. The poet compares empty words to what seasonal
creature?
9. Genuine emotions and sincerity are preferred by
(a) Winter winds (b) Autumn leaves
the poet over
(c) Summer birds (d) Spring flowers
(a) Grand statements (b) Quiet reflection
(c) Simple living (d) Honest actions Ans :
(c) Summer birds
Ans :
(a) Grand statements 16. What do the “summer birds” do when the season
changes?
10. Assertion (A): The poet believes words alone
(a) Build nests (b) Sing loudly
satisfy us completely.
Reason (R): Empty statements are deeply (c) Find food (d) Fly away
valuable to humans. Ans :
(a) Both A and R are clearly true (d) Fly away
(b) Both A and R are entirely false
PAGE 608 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

17. When hollow promises disappear, what do they Ans :

leave behind? (c) Host of words
(a) Empty air (b) Great joy
24. A “host of words” might sound intellectually like
(c) Pure love (d) Deep grief
(a) Quite terrifying (b) Highly confusing
Ans : (c) Very depressing (d) Quite impressive
(a) Empty air
Ans :
18. Furthermore, the poet compares empty words to (d) Quite impressive
what plants?
25. While intellectually impressive, a host of words
(a) Tall trees (b) Useless weeds
only reaches the
(c) Bright stars (d) Sweet fruits
(a) Human head (b) Human hand
Ans : (c) Human foot (d) Human soul
(b) Useless weeds
Ans :
19. Weeds grow everywhere but lack what important (a) Human head
quality?
26. Although words may reach the head, they
(a) Green leaves (b) Long stems
completely fail to touch the
(c) Real value (d) Deep roots
(a) Human head (b) Human heart
Ans : (c) Human brain (d) Human spirit
(c) Real value
Ans :
20. According to the poet, words are often spoken in (b) Human heart
what manner?
27. The poet argues that “a little said, and ______
(a) Complete silence (b) Total darkness
said” is far more precious.
(c) Hidden places (d) Great abundance
(a) Badly (b) Loudly
Ans : (c) Truly (d) Softly
(d) Great abundance
Ans :
21. Which of the following statements is perfectly (c) Truly
correct based on the text?
28. A few sincere, heartfelt words are considered to
(a) The heart is a pilgrim seeking peace
be very
(b) Empty words are like highly valuable plants
NODIA

(a) Highly useless (b) Quite boring

(c) Summer birds choose to stay during winter
(c) Deeply toxic (d) Very precious
(d) Flashy weeds produce very nourishing fruits
Ans :
Ans : (d) Very precious
(a) The heart is a pilgrim seeking peace
29. A little said truly can bring immense joy to a
22. A major theme in the poem contrasts the quantity
(a) Lonely person (b) Angry crowd
of words with
(c) Happy child (d) Wealthy king
(a) High volume (b) True quality
(c) Fast delivery (d) Deep silence Ans :
(a) Lonely person
Ans :
(b) True quality 30. The poem teaches that emotional depth is much
more important than what?
23. A large number of words is referred to by the poet
(a) Writing long (b) Talking much
as a what?
(c) Singing loud (d) Running fast
(a) Book of words (b) Song of words
(c) Host of words (d) List of words Ans :
(b) Talking much
 WORDS

31. What does the phrase “reach the head” imply in Ans :
the context of this poem? (c) Gaudy show
(a) Words that are intellectually impressive
38. Flashy plants may bloom brightly, but they never
(b) Words that carry deep emotional weight actually grow any
(c) Words that cure physical head ailments (a) Colorful leaves (b) Beautiful flowers
(d) Words that create strong lasting bonds (c) Strong branches (d) Nourishing fruit
Ans : Ans :
(a) Words that are intellectually impressive (d) Nourishing fruit
32. The poet points out an ironic truth: if words were 39. People can speak beautifully, but their words
truly enough, the world would often lack
(a) Sleep peacefully (b) Celebrate constantly (a) Genuine empathy (b) Proper grammar
(c) Work tirelessly (d) Travel endlessly (c) Good spelling (d) Loud volume
Ans : Ans :
(b) Celebrate constantly (a) Genuine empathy
33. If words satisfied our inner feelings, the whole 40. Assertion (A): Empty words are exactly like
world would be celebrating a grand flashy plants.
(a) Silent gathering (b) Sad memorial Reason (R): They constantly produce abundant
(c) Joyous feast (d) Long meeting nourishing fruits.
Ans : (a) Both A and R are absolutely true
(c) Joyous feast (b) Both A and R are entirely false
(c) A is quite true, R is totally false
34. Words are actually “summoned to the test”
during what moments? (d) A is fully false, R is largely true
(a) Happy moments (b) Peaceful days Ans :
(c) Childhood years (d) Difficult times (c) A is quite true, R is totally false

Ans : 41. Ultimately, the poem leaves the reader with a

(d) Difficult times powerful lesson on
(a) Navigation (b) Observation
35. When actually summoned to the test for real
support, mere words do (c) Computation (d) Communication
(a) Fail completely (b) Succeed greatly Ans :
(c) Shine brightly (d) Help immensely (d) Communication

Ans : 42. The text states that humans have a deep need
(a) Fail completely for true
(a) Entertainment (b) Companionship
36. To explain the failure of words, the poet uses a
metaphor comparing them to (c) Disagreement (d) Independence
(a) Tall trees (b) Flashy plants Ans :
(c) Dead leaves (d) Hidden roots (b) Companionship

Ans : 43. The poem concludes that our words should always
(b) Flashy plants be backed by
(a) Good intentions (b) Loud volumes
37. Flashy plants that represent empty words only
make a (c) Empty promises (d) Real actions
(a) Quiet scene (b) Hidden act Ans :
(c) Gaudy show (d) Pure display (d) Real actions

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PAGE 610 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

44. A few genuine words will always mean more than Short Answer Type Questions
a
1. Why does Charles Swain compare the human
(a) Thousand empty (b) Hundred silent
heart to a pilgrim in the poem?
(c) Million shiny (d) Dozen broken
Ans :
Ans : The poet beautifully compares the human heart to
(a) Thousand empty a pilgrim because it journeys through mortal life
in search of spiritual peace and genuine emotional
45. According to the text, what can sometimes be
connection. Sadly, during this journey, the heart
more meaningful than empty words?
often faces deep disappointment due to superficial
(a) Loud arguing (b) Silent support interactions.
(c) Fast running (d) Endless talking
2. How does the poet contrast genuine emotions
Ans :
with mere spoken words?
(b) Silent support
Ans :
46. Why does the poet deeply emphasize silent loving The poet emphasizes that mere spoken words are
support in communication? often superficial, abundant, and completely fail
(a) Because silence always resolves all major to satisfy our deep emotional needs. In contrast,
fights genuine emotions, true sincerity, and heartfelt
(b) Because the human heart prefers total actions provide real comfort and lasting meaning
isolation to human relationships.
(c) Because speaking requires too much physical 3. Explain the metaphor of “summer birds” as used
work in the poem.
(d) Because genuine actions speak louder than Ans :
speech Charles Swain compares empty words to summer
Ans : birds that sing brightly but fly away when the
(d) Because genuine actions speak louder than season changes. Similarly, hollow promises vanish
speech during difficult times, leaving behind empty
air and deep grief instead of providing true
47. Which of the following statements is perfectly
companionship.
accurate according to the summary?
(a) Empty words provide real and lasting comfort 4. Why does the poet liken empty words to useless
(b) True companionship requires endless loud weeds?
talking Ans :
(c) Genuine actions mean much more than words The poet compares empty words to useless
(d) Flashy plants always produce the best fruits weeds because weeds grow in great abundance
everywhere but lack any real value. Similarly,
Ans : people speak an enormous quantity of words, but
(c) Genuine actions mean much more than words without sincerity and genuine empathy, those
48. What is the ultimate message of the entire poem words remain completely worthless.
described in the text? 5. What is the effect of a “host of words” on an
(a) Mere words can easily solve emotional individual?
NODIA

problems Ans :
(b) People should learn to speak highly complexly A “host of words” might sound intellectually
(c) Only summer birds understand human heart impressive and easily reach the human head, but
matters it completely fails to touch the human heart.
(d) True sincerity and actions matter more than Such grand but empty statements cannot provide
words the deep emotional support that a person truly
requires.
Ans :
(d) True sincerity and actions matter more than 6. Explain the significance of the phrase “a little
words said, and truly said.”
 WORDS

