BIOMENTORS® CLASSES ONLINE, MUMBAI

PHYSICS by Er AMAR GAIKWAD (ME)

BASIC

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MATHEMATICS

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FOR gm
PHYSICS
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Booklet - 1
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BASIC MATHEMATICS for PHYSICS by Er. Amar Sir

MENSURATION FORMULAS

R/r = radius; d = diameter; V/v = volume; SA/S = surface area

(a) Circle
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Perimeter : 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑, Area : 𝜋𝑟 ! = # 𝜋𝑑!

(b) Sphere
# "
Surface area = 4𝜋𝑟 ! = 𝜋𝑑! , Volume = $ 𝜋𝑟 $ = % 𝜋𝑑$

m
(c) Spherical Shell (Hollow sphere)

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Surface area = 4𝜋𝑟 ! = 𝜋𝑑! ,

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Volume of material used = (4𝜋𝑟 ! )(𝑑𝑟), dr= thickness

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(d) Cylinder

Lateral area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

Volume, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ! ℎ
gm
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Total area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 ! = 2𝜋𝑟 (ℎ + 𝑟)

(e) Cone
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Lateral area = 𝜋𝑟 √𝑟 ! + ℎ! ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

.2

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Total area = 𝜋𝑟 3√𝑟 ! + ℎ! + 𝑟4𝑉 = $ 𝜋𝑟 ! ℎ
.2

(f) Ellipse
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& ! '( !
Circumference≈ 2𝜋 6
!

Area =𝜋𝑎𝑏
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a = semi major axis

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b = semi minor axis

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(g) Parallelogram

A= bh=ab 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

A=side; h = height; b=base

𝜃 = angle between sides a and b

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(h) Trapezoid
)
Area = ! (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Here ‘a’ and ‘b’ are parallel sides

‘h’ is the height or distance between

parallel sides.

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(i) Triangle

𝐴 = =𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

co
a,b,c slides are opposite to angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾

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1

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𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2

(j) Rectangular container

gm
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Lateral area 2(ℓ𝑤 + 𝑤ℎ + ℎℓ)

𝑉 = ℓ𝑤ℎ
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SOME LOGARITHMS RULES AND FORMULAS

.2

(I) 𝑒 ≈ 2.7183
(II) If 𝑒 * = 𝑦, then x = log + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑦
.2

(iii) If 10* = 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = log", 𝑦

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(iv) log", 𝑦 = 0.4343 log + 𝑦 = 2.303 log", 𝑦

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(v) log(𝑎𝑏) = log(𝑎) + log(𝑏)

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&
(vi) log Q(R = log(𝑎) − log(𝑏)
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(vii) log 𝑎- = 𝑛 log(𝑎)

SOME LOGARITHMIC VALUES –

(i) log 1 = 0
(ii) log 2 = 0.3010
(iii) log 3 = 0.4771
(iv) log 4 = log 2! = 2 log(2) = 2 x 0.3010 = 0.6020
(v) log 5 = 0.6989

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(vi) log 6 = log (2 x 3) = log 2 + log 3 = 0.3010 + 0.4771 = 0.7781

(vii) log 7 = 0.8450
(viii) log 8 = log 2$ = 3 log(2) = 3 x 0.3010 = 0.9030
(ix) log 9 = log 3! = 2 log(3) = 2 x 0.4771 = 0.9542
(x) log 10 = 1
The values marked as bold letters to be remembered for easier calculation in modern
physics and wherever necessary.

TRIGONOMETRIC PROPERTIES

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(1) Measurement of angel & relationship between degrees &
radian

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Let ACB be a central angle in circle of radius, as in figure.

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Then the angle ACB or 𝜃 is defined in radius as

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𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐴
𝜃= ⇒𝜃=
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
If 𝑟 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 gm
The radian measure for a circle of unit radius of angle ABC is defined to be the length of the
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circular arc AB. Since the circumference of the circle is 2𝜋 and one complete revolution of a
circle is 360°, the relation between radian and degrees is given by the following equation.
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𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 180°
ANGLE CONVERSION FORMULAS
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.
Degrees to radians : 𝑚𝑦𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 "/,°
.2

"/,°
Radians to degrees : 𝑚𝑦𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 .
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𝜋
1 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = (≈ 0.020 )𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
180°
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1 radian ≈ 57 degrees
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Ex-1 Convert 𝟑𝟎° to radians

uj

. .
Sol. 30° × "/,° = % 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Ex-2 Convert 𝟒𝟓° to radians:

. .
Sol. 45° × "/,° = # 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝝅
Ex-3 Convert 𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
𝝅 "/,
Sol. 𝟔
× .
= 30°

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SOME STANDARD VALUES

. . .
(1) 30° = % 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (2) 45° = # 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (3) 60° = $ 𝑟𝑎𝑑
. !. $.
(4) 90° = ! 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (5) 120° = $
𝑟𝑎𝑑 (6) 135° = #
𝑟𝑎𝑑
3.
(7) 150° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (8) 180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (9) 360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
%

MEASUREMENT OF POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ANGLES

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gm
An angle in the xy – plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin and its
initial ray lies along the positive x-axis (fig). Angles measured counter clockwise from the
positive x-axis are assigned positive measures; angles measured clockwise are assigned negative
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measures.

