CHAPTER 1: REAL NUMBERS

Euclid's Division Lemma

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
a = bq + r
where 0 ≤ r < b
HCF × LCM

S
For two numbers:
HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers

LK
Terminating Decimal
After simplification, denominator should be of form:
2ᵐ × 5ⁿ
TA
Otherwise → Non-terminating recurring.
H

CHAPTER 2: POLYNOMIALS
For ax² + bx + c
AS

Sum of Zeroes
α + β = -b/a
Product of Zeroes
αβ = c/a
Forming Quadratic
x² − (sum)x + product
 CHAPTER 3: PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Consistency Conditions
a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂
→ Unique solution
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ = c₁/c₂
→ Infinite solutions
a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ ≠ c₁/c₂

S
→ No solution

LK
Word Problems
Always define variables first.
Let:
x = ...
TA
y = ...
Board exam loves this.
H

CHAPTER 4: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Standard form:
AS

ax² + bx + c = 0
Quadratic Formula
x = (-b ± √(b²−4ac))/2a
Discriminant
D = b²−4ac
D > 0 → 2 distinct roots
D = 0 → equal roots
D < 0 → no real roots
 CHAPTER 5: ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
nth Term
aₙ = a + (n−1)d
Sum of n Terms
Sₙ = n/2 [2a + (n−1)d]
Alternative:

S
Sₙ = n/2 (first + last)

LK
Shortcut
Middle term of AP:
(a+b)/2
TA
CHAPTER 6: TRIANGLES
Basic Proportionality Theorem
If DE || BC
H

AD/DB = AE/EC
Similar Triangles
AS

Criteria:
AA
SSS
SAS
Important Result
Area Ratio
Area₁/Area₂ = (Corresponding Side Ratio)²
Students forget square.
 CHAPTER 7: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance Formula
√[(x₂−x₁)²+(y₂−y₁)²]
Section Formula
((mx₂+nx₁)/(m+n),
(my₂+ny₁)/(m+n))

S
Shortcut
Midpoint

LK
[(x₁+x₂)/2 , (y₁+y₂)/2]

CHAPTER 8: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

TA
Definitions
sinθ = P/H cosθ = B/H tanθ = P/B
cosecθ = H/P secθ = H/B cotθ = B/P
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
H

sin 0 0.5 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 0.5 0

AS

tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined

Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
CHAPTER 9: APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
Height & Distance
Always draw diagram.
Use:
tanθ = Height/Base
Most questions solved using only tan.

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CHAPTER 10: CIRCLES

LK
Tangent Theorem
Radius ⟂ Tangent
Important
Tangents from external point are equal.
TA
PA = PB
Board favourite proof.
CHAPTER 11: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
Circumference
H

2πr
Area
AS

πr²
Arc Length
(θ/360) × 2πr
Sector Area
(θ/360) × πr²
Shortcut
Always use π = 22/7 unless specified.
 CHAPTER 12: SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES
Cube
LSA = 4a²
TSA = 6a²
Volume = a³
Cuboid
LSA = 2h(l+b)

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TSA = 2(lb+bh+hl)
Volume = lbh

LK
Cylinder
CSA = 2πrh
TSA = 2πr(h+r)
Volume = πr²h
TA
Cone
l = √(r²+h²)
CSA = πrl
TSA = πr(l+r)
H

Volume = 1/3 πr²h

Sphere
AS

Surface Area = 4πr²

Volume = 4/3 πr³
Hemisphere
CSA = 2πr²
TSA = 3πr²
Volume = 2/3 πr³
Board Trick
When solid melts:
Volume before = Volume after
CHAPTER 13: STATISTICS
Mean
Σfx/Σf
Median

S
Median = l + [(N/2 − cf)/f]h

LK
Mode
Mode = l + [(f₁−f₀)/(2f₁−f₀−f₂)]h
Empirical Relation
Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean
TA
Very important.
CHAPTER 14: PROBABILITY
Formula
Probability = Favourable Outcomes / Total
H

Outcomes
Rules
AS

0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
P(Impossible) = 0
P(Sure Event) = 1
Complement
P(Ē) = 1 − P(E)