Ans : connection rather than grand, meaningless

This phrase highlights that a few sincere, heartfelt statements from others.
words are deeply precious. Unlike a long, empty
speech, a little truth spoken with genuine empathy 12. Why does the poet emphasize silent support over
can bring immense joy and comfort to a lonely an abundance of spoken words?
person seeking real emotional connection. Ans :
The poet emphasizes silent support because
7. What ironic truth does the poet reveal about genuine actions always speak louder than mere
words and human celebration? speech. While abundant words can be incredibly
Ans : shallow, silent, loving support demonstrates true
The poet reveals a profound irony: if spoken words companionship and empathy, offering far more
alone were truly capable of satisfying our deep comfort to a lonely heart.
inner feelings, the whole world would constantly
celebrate a joyous feast. In reality, superficial 13. How do genuine actions compare to empty words
words often fall short of providing emotional in providing companionship?
fulfillment. Ans :
Genuine actions provide real, lasting
8. In what specific situations are words “summoned companionship and emotional stability, whereas
to the test,” and what is the outcome? empty words only create a superficial illusion
Ans : of support. The poet stresses that silent actions
Words are actually summoned to the test during backed by real intentions are far more valuable
difficult times when a person requires real than a thousand flashy, hollow promises.
emotional support. When tested in these tough
situations, mere words fail completely, proving 14. What ultimate lesson on communication does the
that true companionship relies on genuine actions poem impart to its readers?
rather than empty speeches. Ans :
The poem teaches a powerful lesson on mindful
9. How does the poet use ‘flashy plants’ to describe communication. It highlights that we must value
human speech? true sincerity over endless talking. Our words
Ans : should always be backed by real actions, ensuring
Flashy plants make a gaudy show and bloom we provide genuine empathy rather than empty
brightly, but they never grow any nourishing fruit. statements.
The poet uses this metaphor to show that people
often speak beautifully, but their grand words 15. How does Charles Swain highlight the experience
completely lack genuine empathy and real action. of human loneliness in the poem?
Ans :
10. Describe the difference between words that reach The poet highlights loneliness by showing our
the head and those that touch the heart. deep, unfulfilled need for true companionship in
Ans : a world full of empty statements. A lonely person
Words that reach the head are intellectually finds immense joy in a few sincerely spoken words,
impressive but emotionally shallow. Conversely, rather than in an abundance of hollow speeches.
words that truly touch the heart are rooted in
absolute sincerity and genuine empathy, bringing
immense comfort to a lonely person navigating Long Answer Type Questions
through mortal life.
1. Discuss the central theme of the poem “Words” by
11. What happens when hollow promises disappear, Charles Swain, focusing on the various metaphors
according to the poet? used to describe empty speech.
Ans : Ans :
When hollow promises and superficial words The central theme of Charles Swain’s poem
disappear during challenging moments, they “Words” revolves around the profound difference
leave nothing but empty air behind. This sudden between superficial spoken words and genuine
disappearance deeply disappoints the human human emotions. The poet emphasizes that our
heart, which constantly seeks genuine emotional deep emotional needs cannot be satisfied by grand

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PAGE 612 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

but empty statements. To illustrate this, Swain flashy plants—making a gaudy show but bearing
employs striking metaphors. He compares empty no nourishing fruit. I now truly understand that a
words to “summer birds” that fly away when “host of words” only reaches the head but fails to
seasons change, symbolizing how hollow promises touch the heart. Going forward, I will value silent,
vanish during difficult times. Furthermore, sincere support and genuine actions far more than
he likens them to “useless weeds” that grow a thousand empty words.
abundantly but possess no real value, and to 4. Charles Swain compares the human heart to a

NODIA
“flashy plants” that make a gaudy show but yield “pilgrim.” Elaborate on this comparison. What is
no nourishing fruit. Ultimately, the poem teaches the heart searching for, and why does it often face
that a “host of words” may impress the head, but disappointment?
only true sincerity and genuine actions can touch
Ans :
the human heart.
In the poem “Words,” Charles Swain masterfully
2. Imagine you are participating in a school assembly. compares the human heart to a pilgrim traveling
Draft a short speech on the topic “Actions Speak through mortal life. A pilgrim is a traveler on
Louder Than Words,” drawing inspiration from a sacred journey seeking spiritual peace and
Charles Swain’s poem. enlightenment. Similarly, the human heart is
Ans : on a continuous quest for genuine emotional
Respected Principal, teachers, and dear friends connection, true companionship, and deep
Today I stand before you to speak on the topic sincerity. Unfortunately, during this journey, the
‘Actions Speak Louder than Words.’ As Charles heart frequently encounters deep disappointment.
Swain’s poem beautifully highlights, the human It seeks nourishing fruit but only finds flashy
heart is a pilgrim seeking genuine connection. plants; it desires lasting bonds but meets summer
Often, people make grand statements that birds that fly away during difficult times.
sound intellectually impressive but fail to touch People often offer a vast “host of words” that
the soul. Like summer birds that fly away when are intellectually impressive but completely lack
winter arrives, hollow promises vanish during genuine empathy. Because society relies heavily
difficult times. on empty, superficial statements rather than
Instead of speaking a ‘host of words’ that lack true actions, the pilgrim heart remains lonely,
real empathy, we must learn the profound value constantly yearning for heartfelt sincerity.
of ‘a little said, and truly said.’ Let us remember 5. Write a dialogue between two friends, Aman
that silent, loving support and sincere actions and Rohan, discussing the importance of sincere
provide far more comfort than a thousand empty communication over empty boasting, using the
words. concepts from the poem “Words.”
Let our daily actions, not just our speeches,
Ans :
reflect our true feelings.
Aman: Rohan, I noticed you were quiet when Raj
Thank you.
was making those grand promises about helping
3. Suppose you relied on a friend’s grand promises everyone with the upcoming science project.
during a difficult time, but they failed to support Rohan: Yes, Aman. His boastful talk reminded me
you. Write a diary entry expressing your feelings, of Charles Swain’s poem. Grand statements are
relating your experience to the poem “Words.” often just “useless weeds” that grow abundantly
Ans : but hold no real value.
Dear Diary, Aman: That’s very true. When difficult times
Today has been a deeply disappointing day. actually summon us to the test, such empty words
When I faced a severe crisis, I reached out to a fail completely.
friend who had always made grand, supportive Rohan: Exactly! They are like flashy plants that
promises. However, when summoned to the test, bloom brightly but never yield any nourishing
their words failed completely. They offered no fruit. I prefer someone who offers silent, genuine
real help. It immediately reminded me of Charles support.
Swain’s poem, where he compares empty words Aman: I agree completely. As the poet says, “a
to “summer birds” that fly away when the season little said, and truly said” is deeply precious.
changes. My friend’s promises were just like those Genuine actions will always speak much louder
than a host of impressive but empty words.
 WORDS

Extract Based Questions of deep emotional need?

(a) They multiply quickly
1. Read the extract given below and answer the
(b) They lack true value
questions that follows:
(c) They grow everywhere
“If words could satisfy the heart,
The heart might find less care; (d) They are easily found
But words, like summer birds, depart, ii. Which of the following best describes the
And leave but empty air.” speaker’s perspective on the human heart?
i. What does the departure of “summer birds” (a) It is a weary traveler seeking genuine
imply about the nature of words in this solace.
context? (b) It is a joyous explorer finding beautiful
(a) They lack permanence words.
(b) They migrate annually (c) It is a lost wanderer confused by false
(c) They bring happiness plants.
(d) They sound musical (d) It is a careless pilgrim ignoring helpful
ii. Assertion (A): The heart continues to advice.
experience care and worry. iii. In what situation does the heart realise that
Reason (R): Words alone are insufficient to words are as worthless as weeds?
genuinely satisfy the heart’s needs. iv. Identify the poetic device used in the phrase
“The heart, a pilgrim upon earth,”.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
v. Fill in the blank:
correct explanation of A.
In times of deep emotional distress, the heart
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
discovers that mere words are ultimately
correct explanation of A.
______.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Ans :
(d) A is false but R is true.
i. (b) They lack true value
iii. What does the poet mean by saying words
ii. (a) It is a weary traveler seeking genuine
leave “but empty air”?
solace.
iv. Identify the figure of speech used in the line
iii. The heart realises the worthlessness of words
“But words, like summer birds, depart,”.
when it is in genuine emotional need and
v. State whether the following statement is True
seeks real comfort and solace.
or False:
iv. Metaphor
The poet believes that words leave behind a
v. worthless
lasting, meaningful impact on the heart.
Ans : 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
i. (a) They lack permanence questions that follows:
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct “A little said, and truly said,
explanation of A. Can deeper joy impart
iii. Words leave no lasting impact or comfort Than hosts of words, which reach the head,
behind — they simply vanish without truly But never touch the heart.”
satisfying the heart. i. What does the phrase “reach the head”
iv. Simile suggest about the “hosts of words”?
v. False, because the poet states that words (a) They are intellectually understood.
leave “but empty air,” indicating they have (b) They are emotionally overwhelming.
no lasting substance. (c) They are physically exhausting.
2. Read the extract given below and answer the (d) They are logically confusing.
questions that follows: ii. Read the following statements:
“The heart, a pilgrim upon earth, I. Sincerity in few words brings profound
Finds often, when it needs, happiness.
That words are of as little worth II. Abundant words always succeed in
As just so many weeds.” comforting people.
i. Why are words compared to “weeds” in times (a) Only statement I is true.

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PAGE 614 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(b) Only statement II is true. effectively to bring brightness and ______

(c) Both statements are true. to a lonely home.

NODIA
(d) Neither statement is true. Ans :
iii. What is the key difference between words i. (b) They bring genuine comfort
that reach the head and words that touch the ii. (c) A is true but R is false.
heart? iii. The comforting voice seeks to bring cheer and
iv. Which word in the stanza acts as a synonym warmth to a lonely home.
for ‘bestow’ or ‘grant’ ? iv. oft
v. State whether the following statement is True v. cheer
or False:
The poet suggests that the quantity of words 5. Read the extract given below and answer the
is far more important than their sincerity. questions that follows:
“If words could satisfy the chest,
Ans :
The world might hold a feast;
i. (a) They are intellectually understood.
But words, when summoned to the test,
ii. (a) Only statement I is true.
Oft satisfy the least!”
iii. Words that reach the head are merely
i. What does the phrase “summoned to the test”
understood intellectually while words that
imply about words in real-life situations?
touch the heart create a deep and genuine
emotional impact. (a) They face real challenges
iv. impart (b) They create grand feasts
v. False, because the poet explicitly states that (c) They avoid difficult tests
“a little said, and truly said” brings deeper (d) They win easy battles
joy than “hosts of words.” ii. Which statement accurately reflects the core
contrast presented in this stanza?
4. Read the extract given below and answer the (a) Words promise emotional fulfillment but
questions that follows: practically fail to deliver it.
“The voice that wins its sunny way,
(b) Words appear completely silent but echo
A lonely home to cheer,
loudly inside the chest.
Hath oft the fewest words to say;
(c) Words create immense physical hunger
But, oh! those few, how dear!”
but provide absolutely no food.
i. What makes the few words spoken by this
specific voice so “dear”? (d) Words avoid rigorous testing but always
succeed easily in the end.
(a) They are rarely heard
iii. What would happen if words could truly
(b) They bring genuine comfort
satisfy the emotional needs of people?
(c) They are loudly spoken iv. What does the term “chest” metonymically
(d) They cost a fortune represent in the first line of the stanza?
ii. Assertion (A): The voice described in the v. State whether the following statement is True
stanza is highly valued by the listener. or False:
Reason (R): It uses an overwhelming number The world would celebrate endlessly if mere
of words to bring cheer to the home. words were enough to fulfill our emotional
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the needs.
correct explanation of A. Ans :
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the i. (a) They face real challenges
correct explanation of A. ii. (a) Words promise emotional fulfillment but
(c) A is true but R is false. practically fail to deliver it.
(d) A is false but R is true. iii. The world would celebrate joyfully and hold
iii. What kind of home does the comforting voice a great feast if words could truly satisfy the
seek to brighten in this stanza? emotional needs of people.
iv. Identify the archaic word used in the stanza iv. Heart
that means ‘often’. v. True, because the poet states that if words
v. Fill in the blank: could truly satisfy the chest, “The world
The comforting voice uses its limited words might hold a feast.”
 WORDS