SIX BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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Ex-4 Find the six trigonometric ratios from given Fig

455 $ &78 #
Sol 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = )65 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = )65 = 3

455 $ &78 #
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =# 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 455 = $
&78

)65 3 )65 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 455 = # 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 455 = $

VALUES OF 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽, 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 FOR SOME STANDARD ANGLES

Degree 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 120 135 180

Radians 0 𝜋/6 37𝜋/180 𝜋/4 53𝜋/180 𝜋/3 𝜋/2 2𝜋/3 3𝜋/4 𝜋

m
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 0 1/2 3/5 1/√2 4/5 √3/2 1 √3/2 1/√2 0
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 1 √3/2 4/5 1/√2 3/5 1/2 0 −1/2 −1/√2 -1

co
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 0 1/√3 3/4 1 4/3 √3 ∞ −√3 -1 0

l.
A useful rule for remembering when the basic trigonometric functions are positive and negative

ai
is the ASTC rule.

You can remember it in many ways, like

gm
All Students Take Coffee OR All Science Teachers Crazy OR After School To College etc.
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RULES FOR FINDING TRIGONOMETRIC RATION OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 𝟗𝟎°.

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Step 1→ Break the angle in pair of either 90/270 OR 180/360

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Step 2→ If pair is formed with 90/270, then the change the function as given below.
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𝒔𝒊𝒏 ⟷ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ; 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ⟷ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 ⟷ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄

OR

If the pair is formed with 180/360, then keep the function as it is.

Step 3→ Identify the quadrant in which angle lies.

Step 4→ Use the sign which we have identified in the step 3.

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Ex 5 Evaluate 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟐𝟎°

√$
Sol. sin120° = sin(90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
!

√$
OR sin 120° = sin(180° − 60°) = sin 60° =
!

Ex 6 Evaluate cos 𝟏𝟐𝟎°

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Sol cos 120° = cos(90° + 30°) = −sin 30° = !
"
OR cos 120° = cos(180° − 60°) = −cos 60° = − !

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Ex 7 Evaluate ta𝒏 𝟏𝟐𝟎°

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Sol tan 120° = tan(90° + 30°) = −cot 30° = −√3

OR tan 120° = tan(180° − 60°) = −tan 60° = −√3

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Ex 8 Evaluate cot 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
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Sol cot 120° = cot(90° + 30°) = −tan 30° = −

OR cot 120° = cot(180° − 60°) = −cot 60° = −

√$

√$
gm
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CONSTANTS: They are fixed real number whose value does not change. for, example –
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1, 2, 3, ……….. e, a, -1, etc.

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VARIABLE: Something that is likely to vary, something that is subject to variation.

Types of variables.
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(i) Independent variables: Independent variables is typically the variable being

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manipulated or change
(ii) dependent variables: The dependent variables is the object result of the
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independent variable being manipulated.

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For example 𝑦 = 𝑥 !
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Here y is dependent variable and x is independent variable.

FUNCTION:
Function is a rule of relationship between two variables in which one is assumed to be
dependent and the other independent variable.

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The interest paid on savings depends on the duration of time for which the saving is
done. Here time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.
Here, the value of one variable quantity (dependent variable), which we might call y,
depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable), which we
might call x.
Since the value of y is completely determined by the value of x, we say that y is a
function of x and represent it mathematically as y = f(x).

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
)))))))))))⃗
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝒇 ))))))))))))))))))⃗
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

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(𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛) (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)

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All possible values of independent variables (x) are called domain of function.

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All possible values of dependent variable (y) are called Range of function.

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When we study circle, we usually call the area A and the radius r. Since area depends on
radius, we say that A is a function of r, A=f(r). The evaluation 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 ! is a rule that tells
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how to calculate a unique (single) output value of A for each possible input value of the
radius r.
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A = f(x) = 𝜋𝑟 ! (Here the rule of relationship which describes the function may be
described as square & multiply by 𝜋)
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If 𝑟 = 1 𝐴=𝜋
If 𝑟 = 2 𝐴 = 4𝜋
.2

If 𝑟 = 3 𝐴 = 9𝜋
.2

The set of all possible input values for the radius is called the domain of the function.
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The set of all output values of the area is the range of the function.
We usually denote functions in one of the two ways:
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1. By giving a formula such as 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! that uses a dependent variable y to denote

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the value of the function.

