STRAIN AND DEFORMATION

1. A surveyor's steel tape measure is exactly 50 m long when unstretched. During a field measurement, it is
pulled taut across a landscape and stretches by an absolute value of 15 mm. Calculate the resulting axial strain
in the tape measure.
[Answer: 0.0003]
2. A solid steel tie rod in a roof truss framework has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm² and a total length of 3 m. It is
subjected to a steady internal tensile operating load of 50 kN. If the Modulus of Elasticity for this steel grade is 200 GPa,
determine the total axial elongation of the rod.

[Answer: 1.88 mm]

3. An engineer is designing an aluminum support cable (𝐸 = 70 GPa) with a total length of 2.5 m. The cable must carry a
tensile load of 80 kN. To maintain the geometric alignment of the supported frame, the total elongation of the cable cannot
exceed 2 mm. Determine the minimum required diameter of the cable.

[Answer: 42.65 mm]

4. A composite stepped shaft consists of two segments joined end-to-end. The first segment is steel (𝐸 = 200 GPa) with a
length of 1 m and a cross-sectional area of 200 mm². The second segment is aluminum (𝐸 = 70 GPa) with a length of 1.5 m
and an area of 300 mm². If an axial tensile load of 30 kN is applied to the ends of the composite shaft, calculate the total
elongation of the entire assembly.

[Answer: 2.89 mm]

5. During a laboratory tension test, a cylindrical metal alloy specimen with an engineered diameter of 12.5 mm and a marked
gauge length of 50 mm is loaded continuously. At a purely elastic tensile load threshold of 35 kN, the specimen's gauge
length increases by exactly 0.06 mm. Based on this experimental test data, calculate the true Modulus of Elasticity of the
alloy in GPa.

[Answer: 237.67 GPa]

6. A short concrete structural pedestal is reinforced with an integrated outer copper tube. The copper tube has a cross-
sectional area of 1,200 mm² (𝐸 = 120 GPa) and perfectly encloses a solid inner steel core with an isolated area of 800 mm²
(𝐸 = 200 GPa). Both components share an initial unstressed length of 0.5 m. A perfectly flat, rigid capping plate is positioned
on top, and a massive compressive force of 100 kN is applied downward, forcing both materials to compress identically.
Determine the precise normal compressive stress developed inside the steel core.

[Answer: 65.79 MPa]

7. A perfectly rigid, horizontal lever beam is 4 m long. It is pinned directly to a structural wall at its left end, acting as a
rotational pivot point. A vertical steel suspension wire (𝐸 = 200 GPa, Area = 100 mm², Length = 2 m) is attached to the beam
at a distance of 3 m from the left pin. Finally, a downward vertical point load of 15 kN is applied at the extreme right tip of
the rigid beam (4 m from the pin). Assuming the horizontal beam does not exhibit any localized bending deflections, calculate
the absolute downward vertical displacement at the point where the 15 kN load acts.

[Answer: 2.67 mm]

8. A flat steel plate (𝐸 = 200 GPa) features a uniform thickness of 10 mm and a total span length of 2 m. However,
its profile tapers linearly along its length from a width of 100 mm at the widest terminal end to a width of 50
mm at the narrowest terminal end. If the structural plate is subjected to an axial tensile operating load of 80
kN, calculate the net total elongation of the plate. (Hint: Because the crosssectional area changes continuously
as a linear geometric function of position, you must integrate: 𝛿 =

[Answer: 1.11 mm]

Prepared by: Engr. Escanilla

THERMAL STRESS
1. A continuous steel bridge deck is designed with expansion joints. If a single segment of the deck is 30 m
long, calculate the expected free thermal expansion if the temperature shifts from a winter low of 5°C to a
summer high of 40°C. (𝛼 = 12 × 10 /°C).
[Answer: 12.6 mm]

2. A copper rod (𝐸 = 120 GPa, 𝛼 = 17 × 10 /°C) is clamped immovably between two rigid machine casings. If the
machine cools down by 30°C after being shut off, determine the magnitude of the normal stress generated in
the copper rod.

[Answer: 61.2 MPa]

3. Standard steel railway tracks (𝛼 = 11.7 × 10 /°C) are laid in sections that are exactly 15 m long at a cool
morning temperature of 10°C. To prevent the tracks from buckling, engineers must leave a gap between them.
What is the minimum required gap size to prevent the rails from touching if the peak summer track temperature
reaches 45°C?

[Answer: 6.14 mm]

4. A tightly strung bronze wire (𝐸 = 83 GPa, 𝛼 = 18.9 × 10 /°C) with a cross-sectional area of 250 mm² is firmly
anchored at both ends. If the ambient temperature plummets by 25°C, calculate the total tensile force (in kN)
exerted by the wire on its anchors.

[Answer: 9.80 kN]

5. A solid steel structural beam (𝐸 = 200 GPa, 𝛼 = 11.7 × 10 /°C) has a length of 2 m. It is mounted between
two rigid abutments, but due to a construction error, a gap of 0.5 mm exists at one end. If the temperature
increases by 40°C, calculate the resulting compressive stress developed in the steel beam.