6. Read the extract given below and answer the

questions that follows:
“Like plants that make a gaudy show,
All blossom to the root;
But whose poor nature cannot grow,
One particle of fruit!”
i. What does the “particle of fruit” symbolize in
the context of the poem’s message?
(a) Meaningful substance
(b) Beautiful flowers
(c) Shallow promises
(d) Bright colours
ii. Assertion (A): The plants described by the
poet are visually impressive but practically
useless.
Reason (R): They are completely unable to
produce any actual fruit despite their heavy
blossoms.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
iii. What does the poet compare empty words to
in this stanza and why?
iv. Identify the word from the stanza that means
‘extravagantly bright or showy, typically so as
to be tasteless’.
v. Fill in the blank:
The poet compares empty words to plants that
display abundant ______ but ultimately
yield no real, nourishing fruit.
Ans :
i. (a) Meaningful substance
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
iii. The poet compares empty words to gaudy
plants that blossom beautifully but bear no
fruit, showing that impressive words often
lack real meaning and substance.
iv. gaudy
v. blossom



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PAGE 616 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

CHAPTER 8
BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

1. INTRODUCTION their familiar, everyday routines. True personal

development and progress cannot happen if
This engaging poem explores the deep internal a person refuses to leave their comfortable
conflict individuals experience when standing at environment.
the crossroads of their future. It delves into the
psychological “tug-of-war” between the exciting Taking the Hardest First Step
promise of progress and the comforting safety of The initial action required to start a new journey
the familiar. The premise centers on the daunting is presented as the most difficult one to take. Once
reality of facing new challenges, highlighting how that crucial choice is made and the movement
fear and uncertainty naturally pull us toward the begins, there is no option to reverse course or
“status quo.” Set against the solitary backdrop return to the past. To ensure that the journey
of personal ambition, where there is no cheering continues smoothly and the desired future is
crowd to offer validation, the text vividly captures successfully reached, the individual must rely
the mental barriers one must confront to take the entirely on complete self-confidence and trust in
incredibly difficult first step into the unknown. their own abilities.

3. EXPLANATION
2. SUMMARY
Facing the Challenge Alone Stanza 1
The speaker describes a situation where an Step up to the challenge
individual must stand up and confront a difficult There is no crowd to see,
task. In this crucial moment, there is no audience It’s just you and the future
or crowd present to watch the struggle or offer And where you want to be.
support. It is a deeply solitary journey where the
Word Meaning :
only things that matter are the individual, the
1. Step up - To bravely take action or accept a
path that lies ahead of them, and the ultimate
responsibility.
destination they wish to reach in their life.
2. Challenge - A difficult task or problem that
The Weight of Future Choices tests your abilities.
As the future approaches, it brings a sense of 3. Crowd - A large group of people.
uncertainty that forces the individual to make Explanation :
critical decisions. The person faces a conflict In this opening stanza, the poet is directly
regarding whether the impending future will talking to you, the reader. He is encouraging you
motivate them to keep moving ahead or if the to bravely face any difficult tasks or obstacles in
fear of the unknown will force them to retreat. your life. He points out a hard truth: when you
Making these choices becomes increasingly hard are working hard towards your goals, there won’t
and intimidating as the reality of the future draws always be people watching you or cheering you
closer. on.
Leaving the Comfort Zone This stanza sets a realistic but encouraging
The speaker acknowledges that it is very relaxing tone. It highlights that the journey to success
and tempting to stay in a comfortable position, is often a lonely one. It is ultimately a private
keeping everything exactly the way it currently matter between you, the future you are walking
is. However, the stanza points out that humans into, and the goals you have set for yourself.
are not meant to simply remain stagnant in The poet wants you to understand that true

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

motivation must come from within, not from the human beings are simply not designed to stay
applause of others. stuck in one place forever. The repetition of the
phrase “This isn’t...” puts strong emphasis on the
Stanza 2 fact that avoiding challenges prevents personal
Will it pull you forward development. If we never step out of our comfort
Or push you back in fear? zones, we will never learn, improve, or grow into
Difficult are choices our full potential.
When the future is getting near.
Stanza 4
Word Meaning :
1. Pull - To draw or bring something closer. The first step is the hardest
2. Fear - Being scared or anxious about what There is no turning back,
might happen. You just need to believe in yourself
3. Choices - Decisions you must make between For your future to be on track.
different options. Word Meaning :
Explanation : 1. Hardest - The most difficult or challenging
Here, the poet asks a rhetorical question to make thing to do.
you think deeply about how you react to your 2. Turning back - Retreating or returning to
dreams. When you think about your future, does your old, safe way of life.
it inspire you and pull you forward toward your 3. Believe - To have absolute trust and confidence
goals? Or does the uncertainty of the future scare in something (here, in your own abilities).
you and push you backward into hiding? 4. On track - Moving in the right direction to
As we grow up and our future approaches achieve a goal.
faster, the decisions we have to make become much Explanation :
more difficult. The poet uses a literary device In the final stanza, the poet uses a powerful
called antithesis (contrasting ideas) by placing metaphor: “The first step is the hardest.” This
“pull you forward” and “push you back” next to represents the mental barrier and hesitation we
each other. This brilliantly captures the mental feel before starting something new. Once you
struggle and confusion every young person faces finally gather the courage to take that very first
when standing at the edge of a big life change. step toward change, you commit to the journey,
and you cannot return to the way things used to
NODIA

Stanza 3 be.
There is such ease in comfort The poem concludes with a highly uplifting
To maintain the status quo, and determined tone. It delivers its core message
But this isn’t what we are made for perfectly: the ultimate key to making sure your
This isn’t how we grow. life goes in the right direction is self-confidence.
You don’t need magic or an audience; you just
Word Meaning :
need to deeply trust in your own abilities to
1. Ease - Freedom from difficulty or hard work;
succeed.
a feeling of relaxation.
2. Comfort - A state of feeling physically or
mentally safe and relaxed. 4. LITERARY DEVICES
3. Maintain - To keep things exactly as they are.
4. Status quo - The current, unchanged situation “Believe in Yourself” consists of 4 stanzas. The
or normal state of affairs. rhyme scheme is ABCB.
1. Metaphor: A comparison where one thing is
Explanation : described as being another thing to show they
The poet acknowledges that it is incredibly share a quality. For example, “your future to
relaxing and easy to just stay in our “comfort be on track” shows the poet comparing life to
zones.” It is tempting to just maintain the current a train or a path to suggest it needs to stay
situation and avoid taking any new risks because headed in the right direction.
change can be scary. 2. Anaphora: The repetition of a word or
However, the poet quickly shifts the mood to phrase at the beginning of consecutive lines.
be instructive and philosophical. He argues that For example, “This isn’t what we are made
PAGE 618 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

for/This isn’t how we grow” shows how the the future holds better opportunities would make
repetition emphasizes that staying in your me take the first step. Knowing that staying in
comfort zone is the wrong choice. the same place won’t lead to growth gives me the
3. Antithesis: Placing opposite ideas or words courage to move forward.
close together to highlight a contrast. For
example, “pull you forward/Or push you II. Think about a time when you had to face a
back” shows the two opposite directions a challenge.
person can go based on whether they choose
1. What was it, and how did you feel at the start of
courage or fear.
the journey?
4. Inversion: Changing the normal order of
words in a sentence to emphasize a specific Ans :
word. For example, “Difficult are choices” The challenge was participating in an inter-school
shows the poet putting the word “difficult” debate competition for the first time. At the start
first to make the reader feel the weight of the of the journey, I felt intimidated, anxious, and
struggle before even knowing what is being filled with self-doubt about whether I was good
discussed. enough to compete against experienced speakers.
5. Personification: Giving human-like actions 2. How did you feel once you made the decision to
or traits to an idea or object. For example, move forward?
“When the future is getting near” shows the
Ans :
poet treating the “future” like a person who
Once I made the decision to move forward and
is physically walking toward the speaker,
started preparing, my fear slowly turned into
making the passage of time feel more urgent.
focus. I felt a sense of empowerment and relief
because taking action helped reduce my anxiety,
5. MESSAGE making me feel more in control of the situation.
The core message of this poem by Robert Frost III. What does the phrase ‘believe in yourself ’
is that making life choices can be very scary. mean to you? Write some words or phrases you
When we stand at a crossroads, we must choose associate with believing in yourself.
between our safe comfort zone and an unknown Ans :
future. Frost shows us that it is normal to fear To me, ‘believe in yourself’ means having
new challenges and want to stay safe. However, to confidence in your own abilities, trusting your
succeed and grow, we must overcome this fear and instincts, and knowing that you can handle
bravely take that difficult first step away from the whatever obstacles come your way.
familiar. Words/phrases associated with it : ‘Self-
confidence, courage, inner strength, trusting the
6. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS process, determination, resilience, and a positive
mindset’.
Reflect and Respond IV. Select the correct meaning of ‘status quo’ based
I. Imagine that you are the person in the image. on the given sentence.
Even though some kids wanted to try new
1. What emotions do you feel standing at the base activities, most of them were happy with the
of a difficult task? status quo and didn’t want any changes.
Ans : 1. A plan to make things more exciting.
Standing at the base of a difficult task, I feel a 2. A situation to keep things the same.
mix of apprehension and excitement. There is a 3. A decision where everything is completely
sense of nervousness about the unknown and the different.
effort required, but also a glimmer of hope and 4. A choice to change things quickly without
determination to reach the top. thinking.
Ans :
2. What might make you take the first step? 2. A situation to keep things the same.
Ans :
The desire to achieve my goals and the belief that