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2. By giving a formula such as f(x) = 𝑥 ! that defines a functions symbols f to name

the function.

Ex - 9 The volume V of ball (solid sphere) of radius r is given by the function 𝑽(𝒓) =
𝟒
𝟑
𝝅(𝒓)𝟑 .The volume of a ball of radius 6 m is?

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$
Sol. 𝑉(2) = % 𝜋(6)% = 288𝜋 𝑚%

Ex – 10 Suppose that the function F is defined for all real numbers r by the formula.
𝑭(𝒓) = 𝟐 (𝒓 + 𝟏)
Evaluate F at the input values 0, 2 and x+2.
Sol. In each case we substitute the given input value for r into the formula for F:
𝐹(0) = 2(0 + 1) = 2

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𝐹(2) = 2(2 + 1) = 6

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𝐹(𝑥 + 2) = 2(𝑥 + 2 + 1) = 2𝑥 + 6

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Ex - 11 Function f(x) is defined as

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𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑, Find

Sol
𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇(𝟏), 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ), 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑓(0) = 0! + 3 =3
gm
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𝑓(1) = 1! + 3 =4
𝑓(𝑥 ! ) = (𝑥 ! )! + 3 = 𝑥$ + 4
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𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)! + 3 = 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 + 4
.2
.2
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DIFFERENTIATION
Finite difference:
The finite difference between two values of a physical is represented by Δ notation.
For example: Difference in two values of y is written as Δ𝑦 as given in the table below.

𝑦! 100 100 100

𝑦( 50 99 99.5
Δ𝑦 = 𝑦! − 𝑦( 50 1 0.5

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Infinitely small difference:

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The infinitely small difference means very-very small difference. And this difference is

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represented by ‘d’ notation instead of ′Δ' .

gm
For example, infinitely small difference is the values of y is written of y is written as ‘dy’
If 𝑦! = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦( = 99.9999999999999 … …
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Then dy = 0.00000000000000 … … … 00001
Definition of differentiation
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Another name of differentiation is derivative. Suppose y is a function of x or y =f(x)

Differentiation of y with respect to x is denoted by symbols f’(x)
.2

)*
Where 𝑓 ' (𝑥) = )+ ; 𝑑𝑥 is very small change in x and dy is corresponding very small
.2

change in y.
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𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐟 𝐝
Notation : y’ OR 𝐝𝐱
(‘’dy by dx’’) OR 𝐝𝐱 (‘’df by dx’’) OR 𝐝𝐱 𝐟(𝐱) (‘’d by dx of f’’)
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Average rates of change:

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Given an arbitrary function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) we calculate the average rate of change of y with
respect to x over the interval (𝑥, 𝑥 + Δ𝑥) by dividing the change in value of y, i.e.,
uj

Δ𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥), by length of interval Δ𝑥 over which the change occurred.
The average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [𝑥, 𝑥 + Δ𝑥]
Δ𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥

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Geometrically
Δ𝑦 𝑄𝑅
= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝑄
Δ𝑥 𝑃𝑅
01
In triangle QPR 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0+

Therefore, we can say that average rate of change of y

with respect to x is equal to slope of the line joining P & Q

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The derivative of a function

co
We know that Average rate of change of y w.r.t x is
Δ𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

l.
=
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥

ai
If the limit of this ration exists as Δ𝑥 → 0, then it is called the derivative of given
function f(x) and is denoted as
𝑑𝑦 456
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
gm
𝑓 ' (𝑥) = = 0+→3
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𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥
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GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF DIFFERENTIATION:

To understand the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of
.2

secant and tangent to a curve.

.2

Secant and Tangent to a curve

Secant: A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any to points.
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Tangent : A tangent is straight line, which touches the curve a particular point. Tangent
is limiting case of secant which intersects the curve at two overlapping point.