[Answer: 43.6 MPa]

6. A composite shaft is rigidly secured between two unyielding walls. The left half is steel (𝐿 = 1 m, 𝐴 = 400 mm
, 𝐸 = 200 GPa, 𝛼 = 11.7 × 10 /°C) and the right half is aluminum (𝐿 = 2 m, 𝐴 = 600 mm , 𝐸 = 70 GPa, 𝛼 = 23 × 10
/°C). If the entire assembly experiences a uniform temperature increase of 30°C, determine the internal
compressive stress developed specifically in the aluminum segment. (Hint: Both materials want to expand, but
the total combined deformation must be zero. The internal reactive force 𝑃 is identical in both segments).

[Answer: 47.99 MPa]

7. A hollow copper tube (𝐴 = 1000 mm , 𝐸 = 120 GPa, 𝛼 = 17 × 10 /°C) perfectly encloses a solid steel core (𝐴 =
500 mm , 𝐸 = 200 GPa, 𝛼 = 11.7 × 10 /°C). Both are exactly the same length and are securely bonded together at
both ends by rigid capping plates. The assembly is entirely free to expand in the longitudinal direction. If the
temperature is raised by 50°C, determine the internal normal stress developed in the steel core. (Hint: The copper
wants to expand more than the steel, but the end plates force them to expand together. Set their final physical
deformations equal to each other).

[Answer: 28.91 MPa (Tension)]

8. solid steel machine part (𝐸 = 200 GPa, 𝛼 = 11.7 × 10 /°C) is clamped perfectly between two rigid supports. The
part is stepped; the first half of its length has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm² (𝐿 = 1 m), and the second half
has a smaller cross-sectional area of 250 mm² (𝐿 = 1 m). If the environmental temperature increases by 40°C,
calculate the maximum internal thermal stress anywhere in the part. (Hint: Find the uniform internal force 𝑃
first, then use it to find the maximum stress).

[Answer: 124.8 MPa]

Prepared by: Engr. Escanilla

TORSION
1. A solid steel drive shaft with a diameter of 50 mm transmits a torque of 2 kN·m. Calculate the
maximum torsional shear stress experienced at the outer surface of the shaft.
[Answer: 81.49 MPa]

2. A solid aluminum steering column is 30 mm in diameter and 1.5 m long. If it is subjected to a

twisting moment of 150 N·m, calculate the angle of twist in degrees. (𝐺 = 28 GPa)

[Answer: 5.79°]

3. A hollow steel propeller shaft for a boat has an outer diameter of 80 mm and an inner diameter of
60 mm. If the engine applies a torque of 4 kN·m, determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft.

[Answer: 58.21 MPa]

4. A stepped mechanical shaft consists of two solid steel segments (𝐺 = 80 GPa). The first segment has
a diameter of 40 mm and a length of 1 m. The second segment has a diameter of 30 mm and a length
of 0.8 m. If a uniform torque of 500 N·m is applied to the free end, calculate the total angle of twist of
the entire assembly in degrees.

[Answer: 5.02°]

5. A solid steel shaft (𝐺 = 80 GPa) must transmit a torque of 2 kN·m over a length of 3 m. The
engineering specifications require that the maximum shear stress cannot exceed 70 MPa, and the
total angle of twist cannot exceed 2.0 degrees. Determine the minimum required diameter of the shaft
to satisfy both constraints safely.

[Answer: 68.3 mm]

6. A solid steel shaft is exactly 2 m long and is rigidly bolted to unyielding walls at both ends,
preventing any rotation at the supports. A concentrated torque of 1 kN·m is applied to the shaft at a
point 0.5 m from the left wall. Calculate the maximum reactive torque (in N·m) experienced at either
of the wall supports.

[Answer: 750 N·m at the left support]

7. (Composite Shaft) A specialized drill shaft features a solid steel core (40 mm diameter, 𝐺 = 80 GPa)
tightly encased within a hollow brass jacket (outer diameter 60 mm, inner diameter 40 mm, 𝐺 = 40
GPa). The composite shaft is subjected to a total torque of 3 kN·m. Assuming both materials are
perfectly bonded and twist by the exact same angle, determine the maximum shear stress developed
specifically within the steel core.

[Answer: 78.8 MPa]

8. An existing solid steel shaft has a diameter of 100 mm. An engineer wants to replace it with a
hollow steel shaft made of the exact same material (meaning it will have the exact same allowable
shear stress). The new hollow shaft is constrained to have an outer diameter of 120 mm. To match
the torque-carrying capacity of the original solid shaft, calculate the required inner diameter of the
hollow shaft. Then, calculate the percentage of weight saved by switching to the hollow design.

[Answer: Inner Diameter = 96.68 mm; Weight Savings = 49.5%]

Prepared by: Engr. Escanilla

Prepared by: Engr. Escanilla