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

Check Your Understanding Ans :

I. Based on your understanding of the poem, select The poem follows a simple, yet effective rhyme
the correct central idea for each stanza from the scheme abcb that flows steadily through each
options given. stanza.
Stanza 1 III. Tone
i. Facing challenges requires personal State whether the following statements are true
responsibility and a clear focus on one’s or false.
future. 1. The overall tone of the poem is motivational
ii. Facing challenges is a journey best taken with and encouraging.
support and guidance from others. 2. The tone shifts from thoughtful in the
Ans : beginning to one of determination by the end
i. Facing challenges requires personal of the poem.
responsibility and a clear focus on one’s Ans :
future. 1. True
Stanza 2 2. True
i. Fear and uncertainty make it difficult to make
IV. Speaker
choices as the future approaches.
ii. Facing the future with confidence makes NODIA Fill in the blanks with the correct options from
those given in the brackets.
choices easier and more straightforward.
The speaker in this poem is not distant; rather,
Ans :
he/ she comes across as a _____ (stranger/
i. Fear and uncertainty make it difficult to make
guide) who understands the struggle and is
choices as the future approaches.
encouraging the reader to take _____ (interest
Stanza 3 in/control of) his/her own future.
i. Personal growth involves finding balance The use of direct address ‘You’ creates a close
between comfort and change. connection, as though the speaker is _____.
ii. Personal growth requires leaving behind (talking directly to the reader/addressing the
comfort and embracing change. reader from a distance)
Ans : Ans :
ii. Personal growth requires leaving behind The speaker in this poem is not distant; rather,
comfort and embracing change. he/ she comes across as a guide who understands
the struggle and is encouraging the reader to take
Stanza 4
control of his/her own future.
i. The first step towards change may feel easy
The use of direct address ‘You’ creates a close
if you place your trust in others to guide you
connection, as though the speaker is talking
and provide support.
directly to the reader.
ii. The first step towards change is difficult, but
having self-belief and confidence helps you V. Imagery
stay on track. Match the phrases from the poem in Column 1
with the imagery they represent in Column 2. An
Ans :
extra representation is given.
ii. The first step towards change is difficult, but
having self-belief and confidence helps you Column 1 Column 2
stay on track.
1. There is no i. Represents the difficulty
crowd to see... of beginning a new
challenge or change.
II. Rhyme Scheme 2. push you back ii. Suggests a solitary
Fill in the blank to complete the following in fear? journey, stressing
sentence. individual effort.
The poem follows a simple, yet effective rhyme
iii. Evokes the mental
scheme _____ that flows steadily through each
barrier that prevents
stanza.
growth.
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PAGE 620 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Ans : VIII. The poem uses antithesis in a couple of lines.

Antithesis is a rhetorical device that pairs
Column 1 Column 2 contrasting or opposite ideas in a parallel
1. There is no ii. Suggests a solitary grammatical structure to highlight differences
crowd to see... journey, stressing or create emphasis. It simplifies complex ideas
individual effort. through contrast, making them easier for readers
or listeners to understand.
2. push you back iii. Evokes the mental
Consider the famous quote from Neil Armstrong
in fear? barrier that prevents
when he stepped onto the moon:
growth.
“Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for
Extra : (i) Represents the difficulty of beginning a man, but a giant leap for mankind.”
a new challenge or change. Here, the antithesis lies in contrasting the ‘small
step’ for an individual with the ‘giant leap’ for
VI. Symbolism
all humanity. The parallel structure of the two
Select the words/phrases from the box below to
phrases highlights the incredible significance of
complete the given sentences.
this event, presenting it as both a personal and
unknown self-improvement courage massive achievement.
leap of faith stagnation Other examples :
• Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
1. Comfort and the status quo represent
• Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit.
_____ and fear of change, symbolising the
• Man proposes, God disposes.
comfort zone that holds one back.
Identify the lines from the poem that show
2. The future symbolises the _____, the
antithesis and explain why it is so.
potential for change and success that lies
ahead but requires _____ to step into. Ans :
3. The first step symbolises the initial _____ The lines in the poem that show antithesis are :
required to begin the journey of _____ or “If you think you are beaten, you are.”
personal development. “If you think you dare not, you don’t.”
Ans : “If you think you’ll lose, you’re lost.”
1. Comfort and the status quo represent “If you think you can’t, you won’t.”
stagnation and fear of change, symbolising These lines use antithesis because they present
the comfort zone that holds one back. contrasting ideas in a parallel structure :
2. The future symbolises the unknown, the • Thinking positively vs thinking negatively
potential for change and success that lies • Confidence vs fear or doubt
ahead but requires a leap of faith to step into. The poet contrasts belief and doubt to emphasise
3. The first step symbolises the initial courage that success or failure begins in the mind. This
required to begin the journey of self- contrast makes the message clear and powerful—
improvement or personal development. that attitude determines outcome.
VII. Metaphor Critical Reflection
The poet uses a metaphor in the line, ‘The
first step is the hardest’. Explain why this is I. Read the extract given below and answer the
metaphorical. questions that follow.
Ans : 1. Step up to the challenge
This line is metaphorical because it compares There is no crowd to see,
the abstract idea of beginning a new endeavor or It’s just you and the future
making a tough life choice to the physical action And where you want to be.
of taking a “first step.” It implies that overcoming
initial doubts, fears, and inertia to start something i. What does the line, ‘There is no crowd to see’
new is the most difficult part of any journey. suggest about facing challenges?

ii. Complete the following suitably.

The line ‘It’s just you and the future’ suggests
that _____.

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

iii. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word/ 3. Do you think the poet’s message is realistic in the
phrase from the extract. context of real-world struggles? (Clue: Evaluate
Latha will _____ her efforts to improve her whether simply ‘believing in yourself’ is enough
vocal performance by practicing harder each day. to overcome obstacles or other factors are also
necessary.)
iv. Select the most suitable title for the extract.
Ans :
A. The Struggles of Change The poet’s message is an essential starting point,
B. Facing the Future Alone but in the real world, “believing in yourself” is

NODIA
C. A Journey of Growth rarely enough on its own. While self-belief provides
D. The Power of Fear the necessary courage to take the first step,
overcoming practical obstacles also requires hard
v. Complete the analogy by using a word from the work, skill development, planning, and sometimes
extract. external support or resources. However, without
achieve : goal : : face : _____ self-belief, none of those other factors can be put
Ans : to effective use.
i. It suggests that facing personal challenges
4. Consider a situation where you or someone you
is a solitary journey. You won’t always have
know had to take a difficult first step towards
an audience to cheer you on or validate your
a goal. How does the poem’s message about the
choices; true motivation must come from
importance of self-belief apply to this situation?
within yourself.
ii. The line ‘It’s just you and the future’ suggests Ans :
that you are solely responsible for shaping When my friend decided to switch streams from
your own destiny and outcomes. Science to Arts to pursue her passion for literature,
iii. Latha will step up her efforts to improve her she faced severe criticism and self-doubt. The
vocal performance by practicing harder each “first step” of making the switch was incredibly
day. hard because she was leaving her comfort zone
iv. B. Facing the Future Alone (the status quo). The poem’s message applies
v. achieve : goal : : face : challenge perfectly here: she had to rely solely on her self-
belief to push past the fear of the unknown,
II. Answer the following questions. trusting that this solitary choice would ultimately
put her future on the right track.
1. What is the significance of the metaphor, ‘The
first step is the hardest’ in the context of personal Vocabulary in Context
growth?
Ans : I. The phrase ‘status quo’ is a Latin expression
In the context of personal growth, leaving our that translates to ‘the state in which’ or ‘the
comfort zone is mentally and emotionally taxing. existing state of affairs.’ Over time, it has become
The metaphor signifies that while the journey a popular term used in English to refer to the
itself may be long, gathering the willpower to current situation or condition, especially when
initiate change and confront our fears at the things remain unchanged.
very beginning requires the greatest amount of There are other Latin terms commonly used in
strength. English.
Read a few given below along with their meanings.
2. What message does the antithesis in the poem
convey about the nature of personal development? Latin expression Meaning
Ans : 1. et cetera (etc.) And other things;
The antithesis (“pull you forward / push you and so on
back”) conveys that personal development is not 2. exempli gratia (e.g.) For example
a passive state; it is a constant tug-of-war between
progress and fear. We are continuously forced to 3. ad hoc For a specific purpose
choose between retreating into our comfortable or situation, often
past or boldly stepping into the unknown future. temporary
PAGE 622 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