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In the figure – 1 shown, if value of Δ𝑥 is gradually reduced then

the point Q will move nearer to the point P. If the process is
continuously repeated (figure-2) value of Δ𝑥 will be infinitely
small and secant PQ to the given curve will become a tangent
at point P.
Therefore
Δy 𝑑𝑦
0+→3 f h= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
)*
We can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e. i)+ j is

m
Equal to slope of the tangent at point P (x,y)

co
)*
Or 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = )+

l.
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(From fig-1 the average rate change of y from x to x+Δ𝑥 is identical
with the slope of secant PQ)
gm
Rule No. 1 Derivative of A Constant
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The first rule of differentiation is that the derivation of every constant function is zero.
)
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If c is constant, then )+ 𝑐 = 0
) ) ( )
Ex – 12 (8) = 0, i− j = 0, l√3n = 0
.2

)+ )+ ! )+
.2

Rule No .2 Power Rule

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)
If n is a real number, then )+ (𝑥 7 ) = 𝑛𝑥 78(
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To apply the power Rule, we subtract 1 from the original exponent (n) and multiply the
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result by n.
uj

𝒅
Ex – 13 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙) = 1. 𝑥 (8( = 1. 𝑥 3 = 1
𝒅
Ex – 14 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 ) = 2. 𝑥 !8( = 2𝑥
𝒅
Ex – 15 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙𝟑 ) = 3. 𝑥 %8( = 3𝑥 !
𝒅 𝟏 ) (
Ex – 16 𝒅𝒙 i𝒙j = )+ (𝑥 8( ) = (−1)𝑥 8! = − + !

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𝒅 𝟐 ) <
Ex – 17 𝒅𝒙 i𝒙𝟑j = 2. )+ (𝑥 8% ) = 2. (−3)𝑥 8$ = − + #
𝟏 &
𝒅 ( (
Ex – 18 𝒅𝒙 i𝒙𝟐 j = ! 𝑥 8! = !√+
𝟐
𝒅 !
Ex – 19 𝒅𝒙 i𝒙𝟓 j = >
𝑥 8%/>

Rule No. 3 The constant Multiple Rule

) )@
If u is a differentable function of 𝑥, and c is a constant, then )+ (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 )+

m
)
In particular , if n is a positive integer, then )+ (𝑐𝑥 7 ) = 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 78(

l. co
𝒅 )
Ex – 20 𝒅𝒙 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) = 3 )+ (𝑥 ! ) = 3. (2𝑥) = 6𝑥

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Rule No.4 The Sum Rule
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The derivative of the sum of two differentiable functions is the sum of their derivatives.
If u and v are differentable functions of x, then their sum u + v is differentiable at every
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point where u and v are both differentiable functions in their derivatives.

) ) )@ )A )@ )A
(𝑢 − 𝑣) = [𝑢 + (−1)𝑣] = + (−1) = −
.2

)+ )+ )+ )+ )+ )+

The sum Rule also extends to sums of more than two functions, as long as there are only
.2

finite functions in the sum. If 𝑢( , 𝑢! … … 𝑢7 are differentiable at x, then so if 𝑢( + 𝑢! +

⋯ + 𝑢7 , then
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𝑑 𝑑𝑢( 𝑑𝑢! 𝑑𝑢7

(𝑢( + 𝑢! + ⋯ + 𝑢7 ) = + + ⋯+
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𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
w

Ex – 21 Find differentiation of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙

uj

Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑥 $ + 12𝑥
)* ) )
)+
= )+ (𝑥 $ ) + )+ (12𝑥)

= 4𝑥 ! + 12

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𝟒
Ex – 22 Find the derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏

Sol.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 % 𝑑 4 ! 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 + f 𝑥 h− (5𝑥) + (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
= 3𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 5 + 0
3
8
= 3𝑥 ! + 𝑥 − 5
3

m
co
Rule No. 5 The product Rule
If u and v are differentiable at x, the if their product uv is considered, then

l.
ai
) )A )@
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 )+ .
)+ )+

gm
The derivative of the product uv is u times the derivative of v plus v times the derivative
of u.
4@
d(uv)= [Link] + [Link]
While the derivative of the sum of two function is the sum of their derivatives, the
derivative of the product of two functions is not the product of their derivative. For
00

instance.
.2

) ) ) )
(𝑥. 𝑥) = (𝑥 ! ) = 2𝑥 While )+ (𝑥) )+ (𝑥) = 1.1 = 1, which is wrong
)+ )+
.2
15

Ex – 23 Find the derivatives of 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑)

Sol. Using the product Rule with 𝑢 = 𝑥 ! + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 % + 3, we find
al

)
[(𝑥 ! + 1)(𝑥 % + 3)] = (𝑥 ! + 1)(3𝑥 ! ) + (𝑥 % + 3)(2𝑥)
w

)+

= 3𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 $ + 6𝑥 = 5𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 ! + 6𝑥
uj

Example can be done as well (perhaps better) by multiplying out the original expression
for y and differentiating the resulting polynomial. We now check:

𝑦 = (𝑥 ! + 1)(𝑥 % + 3) = 𝑥 > + 𝑥 % + 3𝑥 ! + 3
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 ! + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Sometimes it is easier to use product rule sometimes it is easier to solve first and then
to differentiate.
Rule No.6 The Quotient Rule
If u and v are differentiable at x and 𝑣(𝑥) ≠ 0, then the quotient 𝑢/𝑣 is differentiable at
x, then
() (+
) @ A. 8 @.
i j=
)+ A
(*
A!
(*