4. in media res Into the middle of Ans :

things; starting at a i. These questions intend to create a sense
crucial point of the of urgency, urging the reader/listener to
story or situation agree with the speaker and take immediate
collective action.
5. per se By itself; ii. This question intends to inspire courage and
fundamentally challenge the reader to make an empowering
6. quid pro quo A favour or choice, highlighting that giving in to fear is
advantage given in undesirable.
return for something
2. Match the situations in Column 1 to the rhetorical
Now, fill in the blanks in the given sentences with questions in Column 2.
the Latin expressions used in English from the
table. Column 1 Column 2
i. I enjoy reading fantasy books, _____ Harry i. Deciding whether A. How can we ever
Potter and Magical Paint Brush. to stand up for grow if we never
ii. After helping Tanya with the homework, Ritu what is right try anything new?
asked for a _____ to borrow her notes next
time. ii. Owning up to a B. Isn’t it better to
iii. I love all kinds of outdoor activities, such as mistake made in admit our mistakes
trekking, hiking, biking, _____. a group project than to let them
iv. The park is not very special _____; it define us?
becomes more fun when you visit with friends. iii. Deciding whether C If I don’t take
v. We created an _____ team to organise the to try something responsibility now,
school festival. challenging, like when will I?
vi. The movie started _____, with the hero public speaking
already fighting the villain in a huge battle.
iv. Choosing between D. Can I really move
Ans : two career paths forward without
i. I enjoy reading fantasy books, exempli gratia knowing which
(e.g.) Harry Potter and Magical Paint Brush. path to take?
ii. After helping Tanya with the homework, Ritu
asked for a quid pro quo to borrow her notes v. Deciding whether E. What’s the point
next time. to apologise for a of playing it safe if
iii. I love all kinds of outdoor activities, such as mistake it means staying
trekking, hiking, biking, et cetera (etc.). stuck?
iv. The park is not very special per se; it becomes vi. Trying something F. How can we stay
more fun when you visit with friends. new and stepping silent when we
v. We created an ad hoc team to organise the out of your know what is
school festival. comfort zone right?
vi. The movie started in media res, with the hero
Ans :
already fighting the villain in a huge battle.
Column 1 Column 2
II. The line , ‘Will it pull you forward/or push you
back in fear?’ is a rhetorical question. i. Deciding whether F. How can we stay
A rhetorical question is a question that doesn’t to stand up for silent when we
require an answer because it is used to make the what is right know what is
reader think or reflect on a particular idea. right?
ii. Owning up to a C. If I don’t take
1. Read the following rhetorical questions and state
mistake made in a responsibility
what they intend to achieve.
group project now, when will
i. Isn’t it obvious that we must act now? Don’t
I?
we all have a responsibility to make a change?
ii. Will we let fear control us, or will we rise
above it?

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

iii. Deciding whether E. What’s the 7. The girl believes that pushing through
to try something point of playing nervousness will help the boy grow and build
challenging, like it safe if it confidence.
public speaking means staying Ans :
stuck? 2. The girl encourages the boy to push through
his doubts by trusting in his preparation.
iv. Choosing between D. Can I really
4. The girl believes that self-doubt is a normal
two career paths move forward
part of preparing for a big performance.
without
5. The boy feels that his preparation is not
knowing which
enough and doubts his abilities, even though
path to take?
he has practiced.
v. Deciding whether B. Isn’t it better 7. The girl believes that pushing through
to apologise for a to admit our nervousness will help the boy grow and build
mistake mistakes than to confidence.
let them define The four true statements are : 2, 4, 5, 7.
us?
vi. Trying something A. How can we ever Speaking Activity
new and stepping grow if we never
I. Work in pairs. Read the three Sayings/Proverbs
out of your comfort try anything
given below. For each one, think of a real-life
zone new?
situation where it could apply. Do the suggested
role play and use the Saying/Proverb.
Listen and Respond Remember :
I. You will listen to a conversation between two • Before diving into a real-life situation, briefly
[Link] you listen, answer the following explain the meaning of the saying.
questions in oneto three exact words that you • Describe the situation in the following way—
hear. (Transcript for teacher on page 275) • Introduction : Briefly explain the saying.
1. How did the boy feel before the play ? • Situation/Example : Share a personal
2. According to the girl, where does confidence story or relate the saying to something
come from? familiar.
3. What was the girl finally sure about regarding • Conclusion : Reflect on what the saying
the boy? teaches or what you learned from the
NODIA

experience.
Ans :
• For the role-play, work in pairs to create the
1. Worried and nervous.
dialogues first and then enact. Take turns to
2. taking action.
choose your sayings/proverbs.
3. you’ll shine.

II. You will once again listen to the conversation. As Sayings/Proverbs

you listen, select the four true statements from
1. Don’t judge a book by its cover.
1–7 given below.
• Situation to consider : Have you ever
1. The boy feels confident but is worried about
misjudged someone based on their appearance
freezing on stage.
or first impression? What happened?
2. The girl encourages the boy to push through
• Role-play : One student acts as someone who
his doubts by trusting in his preparation.
judges others based on their looks or first
3. The boy thinks that the audience will be
impressions. The other student plays someone
supportive regardless of his performance.
who shows the true personality after a deeper
4. The girl believes that self-doubt is a normal
conversation, proving that appearances can
part of preparing for a big performance.
be deceptive.
5. The boy feels that his preparation is not
enough and doubts his abilities, even though 2. Actions speak louder than words.
he has practiced. • Situation to consider : Think of a time when
6. The girl suggests that the boy should avoid someone’s actions proved more valuable than
feeling nervous and perform perfectly. their words.
PAGE 624 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

• Role-play : One student talks about how they Writing Task

will improve their grades, and the other shows
how they actually put in the effort. Compare I. Your class is conducting the morning assembly.
the impact of talking versus doing. You have been asked to deliver a speech on the
topic, ‘Turning Challenges into Opportunities’.
3. When the going gets tough, the tough get going. Draft this speech by following the guidelines
• Situation to consider : Can you think of a given below.
time when you faced a difficult challenge but • Opening paragraph : Greet the audience and
didn’t give up? introduce yourself. Begin with a quotation,
• Role-play : One student plays someone who is a question or a surprising fact. State the
giving up on a tough school project, while the purpose of your speech and provide an
other encourages that student to keep going. overview of what you will be talking about.
Show how perseverance leads to success • Paragraphs 2 and 3 — Body of the speech:
despite difficulties. Divide the body of your speech into two
Ans : paragraphs, each focusing on a different main
1. Don’t judge a book by its cover. point or idea. Use transition words, anecdotes,
Situation : A new student joins the class and statistics, and other supporting evidence to
looks very quiet and stern. Everyone thinks strengthen your points.
he is unfriendly, but upon talking to him, • Concluding paragraph: Summarise the main
they realize he is hilarious and very kind. points of your speech. End with a statement
Role-play : that leaves a lasting impression on the
Student A : “I don’t think we should invite audience and convey your thanks.
the new boy to our group. He always frowns • Use formal language to present ideas clearly
and looks so mean.” • Use persuasive tone — don’t you agree …/…,
Student B : “You know, I spoke to him during isn’t it?
lunch. He’s actually just really shy, but he Refer to the guidelines given below.
tells the best jokes! Remember, don’t judge a • Consider how challenges can lead to new
book by its cover.” learning experiences, growth, or unexpected
2. Actions speak louder than words. benefits.
Situation : A student always promises to help • Why do you think people often feel scared or
with group projects but never actually does anxious when faced with change?
any research or writing. • How can change open doors to new
Role-play : opportunities? Can you think of an example
Student A : “I promise I’ll do all the from your own life or someone you know?
formatting tonight! I just got busy yesterday, • What are some strategies or attitudes you
NODIA

but I’ll definitely do it this time.” can adopt to approach change with a positive
Student B : “You’ve said that for the past mindset?
three assignments, but we ended up doing the • Think about how facing challenges builds
work. Show us you mean it tonight, because skills, determination, and confidence, all of
‘actions speak louder than words.’ which are essential for success.
3. When the going gets tough, the tough get Ans :
going. Turning Challenges into Opportunities
Situation : A team is losing badly at half-time Good morning, respected Principal, teachers, and
during a basketball final. Instead of giving my dear friends. I am [Your Name] from Class 9.
up, the captain motivates the team to play Have you ever considered that a kite flies highest
their best defense. not with the wind, but against it? Today, I stand
Role-play : before you to speak on a topic that resonates with
Student A : “We are down by 20 points. We’re all of us: ‘Turning Challenges into Opportunities.’
never going to win this. I think we should just We often view challenges as massive roadblocks,
let the clock run out.” but in reality, they are stepping stones disguised
Student B : “No way! We didn’t train for as hurdles.
months to give up now. We need to push Whenever we face a sudden change or a difficult
harder. “When the going gets tough, the task, our first instinct is often fear or anxiety.
tough get going! Let’s get out there!”
 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

Why do we feel this way? It is because stepping miles barefoot to attend school, even in extreme
out of our comfort zone disrupts the ‘status weather. After graduating from Kashi Vidyapeeth
quo.’ However, staying in our comfort zone only in Varanasi, he was honoured with the title
leads to stagnation. Challenges push us to adapt, “Shastri,” meaning scholar.
innovate, and discover strengths we never knew Deeply involved in India’s freedom movement,
we had. Consider the story of Dr. APJ Abdul Shastri was imprisoned multiple times alongside
Kalam. Facing immense financial hardship as a other freedom fighters for his active participation.
child, he didn’t give up. Instead, he took on the Following India’s independence, he dedicated
challenge of distributing newspapers to fund his himself to the progress and unity of the nation.
education. That difficulty taught him the value Through unwavering determination and sincere
of hard work, eventually turning an ordinary efforts, Lal Bahadur Shastri rose to become
boy into the ‘Missile Man of India.’ When we the Prime Minister of India, leaving a legacy of
face our fears, don’t you agree that we unlock humility, service, and patriotism.
doors to unexpected benefits and new learning
experiences? 3. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
To approach change with a positive mindset, we Kalam’s family faced financial difficulties, which
must embrace a simple strategy: view failures made it hard for them to support his education
as feedback, not final outcomes. Every time we fully. To help with his school expenses, Kalam
tackle a difficult math problem or step on stage took on a job delivering newspapers early in
despite being nervous, we build resilience and the morning. He would wake up before dawn,
determination. These are the exact skills required distribute newspapers across the town, and then
for long-term success, isn’t it? head to school.
In conclusion, a life without challenges is a life This job was more than just a way to earn money;
without growth. The next time you find yourself it was a valuable learning experience for Kalam.
standing at the base of a difficult task, do not Through this work, he learnt the importance
step back in fear. Take a leap of faith, believe in of hard work, perseverance, and managing
yourself, and turn that obstacle into your greatest responsibilities. It also gave him a sense of
opportunity. Thank you! independence and taught him the value of hard
work.
Learning Beyond the Text He was a renowned scientist, also known as the
‘Missile Man of India’. He rose to become the
I. Explore the stories of Indian leaders who faced 11th President of India.
significant challenges and turned them into Now, find out about such personalities from your
opportunities for success. village, town, city, or state and present their
For example : success stories in class.
Ans :
1. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar : At school, Ambedkar
Success Stories of Inspiring Personalities
suffered untold humiliations and discrimination
1. Narendra Modi : Narendra Modi faced many
but he never gave up.
hardships during his childhood. He came
It was for sheer grit, hardwork, and perseverence
from a humble background and even helped
that he went on to study Politics and Economics.
his father sell tea at a railway station. Despite
His self-motivation proved to be a life-changing
financial struggles, he remained determined
event not only for him but also for the nation. He
and focused on self-improvement. Through
is known as a great jurist, economist, and social
hard work, discipline, and strong leadership
reformer.
qualities, he rose to become the Prime
He rose to become the Chairperson of the Drafting
Minister of India. His journey shows how
Committee of the Constitution of India.
determination can turn humble beginnings
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri into great success.
He endured many hardships throughout his life. 2. Milkha Singh : Known as the “Flying Sikh”,
His father passed away when he was just a year Milkha Singh faced immense challenges in
and a half old, leaving the family in financial his early life, including the trauma of losing
distress. Despite the challenges, he remained his family during the partition of India.
committed to his education, often walking several Despite these hardships, he pursued athletics

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PAGE 626 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

with dedication. Through perseverance and 4. Working towards your future is described as a
rigorous training, he became one of India’s journey that is deeply:
greatest athletes and brought pride to the (a) Personal and solitary
nation. His life teaches us the power of (b) Social and crowded
resilience and courage.
(c) Public and praised
3. Kalpana Chawla : Kalpana Chawla grew up
in a small town with big dreams of flying. (d) Loud and chaotic
She faced several obstacles, including limited Ans :
opportunities and societal expectations. (a) Personal and solitary
However, her determination and passion for
aerospace engineering helped her overcome 5. According to the poem, “There is no ______
these challenges. She went on to become the to see.”
first Indian woman in space, inspiring millions (a) Person (b) Crowd
across the world. (c) Friend (d) Guide
4. Sudha Murty : Sudha Murty faced gender
Ans :
discrimination when she wanted to pursue
(b) Crowd
engineering, a field dominated by men at
that time. Despite this, she worked hard 6. What does the phrase “There is no crowd to see”
and proved her capability. She later became mean in the text?
a successful author and social worker, (a) The journey is often ignored by the public
contributing significantly to society through media.
her philanthropic work.
(b) The reader should always hide their true
Conclusion : These inspiring personalities
progress.
show us that “challenges are not obstacles but
opportunities in disguise”. With determination, (c) You won’t always have an audience to cheer
hard work, and a positive attitude, anyone can you.
overcome difficulties and achieve success. (d) People are naturally jealous of your new
success.
Ans :
7. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (c) You won’t always have an audience to cheer
you.
Multiple Choice Type Questions
7. What will you not always get for your choices?
1. What is the tone of the poem? (a) Harsh criticism (b) Financial support
(a) Highly motivational (b) Deeply sorrowful (c) Quick results (d) External validation
NODIA

(c) Highly critical (d) Mildly sarcastic Ans :

Ans : (d) External validation
(a) Highly motivational
8. Where must true motivation come from?
2. What role does the poet act as? (a) From within (b) From peers
(a) A strict teacher (b) A harsh critic (c) From family (d) From society
(c) A supportive guide (d) A silent watcher Ans :
Ans : (a) From within
(c) A supportive guide
9. Assertion (A): The journey to the future is deeply
3. What must the reader take control of? personal.
(a) Their fears (b) Their past Reason (R): You will always have people cheering
you on.
(c) Their anger (d) Their destiny
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Ans : explanation.
(d) Their destiny
(b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem.
(c) A is false, but R is true based on the poem.
 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

(d) Both A and R are false according to the Ans :

poem. (b) Fear
Ans : 16. Which of the following statements is correct
(b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem. regarding the poem?
10. What does the poet encourage you to step into? (a) The future only brings fear and stops any
(a) The unknown (b) The past meaningful progress.
(c) The crowd (d) The familiar (b) Making tough choices is easy and rarely
causes any conflict.
Ans :
(c) There is a constant tug-of-war between
(a) The unknown
progress and retreating.
11. What does the poem explore as it progresses? (d) The poet believes that fear is an unnatural
(a) Social disputes (b) Internal conflict and rare emotion.
(c) Financial ruin (d) Physical battle Ans :
(c) There is a constant tug-of-war between
Ans :
progress and retreating.
(b) Internal conflict
17. The mind faces a tug-of-war between progress
12. When does everyone face this internal conflict?
and retreating to what is ______.
(a) While sleeping
(a) Hard (b) New
(b) While travelling
(c) Far (d) Familiar
(c) Making tough choices
Ans :
(d) Seeking validation
(d) Familiar
Ans :
(c) Making tough choices 18. What two feelings are completely normal when
approaching new challenges?
13. How does the future interact with the reader, (a) Fear and uncertainty
according to the poem?
(b) Joy and arrogance
(a) It traps them in a cycle of deep despair and
(c) Anger and resentment
sadness.
(d) Peace and relaxation
(b) It offers them endless wealth and sudden
global fame. Ans :
(c) It forces them to abandon their close family (a) Fear and uncertainty
members.
19. Assertion (A): Fear and uncertainty are normal
(d) It pulls them forward or pushes them back in when approaching new challenges.
deep fear. Reason (R): Giving in to fear is the best way to
Ans : reach your potential.
(d) It pulls them forward or pushes them back in (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
deep fear. explanation.
(b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem.
14. What emotion is associated with the future
“pulling you forward”? (c) A is false, but R is true based on the poem.
(a) Excitement (b) Sadness (d) Both A and R are false according to the
poem.
(c) Boredom (d) Anger
Ans :
Ans :
(b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem.
(a) Excitement
20. What happens if we give in to fear?
15. What emotion pushes you back?
(a) We feel happier
(a) Joy (b) Fear
(b) We gain wealth
(c) Love (d) Hope
(c) It stops our potential

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PAGE 628 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(d) It brings an audience 27. Personal growth is impossible if we avoid

Ans : ______.
(c) It stops our potential (a) People (b) Change
(c) Safety (d) Comfort
21. Giving in to fear stops us from reaching our
______. Ans :
(b) Change
(a) Past goals (b) Known limits
(c) Peer groups (d) True potential 28. What is described as the “enemy of success”?
Ans : (a) Hard work (b) Excitement
(d) True potential (c) Stagnation (d) Motivation

22. The tug-of-war happens in our: Ans :

(c) Stagnation
(a) Minds (b) Hearts
(c) Homes (d) Schools 29. To achieve goals, we must leave behind what is:
Ans : (a) Difficult (b) Unknown
(a) Minds (c) Exciting (d) Easy

23. Retreating means going back to the: NODIA Ans :

(d) Easy
(a) Unknown (b) Familiar
(c) Excitement (d) Progress 30. What must we embrace to improve ourselves?
Ans : (a) The unknown (b) The familiar
(b) Familiar (c) The audience (d) The stagnation

24. What is a major theme in the poem? Ans :

(a) The unknown
(a) Social status (b) Staying safe
(c) The comfort zone (d) Earning money 31. What kind of leap must we take?
Ans : (a) A fearful leap (b) A brave leap
(c) The comfort zone (c) A slow leap (d) A blind leap

25. What is another term used for the comfort zone? Ans :
(b) A brave leap
(a) The new way (b) The leap forward
(c) The steady path (d) The status quo 32. Which of the following statements is correct
Ans : regarding stagnation?
(d) The status quo (a) Stagnation is the key to unlocking your true
potential.
26. Why is staying in the “status quo” considered (b) Stagnation helps you face new challenges
dangerous in the poem? with courage.
(a) It makes true personal growth entirely (c) Stagnation is explicitly called the enemy of
impossible. success.
(b) It forces the individual to face physical (d) Stagnation is a brave leap into the unknown
dangers. future.
(c) It causes the person to lose all their true
Ans :
friends.
(c) Stagnation is explicitly called the enemy of
(d) It requires too much effort and exhausts the success.
mind.
Ans : 33. Avoiding change keeps us:
(a) It makes true personal growth entirely (a) Successful (b) Motivated
impossible. (c) Growing (d) Comfortable
 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