Just as the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is not the product of

m
their derivatives, the derivative of the quotient of two functions is not the quotient of
their derivatives.

co
𝒕𝟐 8𝟏
Ex – 24 Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 E𝟏

l.
Sol. We apply the Quotient Rule with 𝑢 = 𝑡 ! − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑡 ! + 1

ai
)* GF ! E(H!F8GF ! 8(H.!F ) @ A()@\)F)8@()A\)F)
= v𝐴𝑠 )F iA j = x
)F (F ! E()!

2𝑡 % + 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 % + 2𝑡 4𝑡
gm A!

= =
(𝑡 ! + 1)! (𝑡 ! + 1)!
4@
00

Derivative of trigonometric functions

𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = cos 𝑥
.2

𝑑𝑥
.2

)
)+
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
15

𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = sec ! 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
al

𝑑
(cot 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
w

𝑑
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
uj

𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Ex – 25 Find the derivative of 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
)* ) )
Sol. )+ = )+ (2𝑥) − )+ (cos 𝑥) = 2 − (− sin 𝑥) = 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

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Ex – 26 Find the derivative of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

)* ) )
Sol. )+ = )+ (𝑥 ! ) − )+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Ex – 27 Find the derivative of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

)* ) )
Sol. )+ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )+ (cos 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 )+ (sin 𝑥)

= sin 𝑥 (– 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)

= cos ! 𝑥 − sin! 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥

m
Ex – 28 Find the derivative of 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
)* ) )

co
Sol. )+ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) )+ (𝑥 ! ) + (𝑥 ! ) )+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 ! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Ex – 29 Find the derivative of

l.
𝒙

ai
(
)* +. (OPQ +)8OPQ +.( +RST+8T57+
Sol. )+ = (*
+!
= +!

𝒅𝒚
Ex – 30 Find 𝒅𝒙 if 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙. gm
4@
( (
) ) T57+ RST+ (T57+)8T57 + (RST +)
Sol. (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = i j= (* (*
)+ )+ RST + RST ! +

RST + RST +8T57+ (8T57 +) RST ! +ET57! + (

= RST! + = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥
00

= RST ! +
= RST ! +

𝒅𝒚
Ex – 31 Find 𝒅𝒙 of (𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)
.2

) )
Sol. (3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = 3 + (cot 𝑥) = 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥
.2

)+ )+

𝒅𝒚 𝟑
15

Ex – 32 Find 𝒅𝒙 of i𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙j
) % ) )
Sol. )+ iOPQ + j = )+ (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 3 )+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)
al

= 3(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥) = −3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥

w
uj

Derivative of Logrithm and Exponential Functions

𝒅 𝟏 𝒅
(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙) = (𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

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𝒅𝒚
Ex – 33 Find 𝒅𝒙 if 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝒙)

Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑒 + . 𝑙𝑜𝑔Z (𝑥)

)* ) ) )* Z*
)+
= )+ (𝑒 + ) log(𝑥) + )+ [log Z (𝑥)] 𝑒 + ⇒ )+ = 𝑒 + , log Z (𝑥) + +

Rule No - 7 Chain Rule

The Chain Rule says that the derivative of the composite of two differentiable functions
is the product of their derivatives evaluated at appropriate points.

m
)* )* )@
= )@ . )+

co
)+

We now know how to differntiate sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ! − 1, but how do we differentiate a

l.
composite like sin(𝑥 ! − 1) ?

ai
The answer is, with the Chain Rule, which says that the derivative of the composite of two

gm
differentiable functions is the product of their derivatives evaluated at appropriate
points. Let us start with some example.
It also can be understood in a way
4@

𝑦 = 𝑓l𝑔(𝑥)n, where 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).

00

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑓l𝑔(𝑥)n = 𝑓 ' l𝑔(𝑥)n. 𝑔' (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
.2

Ex – 34 The functions 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓) is the composite of the functions y =

.2

2u and u = 3x-5. How are the derivatives of these three functions related?
15

)* )* )@
Sol. We have )+
= 6, )@
= 2, )+
=3
al

)* )* )@
Since 6 = 2 × 3 )+
= )@ . )+
w

)* )* )@
It means that, )+
= )@ . )+ is valid rule to apply.
uj

Ex – 35 Find the derivative of 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