Ans : Ans :
(d) Comfortable (d) Self-belief

34. What must we do to the unknown? 41. What else is needed alongside self-belief?
(a) Embrace it (b) Reject it (a) Courage and confidence
(c) Fear it (d) Ignore it (b) Fear and uncertainty
Ans : (c) Wealth and popularity
(a) Embrace it (d) Audience and validation
35. Choosing to stay comfortable hinders our: Ans :
(a) Sleep cycle (b) Self-improvement (a) Courage and confidence
(c) Friendships (d) Daily routine 42. Assertion (A): Trusting in your abilities is
Ans : important.
(b) Self-improvement Reason (R): It helps you win arguments with the
crowd.
36. According to the poem, what is the hardest?
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
(a) The final goal (b) The middle path explanation.
(c) The steady pace (d) The first step (b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem.
Ans : (c) A is false, but R is true based on the poem.
(d) The first step (d) Both A and R are false according to the
poem.
37. Why is beginning a new task considered the most
difficult part? Ans :
(a) It requires breaking through mental barriers (b) A is true, but R is false based on the poem.
and doubt.
43. Which of the following statements is correct
(b) It requires financial support that is hard to according to the conclusion?
obtain.
(a) The final step is always much harder than the
(c) It demands physical strength that most first step.
people lack.
(b) Self-doubt is an excellent tool for achieving
(d) It means you must first gather a supportive your dreams.
crowd.
(c) Trusting in your own abilities will keep you
Ans :
on track.
(a) It requires breaking through mental barriers
and doubt. (d) Courage is not needed once the first hurdle is
crossed.
38. Making a big life change requires breaking Ans :
through mental: (c) Trusting in your own abilities will keep you
(a) Peace (b) Barriers on track.
(c) Health (d) Images
44. What will keep you on track?
Ans :
(a) The crowd (b) The fear
(b) Barriers
(c) The comfort (d) Trusting abilities
39. What doubt must be overcome to begin? Ans :
(a) Peer-doubt (b) Crowd-doubt (d) Trusting abilities
(c) Self-doubt (d) Future-doubt
45. What is the ultimate goal of trusting your own
Ans : abilities?
(c) Self-doubt
(a) To keep you on track to achieve all of your
40. To take the first step, one needs strong ______. dreams.
(a) Financial aid (b) Social status (b) To prove to the crowd that you are better
than them.
(c) Physical power (d) Self-belief

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PAGE 630 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

(c) To return safely to the comfort zone and Ans :

status quo. Fear acts as a major obstacle by trapping
(d) To ignore any tough choices the future might individuals in their comfort zones. If we surrender
bring. to fear and uncertainty when approaching new
challenges, it halts our progress completely,
Ans :
ultimately preventing us from discovering and
(a) To keep you on track to achieve all of your
reaching our true potential in life.
dreams.
6. Why is it completely normal to experience fear
Short Answer Type Questions and uncertainty when facing new challenges?
Ans :
1. How does the poet act as a supportive guide to Experiencing fear and uncertainty is a natural
the reader in the poem? human reaction to the unknown. Stepping out of
Ans : a familiar routine introduces unpredictability. The
The poet adopts a highly motivational tone, poem acknowledges these feelings as normal, but
directly addressing the reader to act as a warns against letting them control your decisions
supportive guide. Instead of being a harsh critic, or hinder your journey toward progress.
the poet encourages the reader to take charge
of their own destiny and face life’s upcoming 7. What is the “status quo,” and why does the poem
challenges with resolute confidence. consider it dangerous?
Ans :
2. Why does the poet describe the journey towards The “status quo” represents a state of unchanging
the future as deeply personal and solitary? comfort and familiarity. The poem considers it
Ans : highly dangerous because it leads to stagnation.
The poet emphasizes that working towards one’s Staying within this safe zone makes true personal
future is a solitary endeavor because true progress growth impossible and acts as the ultimate enemy
often happens without external validation. There of success.
NODIA

is no cheering crowd to witness your struggles,

meaning you must rely entirely on yourself to 8. According to the poem, why is stagnation referred
navigate your unique path forward. to as the “enemy of success”?
Ans :
3. What does the phrase “There is no crowd to see” Stagnation is the enemy of success because
imply about seeking validation? it prevents any forward movement or self-
Ans : improvement. When an individual avoids change
This phrase implies that individuals should not and chooses an easy, comfortable life, they block
depend on external validation, praise, or an the learning experiences and brave leaps necessary
audience to feel successful. Since the crowd will not to achieve their most ambitious goals.
always be there to cheer you on, true motivation
and the drive to succeed must originate entirely 9. What must an individual leave behind, and what
from within yourself. must they embrace to improve themselves?
Ans :
4. Explain the internal conflict the reader faces when To achieve personal improvement, an individual
making tough choices, as explored in the poem. must willingly leave behind what is easy, familiar,
Ans : and comfortable. Instead, they must bravely
When making tough choices, the reader embrace the unknown, taking courageous leaps
experiences a mental tug-of-war. The future pulls forward rather than allowing fear to tether them
them forward with the promise of excitement and to their stagnant past.
growth, but simultaneously pushes them back
with fear and uncertainty, making the decision to 10. Why does the poet conclude that the “first step”
progress a difficult internal battle. is the hardest part of the journey?
Ans :
5. How does fear act as an obstacle to reaching one’s The first step is the hardest because it requires
true potential? a person to actively break through long-standing
mental barriers and deep-seated self-doubt.
 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

Initiating change demands an immense amount 16. Why can’t a person rely on financial support or
of courage to leave the comfort zone before any external validation, according to the poem?
actual physical progress can begin. Ans :
The poem suggests that a personal journey
11. How do mental barriers and self-doubt affect a
toward self-actualization is solitary. You will not
person trying to make a big life change?
always receive quick results, financial backing, or
Ans : external validation for your choices. Therefore,
Mental barriers and self-doubt create psychological genuine motivation must be cultivated internally
hurdles that make beginning a new task incredibly rather than sought from outside sources or
difficult. They convince individuals that they cheering crowds.
might fail, forcing them into a state of hesitation.
Overcoming these internal doubts is essential to 17. What role does the “familiar” play in the internal
taking the crucial first step. conflict described by the poet?
Ans :
12. What qualities are required alongside self-belief
The “familiar” acts as a powerful, magnetic force
to successfully take the first step?
that tempts individuals to retreat during times
Ans : of hardship. It represents safety and routine,
Alongside self-belief, an individual must possess actively competing against the desire for progress
strong courage and unwavering confidence. These and making the choice to step into the unknown
essential traits empower a person to push past the incredibly difficult.
comfort of the familiar, face the unpredictability
of the unknown, and trust their own abilities to 18. How does the poem deliver a practical message in
navigate the path ahead. its conclusion?
Ans :
13. How does trusting your own abilities keep you on
The poem concludes practically by acknowledging
track to achieve your dreams?
that while dreaming is easy, initiating action—
Ans : taking the first step—is the hardest challenge. It
Trusting your own abilities provides the inner leaves the reader with actionable advice: conquer
resilience needed to overcome inevitable setbacks self-doubt, muster your courage, and trust your
and fears. When you believe in yourself, you no abilities to stay on track.
longer rely on external crowds for motivation,
ensuring you remain focused and steadfast on the 19. In what way is working towards your future
path to realizing your dreams. described as a “solitary” act?
Ans :
14. What is the significance of taking a “brave leap”
It is described as a solitary act because the
into the unknown?
responsibility of achieving your goals rests entirely
Ans : upon your shoulders. Without an audience to
Taking a brave leap into the unknown signifies applaud your minor victories, you must navigate
a deliberate and courageous departure from your fears, make tough choices, and sustain your
the status quo. It is a necessary action for own momentum independently.
self-improvement, demonstrating a person’s
willingness to risk failure in order to discover their 20. What is the ultimate consequence of choosing to
capabilities and achieve personal growth. stay comfortable instead of growing?
Ans :
15. How does the poem contrast the feelings of
The ultimate consequence of choosing comfort
‘excitement’ and ‘fear’ regarding the future?
is the complete hindrance of self-improvement
Ans : and the loss of your true potential. By avoiding
The poem contrasts excitement and fear as change and resting in the status quo, you forfeit
opposing forces in the mind’s tug-of-war. The your dreams and succumb to the destructive force
prospect of the future pulls an individual forward of stagnation.
with the excitement of new possibilities, while the
fear of failure and the unknown pushes them back
toward familiar comforts.

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PAGE 632 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

Long Answer Type Questions Ans :

Respected Principal, teachers, and dear friends,
1. The poem highlights the mental ‘tug-of-war’ Good morning. Today, I wish to speak about
between progress and retreating to the familiar. a profound truth: Stagnation is the enemy of
Analyze this internal conflict and discuss why success. We often cling to our comfort zones,
overcoming the ‘status quo’ is essential for choosing the easy and familiar.
achieving true potential. Support your answer However, true personal growth demands
with themes from the poem. change. As we envision our futures, we face a
Ans : mental tug-of-war between the excitement of
The mental ‘tug-of-war’ represents the universal moving forward and the fear that pulls us back.
struggle between the desire to grow and the instinct While feeling uncertain is normal, we must
to remain safe. The future pulls us forward with never let fear halt our potential. There won’t
the exciting promise of achieving our dreams, always be a cheering crowd; therefore, our
while fear and uncertainty push us back toward motivation must come entirely from within.
the “status quo” or comfort zone. The poem Let us actively conquer our self-doubt, take
states that while these fears are normal, giving in that courageous first step into the unknown, and
to them leads to stagnation, the ultimate enemy trust our own abilities to achieve our deepest
of success. Overcoming this internal conflict is dreams.
essential because personal growth is impossible Thank you.
without embracing change. To truly succeed, an
individual must break their mental barriers, reject 4. Write a dialogue between two friends, Aman and
the ease of the familiar, and take a brave leap Rohan. Aman is hesitant to participate in a tough
into the unknown, trusting their own abilities to state-level competition because he fears failure.
guide them. Rohan uses the teachings of the poem to motivate
him.
2. Imagine you are a student who has just decided to Ans :
pursue a difficult but unconventional career path, Aman: Rohan, I am withdrawing from the
leaving your comfort zone behind. Write a diary competition. I am terrified of losing and would
entry reflecting on your decision, your fears, and rather stick to school-level events where I feel safe.
your motivation, inspired by the poem’s message. Rohan: Aman, retreating to the familiar is just
Ans : your fear talking. Remember, staying in your
Dear Diary, comfort zone causes stagnation, which is the true
Today, I took the hardest step of my life by enemy of success.
deciding to pursue an unconventional career path. Aman: But what if I fail? It feels so lonely without
The poem’s words resonate deeply with me: the any support.
first step is indeed the most difficult. Rohan: The journey to the future is deeply
My mind has been in a constant tug-of- solitary. You cannot rely on a cheering crowd;
war, tempting me to retreat to the familiar, safe your motivation must come from within.
choices that society applauds. However, I realize Aman: Taking that leap feels impossible due to
that staying in my comfort zone leads only to my self-doubt.
stagnation, the enemy of success. Rohan: The first step is always the hardest. Break
I feel both fear and excitement as I face this those mental barriers, embrace the unknown, and
unknown future. There is no crowd cheering me trust your abilities. You can achieve your dreams!
on, and the journey is solitary.
Yet, I am determined to conquer my self- 5. The poem emphasizes that true motivation must
doubt, embrace the unknown, and trust my own come “from within” because there is “no crowd
abilities to achieve my dreams. to see.” Elaborate on why intrinsic motivation
is superior to external validation for long-term
3. You have been asked to deliver a morning success, according to the poem.
assembly speech to your schoolmates on the topic Ans :
“Stagnation is the Enemy of Success,” drawing According to the poem, relying on external
directly from the themes of the poem. Draft this validation is fundamentally flawed because
speech. “there is no crowd to see.” The journey toward