Sol. Here 𝑦 = 𝑓l𝑔(𝑥)n, where 𝑓(𝑢) = √𝑢 and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! + 1 Since the

derivatives of f and g are
(
𝑓 ' (𝑢) = !√@ and g’(x)=2x

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The chain Rule gives

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑓l𝑔(𝑥)n = 𝑓 ' l𝑔(𝑥)n. 𝑔' (𝑥) = , 𝑔' (𝑥) = . (2𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2–𝑔(𝑥) 2√𝑥 ! + 1 √𝑥 ! + 1

Ex – 35 Find the derivative of 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)

)
Sol. [\
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ! + 2) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ! + 2). (2𝑥 + 1)

Chain rule also can be applied in another way, which says that

m
𝑓 (𝑎𝑛𝑦
—˜˜˜˜™˜ ˜˜˜š = ›𝑓′ (𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
—˜˜˜˜™˜ ˜˜˜šœ ( )
•
]7T5)Z ]7T5)Z )Za5A_F5S7

co
4Z^F _4S7` S^ FbZ 57T5)Z

l.
Ex – 36 Find the derivative of 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)

ai
)
Sol. (𝑥 ! + 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 —˜™˜š
𝑠𝑖𝑛 —˜™˜š (𝑥 ! + 𝑥) . —˜
(2𝑥 +˜š
˜™˜ 1)
)+
]7T5)Z ]7T5)Z )Za5A_F5S7
gm
4Z^F _4S7` S^ FbZ 57T5)Z
4@

Rule No.12 Power Chain Rule

𝒅 𝒅𝒖
If 𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏𝒖𝒏8𝟏 𝒅𝒙
00
.2

𝟏
Ex – 37 Find the derivative of i𝟑𝒙8𝟐j
.2

) ( ) )
Sol. i j = )+ (3𝑥 − 2)8( = −1 (3𝑥 − 2)8! )+ (3𝑥 − 2)
)+ %+8!
15

%
= −1(3𝑥 − 2)8! (3) = − (%+8!)!
al

Ex – 38 Find the derivative of (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)𝒏

w

)
Sol. )+ (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)7 = 𝑛(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)78( 𝑝
uj

Ex – 39 Find the derivative of 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)

)
Sol. )+ sin(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) = cos(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) . 𝑝

Ex – 40 Find the derivative of 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)

) (
Sol. )+ . log(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) = d+Ee. 𝑝

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Ex – 41 Find the derivative of 𝒆𝑨𝒙E𝑩

)
Sol. )+ 𝑒 (d+Ee) = 𝑒 (d+Ee) . 𝑝

DOUBLE DIFFERENTIATION –
If f is differentiable function, then its derivative f’ is also a function, so f’ may have
derivative of its own, denoted by (f’)’ = f’’. This new function f’’ is called the second
derivative of the given function because it is the derivative of the derivative of f. We
) )* )!*

m
write the second derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) as i j=
)+ )+ )+ !

co
Double differentiation will be used in work, energy and power chapter. We will see
examples directly there only.

l.
APPLICATION OF DERIATIVE DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE –

ai
)*
is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’

For example:
)+
gm
)+
4@
(i) 𝑣= )F
this means velocity ‘v’ is rate of change of displacement ‘x’ with respect
to time ‘t’
00

)A
(ii) 𝑎= )F
this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of change of velocity’v’ with respect to
time ‘t’
.2

)d
(iii) 𝐹= )F
This means force’F’ is rate of change of momentum ‘p’ with respect to
.2

time ‘t’
15

)h
(iv) 𝜏= )F
this means torque ′𝜏′ is rate of change of angluar momentum ‘L’ with
respect to time ‘t’
al

)i
(v) Power 𝑃 = )F
this means power ‘P’ is rate of change of work ‘W’ with respect
w

to time ‘t’
uj

You will come across so many examples during the course.

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MAXIMA & MINIMA –

Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in figure. It
becomes maximum at 𝑥( and minimum at 𝑥! . At these points the tangents to the curve
is parallel to the x-axis and hence its slope is tan 𝜃 = 0. Thus , at a maxima or a minima
slope
𝑑𝑦
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥
MAXIMA –

m
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and just after
)*
the maximum it is negative. Thus decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of

co
)+
)* ) )*
change of )+ is negative at a maximum i.e., )+ i)+ j < 0 at maximum. The quantity

l.
) )* )!*
i j is the rate of change of the slope. It is written as )+ ! ,

ai
)+ )+

Conditions for maxima are :

)*
(i) The slope is zero it means )+ = 0
gm
(ii) The position where the slope is zero, the second derivative has negative value it
4@

)!*
means )+ ! < 0
00

MINIMA –
Similarly at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive,
.2

Hence with the increases of x. The slope is increasing that means the rate of change of
.2

slope with respect to x is positive.

15

) )*
Hence )+ i)+ j > 0

Conditions for minima are:

al

)*
(i) The slope is zero it means )+ = 0
w

(ii) The position where the slope is zero, the second derivative has positive value it
uj

)!*
means )+ ! > 0

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Ex – 42 Find maximum or minimum values of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙

)*
Sol. For maximum and minimum value, we can put )+ = 0
)* (
Or )+
= 50𝑥 − 10 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = >

) !,
Further , )+ ! = 50

) !, ( (
∵ )+ ! has positive value at 𝑥 = >. Therefore y has minimum value at 𝑥 = >.
(
Substituting 𝑥 = > in given equation, we get

m
( ! (

co
𝑦657 = 25 i>j − 10 i>j + 5 = 4

Ex – 42 Find maximum or minimum values of 𝒚 = 𝟗 − (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐

l.
ai
Sol. 𝑦 = 9 − (𝑥 − 3)! = 9 − 𝑥 ! − 9 + 6𝑥

Or 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 !

∴
)*
)+
= 6 − 2𝑥
gm
4@
)*
For minimum or maximum value of y we will substitute )+ = 0

Or 6 − 2𝑥 = −0
00

𝑥=3
.2

To check whether value of y is maximum or minimum at 𝑥 = 3 we will have to check

)!*
.2

whether )+ ! is positive or negative.

15

)!*
∵ )+ ! is negative at 𝑥 = 3. Hence , value of y is maximum. This maximum value of y is,

𝑌6_+ = 9 − (3 − 3)! = 9
al
w
uj

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INTEGRATION
Definitions :
A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if
𝐹 ' (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
For all x in the domain of f. The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite intefral of f
with respect to x, denoted by

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

m
The symbol ∫ is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is

co
the variable of integration.
For example 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 % then 𝐹′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 !

l.
So the integral of 3𝑥 ! is 𝑥 %

ai
Similarly if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 % + 4
gm
There for general integral of 3𝑥 ! is 𝑥 % + 𝑐 where c is a constant
One antiderivative F of a function f, the other antiderivatives of f differ from F by a
4@

constant. We indicate this in integral rotation in the following way:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
00

The constant C is the constant of integration of arbitrary constant,

.2
.2

Also 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 stands for the area under the curve. If limits are known and if a
curve is drawn for the function f(x) on XY axis, then the region between the curve and
15

X axis can be calculated using integration.

al

Ex – 43 Evaluate ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
w

Sol. ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 𝑐
uj

The formula 𝑥 ! + 𝑐 generatres all the antiderivatives of the function 2x. The function
𝑥 ! + 1, 𝑋 ! − 𝜋, and 𝑥 ! + √2 are all antiderivatives of the functions 2𝑥 as you can check
by differentiation.

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Integral Formulas
Indefinite Integral Reversed derivated formula
1. 7
𝑥 7E( 𝑑 𝑥 7E(
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1, 𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 ¯ ° = 𝑥7
𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1

𝑑
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ( 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) (𝑥) = 1
𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥 𝑑 cos 𝑘𝑥
± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶 f− h = sin 𝑘𝑥
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑘

m
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 f h = cos 𝑘𝑥

co
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑘

4. ∫ sec ! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑

l.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = sec ! 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

ai
5. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = csc ! 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6.

7.
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶

gm 𝑑
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 = sec× tan 𝑥

(− csc 𝑥) = csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

4@
𝑑𝑥

Ex – 44 Examples based on above formulas :

00

(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
.2

(b) 𝑥> Formula 1 with n = 4

∫ 𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑥 =
.2

+𝐶
5
(c) 1 " "
Formula 1 with 𝑛 = − !
(
Ž = 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 :! 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 ! + 𝐶 = 2√𝑥 + 𝐶
15

√𝑥
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 Formula 2 with 𝑘 = 2
± sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
al

2
(e) 𝑥 1 sin (1/2)𝑥 (
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = cos ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 Formula 3 with k = !
2 2 1/2
w

𝑥
= 2sin ∫ + 𝐶
2
uj

Rule No. 1 Constant Multiple Rule

A function is an antiderivative of a constant multiple k of a function r if and only if it is k
times an antiderivative of f;

∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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Ex – 45 Evaluate ∫ 𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙
>(+)#-&
Sol. ∫ 5𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑥 = 5∫ 𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑥 = $E(
+ 𝑐 = (𝑥)> + 𝑐

Rule No. 2 Sum and Difference Rule

A function is an antiderivative of a sum or difference 𝑓 ± 𝑔 if and only if it is the sum of
difference of an antiderivative of f and antiderivative of g.