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

one’s future is deeply personal and solitary. If in the comfortable “status quo.” To overcome
an individual depends solely on the applause this hurdle, the poem suggests individuals must
or validation of society, they will falter when actively break through their mental barriers.
that external support inevitably fades. Intrinsic They need to summon immense courage,
motivation—the drive originating from within—is completely reject the need for external validation
vastly superior because it relies on an individual’s or a cheering crowd, and rely on strong self-belief.
self-belief and courage. Cultivating internal By trusting their inherent abilities, they can take
motivation makes a person resilient against the that crucial, brave leap forward to achieve their
fear and uncertainty that accompany tough life dreams.
choices. Trusting your own abilities empowers you
to push past the comfort zone, shatter mental 8. How does the poem use the imagery of a ‘tug-
barriers, and bravely take the difficult first step of-war’ to explain human psychology when faced
toward achieving your dreams, regardless of who with the future? What role does fear play in this
is watching. dynamic?
Ans :

NODIA
6. Imagine you are an older sibling writing a letter The poem uses the imagery of a ‘tug-of-war’ to
to your younger brother, who is afraid of moving brilliantly illustrate the internal psychological
to a new city for higher studies. Use the core conflict when confronting the future. On one
message of the poem to encourage him to take side, the future pulls the individual forward with
this step. the exciting prospect of achieving dreams and
Ans : reaching new potential. On the opposite side,
Dear Rahul, the comfort of the “familiar” pulls the individual
I know you feel anxious about moving to a new backward. Fear plays a critical role in this
city. It is completely normal to experience fear and dynamic; it is the primary force pushing us away
uncertainty when facing challenges. Currently, from progress. While the poem acknowledges that
your mind is in a tug-of-war, tempting you to fear and uncertainty are normal human reactions,
retreat to the familiar comforts of home. However, it firmly warns that surrendering to them acts
remember that the status quo is the enemy of as a restrictive anchor. Fear traps individuals
success. Personal growth is impossible if we avoid in comfortable stagnation, actively preventing
change. You must leave behind what is easy and the brave leap necessary for meaningful self-
bravely embrace the unknown. The first step is improvement and long-term success.
always the hardest because it requires shattering
your deep self-doubt. Do not worry about lacking 9. The poet views the journey to success as a solitary
a cheering crowd; true motivation comes from endeavor devoid of external validation. Discuss
within. Trust in your amazing abilities, take this the implications of this view for a young student
brave leap courageously, and proudly pursue your trying to build their career.
dreams. Ans :
With love, The poet’s view that the journey to success is
Your Brother solitary carries profound implications for a young
student. It teaches them not to base their life
7. Evaluate the poet’s statement that “the first step choices on a desire for popularity, as there will
is the hardest.” Why do people struggle so much not always be a “crowd to see.” If a student
at the beginning of a journey, and how does the relies solely on external validation, they risk
poem suggest they overcome this hurdle? abandoning their goals when faced with obstacles
Ans : or silence. Instead, the poem empowers students
The poet correctly evaluates that “the first to cultivate intrinsic motivation. They must learn
step is the hardest” because beginnings require to draw strength from within, completely trusting
a monumental psychological shift. Before any their own abilities rather than seeking societal
physical action occurs, an individual must approval. This perspective prepares students for
conquer internal obstacles. People struggle at the reality, reminding them that enduring success
start because stepping into the unknown disrupts requires breaking internal barriers, confronting
familiar routines, triggering profound self-doubt solitary fears, and independently driving their
and fear of failure. It is much easier to remain own unique destiny forward.
PAGE 634 CBSE CLASS 9 ENGLISH R1

10. Analyze the conclusion of the poem. How does v. State True or False with a brief reason:
the practical message regarding self-belief serve as The speaker believes that a person’s future is
an antidote to the “stagnation” mentioned earlier determined entirely by others.
in the text? Ans :
Ans : i. (a) Solitary effort
The conclusion of the poem delivers a powerful, ii. (b) I is true, II is false.
practical message: achieving success relies heavily iii. The poet says the individual themselves
on trusting one’s own abilities. Earlier, the text is solely responsible, as it is just “you and
identifies “stagnation” as the ultimate enemy the future” with no crowd to influence the
of success, caused by retreating to the familiar outcome.
due to fear. The conclusion offers self-belief as iv. challenge
the perfect antidote to this paralyzing stagnation. v. False, because the lines state “It’s just you
While fear traps a person in their comfort zone, and the future”, emphasizing individual
deep-rooted confidence provides the momentum autonomy over external influences.
needed to shatter mental barriers. By fully
trusting themselves, an individual gains the 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
immense courage required to take the hardest questions that follows :
“first step” and bravely leap into the unknown. “Will it pull you forward
Ultimately, this unwavering self-belief empowers Or push you back in fear?
them to continuously move forward, conquer their Difficult are choices
internal tug-of-war, and relentlessly pursue their When the future is getting near.”
greatest dreams. i. According to the extract, what might cause
an individual to be “pushed back”?
(a) Unclear goals
Extract Based Questions (b) Sudden fear
1. Read the extract given below and answer the (c) Past mistakes
questions that follows : (d) Lost chances
“Step up to the challenge ii. Assertion (A): The choices we make become
There is no crowd to see, harder as the future approaches.
It’s just you and the future Reason (R): Approaching life events often
And where you want to be.” bring a sense of uncertainty and apprehension.
i. What does the absence of a “crowd” imply in (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
these lines? correct explanation of A.
(a) Solitary effort (b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
(b) Public failure correct explanation of A.
(c) External help (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Loud applause (d) A is false but R is true.
ii. Statement I: The speaker wants the reader to iii. What two contrasting outcomes does the
take personal responsibility for their goals. poet present through the rhetorical question
Statement II: The future is shaped by the in this stanza?
presence of a large, supportive audience. iv. Find the exact word from the extract that
(a) Both I and II are true. serves as an antonym for “easy”.
v. Fill in the blank:
(b) I is true, II is false.
The poet suggests that making choices
(c) I is false, II is true. becomes ______ when the future gets
(d) Both I and II are false. closer.
iii. Who does the poet say is responsible for
Ans :
determining where a person wants to be in
i. (b) Sudden fear
the future?
ii. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
iv. Identify the word in the extract that means
explanation of A.
“a demanding or difficult task”.

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 BELIEVE IN YOURSELF

iii. The poet presents being pulled forward with i. Why is the “first step” considered the
courage or being pushed back in fear as two hardest?
contrasting outcomes when facing the future. (a) It demands courage.
iv. Difficult (b) It causes injuries.
v. difficult (c) It requires friends.
3. Read the extract given below and answer the (d) It wastes energy.
questions that follows : ii. Statement I: The poet guarantees that the
“There is such ease in comfort entire journey will be easy after the first step.
To maintain the status quo, Statement II: Self-confidence is an essential
But this isn’t what we are made for requirement for navigating the future
This isn’t how we grow.” successfully.
i. What does the speaker imply about (a) Both I and II are true.
maintaining the “status quo”? (b) I is true, II is false.
(a) It brings success. (c) I is false, II is true.
(b) It stops progress. (d) Both I and II are false.
(c) It builds courage. iii. What does the phrase “no turning back”
(d) It ensures victory. suggest about beginning a new journey?
ii. Which of the following best describes the iv. Identify the two-word metaphor used in the
speaker’s perspective on human potential? extract that represents beginning a new
(a) We thrive best in familiar comfort zones. challenge.
v. Fill in the blank:
(b) We are meant to evolve through
According to the stanza, one simply needs to
challenges.
______ to ensure their future heads in the
(c) We must avoid disrupting our current right direction.
lives.
Ans :
(d) We should seek ease instead of hardship.
i. (a) It demands courage.
iii. According to the poet, what is the only way
ii. (c) I is false, II is true.
human beings truly grow?
iii. Once the first step is taken, one must commit
iv. Which two-word phrase in the extract means
fully to the path ahead without retreating or
“the existing state of affairs”?
giving up.
v. State True or False with a brief reason:
iv. first step
The poet believes that human beings are
v. believe in yourself
designed to remain in a state of comfort
permanently.
Ans :
i. (b) It stops progress. 
ii. (b) We are meant to evolve through challenges.
NODIA

iii. Human beings truly grow by stepping out of

their comfort zone and facing challenges, not
by maintaining the status quo.
iv. status quo
v. False, because the poet explicitly states
“this isn’t what we are made for” to reject
permanent comfort.
4. Read the extract given below and answer the
questions that follows :
“The first step is the hardest
There is no turning back,
You just need to believe in yourself
For your future to be on track.”
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