∫ [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

m
co
Ex – 45 Evaluate ∫ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝒅𝒙

l.
Sol.

ai
∫ (𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥

=
𝑥%
3
gm
+ 𝐶( − 𝑥 ! + 𝐶! + 5𝑥 + 𝐶%
4@
The formula is more complicated then it needs to be, if we combine 𝐶( , 𝐶! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶% into
a single constant 𝐶 = 𝐶( + 𝐶! + 𝐶% , The formula simlifies to
𝑥%
00

− 𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
3
So, always it is a better choice to integrate first and then write the constant ‘c’ at the
.2

final answer.
.2

𝑥%
∫ (𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
15

3
We can sometimes use trigonometic identities to transform integrals we do not know
al

how to evaluate its integrals. The integral formulas for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 arise
frequently in our course. So let us solve both of them here itself.
w

Ex – 46 Evaluate ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙

uj

(8jkO !+ (8jkO !+
Sol. ∫ sin! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ !
𝑑𝑥 ∵ sin! 𝑥 = !

1 1 1
∴ ∫ sin! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos2xdx
2 2 2
𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
+ f− h +𝐶 = − +𝐶
2 2 2 2 4

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Ex – 47 Evaluate ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙

(ERST!+ (ERST!+
Sol. ∫ cos ! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =∫ !
𝑑𝑥 ∵ cos ! 𝑥 = !
(ERST!+
∴ ∫ cos ! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ !
𝑑𝑥
+ T57!+
∴ ∫ cos ! 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ! + !
+𝐶

Some of the indefinite integral formulas which will be helpful during our course are as
follows.
(a) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)"#$ (b) 1

m
∫ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)" 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑛 ≠ −1) + 𝐶 ± 𝑑𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
𝑥

co
(c) 𝑑𝑥 1 (d) 1
± = 𝐼𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶 ± 𝑒 _+ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 _+ + 𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑎

l.
(e) 1 (f) 1
± sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 ± cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑏 𝑎

ai
Ex – 48 Evaluate following integrals.
(a) ∫ (3𝑥 − 1). . 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 1)/ + 𝐶 = (3𝑥 − 1)/ + 𝐶
gm (b) 3
± . 𝑑𝑥 = 3. ln (𝑥) + 𝐶
4@
4×3 12 𝑥
00

(c) 𝑑𝑥 1 (d) 𝑑𝑥 1
± = 𝐼𝑛(2 + 5𝑥) + 𝐶 ± = 𝐼𝑛(2 − 5𝑥) + 𝐶
2 + 5𝑥 5 2 − 5𝑥 (−5)
.2

(e) 1 (f) + +
± 𝑒 !+ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 !+ + 𝐶 ± 𝑒 8! 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑒 8! + 𝐶
.2

2
15

(g) 1 (h) 1
∫ sin (2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶 Ž cos(2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(2𝑥 − 5) + 𝐶
2 2
al
w
uj

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DEFINITE INTEGRATION OR INTEGRITION WITH LIMITS

m
l
± 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑔(𝑥)]l_ = 𝑔(𝑏) − 𝑔(𝑎)

co
_

𝟒
Ex – 49 Evaluate ∫–𝟏 𝟑𝒅𝒙

l.
ai
> >
Sol. ∫8( 2𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫8( 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑥 ]>8( = 2[5 − (−1)) = (2)(6) = 12

Ex – 50 Evaluate ∫𝟎
p/!
𝝅/𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
p
gm
p/!
Sol. ∫3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]3 = − cos i ! j + cos(0) = −0 + 1 = 1
4@
00

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGERAL

.2
.2
15
al

From graph shown in figure if we divide whole area in infinitely small strips of dx width.
w

We take a strip at x position of dx width

uj

Small area of this strip 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

l
So, the total area between the curve and x-axis = sum of area of all strips ∫_ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [a,b].The area of the region between the graph of f and
l
the x-axis is 𝐴 = ∫_ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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Using and area to evaluate a definite integral

𝒃
Evaluate ∫𝒂 𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟎<𝒂<𝒃

We sketch the region under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥, as 𝑎 ≤×≤

𝑏(figure) and see that it is a trapezoid with height (b-a)
and bases a and b. The value of the integral is the area of
this trapezoid:
l _El l! _!
Thus ∫_ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 − 𝑎) ∙ !
= !
− !

m
Some of the examples which you will come across, during the course are.

co
(i)We know that force is defined as the rate of change in momentum. So

l.
)d
𝑑𝐹 = ; so change in momentum = ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑡

ai
)F

gm
It means solving area under force – time curve we can calculate the change in
momentum which is also known as impulse.
(ii) Area under force – displacement curve gives the amount of work done.
4@

(iii) Area under acceleration – time curve gives the change in velocity.
(iv) Area under velocity – time curve gives change in position which implies
displacement of the body.
00
.2
.2
15
al
w
uj

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